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</li> <li id="toc-Declining_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Declining role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partial_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Partial bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="هارولد لاسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هارولد لاسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="هارولد لسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هارولد لسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF" title="হ্যারল্ড লাস্কি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যারল্ড লাস্কি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="هارولد لسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هارولد لسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%A1%A4%EB%93%9C_%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="해롤드 라스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해롤드 라스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="हैरोल्ड लॉस्की – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैरोल्ड लॉस्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Joseph_Laski" title="Harold Joseph Laski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harold Joseph Laski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="הרולד לסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרולד לסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹೆರಾಲ್ಡ್ ಲಾಸ್ಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೆರಾಲ್ಡ್ ಲಾಸ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="هارولد لاسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارولد لاسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD" title="ハロルド・ラスキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハロルド・ラスキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Ласки, Гарольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ласки, Гарольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92" title="හැරල්ඩ් ලැස්කි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හැරල්ඩ් ලැස්කි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harold Laski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Гарольд Ласкі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гарольд Ласкі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="哈罗德·拉斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈罗德·拉斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English political theorist and economist (1893–1950)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Harold Laski</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Laski_1936.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a man with circular glasses and a thick black mustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Harold_Laski_1936.JPG/220px-Harold_Laski_1936.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Harold_Laski_1936.JPG/330px-Harold_Laski_1936.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Harold_Laski_1936.JPG 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="519" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Laski in 1936</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Harold Joseph Laski</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1893-06-30</span>)</span>30 June 1893<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1950<span style="display:none">(1950-03-24)</span> (aged 56)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Frida Kerry</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1911)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Neville_Figgis" title="John Neville Figgis">John Neville Figgis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Deane_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">Otto von Gierke</a><sup id="cite_ref-Deane_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Frederic William Maitland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Deane_2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deane_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis_Paton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lewis Paton (page does not exist)">John Lewis Paton</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._G._K._Duncan" title="W. G. K. Duncan">W. G. K. Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(political_scientist)" title="Franz Neumann (political scientist)">Franz Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Razzaq_(professor)" title="Abdur Razzaq (professor)">Abdur Razzaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Gollan" title="Robin Gollan">Robin Gollan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Goonewardene" title="Leslie Goonewardene">Leslie Goonewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._B._Macpherson" title="C. B. Macpherson">C. B. Macpherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>A Grammar of Politics</i> (1925)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Harold Joseph Laski</b> (30 June 1893 – 24 March 1950) was an English <a href="/wiki/Political_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theorist">political theorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a>. He was active in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> and served as the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/British_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Labour Party">British Labour Party</a> from 1945 to 1946 and was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> from 1926 to 1950. He first promoted <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a> by emphasising the importance of local voluntary communities such as trade unions. After 1930, he began to emphasize the need for a <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' revolution">workers' revolution</a>, which he hinted might be violent.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laski's position angered Labour leaders who promised a nonviolent democratic transformation. Laski's position on democracy-threatening violence came under further attack from Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1945_UK_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 UK general election">1945 UK general election</a>, and the Labour Party had to disavow Laski, its own chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laski was one of Britain's most influential intellectual spokesmen for <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar years">interwar years</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In particular, his teaching greatly inspired students, some of whom later became leaders of the newly independent nations in Asia and Africa. He was perhaps the most prominent intellectual in the Labour Party, especially for those on the far left who shared his trust and hope in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, he was distrusted by the moderate Labour politicians who were in charge,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> such as Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, and he was never given a major government position or a peerage. </p><p>Born to a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family, Laski was also a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and supported the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gorni_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laski was born in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> on 30 June 1893 to Nathan and Sarah Laski. Nathan Laski was a <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jewish">Lithuanian Jewish</a> cotton merchant from <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a local leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>, while his mother was born in Manchester to <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jewish">Polish Jewish</a> parents.