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</button> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_natural_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_natural_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The natural and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_natural_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_natural_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_natural_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of natural landscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_natural_landscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of natural landscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_natural_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Procession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_cultural_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_cultural_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples of cultural forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_cultural_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Natural landscape</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="مشهد طبيعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشهد طبيعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="প্রাকৃতিক ভূদৃশ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকৃতিক ভূদৃশ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADrodn%C3%AD_krajina" title="Přírodní krajina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přírodní krajina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturlandschaft" title="Naturlandschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naturlandschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio_natural" title="Espacio natural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espacio natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremu_natural" title="Eremu natural – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eremu natural" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B4%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="چشم‌انداز طبیعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چشم‌انداز طبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paysage_naturel" title="Paysage naturel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paysage naturel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%BF" title="Բնական լանդշաֆտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բնական լանդշաֆտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanskap_alami" title="Lanskap alami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lanskap alami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Природен предел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Природен предел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturlandskap" title="Naturlandskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturlandskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espaci_naturau" title="Espaci naturau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espaci naturau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajobraz_naturalny" title="Krajobraz naturalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krajobraz naturalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisagem_natural" title="Paisagem natural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paisagem natural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Природный ландшафт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Природный ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonnonmaisema" title="Luonnonmaisema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonnonmaisema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturlandskap" title="Naturlandskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naturlandskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_peyzaj" title="Doğal peyzaj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğal peyzaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Природний ландшафт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Природний ландшафт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Original landscape formed by nature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:21em; border: 3px solid DarkGreen; background: Azure;"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title">Biodiversity</caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/220px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/330px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/440px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Biodiversity_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Key Biodiversity Areas">Key Biodiversity Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioWeb" title="BioWeb">BioWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene extinction event">Holocene extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biodiversity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">Biodiversity hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorisk" title="Biorisk">Biorisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_index" title="Diversity index">Diversity index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic diversity">Ethnic diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Disturbance_Hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis">Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental topics">List of environmental topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biodiversity_databases" title="List of biodiversity databases">List of biodiversity databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">Megadiverse countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monodominance" title="Monodominance">Monodominance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Natural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_neutral_theory_of_biodiversity" title="Unified neutral theory of biodiversity">Unified neutral theory of biodiversity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scientific topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ecology" title="Applied ecology">Applied ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocomplexity" title="Biocomplexity">Biocomplexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation Biology">Conservation Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_diversity" title="Ecosystem diversity">Ecosystem diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewens_sampling_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewens sampling formula">Ewens sampling formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">Gene pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biodiversity" title="Agricultural biodiversity">Agricultural biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroecological_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Agroecological restoration">Agroecological restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_informatics" title="Biodiversity informatics">Biodiversity informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_restoration" title="Ecological restoration">Ecological restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_biodiversity" title="Insect biodiversity">Insect biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_biodiversity" title="Nutritional biodiversity">Nutritional biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_ecology" title="Reconciliation ecology">Reconciliation ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable forest management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_banking" title="Biodiversity banking">Biodiversity banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Commons" title="Conservation Commons">Conservation Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoyama" title="Satoyama">Satoyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife preserve">Wildlife preserve</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Biodiversity_Indicators_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership">2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAT_-_Patrons_for_Biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="BIOPAT - Patrons for Biodiversity">BIOPAT - Patrons for Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centres_of_Plant_Diversity" title="Centres of Plant Diversity">Centres of Plant Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">Global Biodiversity Information Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Institute of Tropical Agriculture">International Institute of Tropical Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">National Biodiversity Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECOrd_(Local_Biological_Records_Centre)" title="RECOrd (Local Biological Records Centre)">rECOrd (Local Biological Records Centre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">World Conservation Monitoring Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Forestry_Congress" title="World Forestry Congress">World Forestry Congress</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Initiatives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Treaty_on_Plant_Genetic_Resources_for_Food_and_Agriculture" title="International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture">International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources...</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Seed_Bank_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Seed Bank Project">Millennium Seed Bank Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seedbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Seedbank">Seedbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Awareness</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Biodiversity" title="International Year of Biodiversity">2010 International Year of Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Decade_on_Biodiversity" title="United Nations Decade on Biodiversity">2011-2020 UN Decade on Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_Biological_Diversity" title="International Day for Biological Diversity">International Day for Biological Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Index" title="Living Planet Index">Living Planet Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Solutions" title="Wild Solutions">Wild Solutions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biodiversity" title="Category:Biodiversity">Category: Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_biodiversity_articles" title="Index of biodiversity articles">Related topics</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biodiversity" title="Template:Biodiversity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Biodiversity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Biodiversity (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biodiversity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biodiversity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>natural landscape</b> is the original <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> that exists before it is acted upon by <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natural landscape and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">cultural landscape</a> are separate parts of the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the 21st century, landscapes that are totally untouched by <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">human activity</a> no longer exist,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that reference is sometimes now made to degrees of naturalness within a landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i> (1962) <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a> describes a roadside verge as it used to look: "Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler’s eye through much of the year" and then how it looks now following the use of <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>: "The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetation as though swept by fire".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the landscape before it is sprayed is biologically degraded, and may well contains alien species, the concept of what might constitute a natural landscape can still be deduced from the context. </p><p>The phrase "natural landscape" was first used in connection with <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landscape_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape gardening">landscape gardening</a>, to contrast a formal style with a more natural one, closer to nature. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1769 – 1859) was to further conceptualize this into the idea of a natural landscape <i>separate</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">cultural landscape</a>. Then in 1908 <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Otto Schlüter">Otto Schlüter</a> developed the terms original landscape (<i>Urlandschaft</i>) and its opposite cultural landscape (<i>Kulturlandschaft</i>) in an attempt to give the science of geography a subject matter that was different from the other sciences. An early use of the actual phrase "natural landscape" by a <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> can be found in <a href="/wiki/Carl_O._Sauer" title="Carl O. Sauer">Carl O. Sauer</a>'s paper "The Morphology of Landscape" (1925).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_term">Origins of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of a natural landscape was first developed in connection with <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painting</a>, though the actual term itself was first used in relation to <a href="/wiki/Landscape_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape gardening">landscape gardening</a>. In both cases it was used to contrast a formal style with a more natural one, that is closer to nature. Chunglin Kwa suggests, "that a seventeenth-century or early-eighteenth-century pen could experience natural scenery 'just like on a painting,’ and so, with or without the use of the word itself, designate it as a landscape."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to landscape gardening John Aikin, commented in 1794: "Whatever, therefore, there be of <i>novelty</i> in the singular scenery of an artificial garden, it is soon exhausted, whereas the infinite diversity of a natural landscape presents an inexhaustible flore of new forms".