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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Iwagumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iwagumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diorama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diorama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Diorama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diorama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jungle_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jungle_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Jungle style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jungle_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Biotopes</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Craft of designing and planting aquariums</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:58g_aquascape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquarium containing a variety of plants and a piece of driftwood, with white gravel at front and a plant with red leaves at the upper left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/58g_aquascape.jpg/310px-58g_aquascape.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/58g_aquascape.jpg/465px-58g_aquascape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/58g_aquascape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>58 <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units#Fluid_volume" title="United States customary units">gallon</a> (220 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a>) freshwater aquascape</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aquascaping</b> is the craft of arranging <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a>, as well as rocks, stones, cavework, or <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a>, in an aesthetically pleasing manner within an <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a>—in effect, <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a> under water. Aquascape designs include a number of distinct styles, including the garden-like Dutch style and the Japanese-inspired nature style.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennig_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennig-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, an aquascape <a href="/wiki/Fishkeeping" title="Fishkeeping">houses fish</a> as well as plants, although it is possible to create an aquascape with plants only, or with rockwork or other hardscape and no plants. </p><p>Aquascaping appears to have begun to be a popular hobby in the 1930s in the Netherlands, following the introduction of the Dutch-style aquascaping techniques. With the increasing availability of mass-produced freshwater fishkeeping products and popularity of fishkeeping following the First World War, hobbyists began exploring the new possibilities of creating an aquarium that did not have fish as the main attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the primary aim of aquascaping is to create an artful underwater <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape</a>, the technical aspects of tank maintenance and the growth requirements of aquatic plants are also taken into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many factors must be balanced in the <a href="/wiki/Fishkeeping#Aquarium_maintenance" title="Fishkeeping">closed system</a> of an aquarium tank to ensure the success of an aquascape. These factors include <a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">filtration</a>, maintaining <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> at levels sufficient to support <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> underwater, <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)" title="Substrate (aquarium)">substrate and fertilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_lighting" title="Aquarium lighting">lighting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> control.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquascape hobbyists trade plants, conduct contests, and share photographs and information via the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aqua_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aqua-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States-based Aquatic Gardeners Association has about 1,200 members.<sup id="cite_ref-aqua_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aqua-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designs">Designs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_style">Dutch style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dutch style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Enchanted_Garden_by_Shay_Fertig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquarium densely packed with clumps of fine-leaved plants, some with green leaves and some with red leaves. A large red fish swims at left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Enchanted_Garden_by_Shay_Fertig.jpg/290px-The_Enchanted_Garden_by_Shay_Fertig.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Enchanted_Garden_by_Shay_Fertig.jpg/435px-The_Enchanted_Garden_by_Shay_Fertig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_Enchanted_Garden_by_Shay_Fertig.jpg/580px-The_Enchanted_Garden_by_Shay_Fertig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2290" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Dutch style aquascape</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dutch aquarium employs a lush arrangement in which <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium plant species">multiple types of plants</a> having diverse leaf colors, sizes, and textures are displayed much as terrestrial plants are shown in a <a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">flower garden</a>. This style was developed in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> starting in the 1930s, as freshwater aquarium equipment became commercially available.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennig_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennig-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emphasizes plants located on terraces of different heights, and frequently omits rocks and driftwood. Linear rows of plants running left-to-right are referred to as "Dutch streets".<sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many plant types are used, one typically sees neatly trimmed groupings of plants with fine, feathery foliage, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aquatica" title="Limnophila aquatica">Limnophila aquatica</a></i> and various types of <i><a href="/wiki/Hygrophila_(plant)" title="Hygrophila (plant)">Hygrophila</a></i>, along with the use of red-leaved <i><a href="/wiki/Alternanthera_reineckii" title="Alternanthera reineckii">Alternanthera reineckii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ammania_gracilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammania gracilis">Ammania gracilis</a></i>, and assorted <a href="/wiki/Rotala_(plant)" title="Rotala (plant)"><i>Rotala</i></a> for color highlights.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 80% of the aquarium floor is covered with plants, and little or no substrate is left visible.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tall growing plants that cover the back glass originally served the purpose of hiding bulky equipment behind the tank.