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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Nomenclature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History of detection </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_detection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of detection subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_speculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_speculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early speculations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_speculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discredited_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discredited_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Discredited claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discredited_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confirmed_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confirmed_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Confirmed discoveries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confirmed_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidate_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidate_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Candidate discoveries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidate_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Detection methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detection_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Detection methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Detection_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Direct imaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Indirect methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Formation and evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planet-hosting_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planet-hosting_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Planet-hosting stars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planet-hosting_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_and_physical_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_and_physical_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Orbital and physical parameters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_and_physical_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 General features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_and_brightness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_and_brightness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Color and brightness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_and_brightness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Magnetic field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plate_tectonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plate_tectonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Plate tectonics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plate_tectonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Volcanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Rings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Moons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Atmospheres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comet-like_tails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comet-like_tails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7.1 Comet-like tails </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comet-like_tails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insolation_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insolation_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Insolation pattern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insolation_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Surface </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surface-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Surface subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surface_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Surface composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Surface temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Habitability </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Habitability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Habitability subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Habitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitable_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitable_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Habitable zone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitable_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_ages_and_snowball_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_ages_and_snowball_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Ice ages and snowball states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_ages_and_snowball_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidal_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidal_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Tidal heating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidal_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potentially_habitable_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potentially_habitable_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Potentially habitable planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potentially_habitable_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earth-size_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth-size_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4.1 Earth-size planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth-size_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Planetary system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Search projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Exoplanet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplaneet" title="Eksoplaneet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eksoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="كوكب غير شمسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكب غير شمسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_estrasolar" title="Planeta estrasolar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Planeta estrasolar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzoplanet" title="Ekzoplanet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekzoplanet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="বহির্গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহির্গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзапланета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экзапланета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзаплянэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Экзаплянэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Екзопланета – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екзопланета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vansolarna_planeta" title="Vansolarna planeta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vansolarna planeta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezplanedenn" title="Ezplanedenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ezplanedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolar" title="Planeta extrasolar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Planeta extrasolar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзопланета – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Экзопланета" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planed_allheulol" title="Planed allheulol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planed allheulol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Exoplanet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exoplanet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplaneet" title="Eksoplaneet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eksoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Εξωηλιακός πλανήτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξωηλιακός πλανήτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolar" title="Planeta extrasolar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Planeta extrasolar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstersunsistema_planedo" title="Ekstersunsistema planedo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekstersunsistema planedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranetas_essusolaris" title="Pranetas essusolaris – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pranetas essusolaris" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سیاره فراخورشیدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاره فراخورشیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplan%C3%A8te" title="Exoplanète – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exoplanète" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiseaphl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad" title="Eiseaphláinéad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eiseaphláinéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planaid_neughrianagh" title="Planaid neughrianagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Planaid neughrianagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolar" title="Planeta extrasolar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Planeta extrasolar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%84_%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1" title="외계 행성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외계 행성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Էկզոմոլորակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկզոմոլորակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बहिर्ग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहिर्ग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrasolarni_planeti" title="Ekstrasolarni planeti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekstrasolarni planeti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneto" title="Exoplaneto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Exoplaneto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbara_ala_%E1%BB%8Dz%E1%BB%8D" title="Mbara ala ọzọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mbara ala ọzọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_luar_surya" title="Planet luar surya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Planet luar surya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umzulendle" title="Umzulendle – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umzulendle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjarreikistjarna" title="Fjarreikistjarna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjarreikistjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_extrasolare" title="Pianeta extrasolare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pianeta extrasolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A5-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99" title="כוכב לכת חוץ-שמשי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב לכת חוץ-שמשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planit_jaban_surya" title="Planit jaban surya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Planit jaban surya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಸೌರಾತೀತ ಗ್ರಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೌರಾತೀತ ಗ್ರಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ეგზოპლანეტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგზოპლანეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзопланета – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экзопланета" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayari-nje" title="Sayari-nje – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayari-nje" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Экзопланет – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Экзопланет" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolaris" title="Planeta extrasolaris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Planeta extrasolaris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citplan%C4%93ta" title="Citplanēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Citplanēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplan%C3%A9it" title="Exoplanéit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Exoplanéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzoplaneta" title="Egzoplaneta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egzoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneet" title="Exoplaneet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Exoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetas_estrasolal" title="Planetas estrasolal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Planetas estrasolal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exobolyg%C3%B3" title="Exobolygó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Exobolygó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вонсончева планета – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вонсончева планета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="സൗരയൂഥേതരഗ്രഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗരയൂഥേതരഗ്രഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="परग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="परग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_luar_suria" title="Planet luar suria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Planet luar suria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Экзопланет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Экзопланет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%A0%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="နေစကြဝဠာပြင်ပဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နေစကြဝဠာပြင်ပဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneet" title="Exoplaneet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Exoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F" title="太陽系外惑星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太陽系外惑星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplanet" title="Eksoplanet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksoplanet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrasolar_planet" title="Ekstrasolar planet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ekstrasolar planet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafjoo_Sirna_biiftuun_Alaa" title="Lafjoo Sirna biiftuun Alaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafjoo Sirna biiftuun Alaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzosayyora" title="Ekzosayyora – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekzosayyora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF" title="ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸੂਰਜੀ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸੂਰਜੀ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%BA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%92_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="سورجوں پرے پاندھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورجوں پرے پاندھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="له لمریز نظام بهر سیاره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="له لمریز نظام بهر سیاره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_pozas%C5%82oneczna" title="Planeta pozasłoneczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planeta pozasłoneczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet%C4%83" title="Exoplanetă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exoplanetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзопланета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экзопланета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzoplaneti" title="Ekzoplaneti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekzoplaneti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_extrasulari" title="Pianeta extrasulari – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pianeta extrasulari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A" title="බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහලෝක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහලෝක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" title="Extrasolar planet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extrasolar planet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasol%C3%A1rna_plan%C3%A9ta" title="Extrasolárna planéta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Extrasolárna planéta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunajoson%C4%8Dni_planet" title="Zunajosončni planet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zunajosončni planet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%AF%D1%A1%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Єѯѡпланита – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єѯѡпланита" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھەسارە دەرەکییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەسارە دەرەکییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Екстрасоларне планете – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екстрасоларне планете" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrasolarni_planet" title="Ekstrasolarni planet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekstrasolarni planet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplaneetta" title="Eksoplaneetta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eksoplaneetta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exoplanet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplaneta" title="Eksoplaneta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eksoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="புறக்கோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புறக்கோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtiweg_uffi%C9%A3" title="Amtiweg uffiɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amtiweg uffiɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзопланета – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Экзопланета" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" title="ดาวเคราะห์นอกระบบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเคราะห์นอกระบบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Экзосайёра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Экзосайёра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tegezegen" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Planet outside the Solar System</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by The Contortionist, see <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_(album)" title="Exoplanet (album)">Exoplanet (album)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hr8799_orbit_hd.