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in 1844 the prominent American landscape gardener <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Downing" title="Andrew Jackson Downing">Andrew Jackson Downing</a> comments: "straight canals, round or oblong pieces of water, and all the regular forms of the geometric mode ... would evidently be in violent opposition to the whole character and expression of natural landscape".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his extensive travels in South America, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> became the first to conceptualize a natural landscape separate from the cultural landscape, though he does not actually use these terms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Jackson Downing was aware of, and sympathetic to, Humboldt's ideas, which therefore influenced American landscape gardening.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Otto Schlüter">Otto Schlüter</a>, in 1908, argued that by defining <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> as a <i>Landschaftskunde</i> (landscape science) would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defined two forms of landscape: the <i>Urlandschaft</i> (original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the <i>Kulturlandschaft</i> (cultural landscape) a landscape created by human culture. Schlüter argued that the major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes. </p><p>The term natural landscape is sometimes used as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>, but for geographers natural landscape is a scientific term which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatological</a> and other aspects of a landscape, not the cultural values that are implied by the word wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_natural_and_conservation">The natural and conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The natural and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Matters are complicated by the fact that the words nature and natural have more than one meaning. On the one hand there is the main dictionary meaning for nature: "The phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth, as opposed to humans or human creations."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, there is the growing awareness, especially since <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, of humanities biological affinity with nature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualism</a> of the first definition has its roots is an "ancient concept", because early people viewed "nature, or the nonhuman world […] as a divine <i>Other</i>, godlike in its separation from humans."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">West</a>, Christianity's myth of <a href="/wiki/The_fall_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="The fall of man">the fall</a>, that is the expulsion of humankind from the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, where all creation lived in harmony, into an imperfect world, has been the major influence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian dualism</a>, from the seventeenth century on, further reinforced this dualistic thinking about nature.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualism</a> goes value judgement as to <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">the superiority of the natural over the artificial</a>. Modern science, however, is moving towards a <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> view of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="America">America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>What is meant by natural, within the American <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation movement</a>, has been changing over the last century and a half. </p><p>In the mid-nineteenth century American began to realize that the land was becoming more and more domesticated and wildlife was disappearing. This led to the creation of <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">American National Parks</a> and other conservation sites.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially it was believed that all that was needed to do was to separate what was seen as natural landscape and "avoid disturbances such as logging, grazing, fire and insect outbreaks."<sup id="cite_ref-Aplett_and_Cole,_p._15_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aplett_and_Cole,_p._15-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, and subsequent environmental policy, until recently, was influenced by ideas of the wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this policy was not consistently applied, and in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone Park">Yellowstone Park</a>, to take one example, the existing ecology was altered, firstly by the exclusion of Native Americans and later with the virtual extermination of the wolf population.<sup id="cite_ref-dow_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dow-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A century later, in the mid-twentieth century, it began to be believed that the earlier policy of "protection from disturbance was inadequate to preserve park values", and that is that direct human intervention was necessary to restore the landscape of National Parks to its ‘'natural'’ condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Aplett_and_Cole,_p._15_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aplett_and_Cole,_p._15-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963 the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Report" title="Leopold Report">Leopold Report</a> argued that "A national park should represent a vignette of primitive America".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy change eventually led to the restoration of <a href="/wiki/History_of_wolves_in_Yellowstone" title="History of wolves in Yellowstone">wolves in Yellowstone Park</a> in the 1990s. </p><p>However, recent research in various disciplines indicates that a pristine natural or "primitive" landscape is a myth, and it now realised that people have been changing the natural into a cultural landscape for a long while, and that there are few places untouched in some way from human influence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier conservation policies were now seen as cultural interventions. The idea of what is natural and what artificial or cultural, and how to maintain the natural elements in a landscape, has been further complicated by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and how it is changing natural landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also important is a reaction recently amongst scholars against dualistic thinking about nature and culture. Maria Kaika comments: "Nowadays, we are beginning to see nature and culture as intertwined once again – not <a href="/wiki/Ontologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontologically">ontologically</a> separated anymore […].What I used to perceive as a compartmentalized world, consisting of neatly and tightly sealed, autonomous 'space envelopes' (the home, the city, and nature) was, in fact, a messy socio-spatial continuum".