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennig_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennig-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_style">Nature style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nature style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden#Aesthetic_principles" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden § Aesthetic principles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Kirwan_Mountainscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquarium with multiple gray stones. The stones are arranged to be low in front and high in the back, with the stones along the back placed vertically in the shape of mountain peaks. Some of the stones are carpeted with small, low, fine, green plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peter_Kirwan_Mountainscape.jpg/260px-Peter_Kirwan_Mountainscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peter_Kirwan_Mountainscape.jpg/390px-Peter_Kirwan_Mountainscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Peter_Kirwan_Mountainscape.jpg/520px-Peter_Kirwan_Mountainscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>A nature style aquascape, suggesting mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>A contrasting approach is the "nature aquarium" or Japanese style, introduced in the 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Amano" title="Takashi Amano">Takashi Amano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennig_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennig-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amano's three-volume series, <i>Nature Aquarium World,</i> sparked a wave of interest in aquarium gardening, and he has been cited as having "set a new standard in aquarium management".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amano also worked in natural-landscape photography,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used multi-exposure techniques to photograph aquariums better,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been described as a portrait photographer of aquariums.<sup id="cite_ref-simple_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simple-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amano's compositions drew on <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese gardening</a> techniques that attempt to mimic natural landscapes by the asymmetrical arrangement of masses of relatively few species of plants, and which set rules governing <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">carefully selected stones</a> or driftwood, usually with a single focal point positioned to reflect the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a>. The objective is to evoke a terrestrial landscape in miniature, rather than a colourful garden. This style draws particularly from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art#Aesthetic_concepts" title="Japanese art">Japanese aesthetic concepts</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">侘寂</span></span>)</span>, which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">transience</a> and minimalism as sources of beauty. Plants with small leaves like <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_plant_species#Listed_alphabetically_by_scientific_name" title="List of freshwater aquarium plant species"><i>Glossostigma elatinoides</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eleocharis_acicularis" title="Eleocharis acicularis">Eleocharis acicularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eleocharis_parvula" title="Eleocharis parvula">Eleocharis parvula</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Echinodorus_tenellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodorus tenellus">Echinodorus tenellus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hemianthus_callitrichoides" title="Hemianthus callitrichoides">Hemianthus callitrichoides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Riccia_fluitans" title="Riccia fluitans">Riccia fluitans</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCsswassertang" title="Süsswassertang">small aquatic ferns</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Staurogyne" title="Staurogyne">Staurogyne</a> repens</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Java_moss" title="Java moss">Java moss</a> (<i>Versicularia dubyana</i> or <i>Taxiphyllum barbieri</i>) are often used to emulate grass or moss. Colours are more limited than in the Dutch style, and the hardscape is not completely covered. Fish, or <a href="/wiki/Shrimp#Aquaria" title="Shrimp">freshwater shrimp</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Caridina_multidentata" title="Caridina multidentata">Caridina multidentata</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Cherry_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry shrimp"><i>Neocaridina davidi</i></a>, are usually selected to complement the plants and control algae, but for reasons of minimalism the number of species are often limited.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller species may also be used to give the impression of a larger aquarium.<sup id="cite_ref-simple_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simple-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nature style can be broken down into three different sub-styles: <i>Ryoboku</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">流木</span></span>)</span>, <i>Iwagumi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">岩組</span></span>)</span>, and diorama.<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer_2020_160_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer_2020_160-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ryoboku">Ryoboku</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ryoboku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nature_style_aquascape.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquarium with dark pieces of twisted wood bending from the sides of the tank, towards the center. Dense green plants are all around. Just to the left of center is a darkly shadowed region." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nature_style_aquascape.png/290px-Nature_style_aquascape.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nature_style_aquascape.png/435px-Nature_style_aquascape.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Nature_style_aquascape.png/580px-Nature_style_aquascape.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Ryoboku style aquascape, with overhanging wood evoking an overgrown cave and decaying trees</figcaption></figure> <p>This aquascape style is based on using wood as the main hardscape material. The word <i>Ryoboku</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">流木</span></span>)</span>, which can be translated into English "driftwood", represents aquariums set up with wood.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many types of wood that can be used, including <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogwood">bogwood</a>, Manzanita wood and Redmoor roots. Often the wood will protrude from the water surface, which adds an enhanced sense of nature. Moss and other epiphyte plants are also commonly used, adding a beautiful sense of maturity and aged appearance. Only one type of wood is usually used in order to make it more natural. Stones can also be used, but these are not main focus.<sup id="cite_ref-Farmer_2020_160_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer_2020_160-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iwagumi">Iwagumi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iwagumi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquascaping-minilandschaft-lennart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquarium with gray stones arranged to form a tall pointed structure at the right, and a similar but smaller structure at the left. The stone peaks and the foreground are largely but not entirely covered by a short layer of fine textured green plants." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aquascaping-minilandschaft-lennart.jpg/290px-Aquascaping-minilandschaft-lennart.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aquascaping-minilandschaft-lennart.jpg/435px-Aquascaping-minilandschaft-lennart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Aquascaping-minilandschaft-lennart.jpg/580px-Aquascaping-minilandschaft-lennart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Iwagumi style aquascape, with the <i>Oyaishi</i> stone at the right</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Iwagumi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">岩組</span></span>)</span> term itself comes from the Japanese "rock formation" and refers to a layout where stones play a leading role.