<sup id="cite_ref-1871census_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1871census-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a disabled sister, Mabel, who was one year younger. His elder brother was <a href="/wiki/Neville_Laski" title="Neville Laski">Neville Laski</a> (the father of <a href="/wiki/Marghanita_Laski" title="Marghanita Laski">Marghanita Laski</a>), and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Neville_Blond" title="Neville Blond">Neville Blond</a> was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre" title="Royal Court Theatre">Royal Court Theatre</a> and the father of the author and publisher Anthony Blond.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laski attended the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School" title="Manchester Grammar School">Manchester Grammar School</a>. In 1911, he studied <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> under <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a> for six months at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL). The same year, he met and married <a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Frida Kerry</a>, a lecturer of eugenics. His marriage to Frida, a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> and eight years his senior, antagonised his family. He also repudiated his faith in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> by claiming that reason prevented him from believing in God. After studying for a degree in history at <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>, he graduated in 1914. He was awarded the Beit memorial prize during his time at New College.<sup id="cite_ref-lamb_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1913, in the cause of <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">women's suffrage</a>, he and a friend planted an explosive device in the men's lavatory at <a href="/wiki/Oxted_railway_station" title="Oxted railway station">Oxted railway station</a>, Surrey; it exploded but caused only slight damage.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laski failed his medical eligibility tests and so missed fighting in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After graduation, he worked briefly at the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(UK_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Herald (UK newspaper)">Daily Herald</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">George Lansbury</a>. His daughter Diana was born in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-lamb_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1916, Laski was appointed as a lecturer of modern history at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and began to lecture at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. He also lectured at Yale in 1919 to 1920. For his outspoken support of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Police_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Police Strike">Boston Police Strike</a> of 1919, Laski received severe criticism. He was briefly involved with the founding of <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School for Social Research</a> in 1919,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he also lectured.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laski cultivated a large network of American friends centred at Harvard, whose law review he had edited. He was often invited to lecture in America and wrote for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. He became friends with <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Croly" title="Herbert Croly">Herbert Croly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>. His long friendship with Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> was cemented by weekly letters, which were later published.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He knew many powerful figures and claimed to know many more. Critics have often commented on Laski's repeated exaggerations and self-promotion, which Holmes tolerated. His wife commented that he was "half-man, half-child, all his life".<sup id="cite_ref-Schlesinger,_1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger,_1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laski returned to England in 1920 and began teaching government at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE). In 1926, he was made professor of political science at the LSE. Laski was an executive member of the socialist <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> from 1922 to 1936. In 1936, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Left_Book_Club" title="Left Book Club">Left Book Club</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Strachey_(politician)" title="John Strachey (politician)">John Strachey</a>. He was a prolific writer and produced a number of books and essays throughout the 1920s and the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-mortimer_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mortimer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the LSE in the 1930s, Laski developed a connection with scholars from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a>, now more commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>. In 1933, with almost all the Institute's members in exile, Laski was among a number of British socialists, including <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a>, who arranged for the establishment of a London office for the Institute's use. After the Institute moved to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1934, Laski was one of its sponsored guest lecturers invited to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laski also played a role in bringing <a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(political_scientist)" title="Franz Neumann (political scientist)">Franz Neumann</a> to join the Institute. After fleeing Germany almost immediately after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a>, Neumann did graduate work in political science under Laski and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Karl Mannheim</a> at the LSE and wrote his dissertation on the rise and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. It was on Laski's recommendation that Neumann was then invited to join the Institute in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teacher">Teacher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Teacher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laski was regarded as a gifted lecturer but he would alienate his audience by humiliating those who asked questions. Despite this, he was liked by his students, and was especially influential among the <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> students who attended the LSE.