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Timelapse of exoplanets orbit motion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hr8799_orbit_hd.gif/330px-Hr8799_orbit_hd.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hr8799_orbit_hd.gif/495px-Hr8799_orbit_hd.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hr8799_orbit_hd.gif/660px-Hr8799_orbit_hd.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Four exoplanets of the <a href="/wiki/HR_8799" title="HR 8799">HR 8799</a> system imaged by the <a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">W. M. Keck Observatory</a> over the course of seven years. Motion is interpolated from annual observations.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_Comparison_WASP-17_b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Exoplanet_Comparison_WASP-17_b.png/220px-Exoplanet_Comparison_WASP-17_b.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Exoplanet_Comparison_WASP-17_b.png/330px-Exoplanet_Comparison_WASP-17_b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Exoplanet_Comparison_WASP-17_b.png/440px-Exoplanet_Comparison_WASP-17_b.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the probable size of <a href="/wiki/WASP-17b" title="WASP-17b">WASP-17b</a>, an exoplanet in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Scorpius_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpius (constellation)">Scorpius</a> to Jupiter (on left) using approximate models of planetary radius as a function of mass.<a href="#cite_note-models-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopaedia-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917 but was not then recognized as such. The first confirmation of the detection occurred in 1992. A different planet, first detected in 1988, was confirmed in 2003. As of 7 November 2024, there are 5,787 confirmed exoplanets in 4,320 <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a>, with 969 systems <a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">having more than one planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEA-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20220321-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST) is expected to discover more exoplanets, and to give more insight into their traits, such as their <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">composition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental conditions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">potential for life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SA-20230123-5">[5]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">methods of detecting exoplanets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">Transit photometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">Doppler spectroscopy</a> have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias favoring the detection of planets near the star; thus, 85% of the exoplanets detected are inside the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">tidal locking</a> zone.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In several cases, <a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">multiple planets</a> have been observed around a star.<a href="#cite_note-Nature-20120111-7">[7]</a> About 1 in 5 <a href="/wiki/Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">Sun-like stars</a><a href="#cite_note-footnoteA-8">[a]</a> are estimated to have an "<a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>-sized"<a href="#cite_note-footnoteB-9">[b]</a> planet in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-footnoteC-10">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-ucb1in5-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthsunhz-12">[9]</a> Assuming there are 200 billion stars in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>,<a href="#cite_note-footnoteD-13">[d]</a> it can be hypothesized that there are 11 billion potentially habitable Earth-sized planets in the Milky Way, rising to 40 billion if planets orbiting the numerous <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a> are included.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-20131104-14">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes#Planetary_characteristics" title="List of exoplanet extremes">least massive exoplanet</a> known is <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_A" title="PSR B1257+12 A">Draugr</a> (also known as PSR B1257+12 A or PSR B1257+12 b), which is about twice the mass of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes#Planetary_characteristics" title="List of exoplanet extremes">most massive exoplanet</a> listed on the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a> is <a href="/wiki/HR_2562_b" class="mw-redirect" title="HR 2562 b">HR 2562 b</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CT-Exo-2018-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-HR-2562-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> about 30 times the mass of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. However, according to some definitions of a planet (based on the nuclear fusion of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a><a href="#cite_note-bodenheimer2013-18">[14]</a>), it is too massive to be a planet and might be a <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarf</a>. Known orbital times for exoplanets vary from <a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes#Orbital_characteristics" title="List of exoplanet extremes">less than an hour</a> (for those closest to their star) to thousands of years. Some exoplanets are so far away from the star that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to it. Almost all planets detected so far are within the Milky Way. However, there is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">extragalactic planets</a>, exoplanets located in other galaxies, may exist.<a href="#cite_note-NG-20180205-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-GZM-20180205-20">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">nearest exoplanets</a> are located 4.2 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> (1.3 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a>) from Earth and orbit <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, the closest star to the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-proxima_b_discovery_paper-21">[17]</a> The discovery of exoplanets has intensified interest in the search for <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>. There is special interest in planets that orbit in a star's <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> (sometimes called "goldilocks zone"), where it is possible for liquid water, a prerequisite for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> as we know it, to exist on the surface. However, the study of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">planetary habitability</a> also considers a wide range of other factors in determining the suitability of a planet for hosting life.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150106-DB-22">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rogue_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue planets">Rogue planets</a> are those that do not orbit any star. Such objects are considered a separate category of planets, especially if they are <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a>, often counted as <a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">sub-brown dwarfs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> The rogue planets in the Milky Way possibly number in the billions or more.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IAU">IAU</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IAU">edit</a>]</div> The official <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">definition of the term planet</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) only covers the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and thus does not apply to exoplanets.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> The IAU Working Group on Extrasolar Planets issued a position statement containing a working definition of "planet" in 2001 and which was modified in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> An exoplanet was defined by the following criteria: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>Objects with <a href="/wiki/True_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="True mass">true masses</a> below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a>) that orbit stars or stellar remnants are "planets" (no matter how they formed). The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in the Solar System.</li> <li>Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are "<a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown dwarfs">brown dwarfs</a>", no matter how they formed or where they are located.</li> <li>Free-floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not "planets", but are "sub-brown dwarfs" (or whatever name is most appropriate).</li></ul> </blockquote> This working definition was amended by the IAU's Commission F2: Exoplanets and the Solar System in August 2018.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> The official working definition of an exoplanet is now as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar metallicity) that orbit stars, brown dwarfs or stellar remnants and that have a mass ratio with the central object below the <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#Stability" title="Lagrange point">L4/L5 instability</a> (M/Mcentral < 2/(25+√621)) are "planets" (no matter how they formed).</li> <li>The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in our Solar System.</li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alternatives">edit</a>]</div> The IAU's working definition is not always used. One alternate suggestion is that planets should be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a> on the basis of their formation. It is widely thought that giant planets form through core <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a>, which may sometimes produce planets with masses above the deuterium fusion threshold;<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-bodenheimer2013-18">[14]</a> massive planets of that sort may have already been observed.<a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> Brown dwarfs form like stars from the direct gravitational collapse of clouds of gas, and this formation mechanism also produces objects that are below the 13 <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass"><var>M</var>Jup</a> limit and can be as low as 1 <var>M</var>Jup.<a href="#cite_note-ShivKumar-34">[30]</a> Objects in this mass range that orbit their stars with wide separations of hundreds or thousands of Astronomical Units (AU) and have large star/object mass ratios likely formed as brown dwarfs; their atmospheres would likely have a composition more similar to their host star than accretion-formed planets, which would contain increased abundances of heavier elements. Most directly imaged planets as of April 2014 are massive and have wide orbits so probably represent the low-mass end of a brown dwarf formation.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> One study suggests that objects above 10 <var>M</var>Jup formed through gravitational instability and should not be thought of as planets.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Also, the 13-Jupiter-mass cutoff does not have a precise physical significance. Deuterium fusion can occur in some objects with a mass below that cutoff.<a href="#cite_note-bodenheimer2013-18">[14]</a> The amount of deuterium fused depends to some extent on the composition of the object.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> As of 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a> included objects up to 25 Jupiter masses, saying, "The fact that there is no special feature around 13 <var>M</var>Jup in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit".<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> As of 2016, this limit was increased to 60 Jupiter masses<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> based on a study of mass–density relationships.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer" title="Exoplanet Data Explorer">Exoplanet Data Explorer</a> includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory: "The 13 Jupiter-mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores, and observationally problematic due to the <a href="#Mass">sin i ambiguity</a>."<a href="#cite_note-eod-41">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a> includes objects with a mass (or minimum mass) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> Another criterion for separating planets and brown dwarfs, rather than deuterium fusion, formation process or location, is whether the core <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Coulomb_barrier" title="Coulomb barrier">Coulomb pressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electron_degeneracy_pressure" title="Electron degeneracy pressure">electron degeneracy pressure</a> with the dividing line at around 5 Jupiter masses.<a href="#cite_note-whatbasribrown-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-JamesLiebert-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_unusual_exoplanet_HIP_65426b_%E2%80%94_SPHERE%27s_first.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_unusual_exoplanet_HIP_65426b_%E2%80%94_SPHERE%27s_first.jpg/220px-The_unusual_exoplanet_HIP_65426b_%E2%80%94_SPHERE%27s_first.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_unusual_exoplanet_HIP_65426b_%E2%80%94_SPHERE%27s_first.jpg/330px-The_unusual_exoplanet_HIP_65426b_%E2%80%94_SPHERE%27s_first.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/The_unusual_exoplanet_HIP_65426b_%E2%80%94_SPHERE%27s_first.jpg/440px-The_unusual_exoplanet_HIP_65426b_%E2%80%94_SPHERE%27s_first.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Exoplanet <a href="/wiki/HIP_65426b" class="mw-redirect" title="HIP 65426b">HIP 65426b</a> is the first discovered planet around star <a href="/wiki/HIP_65426" class="mw-redirect" title="HIP 65426">HIP 65426</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_naming_convention" title="Exoplanet naming convention">Exoplanet naming convention</a></div> The convention for naming exoplanets is an extension of the system used for designating multiple-star systems as adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU). For exoplanets orbiting a single star, the IAU designation is formed by taking the designated or proper name of its parent star, and adding a lower case letter.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Letters are given in order of each planet's discovery around the parent star, so that the first planet discovered in a system is designated "b" (the parent star is considered "a") and later planets are given subsequent letters. If several planets in the same system are discovered at the same time, the closest one to the star gets the next letter, followed by the other planets in order of orbital size. A provisional IAU-sanctioned standard exists to accommodate the designation of <a href="/wiki/Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">circumbinary planets</a>. A limited number of exoplanets have <a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets" title="List of proper names of exoplanets">IAU-sanctioned proper names</a>. Other naming systems exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_detection">History of detection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of detection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet-Missions-graphic-final-Dec2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Exoplanet-Missions-graphic-final-Dec2022.png/290px-Exoplanet-Missions-graphic-final-Dec2022.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Exoplanet-Missions-graphic-final-Dec2022.png/435px-Exoplanet-Missions-graphic-final-Dec2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Exoplanet-Missions-graphic-final-Dec2022.png/580px-Exoplanet-Missions-graphic-final-Dec2022.png 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>NASA graphic of present and future exoplanet missions as of 2022.</figcaption></figure> For centuries scientists, philosophers, and science fiction writers suspected that extrasolar planets existed, but there was no way of knowing whether they were real in fact, how common they were, or how similar they might be to the planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Various detection claims made in the nineteenth century were rejected by astronomers. The first evidence of a possible exoplanet, orbiting <a href="/wiki/Van_Maanen_2" title="Van Maanen 2">Van Maanen 2</a>, was noted in 1917, but was not recognized as such. The astronomer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sydney_Adams" title="Walter Sydney Adams">Walter Sydney Adams</a>, who later became director of the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson Observatory</a>, produced a spectrum of the star using <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory#60-inch_telescope" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson's 60-inch telescope</a>. He interpreted the spectrum to be of an <a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F-type main-sequence star</a>, but it is now thought that such a spectrum could be caused by the residue of a nearby exoplanet that had been pulverized by the gravity of the star, the resulting dust then falling onto the star.