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Iwagumi</i> style, each stone has a name and a specific role.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rocks provide the bony structure of the aquascape and the typical geometry employs a design with three main stones, with one larger stone and two other smaller stones, although additional rocks can also be used.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Oyaishi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">親石</span></span>)</span>, or main stone, is placed slightly off-center in the tank, and <i>Soeishi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">添石</span></span>)</span>, or accompanying stones, are grouped near it, while <i>Fukuseki</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">副石</span></span>)</span>, or secondary stones, are arranged in subordinate positions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of the focal point of the display, determined largely by the asymmetric placement of the <i>Oyaishi</i>, is considered important, and follows ratios that reflect <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diorama">Diorama</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diorama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This nature aquascape sub-style uses a physical landscape or fantasy scene as the main source of inspiration. This aquascape style typically focuses on the hardscape in order to create a landscape effect with planting often limited to very small textures and a few species in order to maintain a sense of scale. The hardscape layouts are often highly complex underwater structures that take months to create rocks or wood being painstakingly glued together.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jungle_style">Jungle style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jungle style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jungle_style_aquascape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquarium densely filled with plants, some of which have rosettes of strap-like leaves, and the leaves are intertwined with one another. Some red and blue fishes of various sizes are swimming around." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jungle_style_aquascape.jpg/290px-Jungle_style_aquascape.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jungle_style_aquascape.jpg/435px-Jungle_style_aquascape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jungle_style_aquascape.jpg/580px-Jungle_style_aquascape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Jungle style aquascape</figcaption></figure> <p>Some hobbyists also refer to a "jungle" (or "wild jungle") style, separate from either the Dutch or nature styles, and incorporating some of the features of them both. The plants are left to assume a natural, untrimmed look. Jungle style aquascapes usually have little or no visible hardscape material, as well as limited open space. Bold, coarser leaf shapes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Echinodorus_bleheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodorus bleheri">Echinodorus bleheri</a></i>, are used to provide a wild, untamed appearance. Unlike nature style, the jungle style does not follow clean lines, or employ fine textures. A jungle canopy effect can be obtained using combinations of darker substrates, tall plants growing up to the surface, and floating plants that block light, offering a dappled lighting effect. Other plants used in jungle style aquascapes include <i><a href="/wiki/Microsorum_pteropus" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsorum pteropus">Microsorum pteropus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bolbitis_heudelotii" title="Bolbitis heudelotii">Bolbitis heudelotii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vallisneria_americana" title="Vallisneria americana">Vallisneria americana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crinum" title="Crinum">Crinum</a></i> species, <i><a href="/wiki/Aponogeton" title="Aponogeton">Aponogeton</a></i> species, <i><a href="/wiki/Echinodorus" title="Echinodorus">Echinodorus</a></i> species, <i><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria_subulata" title="Sagittaria subulata">Sagittaria subulata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hygrophila_(plant)" title="Hygrophila (plant)">Hygrophila</a> pinnatifida</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anubias" title="Anubias">Anubias</a></i> species, and <i><a href="/wiki/Limnobium_laevigatum" title="Limnobium laevigatum">Limnobium laevigatum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biotopes">Biotopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biotopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AquariumArtis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquarium with large stones of various shapes piled high. Some bare sticks are at right, and blue and yellow fish swim in the water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AquariumArtis.jpg/238px-AquariumArtis.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AquariumArtis.jpg/357px-AquariumArtis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AquariumArtis.jpg/476px-AquariumArtis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> biotope with <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a> is an exhibit of <a href="/wiki/Natura_Artis_Magistra" class="mw-redirect" title="Natura Artis Magistra">Artis</a>, a zoo in Amsterdam. Note the <a href="/wiki/Oligotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligotrophic">oligotrophic</a> water and absence of green plants in this <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">rift lake</a> habitat.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biotope_aquarium_-_Pterophyllum_sp._Manacapuru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two freshwater angelfish with long fins, facing to the right, are in hazy, brownish, water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Biotope_aquarium_-_Pterophyllum_sp._Manacapuru.jpg/246px-Biotope_aquarium_-_Pterophyllum_sp._Manacapuru.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Biotope_aquarium_-_Pterophyllum_sp._Manacapuru.jpg/369px-Biotope_aquarium_-_Pterophyllum_sp._Manacapuru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Biotope_aquarium_-_Pterophyllum_sp._Manacapuru.jpg/492px-Biotope_aquarium_-_Pterophyllum_sp._Manacapuru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Part of a blackwater biotope, showing darkened water</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The styles above often combine plant and animal species based on the desired visual impact without regard to geographic origin. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Biotope#Aquaria" title="Biotope">Biotope aquariums</a> are designed to replicate a particular aquatic habitat at a particular geographic location, not necessarily to provide a gardenlike display. Plants and fish need not be present, but if they are, they must match what would be found in nature in the habitat being represented. The gravel, hardscape, and chemical composition of the water must also represent the habitat desired. By including only organisms that naturally exist together, biotopes can be used to study ecological interactions in a relatively natural setting.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance, blackwater biotope aquariums mimic a <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">blackwater watercourse</a>, pond, or swamp. Blackwater aquariums resemble the native environment of many popular aquarium fish. The chemical composition of blackwater rivers in the Amazon rainforest is often used as a reference.