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlesinger,_1993_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger,_1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing Laski's approach, <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Martin" title="Kingsley Martin">Kingsley Martin</a> wrote in 1968: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was still in his late twenties and looked like a schoolboy. His lectures on the history of political ideas were brilliant, eloquent, and delivered without a note; he often referred to current controversies, even when the subject was Hobbes's theory of sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin1968_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin1968-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a>, another of Laski's student, praised his teaching: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His lectures taught more, much more than political science. They taught a faith that ideas mattered, that knowledge was important and its pursuit exciting.... His seminars taught tolerance, the willingness to listen although one disagreed, the values of ideas being confronted. And it was all immense fun, an exciting game that had meaning, and it was also a sieve of ideas, a gymnastics of the mind carried on with vigour and directed unobtrusively with superb craftsmanship. I think I know now why he gave himself so freely. Partly it was because he was human and warm and that he was so interested in people. But mainly it was because he loved students, and he loved students because they were young. Because he had a glowing faith that youth was generous and alive, eager and enthusiastic and fresh. That by helping young people he was helping the future and bringing nearer that brave world in which he so passionately believed.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman2002_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2002-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology_and_political_convictions">Ideology and political convictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideology and political convictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laski's early work promoted <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a>, especially in the essays collected in <i>Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty</i> (1917), <i>Authority in the Modern State</i> (1919), and <i>The Foundations of Sovereignty</i> (1921). He argued that the state should not be considered supreme since people could and should have loyalties to local organisations, clubs, labour unions, and societies. The state should respect those allegiances and promote pluralism and decentralisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laski became a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and believed in a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. Instead of, as he saw it, a coercive state, Laski believed in the evolution of co-operative states that were internationally bound and stressed <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">social welfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believed that since the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist class">capitalist class</a> would not acquiesce in its own liquidation, the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Commonwealth (society)">co-operative commonwealth</a> was not likely to be attained without violence. He also had a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">association</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wm_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, he believed that the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> would bring about an "international democratic system". From the late 1920s, his political beliefs became radicalised, and he believed that it was necessary to go beyond capitalism to "transcend the existing system of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>". Laski was dismayed by the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> of August 1939 and wrote a preface to the <a href="/wiki/Left_Book_Club" title="Left Book Club">Left Book Club</a> collection criticising it, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_of_the_Left" title="Betrayal of the Left">Betrayal of the Left</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939 and the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in 1941, which drew the United States into the war, Laski was a prominent voice advocating American support for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, became a prolific author of articles in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">American press</a>, frequently undertook lecture tours in the United States and influenced prominent American friends including <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Lerner" title="Max Lerner">Max Lerner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sevareid" title="Eric Sevareid">Eric Sevareid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last years, he was disillusioned by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lamb_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lamb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mortimer_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mortimer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wm_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> described him as a "socialist by allegiance, and a liberal by temperament".<sup id="cite_ref-Schlesinger,_1993_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlesinger,_1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laski tried to mobilise Britain's academics, teachers, and intellectuals behind the socialist cause, the Socialist League being one effort. He had some success but that element typically found itself marginalised in the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionism_and_anti-Catholicism">Zionism and anti-Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zionism and anti-Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laski was always a <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> at heart and always felt himself a part of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish nation</a> but viewed traditional <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish religion</a> as restrictive.<sup id="cite_ref-gorni_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, Laski said in a radio address that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> opposed democracy,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and said that "it is impossible to make peace with the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the permanent enemies of all that is decent in the human spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final years, he became critical of what he saw as extremism in Israel at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a>, arguing that they had not prevailed "upon an indefensible group among them to desist from using indefensible means for an end to which they were never proportionate."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_career">Political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laski's main political role came as a writer and lecturer on every topic of concern to the left at that time, including <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, capitalism, <a href="/wiki/Working_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Working conditions">working conditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, worker education, and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. He was tireless in his speeches and pamphleteering and was always on call to help a Labour candidate. In between, he served on scores of committees and carried a full load as a professor and advisor to students.