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20171101-47">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets#1988.E2.80.931994" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">first suspected scientific detection</a> of an exoplanet occurred in 1988. Shortly afterwards, the first confirmation<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> of detection came in 1992 when <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczan" title="Aleksander Wolszczan">Aleksander Wolszczan</a> announced the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR B1257+12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wolszczan-49">[45]</a> The first confirmation of an exoplanet orbiting a <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence">main-sequence</a> star was made in 1995, when a giant planet was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby star <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a>. Some exoplanets have been <a href="/wiki/Direct_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct imaging">imaged directly</a> by telescopes, but the vast majority have been detected through indirect methods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">transit method</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">radial-velocity method</a>. In February 2018, researchers using the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>, combined with a planet detection technique called <a href="/wiki/Microlensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlensing">microlensing</a>, found evidence of planets in a distant galaxy, stating, "Some of these exoplanets are as (relatively) small as the moon, while others are as massive as Jupiter. Unlike Earth, most of the exoplanets are not tightly bound to stars, so they're actually wandering through space or loosely orbiting between stars. We can estimate that the number of planets in this [faraway] galaxy is more than a trillion."<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> On 21 March 2022, the 5000th exoplanet beyond the Solar System was confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> On 11 January 2023, NASA scientists reported the detection of <a href="/wiki/LHS_475_b" title="LHS 475 b">LHS 475 b</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth-like exoplanet</a> – and the first exoplanet discovered by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBC-20230111-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_speculations">Early speculations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early speculations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Exoplanet" title="Special:EditPage/Exoplanet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right ; width: 33%;">This space we declare to be infinite... In it are an infinity of worlds of the same kind as our own.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giordano Bruno (1584)<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a></cite></div></blockquote> In the sixteenth century, the Italian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, an early supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernican</a> theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentrism</a>), put forward the view that fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets. In the eighteenth century, the same possibility was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> in the "<a href="/wiki/General_Scholium" title="General Scholium">General Scholium</a>" that concludes his <a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a>. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of One."<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> In 1938, D.Belorizky demonstrated that it was realistic to search for exo-Jupiters by using <a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">transit photometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> In 1952, more than 40 years before the first <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiter</a> was discovered, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a> wrote that there is no compelling reason that planets could not be much closer to their parent star than is the case in the Solar System, and proposed that <a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">Doppler spectroscopy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">transit method</a> could detect <a href="/wiki/Super-Jupiter" title="Super-Jupiter">super-Jupiters</a> in short orbits.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discredited_claims">Discredited claims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Discredited claims">edit</a>]</div> Claims of exoplanet detections have been made since the nineteenth century. Some of the earliest involve the <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary star</a> <a href="/wiki/70_Ophiuchi" title="70 Ophiuchi">70 Ophiuchi</a>. In 1855, <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Jacob" title="William Stephen Jacob">William Stephen Jacob</a> at the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Madras_Observatory" title="Madras Observatory">Madras Observatory</a> reported that orbital anomalies made it "highly probable" that there was a "planetary body" in this system.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> In the 1890s, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Jackson_See" title="Thomas Jefferson Jackson See">Thomas J. J. See</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">United States Naval Observatory</a> stated that the orbital anomalies proved the existence of a dark body in the 70 Ophiuchi system with a 36-year <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">period</a> around one of the stars.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Ray_Moulton" title="Forest Ray Moulton">Forest Ray Moulton</a> published a paper proving that a three-body system with those orbital parameters would be highly unstable.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> During the 1950s and 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_de_Kamp" title="Peter van de Kamp">Peter van de Kamp</a> of <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> made another prominent series of detection claims, this time for planets orbiting <a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star" title="Barnard's Star">Barnard's Star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> Astronomers now generally regard all early reports of detection as erroneous.<a href="#cite_note-boss_book_p31-61">[57]</a> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lyne" title="Andrew Lyne">Andrew Lyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bailes" title="Matthew Bailes">M. Bailes</a> and S. L. Shemar claimed to have discovered a <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">pulsar planet</a> in orbit around <a href="/wiki/PSR_1829-10" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR 1829-10">PSR 1829-10</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsar timing">pulsar timing</a> variations.<a href="#cite_note-LyneBailes-62">[58]</a> The claim briefly received intense attention, but Lyne and his team soon retracted it.<a href="#cite_note-LyneRetraction-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confirmed_discoveries">Confirmed discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Confirmed discoveries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_firsts" title="List of exoplanet firsts">List of exoplanet firsts</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg/300px-The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg/450px-The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg/600px-The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coronagraph" title="Coronagraph">Coronagraphic</a> image of <a href="/wiki/AB_Pictoris" title="AB Pictoris">AB Pictoris</a> showing a companion (bottom left), which is either a brown dwarf or a massive planet. The data were obtained on 16 March 2003 with <a href="/wiki/List_of_instruments_at_the_Very_Large_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="List of instruments at the Very Large Telescope">NACO</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">VLT</a>, using a 1.4 arcsec occulting mask on top of AB Pictoris.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="False-color, star-subtracted, direct image using a vortex coronagraph of 3 exoplanets around star HR8799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg/300px-444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg/450px-444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg/600px-444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The three known planets of the star <a href="/wiki/HR8799" class="mw-redirect" title="HR8799">HR8799</a>, as imaged by the <a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a>. The light from the central star was blanked out by a <a href="/wiki/Vector_vortex_coronagraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector vortex coronagraph">vector vortex coronagraph</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hubble image of brown dwarf 2MASS J044144 and its 5–10 Jupiter-mass companion, before and after star-subtraction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg/300px-Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg/450px-Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg/600px-Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="628" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J044144" class="mw-redirect" title="2MASS J044144">2MASS J044144</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarf</a> with a companion about 5–10 times the mass of Jupiter. It is not clear whether this companion object is a <a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">sub-brown dwarf</a> or a planet.</div></div></div></div></div> As of 24 July 2024, a total of 5,787 confirmed exoplanets are listed in the NASA Exoplanet Archive, including a few that were confirmations of controversial claims from the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Exoplanet_Catalog_(EPE)-64">[60]</a> The first published discovery to receive subsequent confirmation was made in 1988 by the Canadian astronomers Bruce Campbell, G. A. H. Walker, and Stephenson Yang of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Victoria" title="University of Victoria">University of Victoria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-65">[61]</a> Although they were cautious about claiming a planetary detection, their radial-velocity observations suggested that a planet orbits the star <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cephei" title="Gamma Cephei">Gamma Cephei</a>. Partly because the observations were at the very limits of instrumental capabilities at the time, astronomers remained skeptical for several years about this and other similar observations. It was thought some of the apparent planets might instead have been <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>, objects intermediate in mass between planets and stars. In 1990, additional observations were published that supported the existence of the planet orbiting Gamma Cephei,<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> but subsequent work in 1992 again raised serious doubts.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-67">[63]</a> Finally, in 2003, improved techniques allowed the planet's existence to be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> On 9 January 1992, radio astronomers <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczan" title="Aleksander Wolszczan">Aleksander Wolszczan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dale_Frail" title="Dale Frail">Dale Frail</a> announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR 1257+12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wolszczan-49">[45]</a> This discovery was confirmed, and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets. Follow-up observations solidified these results, and confirmation of a third planet in 1994 revived the topic in the popular press.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> These pulsar planets are thought to have formed from the unusual remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> that produced the pulsar, in a second round of planet formation, or else to be the <a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">remaining rocky cores</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a> that somehow survived the supernova and then decayed into their current orbits. As pulsars are aggressive stars, it was considered unlikely at the time that a planet may be able to be formed in their orbit.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> In the early 1990s, a group of astronomers led by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Backer" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Backer">Donald Backer</a>, who were studying what they thought was a binary pulsar (<a href="/wiki/PSR_B1620%E2%88%9226_b" title="PSR B1620−26 b">PSR B1620−26 b</a>), determined that a third object was needed to explain the observed <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shifts</a>. Within a few years, the gravitational effects of the planet on the orbit of the pulsar and <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> had been measured, giving an estimate of the mass of the third object that was too small for it to be a star. The conclusion that the third object was a planet was announced by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Thorsett" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Thorsett">Stephen Thorsett</a> and his collaborators in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-STScI-71">[67]</a> On 6 October 1995, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a> announced the first definitive detection of <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi_b" title="51 Pegasi b">an exoplanet</a> orbiting a <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence</a> star, nearby <a href="/wiki/G-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-type star">G-type star</a> <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wenz-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mayor-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-gibn-74">[70]</a> This discovery, made at the <a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_Haute-Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatoire de Haute-Provence">Observatoire de Haute-Provence</a>, ushered in the modern era of exoplanetary discovery, and was recognized by a share of the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>. Technological advances, most notably in high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, led to the rapid detection of many new exoplanets: astronomers could detect exoplanets indirectly by measuring their <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational</a> influence on the motion of their host stars. More extrasolar planets were later detected by observing the variation in a star's apparent luminosity as an orbiting planet transited in front of it.<a href="#cite_note-Wenz-72">[68]</a> Initially, the most known exoplanets were massive planets that orbited very close to their parent stars. Astronomers were surprised by these "<a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiters</a>", because theories of <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">planetary formation</a> had indicated that giant planets should only form at large distances from stars. But eventually more planets of other sorts were found, and it is now clear that hot Jupiters make up the minority of exoplanets.<a href="#cite_note-Wenz-72">[68]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Andromedae" title="Upsilon Andromedae">Upsilon Andromedae</a> became the first main-sequence star known to have multiple planets.<a href="#cite_note-Lissauer_multiple99-75">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kepler-16" title="Kepler-16">Kepler-16</a> contains the first discovered planet that orbits a binary main-sequence star system.<a href="#cite_note-Doyle-76">[72]</a> On 26 February 2014, NASA announced the discovery of 715 newly verified exoplanets around 305 stars by the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler (spacecraft)">Kepler Space Telescope</a>. These exoplanets were checked using a statistical technique called "verification by multiplicity".<a href="#cite_note-kepler1700-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-space.com-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-79">[75]</a> Before these results, most confirmed planets were gas giants comparable in size to Jupiter or larger because they were more easily detected, but the Kepler planets are mostly between the size of Neptune and the size of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-kepler1700-77">[73]</a> On 23 July 2015, NASA announced <a href="/wiki/Kepler-452b" title="Kepler-452b">Kepler-452b</a>, a near-Earth-size planet orbiting the habitable zone of a G2-type star.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150723-80">[76]</a> On 6 September 2018, NASA discovered an exoplanet about 145 light years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo.<a href="#cite_note-Oddball-81">[77]</a> This exoplanet, Wolf 503b, is twice the size of Earth and was discovered orbiting a type of star known as an "Orange Dwarf". Wolf 503b completes one orbit in as few as six days because it is very close to the star. Wolf 503b is the only exoplanet that large that can be found near the so-called <a href="/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap" title="Small planet radius gap">small planet radius gap</a>. The gap, sometimes called the Fulton gap,<a href="#cite_note-Oddball-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> is the observation that it is unusual to find exoplanets with sizes between 1.5 and 2 times the radius of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> In January 2020, scientists announced the discovery of <a href="/wiki/TOI_700_d" class="mw-redirect" title="TOI 700 d">TOI 700 d</a>, the first Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone detected by TESS.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidate_discoveries">Candidate discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Candidate discoveries">edit</a>]</div> As of January 2020, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler (spacecraft)">Kepler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> missions had identified 4374 planetary candidates yet to be confirmed,<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> several of them being nearly Earth-sized and located in the habitable zone, some around Sun-like stars.<a href="#cite_note-keplersite-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-usher-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-ExoplanetArch-88">[84]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1011px;max-width:1011px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Exoplanet populations – June 2017<a href="#cite_note-SP-20170619-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170619-90">[86]</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:335px;max-width:335px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:ExoplanetPopulations-20170616.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ExoplanetPopulations-20170616.png/333px-ExoplanetPopulations-20170616.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ExoplanetPopulations-20170616.png/500px-ExoplanetPopulations-20170616.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/ExoplanetPopulations-20170616.png/666px-ExoplanetPopulations-20170616.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Exoplanet populations</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:335px;max-width:335px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SmallPlanetsComeInTwoSizes-20170619.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SmallPlanetsComeInTwoSizes-20170619.png/333px-SmallPlanetsComeInTwoSizes-20170619.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SmallPlanetsComeInTwoSizes-20170619.png/500px-SmallPlanetsComeInTwoSizes-20170619.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SmallPlanetsComeInTwoSizes-20170619.png/666px-SmallPlanetsComeInTwoSizes-20170619.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Small planets come in two sizes</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:335px;max-width:335px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:KeplerHabitableZonePlanets-20170616.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/KeplerHabitableZonePlanets-20170616.png/333px-KeplerHabitableZonePlanets-20170616.png" decoding="async" width="333" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/KeplerHabitableZonePlanets-20170616.png/500px-KeplerHabitableZonePlanets-20170616.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/KeplerHabitableZonePlanets-20170616.png/666px-KeplerHabitableZonePlanets-20170616.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kepler habitable zone planets</div></div></div></div></div> In September 2020, astronomers reported evidence, for the first time, of an <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">extragalactic planet</a>, <a href="/wiki/M51-ULS-1b" class="mw-redirect" title="M51-ULS-1b">M51-ULS-1b</a>, detected by eclipsing a bright <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_X-ray_source" title="Astrophysical X-ray source">X-ray source</a> (XRS), in the <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Galaxy" title="Whirlpool Galaxy">Whirlpool Galaxy</a> (M51a).<a href="#cite_note-NS-20200923-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARX-20200918-92">[88]</a> Also in September 2020, astronomers using <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">microlensing techniques</a> reported the <a href="/wiki/Microlensing_Observations_in_Astrophysics" title="Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics">detection</a>, for the first time, of an <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Earth-mass</a> <a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">rogue planet</a> unbounded by any star, and free floating in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way galaxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UT-20201001-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-AR-20200929-94">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection_methods">Detection methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Detection methods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Methods of detecting exoplanets</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_imaging">Direct imaging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Direct imaging">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_Pictoris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two directly imaged exoplanets around star Beta Pictoris, star-subtracted and artificially embellished with an outline of the orbit of one of the planets. The white dot in the center is the other exoplanet in the same system." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Beta_Pictoris.jpg/220px-Beta_Pictoris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Beta_Pictoris.jpg/330px-Beta_Pictoris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Beta_Pictoris.jpg/440px-Beta_Pictoris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption>Directly imaged planet <a href="/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_b" title="Beta Pictoris b">Beta Pictoris b</a></figcaption></figure> Planets are extremely faint compared to their parent stars. For example, a Sun-like star is about a billion times brighter than the reflected light from any exoplanet orbiting it. It is difficult to detect such a faint light source, and furthermore, the parent star causes a glare that tends to wash it out. It is necessary to block the light from the parent star to reduce the glare while leaving the light from the planet detectable; doing so is a major technical challenge which requires extreme <a href="/wiki/Optothermal_stability" title="Optothermal stability">optothermal stability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perryman_book11-95">[91]</a> All exoplanets that have been directly imaged are both large (more massive than <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>) and widely separated from their parent stars. Specially designed direct-imaging instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Planet_Imager" title="Gemini Planet Imager">Gemini Planet Imager</a>, <a href="/wiki/VLT-SPHERE" class="mw-redirect" title="VLT-SPHERE">VLT-SPHERE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Telescope#Subaru_Coronagraphic_Extreme_Adaptive_Optics_system" title="Subaru Telescope">SCExAO</a> will image dozens of gas giants, but the vast majority of known extrasolar planets have only been detected through indirect methods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_methods">Indirect methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indirect methods">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">Transit method</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dopspec-inline.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Edge-on animation of a star-planet system, showing the geometry considered for the transit method of exoplanet detection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dopspec-inline.gif/220px-Dopspec-inline.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Dopspec-inline.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>When the star is behind a planet, its brightness will seem to dim</figcaption></figure>If a planet crosses (or <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">transits</a>) in front of its parent star's disk, then the observed brightness of the star drops by a small amount. The amount by which the star dims depends on its size and on the size of the planet, among other factors. Because the transit method requires that the planet's orbit intersect a line-of-sight between the host star and Earth, the probability that an exoplanet in a randomly oriented orbit will be observed to transit the star is somewhat small. The <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler (spacecraft)">Kepler telescope</a> used this method.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png/310px-Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png/465px-Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png/620px-Exoplanet_detections_per_year.png 2x" data-file-width="5750" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Exoplanet detections per year as of September 2024<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Radial_velocity" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Radial velocity or Doppler method</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>As a planet orbits a star, the star also moves in its own small orbit around the system's center of mass. Variations in the star's radial velocity—that is, the speed with which it moves towards or away from Earth—can be detected from displacements in the star's <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a>. Extremely small radial-velocity variations can be observed, of 1 m/s or even somewhat less.<a href="#cite_note-Pepe_HarpsEarthlike11-97">[93]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_timing" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Transit timing variation</a> (TTV)</li></ul> <dl><dd>When multiple planets are present, each one slightly perturbs the others' orbits. Small variations in the times of transit for one planet can thus indicate the presence of another planet, which itself may or may not transit. For example, variations in the transits of the planet <a href="/wiki/Kepler-19b" title="Kepler-19b">Kepler-19b</a> suggest the existence of a second planet in the system, the non-transiting <a href="/wiki/Kepler-19c" title="Kepler-19c">Kepler-19c</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ttv1-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Transit_duration_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Transit duration variation (TDV)</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv/300px--201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv/201008-2a_PlanetOrbits_16x9-_Transit_timing_of_1-planet_vs_2-planet_systems.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Animation showing difference between planet transit timing of one-planet and two-planet systems</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>When a planet orbits multiple stars or if the planet has moons, its transit time can significantly vary per transit. Although no new planets or moons have been discovered with this method, it is used to successfully confirm many transiting circumbinary planets.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Gravitational_microlensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Gravitational microlensing</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Microlensing occurs when the gravitational field of a star acts like a lens, magnifying the light of a distant background star. Planets orbiting the lensing star can cause detectable anomalies in magnification as it varies over time. Unlike most other methods which have a detection bias towards planets with small (or for resolved imaging, large) orbits, the microlensing method is most sensitive to detecting planets around 1–10 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> away from Sun-like stars.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Astrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Astrometry</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Astrometry consists of precisely measuring a star's position in the sky and observing the changes in that position over time. The motion of a star due to the gravitational influence of a planet may be observable. Because the motion is so small, however, this method was not very productive until the 2020s. It has produced only a few confirmed discoveries,<a href="#cite_note-Curiel2022-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sozzetti2023-102">[98]</a> though it has been successfully used to investigate the properties of planets found in other ways.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsar timing">Pulsar timing</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>A <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> (the small, ultradense remnant of a star that has exploded as a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>) emits radio waves extremely regularly as it rotates. If planets orbit the pulsar, they will cause slight anomalies in the timing of its observed radio pulses. <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">The first confirmed discovery of an extrasolar planet</a> was made using this method. But as of 2011, it has not been very productive; five planets have been detected in this way, around three different pulsars.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Variable_star_timing" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Variable star timing (pulsation frequency)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Like pulsars, there are some other types of stars which exhibit periodic activity. Deviations from periodicity can sometimes be caused by a planet orbiting it. As of 2013, a few planets have been discovered with this method.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Reflection_and_emission_modulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Reflection/emission modulations</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>When a planet orbits very close to a star, it catches a considerable amount of starlight. As the planet orbits the star, the amount of light changes due to planets having phases from Earth's viewpoint or planets glowing more from one side than the other due to temperature differences.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Relativistic_beaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Relativistic beaming</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Relativistic beaming measures the observed flux from the star due to its motion. The brightness of the star changes as the planet moves closer or further away from its host star.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Ellipsoidal_variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Ellipsoidal variations</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Massive planets close to their host stars can slightly deform the shape of the star. This causes the brightness of the star to slightly deviate depending on how it is rotated relative to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Polarimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Polarimetry</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>With the polarimetry method, a polarized light reflected off the planet is separated from unpolarized light emitted from the star. No new planets have been discovered with this method, although a few already discovered planets have been detected with this method.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets#Circumstellar_disks" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">Circumstellar disks</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Disks of space dust surround many stars, thought to originate from collisions among asteroids and comets. The dust can be detected because it absorbs starlight and re-emits it as <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation. Features on the disks may suggest the presence of planets, though this is not considered a definitive detection method.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_evolution">Formation and evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Formation and evolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion (astrophysics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Planetary migration</a></div> Planets may form within a few to tens (or more) of millions of years of their star forming.<a href="#cite_note-ddl2011-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-dl2018-110">[106]</a> The planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> can only be observed in their current state, but observations of different planetary systems of varying ages allows us to observe planets at different stages of evolution. Available observations range from young proto-planetary disks where planets are still forming<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> to planetary systems of over 10 Gyr old.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> When planets form in a gaseous <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2016-113">[109]</a> they accrete <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> envelopes.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2013-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2014-115">[111]</a> These envelopes cool and contract over time and, depending on the mass of the planet, some or all of the hydrogen/helium is eventually lost to space.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_bodenheimer_2016-113">[109]</a> This means that even terrestrial planets may start off with large radii if they form early enough.