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They contain recalcitrant (slow-decaying) organics like driftwood, leaf litter, and pinecones. These organics release <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humics" class="mw-redirect" title="Humics">humics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulvics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulvics">fulvics</a>, which darken and acidify the water. The water is also <a href="/wiki/Soft_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft water">soft water</a>, low in <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">dissolved minerals</a>. There is evidence that tannins have anti-fungal properties and can boost fish immune systems.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This environment is less stressful and more conducive to natural behavior and breeding. Blackwater aquaria may not contain plants; if they do, they use plants that thrive in the low light levels caused by the dark water. Some aquarists may decrease artificial lighting further to mimic the dark conditions fish are accustomed to. A water pump may be added to help with water flow, similar to the conditions of a slow-moving river.<sup id="cite_ref-Mari_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mari-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flickerton_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flickerton-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paludariums">Paludariums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paludariums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paludarium" title="Paludarium">Paludarium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OfficeSetup13..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An aquarium viewed from the front. At the bottom front, dark substrate material is built up high at the left and right sides, and low in the center, and its surface is covered by tiny green plants. Water fills the center of the tank, to about halfway up the total height of the tank. Many and various larger plants grow above the water, and over the back wall of the aquarium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/OfficeSetup13..jpg/290px-OfficeSetup13..jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/OfficeSetup13..jpg/435px-OfficeSetup13..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/OfficeSetup13..jpg/580px-OfficeSetup13..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>A paludarium</figcaption></figure> <p>A paludarium is an aquarium that combines water and land inside the same environment. These designs can represent habitats including tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungles">jungles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream bank">riverbanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogs">bogs</a>, or even the <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a paludarium, part of the aquarium is underwater, and part is above water. Substrate is built up so that some "land" regions are raised above the waterline, and the tank is only partially filled with water. This allows plants, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cyperus_alternifolius" title="Cyperus alternifolius">Cyperus alternifolius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spathiphyllum_wallisii" title="Spathiphyllum wallisii">Spathiphyllum wallisii</a></i>, as well as various <i><a href="/wiki/Anubias" title="Anubias">Anubias</a></i> and some <a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">bromeliads</a>, to grow <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/emersed" class="extiw" title="wikt:emersed">emersed</a>, with their roots underwater but their tops in the air, as well as completely submersed. In some configurations, plants that float on the surface of the water, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Eichhornia_crassipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eichhornia crassipes">Eichhornia crassipes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pistia" title="Pistia">Pistia stratiotes</a></i>, can be displayed to full advantage. Unlike other aquarium setups, paludariums are particularly well-suited to keeping <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A riparium is a paludarium that imitates a <a href="/wiki/Riparian_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian area">riparian area</a>, the bank of a watercourse. The plants are often in floating pots attached to the rear wall. It may be left open, with the plants growing out of the tank.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saltwater_reefs">Saltwater reefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Saltwater reefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reef_Aquarium_At_Home.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aquarium filled densely with corals in many shapes, and bright colors including pink, purple, blue and green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Reef_Aquarium_At_Home.jpg/290px-Reef_Aquarium_At_Home.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Reef_Aquarium_At_Home.jpg/435px-Reef_Aquarium_At_Home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Reef_Aquarium_At_Home.jpg/580px-Reef_Aquarium_At_Home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption>Reef aquascape</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reef_aquarium" title="Reef aquarium">Reef aquarium</a></div> <p>Dutch and nature style aquascapes are traditionally <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium" title="Freshwater aquarium">freshwater systems</a>. In contrast, relatively few ornamental plants can be grown in a <a href="/wiki/Marine_aquarium" title="Marine aquarium">saltwater aquarium</a>. Saltwater aquascaping typically centers, instead, on mimicking a <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">reef</a>. An arrangement of <a href="/wiki/Live_rock" title="Live rock">live rock</a> forms the main structure of this aquascape, and it is populated by <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">marine invertebrates</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Coralline_algae" title="Coralline algae">coralline algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macroalgae" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroalgae">macroalgae</a>, which together serve much the same aesthetic role as freshwater plants.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lighting plays a particularly significant role in the reef aquascape. Many corals, as well as <a href="/wiki/Tridacna" title="Tridacna">tridacnid clams</a>, contain <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_the_life_sciences" title="Fluorescence in the life sciences">fluorescent</a> algae-like <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a> called <a href="/wiki/Zooxanthellae" title="Zooxanthellae">zooxanthellae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By providing intense lighting supplemented in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> wavelengths, reef aquarists not only support the health of these invertebrates, but also elicit particularly bright colors emitted by the fluorescent microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_lighting" title="Aquarium lighting">Aquarium lighting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1856aquariumfresh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing in brown ink on an ocher background. A rectangular glass aquarium tank sits on a wooden stand with carved, curled legs, and contains two fish as well as plants with wavy grass-like leaves." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1856aquariumfresh.png/220px-1856aquariumfresh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1856aquariumfresh.png/330px-1856aquariumfresh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1856aquariumfresh.png/440px-1856aquariumfresh.