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laski plunged into Labour Party politics on his return to London in 1920. In 1923, he turned down the offer of a Parliament seat and cabinet position by <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> and also a seat in the Lords. He felt betrayed by MacDonald in the crisis of 1931 and decided that a peaceful, democratic transition to socialism would be blocked by the violence of the opposition. In 1932, Laski joined the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_League_(UK,_1932)" title="Socialist League (UK, 1932)">Socialist League</a>, a left-wing faction of the Labour Party.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, he was involved in the failed attempt by the Socialist League in co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> (ILP) and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a> (CPGB) to form a <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(UK)" title="Popular Front (UK)">Popular Front</a> to bring down the Conservative government of <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>. In 1934 to 1945, he served as an alderman in the <a href="/wiki/Fulham" title="Fulham">Fulham</a> Borough Council and also the chairman of the libraries committee. Also in 1937, the Socialist League was rejected by the Labour Party and folded. He was elected as a member of the Labour Party's <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a> and he remained a member until 1949. In 1944, he chaired the Labour Party Conference and served as the party's chair in 1945 to 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declining_role">Declining role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Declining role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war, he supported Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s coalition government and gave countless speeches to encourage the battle against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. He suffered a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a> brought about by overwork. During the war, he repeatedly feuded with other Labour figures and with Churchill on matters great and small. He steadily lost his influence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, he drafted the Labour Party pamphlet <i>The Old World and the New Society</i> calling for the transformation of Britain into a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> by allowing its government to retain wartime <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">postwar era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 UK general election</a> campaign, Churchill warned that Laski, as the Labour Party chairman, would be the <a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Attlee_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Attlee government">Attlee government</a>. While speaking for the Labour candidate in <a href="/wiki/Newark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newark (UK Parliament constituency)">Nottinghamshire</a> on 16 June 1945, Laski said, "If Labour did not obtain what it needed by general consent, we shall have to use violence even if it means revolution." The next day, accounts of Laski's speech appeared, and the Conservatives attacked the Labour Party for its chairman's advocacy of violence. Laski filed a libel suit against the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i> newspaper, which backed the Conservatives. The defence showed that over the years Laski had often bandied about loose threats of "revolution". The jury found for the newspaper within forty minutes of deliberations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attlee gave Laski no role in the new Labour government. Even before the libel trial, Laski's relationship with Attlee had been strained. Laski had once called Attlee "uninteresting and uninspired" in the American press and even tried to remove him by asking for Attlee's resignation in an open letter. He tried to delay the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> until after Attlee's position was clarified. He tried to bypass Attlee by directly dealing with Churchill.<sup id="cite_ref-mortimer_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mortimer-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laski tried to pre-empt foreign policy decisions by laying down guidelines for the new Labour government. Attlee rebuked him: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> You have no right whatever to speak on behalf of the Government. Foreign affairs are in the capable hands of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>. His task is quite sufficiently difficult without the irresponsible statements of the kind you are making ... I can assure you there is widespread resentment in the Party at your activities and a period of silence on your part would be welcome.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although he continued to work for the Labour Party until he died, Laski never regained political influence. His pessimism deepened as he disagreed with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">anti-Soviet</a> policies of the Attlee government in the emerging <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and he was profoundly disillusioned with the anti-Soviet direction of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_foreign_policy" title="History of the United States foreign policy">American foreign policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laski contracted <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and died in London on 24 March 1950, aged 56.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laski's biographer Michael Newman wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Convinced that the problems of his time were too urgent for leisurely academic reflection, Laski wrote too much, overestimated his influence, and sometimes failed to distinguish between analysis and polemic. But he was a serious thinker and a charismatic personality whose views have been distorted because he refused to accept Cold War orthodoxies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HaroldLaskiBluePlaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HaroldLaskiBluePlaque.jpg/220px-HaroldLaskiBluePlaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HaroldLaskiBluePlaque.jpg/330px-HaroldLaskiBluePlaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/HaroldLaskiBluePlaque.jpg/440px-HaroldLaskiBluePlaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3806" data-file-height="3093" /></a><figcaption>Blue plaque, 5 Addison Bridge Place, <a href="/wiki/West_Kensington" title="West Kensington">West Kensington</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Deane" title="Herbert A. Deane">Herbert A. Deane</a> identified five distinct phases of Laski's thought that he never integrated. The first three were pluralist (1914–1924), <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian</a> (1925–1931), and Marxian (1932–1939). There followed a <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> approach (1940–1945), and in the last years (1946–1950) near-incoherence and multiple contradictions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laski's long-term impact on Britain is hard to quantify. Newman observes: "It has been widely held that his early books were the most profound and that he subsequently wrote far too much, with polemics displacing serious analysis."<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an essay published a few years after Laski's death, Professor <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cobban" title="Alfred Cobban">Alfred Cobban</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> commented:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Among recent political thinkers, it seems to me that one of the very few, perhaps the only one, who followed the traditional pattern, accepted the problems presented by his age, and devoted himself to the attempt to find an answer to them was Harold Laski. Though I am bound to say that I do not agree with his analysis or his conclusions, I think that he was trying to do the right kind of thing. And this, I suspect, is the reason why, practically alone among political thinkers in Great Britain, he exercised a positive influence over both political thought and action.