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> An example is <a href="/wiki/Kepler-51b" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler-51b">Kepler-51b</a> which has only about twice the mass of Earth but is almost the size of Saturn, which is a hundred times the mass of Earth. Kepler-51b is quite young at a few hundred million years old.<a href="#cite_note-kepler-51-119">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planet-hosting_stars">Planet-hosting stars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Planet-hosting stars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_star" title="Planet-hosting star">Planet-hosting star</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Morgan-Keenan spectral classification system, showing size-and-color comparisons of M, K, G, F, A, B, and O stars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/260px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/390px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/520px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The Morgan-Keenan spectral classification</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg/220px-OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg/330px-OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg/440px-OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of exoplanet orbiting two stars.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a></figcaption></figure> There is at least one planet on average per star.<a href="#cite_note-Nature-20120111-7">[7]</a> About 1 in 5 <a href="/wiki/Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">Sun-like stars</a><a href="#cite_note-footnoteA-8">[a]</a> have an "Earth-sized"<a href="#cite_note-footnoteB-9">[b]</a> planet in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-earthsunhzprev-121">[117]</a> Most known exoplanets orbit stars roughly similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence stars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral categories</a> F, G, or K. Lower-mass stars (<a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral category</a> M) are less likely to have planets massive enough to be detected by the <a href="/wiki/Radial-velocity_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial-velocity method">radial-velocity method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cumming08-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-bonfils05-123">[119]</a> Despite this, several tens of planets around red dwarfs have been discovered by the <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">transit method</a> to detect smaller planets. Using data from <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a>, a correlation has been found between the <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a> of a star and the probability that the star hosts a giant planet, similar to the size of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. Stars with higher metallicity are more likely to have planets, especially giant planets, than stars with lower metallicity.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> Some planets orbit one member of a <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary star</a> system,<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">circumbinary planets</a> have been discovered which orbit both members of a binary star. A few planets in <a href="/wiki/Triple_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple star">triple star</a> systems are known<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> and one in the quadruple system <a href="/wiki/PH1b" title="PH1b">Kepler-64</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbital_and_physical_parameters">Orbital and physical parameters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Orbital and physical parameters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters" title="Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters">Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_features">General features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: General features">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_and_brightness">Color and brightness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Color and brightness">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sudarsky%27s_gas_giant_classification" title="Sudarsky's gas giant classification">Sudarsky's gas giant classification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_HD_189733b_vs_solar_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-color diagram comparing the colors of Solar System planets to exoplanet HD 189733b. HD 189733b reflects as much green as Mars and almost as much blue as Earth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Color_HD_189733b_vs_solar_system.jpg/350px-Color_HD_189733b_vs_solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Color_HD_189733b_vs_solar_system.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">color–color diagram</a> compares the colors of planets in the Solar System to exoplanet <a href="/wiki/HD_189733b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 189733b">HD 189733b</a>. The exoplanet's deep blue color is produced by <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> droplets, which scatter blue light in its atmosphere.</figcaption></figure> In 2013, the color of an exoplanet was determined for the first time. The best-fit <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> measurements of <a href="/wiki/HD_189733b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 189733b">HD 189733b</a> suggest that it is deep dark blue.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> Later that same year, the colors of several other exoplanets were determined, including <a href="/wiki/GJ_504_b" class="mw-redirect" title="GJ 504 b">GJ 504 b</a> which visually has a magenta color,<a href="#cite_note-Kuzuhara2013-129">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Andromedae_b" title="Kappa Andromedae b">Kappa Andromedae b</a>, which if seen up close would appear reddish in color.<a href="#cite_note-arXiv1211.3744-130">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planets</a> are expected to be white or grey in appearance.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceDaily-2015-06-16-131">[127]</a> The apparent brightness (<a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a>) of a planet depends on how far away the observer is, how reflective the planet is (albedo), and how much light the planet receives from its star, which depends on how far the planet is from the star and how bright the star is. So, a planet with a low albedo that is close to its star can appear brighter than a planet with a high albedo that is far from the star.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> The darkest known planet in terms of <a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric albedo</a> is <a href="/wiki/TrES-2b" title="TrES-2b">TrES-2b</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiter</a> that reflects less than 1% of the light from its star, making it less reflective than coal or black acrylic paint. Hot Jupiters are expected to be quite dark due to sodium and potassium in their atmospheres, but it is not known why TrES-2b is so dark—it could be due to an unknown chemical compound.<a href="#cite_note-darkest_news-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giants</a>, geometric albedo generally decreases with increasing metallicity or atmospheric temperature unless there are clouds to modify this effect. Increased cloud-column depth increases the albedo at optical wavelengths, but decreases it at some infrared wavelengths. Optical albedo increases with age, because older planets have higher cloud-column depths. Optical albedo decreases with increasing mass, because higher-mass giant planets have higher surface gravities, which produces lower cloud-column depths. Also, elliptical orbits can cause major fluctuations in atmospheric composition, which can have a significant effect.<a href="#cite_note-wfirstreturn-136">[132]</a> There is more thermal emission than reflection at some near-infrared wavelengths for massive and/or young gas giants. So, although optical brightness is fully <a href="/wiki/Planetary_phase" title="Planetary phase">phase</a>-dependent, this is not always the case in the near infrared.<a href="#cite_note-wfirstreturn-136">[132]</a> Temperatures of gas giants reduce over time and with distance from their stars. Lowering the temperature increases optical albedo even without clouds. At a sufficiently low temperature, water clouds form, which further increase optical albedo. At even lower temperatures, ammonia clouds form, resulting in the highest albedos at most optical and near-infrared wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-wfirstreturn-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_field">Magnetic field</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Magnetic field">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, a magnetic field around <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a> was inferred from the way hydrogen was evaporating from the planet. It is the first (indirect) detection of a magnetic field on an exoplanet. The magnetic field is estimated to be about one-tenth as strong as Jupiter's.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The magnetic fields of exoplanets are thought to be detectable by their <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">auroral</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> emissions with sensitive low-frequency radio telescopes such as <a href="/wiki/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)">LOFAR</a>, although they have yet to be found.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> The radio emissions could measure the rotation rate of the interior of an exoplanet, and may yield a more accurate way to measure exoplanet rotation than by examining the motion of clouds.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> However, the most sensitive radio search for <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">auroral</a> emissions, thus far, from nine exoplanets with Arecibo also did not result in any discoveries.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> results from its flowing liquid metallic core, but on massive super-Earths with high pressure, different compounds may form which do not match those created under terrestrial conditions. Compounds may form with greater viscosities and high melting temperatures, which could prevent the interiors from separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles. Forms of magnesium oxide such as MgSi3O12 could be a liquid metal at the pressures and temperatures found in super-Earths and could generate a magnetic field in the mantles of super-Earths.<a href="#cite_note-Kean-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiters</a> have been observed to have a larger radius than expected. This could be caused by the interaction between the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">stellar wind</a> and the planet's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up (<a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a>) causing it to expand. The more magnetically active a star is, the greater the stellar wind and the larger the electric current leading to more heating and expansion of the planet. This theory matches the observation that stellar activity is correlated with inflated planetary radii.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> In August 2018, scientists announced the transformation of gaseous <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> into a liquid <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a> form. This may help researchers better understand <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">giant gas planets</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> and related exoplanets, since such planets are thought to contain a lot of liquid metallic hydrogen, which may be responsible for their observed powerful <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180816-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180816-147">[143]</a> Although scientists previously announced that the magnetic fields of close-in exoplanets may cause increased <a href="/wiki/Stellar_flare" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar flare">stellar flares</a> and starspots on their host stars, in 2019 this claim was demonstrated to be false in the <a href="/wiki/HD_189733" title="HD 189733">HD 189733</a> system. The failure to detect "star-planet interactions" in the well-studied HD 189733 system calls other related claims of the effect into question.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> A later search for radio emissions from eight exoplanets that orbit within 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> of their host stars, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Telescope" title="Arecibo Telescope">Arecibo radio telescope</a> also failed to find signs of these magnetic star-planet interactions.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> In 2019, the strength of the surface magnetic fields of 4 <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiters</a> were estimated and ranged between 20 and 120 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> compared to Jupiter's surface magnetic field of 4.3 gauss.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plate_tectonics">Plate tectonics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Plate tectonics">edit</a>]</div> In 2007, two independent teams of researchers came to opposing conclusions about the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> on larger <a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">super-Earths</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> with one team saying that plate tectonics would be episodic or stagnant<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> and the other team saying that plate tectonics is very likely on super-Earths even if the planet is dry.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> If super-Earths have more than 80 times as much water as Earth, then they become <a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">ocean planets</a> with all land completely submerged. However, if there is less water than this limit, then the deep water cycle will move enough water between the oceans and mantle to allow continents to exist.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanism">Volcanism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Volcanism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Large surface temperature variations on <a href="/wiki/55_Cancri_e" title="55 Cancri e">55 Cancri e</a> have been attributed to possible volcanic activity releasing large clouds of dust which blanket the planet and block thermal emissions.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rings">Rings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The star <a href="/wiki/1SWASP_J140747.93-394542.6" class="mw-redirect" title="1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6">1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6</a> was occulted by an object that is circled by a <a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">ring system</a> much larger than <a href="/wiki/Saturn%27s_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn's rings">Saturn's rings</a>. However, the mass of the object is not known; it could be a brown dwarf or low-mass star instead of a planet.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> The brightness of optical images of <a href="/wiki/Fomalhaut_b" title="Fomalhaut b">Fomalhaut b</a> could be due to starlight reflecting off a circumplanetary ring system with a radius between 20 and 40 times that of Jupiter's radius, about the size of the orbits of the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean moon">Galilean moons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kalas2008-162">[158]</a> The rings of the Solar System's gas giants are aligned with their planet's equator. However, for exoplanets that orbit close to their star, tidal forces from the star would lead to the outermost rings of a planet being aligned with the planet's orbital plane around the star. A planet's innermost rings would still be aligned with the planet's equator so that if the planet has a <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">tilted rotational axis</a>, then the different alignments between the inner and outer rings would create a warped ring system.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moons">Moons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Moons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">Exomoon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In December 2013, a candidate exomoon of the <a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">rogue planet</a> or red dwarf <a href="/wiki/MOA-2011-BLG-262L" title="MOA-2011-BLG-262L">MOA-2011-BLG-262L</a> was announced.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> On 3 October 2018, evidence suggesting a large exomoon orbiting <a href="/wiki/Kepler-1625b" title="Kepler-1625b">Kepler-1625b</a> was reported.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheres">Atmospheres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Atmospheres">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanet atmosphere">Exoplanet atmosphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloudy_versus_clear_atmospheres_on_two_exoplanets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cloudy_versus_clear_atmospheres_on_two_exoplanets.jpg/350px-Cloudy_versus_clear_atmospheres_on_two_exoplanets.