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And William Cronon argues against the idea of wilderness because it "involves a dualistic vision in which the human is entirely outside the natural"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and affirms that "wildness (as opposed to wilderness) can be found anywhere" even "in the cracks of a Manhattan sidewalk."<sup id="cite_ref-Cronon,_p._85_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronon,_p._85-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Cronon we have to "abandon the dualism that sees the tree in the garden as artificial […] and the tree in the wilderness as natural […] Both in some ultimate sense are wild."<sup id="cite_ref-Cronon,_p._85_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cronon,_p._85-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he bends somewhat the regular dictionary meaning of wild, to emphasise that nothing natural, even in a garden, is fully under human control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The landscape of Europe has considerably altered by people and even in an area, like the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorm_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairngorm Mountains">Cairngorm Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, with a low population density, only " the high summits of the <a href="/wiki/Cairngorm_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairngorm Mountains">Cairngorm Mountains</a>, consist entirely of natural elements.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <i>high summits</i> are of course only part of the Cairngorms, and there are no longer wolves, bears, wild boar or lynx in Scotland's wilderness.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_Darling_and_Boyd_1969_64_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser_Darling_and_Boyd_1969_64-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Caledonian forest">Caledonian forest</a> also covered much more of the Scottish landscape than today.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Park" title="Swiss National Park">Swiss National Park</a>, however, represent a more natural landscape. It was founded in 1914, and is one of the earliest national parks in Europe. Visitors are not allowed to leave the motor road, or paths through the park, make fire or camp. The only building within the park is Chamanna Cluozza, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_hut" title="Mountain hut">mountain hut</a>. It is also forbidden to disturb the animals or the plants, or to take home anything found in the park. Dogs are not allowed. Due to these strict rules, the Swiss National Park is the only park in the Alps who has been categorized by the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve" title="Strict nature reserve">strict nature reserve</a>, which is the highest protection level.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_natural_landscape">History of natural landscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of natural landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No place on the Earth is unaffected by people and their culture. People are part of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, but human activity affects biodiversity, and this alters the natural landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mankind have altered landscape to such an extent that few places on earth remain pristine, but once free of human influences, the landscape can return to a natural or near natural state.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrangell_St._Elias_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Wrangell_St._Elias_National_Park.jpg/220px-Wrangell_St._Elias_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Wrangell_St._Elias_National_Park.jpg/330px-Wrangell_St._Elias_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Wrangell_St._Elias_National_Park.jpg/440px-Wrangell_St._Elias_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a> on the border between <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, US, and Canada: <a href="/wiki/Kluane-Wrangell-St._Elias-Glacier_Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluane-Wrangell-St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek">Kluane-Wrangell-St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek</a> park system</figcaption></figure> <p>Even the remote <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan">Alaskan</a> wilderness, the bi-national <a href="/wiki/Kluane-Wrangell-St._Elias-Glacier_Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluane-Wrangell-St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek">Kluane-Wrangell-St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek</a> park system comprising <a href="/wiki/Kluane_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluane National Park">Kluane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrangell-St._Elias_National_Park_and_Preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve">Wrangell-St Elias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier_Bay_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve">Glacier Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatshenshini-Alsek_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatshenshini-Alsek Park">Tatshenshini-Alsek</a> parks, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, is not free from human influence, because the <a href="/wiki/Kluane_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluane National Park">Kluane National Park</a> lies within the traditional territories of the Champagne and Aishihik <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kluane_First_Nation" title="Kluane First Nation">Kluane First Nation</a> who have a long history of living in this region. Through their respective Final Agreements with the Canadian Government, they have made into law their rights to harvest in this region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procession">Procession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Procession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through different intervals of time, the process of natural landscapes have been shaped by a series of <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a>, mostly due to its factors, including <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_cultural_forces">Examples of cultural forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples of cultural forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural forces intentionally or unintentionally, have an influence upon the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural landscapes">Cultural landscapes</a> are places or artifacts created and maintained by people. Examples of cultural intrusions into a landscape are: fences, roads, parking lots, sand pits, buildings, hiking trails, management of plants, including the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>, extraction or removal of plants, management of animals, mining, hunting, <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">natural landscaping</a>, farming and forestry, pollution. Areas that might be confused with a natural landscape include <a href="/wiki/Public_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Public park">public parks</a>, farms, orchards, artificial lakes and reservoirs, managed forests, golf courses, nature center trails, gardens. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pony_in_brecon2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pony_in_brecon2.jpg/220px-Pony_in_brecon2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pony_in_brecon2.jpg/330px-Pony_in_brecon2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pony_in_brecon2.jpg/440px-Pony_in_brecon2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mountain_pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh mountain pony">Welsh mountain pony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a> <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Sheep and cattle also graze on this upland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">Intact forest landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_restoration" title="Land restoration">Land restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">Landscape art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">Rewilding (conservation biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">Seascapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscape_art" title="Skyscape art">Skyscape art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The area prior to the introduction of man 's activity is represented by one body of morphologic facts. The forms that man has introduced are another set. We may call the former, with reference to man, the original, natural landscape. In its entirety it no longer exists in many parts of the world, but its reconstruction and understanding are the first part of formal morphonology."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a culture group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape the result."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a>'s planned forest naturalness index is an example of an attempt to define one type of natural landscape in Europe. The Agency lists forests in three categories: (1) <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantations</a>; (2) Semi-natural; and (3) Naturally dynamic. The latter are "forests whose structure, composition and function have been shaped by natural dynamics without substantial <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> influence over a long period of time".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The description of nature in its manifold richness of form, as a distinct branch of poetic literature, was wholly unknown to the Greeks. The landscape appears among them merely as the basil-ground of the picture of which human figures constitute the main subject. Passions, breaking forth into action, riveted their attention almost exclusively."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It is true that certain human technological actions do have unintended consequences that spread everywhere; there are contagious effects that seep into the nooks and crannies of all nature."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl O. Sauer, "The Morphology of Landscape". <i>University of California Publications in Geography</i>, vol. 2, No. 2, 12 October 1925, p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/universityofc02univ/universityofc02univ_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/universityofc02univ/universityofc02univ_djvu.txt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl O. Sauer, "The Morphology of Landscape", p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNuwer" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer" title="Rachel Nuwer">Nuwer, Rachel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160208-theres-no-such-thing-as-truly-pristine-nature-anymore">"There's no such thing as truly 'pristine' nature anymore"</a>. <i>bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.com&rft.atitle=There%27s+no+such+thing+as+truly+%27pristine%27+nature+anymore&rft.aulast=Nuwer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20160208-theres-no-such-thing-as-truly-pristine-nature-anymore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+landscape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1962, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_O._Sauer" title="Carl O. Sauer">Carl O. Sauer</a>, "The Morphology of Landscape". <i>University of California Publications in Geography</i> 2 (2), pp. 19-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chunglin Kwa, "Alexander von Humboldt's invention of the natural landscape", <i>The European Legacy</i>, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 149–162, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Aikin, M.D., <i>Letters from a Father to His Son, on Various Topics, Relative to Literature and the Conduct of Life. Written in the Years 1792 and 1793</i>, (Philadelphia: Samuel Harrison Smith), p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening Adapted to North America</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225152927/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/qnct310.txt">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/qnct310.txt">the original</a> on 25 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext05%2Fqnct310.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+landscape" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cele/2005/00000010/00000002/art00002">Chunglin Kwa, Alexander von Humboldt's invention of the natural landscape, The European Legacy, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 149–162, 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander von Humboldt <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_a_sketch_of_a_physical_description_of_the_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe">Cosmos: a sketch of a physical description of the universe</a></i> (translation 1804), Volume 2, Part I, Paragraph 5, Chapter I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.avhumboldt.net/humboldt/publications/paragraph/did/35/vid/38/cid/244/tid/7698/text/The-description-of-nature-in-its-manifold-richness-of-form-as-a-distinct-branch-of-poetic-literat">http://www.avhumboldt.net/humboldt/publications/paragraph/did/35/vid/38/cid/244/tid/7698/text/The-description-of-nature-in-its-manifold-richness-of-form-as-a-distinct-branch-of-poetic-literat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Horticulturist</i>, vol.4, no.2, August 1849, which Downing edited.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, P.E & Martin, G (1981) <i>All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas.</i> John Wiley & Sons. New York, p.177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins, T.H (1989) <i>Human and Regional Geography in the German-speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century</i>. Entriken, J. Nicholas & Brunn, Stanley D (Eds) <i>Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The nature of geography</i>. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC., p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature". William Cronon, ed., <i>Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature</i>. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1995), pp. 69–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nature", <i>New Oxford American Dictionary</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.seattlepi.com/animals-share-human-dna-sequences-6693.html">"Animals That Share Human DNA Sequences", Seattlepi.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory H. Aplett and David N. Cole, "The Trouble with Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Goals" in <i>Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Stewardshio in an Era of Rapid Change</i> (Washington, DC.: Island Press, 2010), p. 14. They cite William Conron's 1995 essay "The Trouble with Wilderness: or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanne Vining, Melinda Merrick and Emily Price, "The Distinction between Humans and Nature". <i>Human Ecology Review</i>, vol.15, no. 1, 2008, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vining, Merrick and Price, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Kaika, <i>City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City</i>. (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory H. Aplett and David N. Cole, "The Trouble with Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Goals" in <i>Beyond Naturalness: Rethinking Park and Wilderness Stewardshio in an Era of Rapid Change</i> (Washington, DC.: Island Press, 2010), pp. 14-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aplett_and_Cole,_p._15-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aplett_and_Cole,_p._15_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aplett_and_Cole,_p._15_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aplett and Cole, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Cronon, pp. 72-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dow-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dow_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607214843/http://www.defenders.org/wildlife/wolf/ynpchro.html">"Defenders of Wildlife"</a>. <i>A Yellowstone Chronology</i>. 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Columbia University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11232-1"><bdi>978-0-231-11232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+American+Environmental+History&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11232-1&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQQximQsxSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+landscape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aplett and Cole, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aplett and Cole, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aplett and Cole, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>City of Flows: Modernity, Nature, and the City</i>. (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronon, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronon,_p._85-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cronon,_p._85_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronon,_p._85_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronon, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201902/http://www.snh.gov.uk/about-scotlands-nature/scotlands-landscapes/what-is-landscape/">"What is landscape?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Natural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Natural Heritage">Scottish Natural Heritage</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snh.gov.uk/about-scotlands-nature/scotlands-landscapes/what-is-landscape/">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Natural+Heritage&rft.atitle=What+is+landscape%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snh.gov.uk%2Fabout-scotlands-nature%2Fscotlands-landscapes%2Fwhat-is-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+landscape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray (1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/north_east/6155172.stm">"Extinct Island Pig Spotted Again"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 17 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Extinct+Island+Pig+Spotted+Again&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fscotland%2Fnorth_east%2F6155172.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+landscape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser_Darling_and_Boyd_1969_64-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_Darling_and_Boyd_1969_64_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser Darling and Boyd (1969) p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven, H. M. & Carlisle, A. (1959). <i>The Native Pinewoods of Scotland</i>. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=SWI+01&mode=all">Parc Suisse Biosphere Reserve</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnh.org/museum/press/feature/biofact.html">National Survey Reveals Biodiversity Crisis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607101209/http://www.amnh.org/museum/press/feature/biofact.html">Archived</a> 7 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> American Museum of Natural History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4uDb0H4V5c">YouTube, Professor James Lovelock, We can't save the planet, BBC NEWS, 2010/03/30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolston1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rolston, Holmes III (Spring 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204957/http://lamar.colostate.edu/%7Ehrolston/Technol-vs-Nature-Aberdeen.pdf">"Technology versus nature: what is natural?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Philosophy and Technology</i>. <b>2</b> (2). University of Aberdeen Center for Philosophy, Technology & Society: 3–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamar.colostate.edu/%7Ehrolston/Technol-vs-Nature-Aberdeen.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Philosophy+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Technology+versus+nature%3A+what+is+natural%3F&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-14&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rolston&rft.aufirst=Holmes+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flamar.colostate.edu%2F%257Ehrolston%2FTechnol-vs-Nature-Aberdeen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural+landscape" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_landscape&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/developing-a-forest-naturalness-indicator">Developing a forest naturalness indicator for Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317022909/http://www.snh.gov.uk/publications-data-and-research/snhi-information-service/naturalspaces/">Scottish heritage: Natural Spaces</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/universityofc02univ/universityofc02univ_djvu.txt">Carl O. 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