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Laski had a major long-term impact on support for socialism in India and other countries in Asia and Africa. He taught generations of future leaders at the LSE, including India's <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a>, "the centre of Nehru's thinking was Laski" and "India the country most influenced by Laski's ideas".<sup id="cite_ref-wm_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wm-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly due to his influence that the LSE has a semi-mythological status in India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was steady in his unremitting advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of India">independence of India</a>. He was a revered figure to Indian students at the LSE. One Prime Minister of India<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> said "in every meeting of the Indian Cabinet there is a chair reserved for the ghost of Professor Harold Laski".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guha_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guha-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His recommendation of <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a> (later president of India) to Nehru (then Prime Minister of India), resulted in Nehru appointing Narayanan to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Service" title="Indian Foreign Service">Indian Foreign Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gandhi_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gandhi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memory, the Indian government established The Harold Laski Institute of Political Science in 1954 at <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman,_2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking at a meeting organised in Laski's memory by the Indian League at London on 3 May 1950, Nehru praised him as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is difficult to realise that Professor Harold Laski is no more. Lovers of freedom all over the world pay tribute to the magnificent work that he did. We in India are particularly grateful for his staunch advocacy of India's freedom, and the great part he played in bringing it about. At no time did he falter or compromise on the principles he held dear, and a large number of persons drew splendid inspiration from him. Those who knew him personally counted that association as a rare privilege, and his passing away has come as a great sorrow and a shock.<sup id="cite_ref-nehru_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nehru-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Laski educated the outspoken Chinese intellectual and journalist <a href="/wiki/Chu_Anping" title="Chu Anping">Chu Anping</a> at LSE. Anping was later prosecuted by the Chinese Communist regime of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a>, Argentine lieutenant general as well as <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing populist">left-wing populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">nationalist</a> who served as the 35th and 45th president of Argentina,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was also inspired by Laski and based many of his economic policies on Laski's postulates, including his welfare state project. Perón stated that Laski provided “theoretical support” to his policies, and that his <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Argentina)" title="Labour Party (Argentina)">Labour Party</a> was based on Laski's party model.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perón consistently cited Laski as one of his main political inspirations, along with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perón's ideological legacy is highly contested - denounced as a form of fascism by some,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a> is variously defined as "Christian socialism, national socialism, demagogic dictatorship, plebiscitary presidential system, state socialism, non-Marxist collectivism, worker democracy or national capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary scholars of Peronism such as <a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Federico Finchelstein</a> see it as "the synthesis of nationalism and non-Marxist Christian socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judith Adler Hellman wrote on Perón and Peronism: "Rather than Mussolini's Italy, Perón's most frequently quoted model was none other than Britain's new Labour Government, which was no more comfortable with Harold Laski than was the Peronist Movement with its left wing."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laski was an inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Toohey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellsworth Toohey">Ellsworth Toohey</a>, the antagonist in <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a></i> (1943).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The posthumously published <i><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_Ayn_Rand" title="Journals of Ayn Rand">Journals of Ayn Rand</a></i>, edited by David Harriman, include a detailed description of Rand attending a New York lecture by Laski, as part of gathering material for her novel, following which she changed the physical appearance of the fictional Toohey to fit that of the actual Laski.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, in his 1946 essay "<a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a>" cited, as his first example of poor writing, a 53-word sentence with five negatives from Laski's "Essay in Freedom of Expression": "I am not, indeed, sure whether it is not true to say that the Milton who once seemed not unlike a seventeenth-century Shelley had not become, out of an experience ever more bitter in each year, more alien (sic) to the founder of that Jesuit sect which nothing could induce him to tolerate." Orwell parodied it with "A not unblack dog was chasing a not unsmall rabbit across a not ungreen field." 67 of the Labour MPs elected in 1945 had been taught by Laski as university students, at <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Educational_Association" title="Workers' Educational Association">Workers' Educational Association</a> classes or on courses for wartime officers.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Laski died, the Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Ian Mikardo</a> commented: "His mission in life was to translate the religion of the universal brotherhood of man into the language of political economy."