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cloudy_versus_clear_atmospheres_on_two_exoplanets.jpg/525px-Cloudy_versus_clear_atmospheres_on_two_exoplanets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cloudy_versus_clear_atmospheres_on_two_exoplanets.jpg/700px-Cloudy_versus_clear_atmospheres_on_two_exoplanets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Clear versus cloudy atmospheres on two exoplanets.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> Atmospheres have been detected around several exoplanets. The first to be observed was <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18410-TitanSunsetStudies-CassiniSpacecraft-20140527.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artist's concept of the Cassini spacecraft in front of a sunset on Saturn's moon Titan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PIA18410-TitanSunsetStudies-CassiniSpacecraft-20140527.jpg/310px-PIA18410-TitanSunsetStudies-CassiniSpacecraft-20140527.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PIA18410-TitanSunsetStudies-CassiniSpacecraft-20140527.jpg/465px-PIA18410-TitanSunsetStudies-CassiniSpacecraft-20140527.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PIA18410-TitanSunsetStudies-CassiniSpacecraft-20140527.jpg/620px-PIA18410-TitanSunsetStudies-CassiniSpacecraft-20140527.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="4600" /></a><figcaption>Sunset studies on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cassini_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini (spacecraft)">Cassini</a> help understand exoplanet <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmospheres</a> (artist's concept).</figcaption></figure> As of February 2014, more than fifty <a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">transiting</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Direct_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct imaging">directly imaged</a> exoplanet atmospheres have been observed,<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> resulting in detection of molecular spectral features; observation of day–night temperature gradients; and constraints on vertical atmospheric structure.<a href="#cite_note-SeagerDeming2010-169">[165]</a> Also, an atmosphere has been detected on the non-transiting hot Jupiter <a href="/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis_b" title="Tau Boötis b">Tau Boötis b</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodler2012-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> In May 2017, glints of light from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflected light</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170519-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-GRL-201760515-173">[169]</a> The technology used to determine this may be useful in studying the atmospheres of distant worlds, including those of exoplanets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comet-like_tails">Comet-like tails</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Comet-like tails">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/KIC_12557548_b" class="mw-redirect" title="KIC 12557548 b">KIC 12557548 b</a> is a small rocky planet, very close to its star, that is evaporating and leaving a trailing tail of cloud and dust like a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> The dust could be ash erupting from volcanos and escaping due to the small planet's low surface-gravity, or it could be from metals that are vaporized by the high temperatures of being so close to the star with the metal vapor then condensing into dust.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> In June 2015, scientists reported that the atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/GJ_436_b" class="mw-redirect" title="GJ 436 b">GJ 436 b</a> was evaporating, resulting in a giant cloud around the planet and, due to radiation from the host star, a long trailing tail 14 million km (9 million mi) long.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150625-176">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insolation_pattern">Insolation pattern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Insolation pattern">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tidally_locked" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidally locked">Tidally locked</a> planets in a 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Spin-orbit_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-orbit resonance">spin-orbit resonance</a> would have their star always shining directly overhead on one spot, which would be hot with the opposite hemisphere receiving no light and being freezing cold. Such a planet could resemble an eyeball, with the hotspot being the pupil.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Planets with an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric orbit</a> could be locked in other resonances. 3:2 and 5:2 resonances would result in a double-eyeball pattern with hotspots in both eastern and western hemispheres.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> Planets with both an eccentric orbit and a <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">tilted axis of rotation</a> would have more complicated insolation patterns.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface">Surface</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Surface">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_composition">Surface composition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Surface composition">edit</a>]</div> Surface features can be distinguished from atmospheric features by comparing emission and reflection spectroscopy with <a href="/wiki/Transmission_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission spectroscopy">transmission spectroscopy</a>. Mid-infrared spectroscopy of exoplanets may detect rocky surfaces, and near-infrared may identify magma oceans or high-temperature lavas, hydrated silicate surfaces and water ice, giving an unambiguous method to distinguish between rocky and gaseous exoplanets.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_temperature">Surface temperature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Surface temperature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WASP-33b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Artist's illustration of temperature inversion in an exoplanet's atmosphere, with and without a stratosphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WASP-33b.jpg/350px-WASP-33b.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WASP-33b.jpg/525px-WASP-33b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WASP-33b.jpg/700px-WASP-33b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Artist's illustration of temperature inversion in exoplanet's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a></figcaption></figure> Measuring the intensity of the light it receives from its parent star can estimate the temperature of an exoplanet. For example, the planet <a href="/wiki/OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb" title="OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb">OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb</a> is estimated to have a surface temperature of roughly −220 °C (50 K). However, such estimates may be substantially in error because they depend on the planet's usually unknown <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, and because factors such as the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> may introduce unknown complications. A few planets have had their temperature measured by observing the variation in infrared radiation as the planet moves around in its orbit and is eclipsed by its parent star. For example, the planet <a href="/wiki/HD_189733b" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 189733b">HD 189733b</a> has been estimated to have an average temperature of 1,205 K (932 °C) on its dayside and 973 K (700 °C) on its nightside.<a href="#cite_note-knutson_charbonneau07-182">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitability">Habitability</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Habitability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></div> As more planets are discovered, the field of <a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">exoplanetology</a> continues to grow into a deeper study of extrasolar worlds, and will ultimately tackle the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">life on planets</a> beyond the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ollivier2014-183">[179]</a> At cosmic distances, <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> can only be detected if it is developed at a planetary scale and strongly modified the planetary environment, in such a way that the modifications cannot be explained by classical physico-chemical processes (out of equilibrium processes).<a href="#cite_note-Ollivier2014-183">[179]</a> For example, molecular <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (O 2) in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere of Earth</a> is a result of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> by living plants and many kinds of microorganisms, so it can be used as an <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">indication of life</a> on exoplanets, although small amounts of oxygen could also be produced by non-biological means.<a href="#cite_note-NAOJ2014-184">[180]</a> Furthermore, a potentially habitable planet must orbit a stable <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> at a distance within which <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">planetary-mass objects</a> with sufficient <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> can support <a href="/wiki/Liquid_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid water">liquid water</a> at their surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-kopparapu-2013-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20130503-186">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitable_zone">Habitable zone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Habitable zone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">Habitable zone</a></div> The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature is just right to allow liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet: <a href="/wiki/Desert_planet" title="Desert planet">desert planets</a> (also known as dry planets), with very little water, will have less water vapor in the atmosphere than Earth and so have a reduced greenhouse effect, meaning that a desert planet could maintain oases of water closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. The lack of water also means there is less ice to reflect heat into space, so the outer edge of desert-planet habitable zones is further out.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> Rocky planets with a thick hydrogen atmosphere could maintain surface water much further out than the Earth–Sun distance.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> Planets with larger mass have wider habitable zones because gravity reduces the water cloud column depth which reduces the greenhouse effect of water vapor, thus moving the inner edge of the habitable zone closer to the star.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> Planetary <a href="#Rotation_and_axial_tilt">rotation rate</a> is one of the major factors determining the <a href="#Atmospheric_circulation">circulation of the atmosphere</a> and hence the pattern of clouds: slowly rotating planets create thick clouds that <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">reflect</a> more and so can be habitable much closer to their star. Earth with its current atmosphere would be habitable in Venus's orbit, if it had Venus's slow rotation. If Venus lost its water ocean due to a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect#Venus" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a>, it is likely to have had a higher rotation rate in the past. Alternatively, Venus never had an ocean because water vapor was lost to space during its formation <a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> and could have had its slow rotation throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidally locked planets</a> (a.k.a. "eyeball" planets<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a>) can be habitable closer to their star than previously thought due to the effect of clouds: at high stellar flux, strong convection produces thick water clouds near the substellar point that greatly increase the planetary albedo and reduce surface temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Planets in the habitable zones of stars with <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">low metallicity</a> are more habitable for complex life on land than high metallicity stars because the stellar spectrum of high metallicity stars is less likely to cause the formation of ozone thus enabling more ultraviolet rays to reach the planet's surface.<a href="#cite_note-SA-20230419-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-NC-20230418-196">[192]</a> Habitable zones have usually been defined in terms of surface temperature, however over half of Earth's biomass is from subsurface microbes,<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> and the temperature increases with depth, so the subsurface can be conducive for microbial life when the surface is frozen and if this is considered, the habitable zone extends much further from the star,<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> even <a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">rogue planets</a> could have liquid water at sufficient depths underground.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> In an earlier era of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> the temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> would have allowed any rocky planets that existed to have liquid water on their surface regardless of their distance from a star.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> Jupiter-like planets might not be habitable, but they could have <a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">habitable moons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_ages_and_snowball_states">Ice ages and snowball states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ice ages and snowball states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></div> The outer edge of the habitable zone is where planets are completely frozen, but planets well inside the habitable zone can periodically become frozen. If orbital fluctuations or other causes produce cooling, then this creates more ice, but ice reflects sunlight causing even more cooling, creating a feedback loop until the planet is completely or nearly completely frozen. When the surface is frozen, this stops <a href="/wiki/Solution_weathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Solution weathering">carbon dioxide weathering</a>, resulting in a build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from volcanic emissions. This creates a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> which thaws the planet again. Planets with a large <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> are less likely to enter snowball states and can retain liquid water further from their star. Large fluctuations of axial tilt can have even more of a warming effect than a fixed large tilt.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> Paradoxically, planets orbiting cooler stars, such as red dwarfs, are less likely to enter snowball states because the infrared radiation emitted by cooler stars is mostly at wavelengths that are absorbed by ice which heats it up.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidal_heating">Tidal heating</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tidal heating">edit</a>]</div> If a planet has an eccentric orbit, then <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a> can provide another source of energy besides stellar radiation. This means that eccentric planets in the radiative habitable zone can be too hot for liquid water. Tides also <a href="/wiki/Tidal_circularization" title="Tidal circularization">circularize</a> orbits over time, so there could be planets in the habitable zone with circular orbits that have no water because they used to have eccentric orbits.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Eccentric planets further out than the habitable zone would still have frozen surfaces, but the tidal heating could create a subsurface ocean similar to <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>'s.<a href="#cite_note-Superhabitable-208">[204]</a> In some planetary systems, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Upsilon_Andromedae" title="Upsilon Andromedae">Upsilon Andromedae</a> system, the eccentricity of orbits is maintained or even periodically varied by perturbations from other planets in the system. Tidal heating can cause outgassing from the mantle, contributing to the formation and replenishment of an atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potentially_habitable_planets">Potentially habitable planets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Potentially habitable planets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates</a></div> A review in 2015 identified exoplanets <a href="/wiki/Kepler-62f" title="Kepler-62f">Kepler-62f</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-186f" title="Kepler-186f">Kepler-186f</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kepler-442b" title="Kepler-442b">Kepler-442b</a> as the best candidates for being potentially habitable.<a href="#cite_note-centauridreams-210">[206]</a> These are at a distance of 1200, 490 and 1,120 <a href="/wiki/Light-years" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-years">light-years</a> away, respectively. Of these, Kepler-186f is in similar size to Earth with its 1.2-Earth-radius measure, and it is located towards the outer edge of the habitable zone around its <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> star. When looking at the nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates, <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a> is about 4.2 light-years away. Its equilibrium temperature is estimated to be −39 °C (234 K).