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>From the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, aquarists have planted their tanks, as seen in this 1856 example containing <i><a href="/wiki/Vallisneria_spiralis" title="Vallisneria spiralis">Vallisneria spiralis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to design, freshwater aquascaping also requires specific methods to maintain healthy plants underwater. Plants are often trimmed to obtain the desired shape, and they can be positioned by tying them in place inconspicuously with thread.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most serious aquascapers use aquarium-safe fertilizers, commonly in liquid or tablet form, to help the plants fill out more rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some aquarium substrates containing <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> also provide nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> filters may be used mitigate damaging effects of hard water on sensitive animals and plants, and filtered water is remineralized to the ideal hardness.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also necessary to support photosynthesis by providing light. A variety of lighting systems may be used to produce the full <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">spectrum of light</a>, usually at 2–4 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> per gallon (0.5–1 watts per litre).<sup id="cite_ref-light_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lights are usually controlled by a timer that allows the plants to be acclimated to a set cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-light_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, some aquarists opt for placing their aquariums near windows (usually north or northeastern-facing, to avoid harsh direct sun), without artificial lighting, thus giving plants a more consistent, natural light cycle. </p><p>Depending on the number of plants and fish, the aquascape may also require carbon dioxide supplementation. This can be accomplished with a simple homemade system (using a bottle filled with <a href="/wiki/Yeast#Aquarium_hobby" title="Yeast">yeast</a>, warm water, and sugar, connected to an <a href="/wiki/Airstone" title="Airstone">airstone</a> in the aquarium), or, more commonly, with a pressurized CO<sub>2</sub> tank that diffuses a set amount of carbon dioxide into the aquarium water.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both methods have benefits and challenges, with the use of pressurized carbon dioxide necessitating the refilling of tanks periodically, usually at a gas supplier, and yeast-sugar methods requiring general maintenance and more frequent changing-out. </p><p>Algae (including <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, as well as true algae) is considered distracting and unwanted in aquascaping, and is controlled in several ways. Algae is most commonly caused by an excess of nutrients and waste, so aquarists will perform water changes to lower the nitrates present.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another method is the use of <a href="/wiki/Algae_eater" title="Algae eater">animals that consume algae</a>, such as some fish (notably <a href="/wiki/Cyprinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid">cyprinids</a> of the genera <a href="/wiki/Siamese_algae_eater" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese algae eater"><i>Crossocheilus</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gyrinocheilus" title="Gyrinocheilus">Gyrinocheilus</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> of the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Ancistrus" title="Ancistrus">Ancistrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hypostomus" title="Hypostomus">Hypostomus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Otocinclus" title="Otocinclus">Otocinclus</a></i>), shrimp, or <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, to clean the algae that collect on the leaves. A third method is using adequate light and CO<sub>2</sub> to promote rapid growth of desired plants, while controlling nutrient levels, to ensure that the plants utilize all fertilizer without leaving nutrients to support algae.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When adding new fish to a tank, aquascapers may also disinfect their plants by using diluted hydrogen peroxide or bleach, as unknown plants may carry undesired species of algae, as well as potential snail eggs or worms.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although serious aquascapers often use a considerable amount of equipment to provide lighting, filtration, and CO<sub>2</sub> supplementation to the tank, some hobbyists choose instead to maintain plants with a minimum of technology, and some have reported success in producing lush plant growth this way.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach, sometimes called the "Walstad Method" and popularized by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diana_Walstad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diana Walstad (page does not exist)">Diana Walstad</a>, can include the use of soil in place of aquarium gravel, the elimination of CO<sub>2</sub> apparatus and most filtration, and limited lighting. Only a few fish or shrimp are kept to limit the quantity of fish waste. Plants are used to perform the water-cleansing role typically played by aquarium filters by utilizing what fish waste there is as fertilizer.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contests">Contests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Dutch hobbyists began the practice of aquascape contests, with over 100 local clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges had to go through about three years of training and pass examinations in multiple disciplines in order to qualify.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutch_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This competition continues to be held every year, under the auspices of the National Aquarium Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Contest_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contest-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three rounds, beginning with contests in local clubs. First-place local winners are entered in the second round, held in fifteen <i>districtkeuring</i> (districts). The winners at that level are then entered in the third round, which is the national championship.<sup id="cite_ref-Contest_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contest-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Dutch contest, the focus is not only on composition, but also on the biological well-being of the aquarium's inhabitants. Most points are, in fact, awarded for such biological criteria as fish health, plant health, and water quality. Unlike contests in other countries, the judges travel to each contestant's home to evaluate the tank, where they measure the water parameters themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Contest_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contest-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aquatic Gardeners Association,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in the United States, Aqua Design Amano,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in Japan, and AquaticScapers Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based in Germany, also conduct annual freshwater aquascaping contests. Entries from around the world are submitted as photographs and explanatory text online.<sup id="cite_ref-AGA_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGA-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aquatic Gardeners Association contest is judged based on: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>overall impression (35 points),</li> <li>composition, balance, use of space and use of color (30 points),</li> <li>selection and use of materials (20 points), and</li> <li>viability of aquascape (15 points).