<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earth-size_planets">Earth-size planets</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Earth-size planets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></div> <ul><li>In November 2013, it was estimated that 22±8% of Sun-like<a href="#cite_note-footnoteA-8">[a]</a> stars in the Milky Way galaxy may have an Earth-sized<a href="#cite_note-footnoteB-9">[b]</a> planet in the habitable<a href="#cite_note-footnoteC-10">[c]</a> zone.<a href="#cite_note-ucb1in5-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthsunhzprev-121">[117]</a> Assuming 200 billion stars in the Milky Way,<a href="#cite_note-footnoteD-13">[d]</a> that would be 11 billion potentially habitable Earths, rising to 40 billion if <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a> are included.<a href="#cite_note-LATimes-20131104-14">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-186f" title="Kepler-186f">Kepler-186f</a>, a 1.2-Earth-radius planet in the habitable zone of a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a>, was reported in April 2014.</li> <li>Proxima Centauri b, a planet in the habitable zone of <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, the nearest known star to the solar system with an estimated minimum mass of 1.27 times the mass of the Earth.</li> <li>In February 2013, researchers speculated that up to 6% of small red dwarfs may have Earth-size planets. This suggests that the closest one to the Solar System could be 13 light-years away. The estimated distance increases to 21 light-years when a 95% <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence interval</a> is used.<a href="#cite_note-howell-2013-212">[208]</a> In March 2013, a revised estimate gave an occurrence rate of 50% for Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of red dwarfs.<a href="#cite_note-Habitable_Exoplanet_Re-estimate-213">[209]</a></li> <li>At 1.63 times Earth's radius <a href="/wiki/Kepler-452b" title="Kepler-452b">Kepler-452b</a> is the first discovered near-Earth-size planet in the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">"habitable zone"</a> around a <a href="/wiki/G_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G star">G2-type</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun-like" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-like">Sun-like</a> star (July 2015).<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planetary_system">Planetary system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Planetary system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></div> Exoplanets are often members of planetary systems of multiple planets around a star. The planets interact with each other gravitationally and sometimes form resonant systems where the orbital periods of the planets are in integer ratios. The <a href="/wiki/Kepler-223" title="Kepler-223">Kepler-223</a> system contains four planets in an 8:6:4:3 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiters</a> orbit their stars in the <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">opposite direction</a> to their stars' rotation.<a href="#cite_note-2010question-216">[212]</a> One proposed explanation is that hot Jupiters tend to form in dense clusters, where <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbations</a> are more common and <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_capture" title="Gravitational capture">gravitational capture</a> of planets by neighboring stars is possible.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_projects">Search projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Search projects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope#Instrumentation" title="Extremely Large Telescope">ANDES</a> – The ArmazoNes High Dispersion Echelle Spectrograph, a planet finding and planet characterisation spectrograph, is expected to be fitted onto <a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope" title="Extremely Large Telescope">ESO's ELT 39.3m telescope</a>. ANDES was formally known as HIRES, which itself was created after a merger of the consortia behind the earlier CODEX (optical high-resolution) and SIMPLE (near-infrared high-resolution) spectrograph concepts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> – Space telescope that found the first transiting rocky planet.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPRESSO" title="ESPRESSO">ESPRESSO</a> – A rocky planet-finding, and stable spectroscopic observing, spectrograph mounted on ESO's 4 × 8.2 m <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">VLT</a> telescope, sited on the levelled summit of <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Paranal" title="Cerro Paranal">Cerro Paranal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> of northern Chile.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Accuracy_Radial_Velocity_Planet_Searcher" title="High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher">HARPS</a> – High-precision <a href="/wiki/Echelle_grating" title="Echelle grating">echelle</a> planet-finding <a href="/wiki/Spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrograph">spectrograph</a> installed on the <a href="/wiki/ESO_3.6_m_Telescope" title="ESO 3.6 m Telescope">ESO's 3.6m telescope</a> at <a href="/wiki/La_Silla_Observatory" title="La Silla Observatory">La Silla Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> – Mission to look for large numbers of exoplanets using the transit method.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> – To search for new exoplanets; rotating so by the end of its two-year mission it will have observed stars from all over the sky. It is expected to find at least 3,000 new exoplanets.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/24px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/36px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/49px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detecting_Earth_from_distant_star-based_systems" title="Detecting Earth from distant star-based systems">Detecting Earth from distant star-based systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Lists of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary capture">Planetary capture</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-footnoteA-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteA_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteA_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteA_8-2">c</a> For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "Sun-like" means <a href="/wiki/G-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-type star">G-type star</a>. Data for Sun-like stars was not available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about <a href="/wiki/K-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="K-type star">K-type stars</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteB-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteB_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteB_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteB_9-2">c</a> For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, Earth-sized means 1–2 Earth radii. </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteC-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteC_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteC_10-1">b</a> For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "habitable zone" means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth's stellar flux (corresponding to 0.5–2 AU for the Sun). </li> <li id="cite_note-footnoteD-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteD_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnoteD_13-1">b</a> About 1/4 of stars are GK Sun-like stars. The number of stars in the galaxy is not accurately known, but assuming 200 billion stars in total, the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> would have about 50 billion Sun-like (GK) stars, of which about 1 in 5 (22%) or 11 billion would have Earth-sized planets in the habitable zone. Including red dwarfs would increase this to 40 billion. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-models-1"><a href="#cite_ref-models_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeagerKuchnerHier-MajumderMilitzer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Seager, S.; Kuchner, M.; Hier-Majumder, C. 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Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+Kepler+Mission+Discovers+Bigger%2C+Older+Cousin+to+Earth&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-kepler-mission-discovers-bigger-older-cousin-to-earth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmspak2011" class="citation web cs1">Emspak, Jesse (2 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/117984/20110302/kepler-finds-strange-worlds-fastest-planet.htm">"Kepler Finds Bizarre Systems"</a>. International Business Times. International Business Times Inc. Retrieved 2 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Kepler+Finds+Bizarre+Systems&rft.date=2011-03-02&rft.aulast=Emspak&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Farticles%2F117984%2F20110302%2Fkepler-finds-strange-worlds-fastest-planet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010question-216"><a href="#cite_ref-2010question_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716051715/http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/nam2010/pr10.php">"NAM2010 at the University of Glasgow"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/nam2010/pr10.php">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAM2010+at+the+University+of+Glasgow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.gla.ac.uk%2Fnam2010%2Fpr10.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutter2022" class="citation web cs1">Sutter, Paul M. (9 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-12-spaces-swapping-stars-hot-jupiters.html">"Trading spaces: How swapping stars create hot Jupiters"</a>. Universe Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trading+spaces%3A+How+swapping+stars+create+hot+Jupiters&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft.aulast=Sutter&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-12-spaces-swapping-stars-hot-jupiters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoutouDeleuilGuillotBaglin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Moutou, Claire; Deleuil, Magali; Guillot, Tristan; Baglin, Annie; Bordé, Pascal; Bouchy, Francois; Cabrera, Juan; Csizmadia, Szilárd; Deeg, Hans J. (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103513001383">"CoRoT: Harvest of the exoplanet program"</a>. Icarus. 226 (2): 1625–1634. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0578">1306.0578</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Icar..226.1625M">2013Icar..226.1625M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.03.022">10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=CoRoT%3A+Harvest+of+the+exoplanet+program&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1625-1634&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1306.0578&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2013.03.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Icar..226.1625M&rft.aulast=Moutou&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Deleuil%2C+Magali&rft.au=Guillot%2C+Tristan&rft.au=Baglin%2C+Annie&rft.au=Bord%C3%A9%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Bouchy%2C+Francois&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+Juan&rft.au=Csizmadia%2C+Szil%C3%A1rd&rft.au=Deeg%2C+Hans+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103513001383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Boss, Alan (2009). The Crowded Universe: The Search for Living Planets. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009cusl.book.....B">2009cusl.book.....B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crowded+Universe%3A+The+Search+for+Living+Planets&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009cusl.book.....B&rft.aulast=Boss&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00936-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00936-7">978-0-465-00936-7</a> (Hardback); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02039-3">978-0-465-02039-3</a> (Paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dorminey, Bruce (2001). <a href="/wiki/Distant_Wanderers_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distant Wanderers (book)">Distant Wanderers</a>. Springer-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distant+Wanderers&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dorminey&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95074-7">978-0-387-95074-7</a> (Hardback); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-2872-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-2872-6">978-1-4419-2872-6</a> (Paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jayawardhana, Ray (2011). Strange New Worlds: The Search for Alien Planets and Life Beyond Our Solar System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14254-8"><bdi>978-0-691-14254-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+New+Worlds%3A+The+Search+for+Alien+Planets+and+Life+Beyond+Our+Solar+System&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14254-8&rft.aulast=Jayawardhana&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> Parameter error in {{<a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN" title="Template:ISBN">ISBN</a>}}: Missing <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>. (Hardcover.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">van Dishoeck, Ewine F.; Bergin, Edwin A.; Lis, Dariusz C.; Lunine, Jonathan I. (2014). "Water: From Clouds to Planets". Protostars and Planets VI. p. 835. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.8103">1401.8103</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014prpl.conf..835V">2014prpl.conf..835V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_uapress_9780816531240-ch036">10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816531240-ch036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3124-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3124-0"><bdi>978-0-8165-3124-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55875067">55875067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water%3A+From+Clouds+to+Planets&rft.btitle=Protostars+and+Planets+VI&rft.pages=835&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55875067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014prpl.conf..835V&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1401.8103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_uapress_9780816531240-ch036&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-3124-0&rft.aulast=van+Dishoeck&rft.aufirst=Ewine+F.&rft.au=Bergin%2C+Edwin+A.&rft.au=Lis%2C+Dariusz+C.&rft.au=Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Villard, Ray; Cook, Lynette R. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Infinite_Worlds:_An_Illustrated_Voyage_to_Planets_Beyond_Our_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinite Worlds: An Illustrated Voyage to Planets Beyond Our Sun">Infinite Worlds: An Illustrated Voyage to Planets Beyond Our Sun</a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infinite+Worlds%3A+An+Illustrated+Voyage+to+Planets+Beyond+Our+Sun&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Villard&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft.au=Cook%2C+Lynette+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23710-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23710-0">978-0-520-23710-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Yaqoob, Tahir (2011). Exoplanets and Alien Solar Systems. New Earth Labs (Education and Outreach). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9741689-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9741689-2-0"><bdi>978-0-9741689-2-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exoplanets+and+Alien+Solar+Systems&rft.pub=New+Earth+Labs+%28Education+and+Outreach%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9741689-2-0&rft.aulast=Yaqoob&rft.aufirst=Tahir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExoplanet" class="Z3988"> Paperback.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Exoplanets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Exoplanets">Exoplanets</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exoplanets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exoplanet" title="Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exoplanet" title="Template talk:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exoplanets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Exoplanets</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters" title="Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters">Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Methods of detecting exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_star" title="Planet-hosting star">Planet-hosting stars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/100px-PDS_70.