<sup id="cite_ref-AGA_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGA-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>There are also smaller contests conducted by Acuavida in Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Greek Aquarist's Board,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the French association Aquagora.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_aquariums">Public aquariums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Public aquariums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symphysodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Underwater scene, with white sand at bottom and a large piece of driftwood at the right. Various green plants grow in the sand, including a large plant with wavy leaves at the left. A shoal of blue and red striped fish swims around." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Symphysodon.jpg/260px-Symphysodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Symphysodon.jpg/390px-Symphysodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Symphysodon.jpg/520px-Symphysodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Discus_(fish)" title="Discus (fish)">Discus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_tetra" title="Cardinal tetra">cardinal tetras</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">basin</a> display at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Porte_Dor%C3%A9e" title="Palais de la Porte Dorée">Palais de la Porte Dorée</a> aquarium in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Large <a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">public aquariums</a> sometimes use aquascaping as part of their displays. As early as the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Aquarium" title="New York Aquarium">New York Aquarium</a> included a <a href="/wiki/Moray_eel" title="Moray eel">moray eel</a> display tank that was decorated with <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a> rock, arranged to resemble a coral reef, and supporting some <a href="/wiki/Scleractinia" title="Scleractinia">stony corals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorgonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonian">sea fans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they typically present wildlife from a particular habitat, modern day displays are often created to be biologically accurate biotopes.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest aquascape of the Japanese nature aquarium style in a public aquarium was situated in the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Oceanarium" title="Lisbon Oceanarium">Lisbon Oceanarium</a> in Portugal. The temporary exhibit was called "Forests Underwater by Takashi Amano".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrarium" title="Terrarium">Terrarium</a> (land)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hennig-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hennig_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennig_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennig_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hennig_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennig, Matt (June 2003), Amano versus Dutch: Two art forms in profile, <i>Tropical Fish Hobbyist</i>, pp. 68–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2019" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Tim (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barrreport.com/articles/a-brief-and-incomplete-history-of-aquascaping.51/">"A Brief And Incomplete History of Aquascaping"</a>. <i>Barr Report</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barr+Report&rft.atitle=A+Brief+And+Incomplete+History+of+Aquascaping&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarrreport.com%2Farticles%2Fa-brief-and-incomplete-history-of-aquascaping.51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishtanksetups.com/aquascaping-guide-for-beginners/">"Aquascaping 101 – An Introductory Guide for Beginners"</a>. <i>FishTankSetups</i>. 16 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishTankSetups&rft.atitle=Aquascaping+101+%E2%80%93+An+Introductory+Guide+for+Beginners&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishtanksetups.com%2Faquascaping-guide-for-beginners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1986" class="citation cs2">James, Barry (1986), <i>A Fishkeeper's Guide to Aquarium Plants</i>, London: Tetra Press/Salamander Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86101-207-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86101-207-0"><bdi>0-86101-207-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fishkeeper%27s+Guide+to+Aquarium+Plants&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tetra+Press%2FSalamander+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-86101-207-0&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2003" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Sherry (2 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094931/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/416936781.html?dids=416936781:416936781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+02,+2003&author=Sherry+Mitchell&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=The+Fish+Are+Fine,+but+the+Plants+Are+Fabulous&pqatl=google">"The Fish Are Fine, but the Plants Are Fabulous"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/416936781.html?dids=416936781:416936781&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+02%2C+2003&author=Sherry+Mitchell&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=The+Fish+Are+Fine%2C+but+the+Plants+Are+Fabulous&pqatl=google">the original</a> on 3 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aqua+Design+Amano&rft.pub=Adana.co.jp&rft.date=2012-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adana.co.jp%2Findex_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aquaticscapers.com/">"AquaticScapers Europe"</a>. Aquaticscapers.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AquaticScapers+Europe&rft.pub=Aquaticscapers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faquaticscapers.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGA-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AGA_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGA_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.aquatic-gardeners.org/2009.cgi?&op=showpage&name=guidelines-judging">"Aquatic Gardeners Association judging website"</a>. Showcase.aquatic-gardeners.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquatic+Gardeners+Association+judging+website&rft.pub=Showcase.aquatic-gardeners.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshowcase.aquatic-gardeners.org%2F2009.cgi%3F%26op%3Dshowpage%26name%3Dguidelines-judging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611085057/http://acuavida.com/noticias/noticias-de-acuavida/244-aac-acuavida-aquascaping-contest">"Acuavida"</a>. Acuavida. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acuavida.com/noticias/noticias-de-acuavida/244-aac-acuavida-aquascaping-contest">the original</a> on 11 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acuavida&rft.pub=Acuavida.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acuavida.com%2Fnoticias%2Fnoticias-de-acuavida%2F244-aac-acuavida-aquascaping-contest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquatek.gr/">"Greek Aquarist's Board"</a>. Aquatek.gr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Aquarist%27s+Board&rft.pub=Aquatek.gr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aquatek.gr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505023756/http://www.aquagora.fr/-Concours-AquAgora-de-Paysages-">"Aquagora CAPA"</a>. Aquagora.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquagora.fr/-Concours-AquAgora-de-Paysages-">the original</a> on 5 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aquagora+CAPA&rft.pub=Aquagora.