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/150px-PDS_70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/200px-PDS_70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1692" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Sizes and <a href="/wiki/List_of_planet_types" title="List of planet types">types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_planet" title="Carbon planet">Carbon planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreless_planet" title="Coreless planet">Coreless planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_planet" title="Desert planet">Desert planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_planet" title="Ice planet">Ice planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_planet" title="Iron planet">Iron planet</a> (Super-Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_planet" title="Lava planet">Lava planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega-Earth" title="Mega-Earth">Mega-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">Super-Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gaseous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter" title="Eccentric Jupiter">Eccentric Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">Mini-Neptune</a> (Gas dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Jupiter" title="Super-Jupiter">Super-Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Neptune" title="Super-Neptune">Super-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-puff" title="Super-puff">Super-puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Jupiter">Ultra-hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Neptune">Ultra-hot Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanet" title="Blanet">Blanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">Chthonian planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">Circumbinary planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumtriple_planet" title="Circumtriple planet">Circumtriple planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeball_planet" title="Eyeball planet">Eyeball planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">Planemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Low-mass_brown_dwarfs_versus_high-mass_planets" title="Brown dwarf">Planet/Brown dwarf boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">Protoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub-brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Neptune" title="Sub-Neptune">Sub-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_planet" title="Toroidal planet">Toroidal planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-cool_dwarf" title="Ultra-cool dwarf">Ultra-cool dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet" title="Ultra-short period planet">Ultra-short period planet (USP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_interiors" title="Exoplanet interiors">Internal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary space">Interplanetary space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">Interstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Planetary migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Planet formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar comet">Interstellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">Exomoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidally_detached_exomoon" title="Tidally detached exomoon">Tidally detached</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li>Orbits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojans" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance#Mean-motion_resonances_among_extrasolar_planets" title="Orbital resonance">Mean-motion resonances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law#Lunar_systems_and_other_planetary_systems" title="Titius–Bode law">Titius–Bode law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system#Planet-hosting_stars" title="Planetary system">Host stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Planets" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Planets_around_brown_dwarfs" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="F-type main-sequence star">F/Yellow-white dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="G-type main-sequence star">G/Yellow dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star#Planets" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="K-type main-sequence star">K/Orange dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf#Planets" title="Red dwarf">M/Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant#Planets" title="Red giant">Red giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star#Planetary_systems" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant#Planets" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star#Planets" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf#Debris_disks_and_planets" title="White dwarf">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant#Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow giants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Direct_imaging" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Direct imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directly_imaged_exoplanets" title="List of directly imaged exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlensing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_microlensing" title="List of exoplanets detected by microlensing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">Polarimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Pulsar_timing" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Timing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_timing" title="List of exoplanets detected by timing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">Radial velocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_radial_velocity" title="List of exoplanets detected by radial velocity">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Transit method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transiting_exoplanets" title="List of transiting exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-timing_variation" title="Transit-timing variation">Transit-timing variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrooceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrooceanography">Astrooceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Catalogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer" title="Exoplanet Data Explorer">Exoplanet Data Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Star_and_Exoplanet_Database" title="NASA Star and Exoplanet Database">NASA Star and Exoplanet Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Exoplanet_Catalogue" title="Open Exoplanet Catalogue">Open Exoplanet Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_planets" title="Lists of planets">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Exoplanetary systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanetary_host_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exoplanetary host stars">Host stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">Multiplanetary systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_proplyds" title="List of stars with proplyds">Stars with proto-planetary discs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes" title="List of exoplanet extremes">Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_firsts" title="List of exoplanet firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_exoplanets" title="List of largest exoplanets">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most massive exoplanets">Heaviest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">Terrestrial candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1%E2%80%93500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1–500">1–500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_501%E2%80%931000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 501–1000">501–1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1001%E2%80%931500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1001–1500">1001–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1501%E2%80%932000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1501–2000">1501–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_observed_during_Kepler%27s_K2_mission" title="List of exoplanets observed during Kepler's K2 mission">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">Potentially habitable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets" title="List of proper names of exoplanets">Proper names</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Discovered exoplanets by year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_before_2000" title="List of exoplanets discovered before 2000">before 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_between_2000%E2%80%932009" title="List of exoplanets discovered between 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2010" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2011" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2012" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2013" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2014" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2015" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2017" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2022" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2023" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2024">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_naming_convention" title="Exoplanet naming convention">Exoplanet naming convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)#Exoplanets" title="Phase curve (astronomy)">Exoplanet phase curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">Extragalactic planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_terrestrial_exoplanets" title="Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets">Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunian_desert" title="Neptunian desert">Neptunian desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster#Planets" title="Globular cluster">Planets in globular clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap" title="Small planet radius gap">Small planet radius gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarsky%27s_gas_giant_classification" title="Sudarsky's gas giant classification">Sudarsky's gas giant classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Search projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exoplanet_search_projects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Template:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Template talk:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet_search_projects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet search projects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exoplanet_search_projects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Exoplanet search projects</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Exoplanet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian_Planet_Search" title="Anglo-Australian Planet Search">AAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Planet_Finder" title="Automated Planet Finder">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_1.2-metre_Leonhard_Euler_Telescope" title="Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope">CORALIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-Asian_Planet_Search_Network" title="East-Asian Planet Search Network">EAPSNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELODIE_spectrograph" title="ELODIE spectrograph">ELODIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Large_Telescope#Instrumentation" title="Extremely Large Telescope">EPICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESPRESSO" title="ESPRESSO">ESPRESSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_Improved_Next-generation_Doppler_Search_for_Exo-Earths" title="Fiber-optic Improved Next-generation Doppler Search for Exo-Earths">FINDS Exo-Earths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Extrasolar_Planet_Search" title="Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search">Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Accuracy_Radial_Velocity_Planet_Searcher" title="High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher">HARPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HARPS-N" title="HARPS-N">HARPS-N</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_Planet_Imager" title="Gemini Planet Imager">GPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HATNet_Project" title="HATNet Project">HATNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_for_Exomoons_with_Kepler" title="Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler">HEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiCIAO" class="mw-redirect" title="HiCIAO">HiCIAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIRES" class="mw-redirect" title="HIRES">HIRES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilodegree_Extremely_Little_Telescope" title="Kilodegree Extremely Little Telescope">KELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lick%E2%80%93Carnegie_Exoplanet_Survey" title="Lick–Carnegie Exoplanet Survey">LCES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_Planet_Search_Program" title="Magellan Planet Search Program">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARVELS" class="mw-redirect" title="MARVELS">MARVELS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MASCARA" title="MASCARA">MASCARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEarth_Project" title="MEarth Project">MEarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroFUN" title="MicroFUN">MicroFUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_Exoplanet_Radial_Velocity_Array" title="Miniature Exoplanet Radial Velocity Array">MINERVA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA-Australis" title="MINERVA-Australis">Australis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlensing_Observations_in_Astrophysics" title="Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics">MOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N2K_Consortium" title="N2K Consortium">N2K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Transit_Survey" title="Next-Generation Transit Survey">NGTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Exoplanet_Spectroscopic_Survey_Instrument" title="New Mexico Exoplanet Spectroscopic Survey Instrument">NESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Gravitational_Lensing_Experiment" title="Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment">OGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayama_Planet_Search_Program" title="Okayama Planet Search Program">OPSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetPol" title="PlanetPol">PlanetPol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_1640" title="Project 1640">Project 1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRL_Advanced_Radial-velocity_All-sky_Search" title="PRL Advanced Radial-velocity All-sky Search">PARAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Explorations_of_Exoplanets_and_Disks_with_Subaru" title="Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru">SEEDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">SETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOPHIE_%C3%A9chelle_spectrograph" title="SOPHIE échelle spectrograph">SOPHIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPECULOOS" title="SPECULOOS">SPECULOOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectro-Polarimetric_High-Contrast_Exoplanet_Research" title="Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research">SPHERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Angle_Search_for_Planets" title="Wide Angle Search for Planets">SuperWASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_(amateur_extrasolar_planet_search_project)" title="Systemic (amateur extrasolar planet search project)">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_Exoplanet_Survey" title="Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey">TrES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="XO Telescope">XO Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIMPOL/CHEOPS" title="ZIMPOL/CHEOPS">ZIMPOL/CHEOPS</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/80px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/120px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg/160px-HST_SWEEPS_Detail_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/80px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/120px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg/160px-Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="416" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:LombergA1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/80px-LombergA1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/120px-LombergA1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/LombergA1024.jpg/160px-LombergA1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1206" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a> (2003–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Window_Eclipsing_Extrasolar_Planet_Search" title="Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search">SWEEPS</a> using <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">HST</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> using <a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> (2008–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> (2009–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">detected exoplanets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> (2017–2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> (2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> (mid-2020s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanet_Imaging_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission">HabEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Interferometer_For_Exoplanets" title="Large Interferometer For Exoplanets">LIFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEGASE" title="PEGASE">PEGASE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">Space Interferometry Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Lists of exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">nearest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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