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aquagora.fr%2F-Concours-AquAgora-de-Paysages-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haskins_Townsend" title="Charles Haskins Townsend">Townsend, Charles Haskins</a> (1922, reprinted 2004), <i>The Public Aquarium: Its Construction, Equipment, and Management</i>, Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, p. 17, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4102-1147-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4102-1147-9">1-4102-1147-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckley, Kate (2010), Planted aquaria for zoological parks, <i>The Aquatic Gardener</i>, vol. 23, number 4, pp. 5–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oceanario.pt/en/exhibitions/forests-underwater/">"Forests Underwater"</a>. Oceanário de Lisboa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forests+Underwater&rft.pub=Ocean%C3%A1rio+de+Lisboa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oceanario.pt%2Fen%2Fexhibitions%2Fforests-underwater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAquascaping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Amano" title="Takashi Amano">Amano, Takashi</a> (1992), <i>Nature Aquarium World</i>, Neptune City, N.J.: T.F.H. Publications, English translation by Christopher Perrius (in one volume), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7938-0089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7938-0089-7">0-7938-0089-7</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/26/planted-aquamarine-design_n_4660620.html?ir=Arts"><i>Artists Create Mesmerizing Miniature Worlds, All Within The Confines Of A Fish Tank</i></a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>, 4 February 2014 (accessed 17 February 2014). Includes noteworthy photographs of aquascapes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquascaping&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Hydroculture/Physiology/Aquatic" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Hydroculture/Physiology/Aquatic">Hydroculture/Physiology/Aquatic</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <p>The following sites offer tutorials, images, and in-depth discussions on aquascaping styles and techniques: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquatic-gardeners.org/">Aquatic Gardeners Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukaps.org/forum">UK Aquatic Plant Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/greataquascapes/">Great Aquascapes Group at Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquatic-eden.com/">Aquatic Eden Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquariuminfo.org/">Advanced Aquascaping Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rotalabutterfly.com/">Rotala Butterfly – Calculator tools for planted tanks</a></li></ul> <p>These sites provide extensive non-commercial descriptions of aquatic plant species and their use in aquascaping: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquaticplantcentral.com/forumapc/plantfinder/all.php">Aquatic Plant Finder</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616003759/http://www.aquaticplantcentral.com/forumapc/plantfinder/all.php">Archived</a> 16 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowgrow.de/db/aquaticplants">Flowgrow Aquatic Plant Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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aquarium">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_aquarium" title="Public aquarium">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_aquarium" title="Reef aquarium">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish-water_aquarium" title="Brackish-water aquarium">Brackish-water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_aquarium" title="Community aquarium">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotope" title="Biotope">Biotope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_furniture" title="Aquarium furniture">Aquarium décor<br />and equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airstone" title="Airstone">Airstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_scrubber" title="Algae scrubber">Algae scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Method" title="Berlin Method">Berlin Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">Driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_reactor" title="Calcium reactor">Calcium reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sand_bed" title="Deep sand bed">Deep sand bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (aquarium)">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishcam" title="Fishcam">Fishcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feeder" title="Aquarium fish feeder">Fish feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heater_(aquarium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heater (aquarium)">Heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_lighting" title="Aquarium lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_rock" title="Live rock">Live rock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Live_sand" title="Live sand">Live sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(pump)" title="Powerhead (pump)">Powerhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_(fishkeeping)" title="Refugium (fishkeeping)">Refugium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(aquarium)" title="Substrate (aquarium)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_(aquarium)" title="Sump (aquarium)">Sump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish terms / types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae_eater" title="Algae eater">Algae eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dither_fish" title="Dither fish">Dither</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_fish" title="Hardy fish">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_fish" title="Painted fish">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed" title="Aquarium fish feed">Fish food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_fish" title="Feeder fish">Feeder fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_shrimp" title="Feeder shrimp">Feeder shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infusoria" title="Infusoria">Infusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_mix" title="Shrimp mix">Shrimp mix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tubifex_tubifex" title="Tubifex tubifex">Tubifex tubifex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fishery" title="Aquarium fishery">Aquarium fishery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquascaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">Artificial seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_treatment_(fishkeeping)" title="Bath treatment (fishkeeping)">Bath treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean-up_crew" title="Clean-up crew">Clean-up crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_in_ornamental_fish" title="Disease in ornamental fish">Disease in ornamental fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarium" title="Macquarium">Macquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Piaba" title="Project Piaba">Project <i>Piaba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_safe" title="Reef safe">Reef safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">Spawning trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conditioner" title="Water conditioner">Water conditioner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Amano" title="Takashi Amano">Takashi Amano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_R._Axelrod" title="Herbert R. Axelrod">Herbert R. Axelrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Baldner" title="Leonhard Baldner">Leonhard Baldner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Carbonnier" title="Pierre Carbonnier">Pierre Carbonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Edwards_(zoologist)" title="Edward Edwards (zoologist)">Edward Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Farmer_(aquascaper)" title="George Farmer (aquascaper)">George Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_O._Kullander" title="Sven O. Kullander">Sven O. Kullander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alford_Lloyd" title="William Alford Lloyd">William Alford Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Matte" title="Paul Matte">Paul Matte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Sprung" title="Julian Sprung">Julian Sprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thynne" title="Anna Thynne">Anna Thynne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haskins_Townsend" title="Charles Haskins Townsend">Charles Haskins Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Villepreux-Power" title="Jeanne Villepreux-Power">Jeanne Villepreux-Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Warington" title="Robert Warington">Robert Warington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_Fish_International" title="Aquarium Fish International">Aquarium Fish International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_(magazine)" title="Koi (magazine)">Koi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Fishkeeping" title="Practical Fishkeeping">Practical Fishkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Fish_Hobbyist" title="Tropical Fish Hobbyist">Tropical Fish Hobbyist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dennerle" title="Dennerle">Dennerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drs._Foster_%26_Smith" title="Drs. Foster & Smith">Drs. Foster & Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_(company)" title="Hikari (company)">Hikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_C._Hagen_Group" title="Rolf C. Hagen Group">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_(company)" title="Sera (company)">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_(company)" title="Tetra (company)">Tetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardley_(company)" title="Wardley (company)">Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_Med_Laboratories" title="Zoo Med Laboratories">Zoo Med Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_diseases" title="List of aquarium diseases">Aquarium diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_fish_by_scientific_name" title="List of aquarium fish by scientific name">Aquarium fish by scientific name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium fish species">Freshwater aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_amphibian_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium amphibian species">amphibians</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of freshwater aquarium plant species">plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_aquarium_algae" title="Freshwater aquarium algae">algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of marine aquarium fish species">Marine aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of marine aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of marine aquarium plant species">plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_fish_species" title="List of brackish aquarium fish species">Brackish aquarium fish</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_invertebrate_species" title="List of brackish aquarium invertebrate species">invertebrates</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_brackish_aquarium_plant_species" title="List of brackish aquarium plant species">plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydroculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydroculture" title="Template:Hydroculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydroculture" title="Template talk:Hydroculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydroculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydroculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydroculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_hydroculture" title="Historical hydroculture">Historical hydroculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">Aeroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aquascaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_hydroponics" title="Passive hydroponics">passive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subtypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Aquatic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_culture" title="Deep water culture">Deep water culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratky_method" title="Kratky method">Kratky method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebb_and_flow_hydroponics" title="Ebb and flow hydroponics">Ebb and flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogponics" title="Fogponics">Fogponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microponics" title="Microponics">Microponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_film_technique" title="Nutrient film technique">Nutrient film technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_hydroponics" title="Organic hydroponics">Organic hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organop%C3%B3nicos" title="Organopónicos">Organopónicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-irrigated_planter" title="Sub-irrigated planter">Sub-irrigated planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">Top drip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics#Substrates" title="Hydroponics">Substrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_peat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coco peat">Coco peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">Diatomaceous earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growstones" title="Growstones">Growstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Lava rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool" title="Mineral wool">Mineral wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">Perlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_hulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice hulls">Rice hulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">Vermiculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics#Wood_fibre" title="Hydroponics">Wood fibre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponic_dosers" title="Hydroponic dosers">Hydroponic dosers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_sprinkler" title="Irrigation sprinkler">Irrigation sprinkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_sensor" title="Leaf sensor">Leaf sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowerpot" title="Flowerpot">Net-pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_nozzle" title="Spray nozzle">Spray nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timer#Electromechanical_timers" title="Timer">Timers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_hydroponic_fogger" title="Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger">Ultrasonic hydroponic fogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chiller" title="Water chiller">Water chiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_coral" title="Aquaculture of coral">Aquaculture of coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_sponges" title="Aquaculture of sea sponges">Aquaculture of sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-environment_agriculture" title="Controlled-environment agriculture">Controlled-environment agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_hydroculture" title="Historical hydroculture">Historical hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponicum" title="Hydroponicum">Hydroponicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludarium" title="Paludarium">Paludarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">Plant propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_rot" title="Root rot">Root rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_aeration" title="Water aeration">Water aeration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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