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partial_bibliography">Partial bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Partial bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basisofvicarious00laskuoft"><i>Basis of Vicarious Liability</i></a> 1916 26 <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a> 105</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studiesinproblem00laskuoft"><i>Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty</i></a> 1917</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/authorityinmoder00laskuoft"><i>Authority in the Modern State</i></a> 1919, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58477-275-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58477-275-1">1-58477-275-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalthough00laskgoog"><i>Political Thought in England from Locke to Bentham</i></a> 1920</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofsov00lask"><i>The Foundations of Sovereignty, and other essays</i></a> 1921</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924074296330"><i>Karl Marx</i></a> 1921</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:qon235yom"><i>The state in the new social order</i></a> 1922</li> <li><i>Letters of Edmund Burke: A Selection</i>, 1922</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:guh818hih"><i>The position of parties and the right of dissolution</i></a> 1924</li> <li><i>A Grammar of Politics</i>, 1925</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritain)Laski1925" class="citation book cs1">Britain), Fabian Society (Great; Laski, Harold J. 1893-1950. (Harold Joseph) (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.29886760"><i>Socialism and freedom</i></a>. Westminster: The Fabian Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+and+freedom&rft.place=Westminster&rft.pub=The+Fabian+Society&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Britain%29&rft.aufirst=Fabian+Society+%28Great&rft.au=Laski%2C+Harold+J.+1893-1950.+%28Harold+Joseph%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.29886760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:feh593cey"><i>The problem of a second chamber</i></a> 1925</li> <li><i>Communism</i>, 1927</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:qel825pev"><i>The British Cabinet : a study of its personnel, 1801-1924</i></a> 1928</li> <li><i>Liberty in the Modern State</i>, 1930</li> <li><i>"The Dangers of Obedience and Other Essays" 1930</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:wal303heb"><i>The limitations of the expert</i></a> 1931</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democracyincrisi00lask"><i>Democracy in Crisis</i></a> 1933</li> <li><i>The State in Theory and Practice</i>, 1935, The Viking Press</li> <li><i>The Rise of European Liberalism: An Essay in Interpretation</i>, 1936 <ul><li>US title: <i>The Rise of Liberalism: The Philosophy of a Business Civilization</i>, 1936</li></ul></li> <li><i>The American Presidency</i>, 1940</li> <li><i>Where Do We Go From Here? A Proclamation of British Democracy</i> 1940</li> <li><i>Reflections on the Revolution of our Time </i>, 1943</li> <li><i>Faith, Reason, and Civilisation</i>, 1944</li> <li><i>The American Democracy</i>, 1948, The <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a></li> <li><i>Communist Manifesto: Socialist Landmark: A New Appreciation Written for the Labour Party</i> (1948)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_studies_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="American studies in the United Kingdom">American studies in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Deane_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deane_2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deane_2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deane_2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Deane, Herbert A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-biographies/harold-j-laski">"Laski, Harold J."</a>. <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i>. Thomson Gale<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laski%2C+Harold+J.&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Fsociology-biographies%2Fharold-j-laski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2014" class="citation web cs1">Lamb, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2014/Laski%20today_2.pdf">"Laski's Political Philosophy Today: Socialism for an Individualist Age"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laski%27s+Political+Philosophy+Today%3A+Socialism+for+an+Individualist+Age&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psa.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fconference%2Fpapers%2F2014%2FLaski%2520today_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Jones1977" class="citation book cs1">Bill Jones (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kPDoAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16"><i>The Russia Complex: The British Labour Party and the Soviet Union</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719006968" title="Special:BookSources/9780719006968"><bdi>9780719006968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russia+Complex%3A+The+British+Labour+Party+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780719006968&rft.au=Bill+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkPDoAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_R._Hoover2003" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth R. Hoover (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRPbeVirpysC&pg=PA164"><i>Economics As Ideology: Keynes, Laski, Hayek, and the Creation of Contemporary Politics</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742531130" title="Special:BookSources/9780742531130"><bdi>9780742531130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+As+Ideology%3A+Keynes%2C+Laski%2C+Hayek%2C+and+the+Creation+of+Contemporary+Politics&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780742531130&rft.au=Kenneth+R.+Hoover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRPbeVirpysC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R._Gordon1969" class="citation book cs1">Michael R. Gordon (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zesAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA157"><i>Conflict and Consensus in Labour's Foreign Policy, 1914–1965</i></a>. Stanford UP. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804706865" title="Special:BookSources/9780804706865"><bdi>9780804706865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Consensus+in+Labour%27s+Foreign+Policy%2C+1914%E2%80%931965&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780804706865&rft.au=Michael+R.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zesAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorni-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gorni_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gorni_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yosef Gorni, "The Jewishness and Zionism of Harold Laski," <i>Midstream</i> (1977) 23#9 pp 72–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>UK, Naturalisation Certificates and Declarations, 1870–1916</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1871census-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1871census_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>1871 England Census</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1580358/Anthony-Blond.html">Obituary: Anthony Blond</a>, telegraph.co.uk, 1 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamb-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lamb_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamb_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamb_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lamb, Peter (April 1999). "Harold Laski (1893–1950): Political Theorist of a World in Crisis". <i>Review of International Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 329–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0260210599003290">10.1017/s0260210599003290</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097600">20097600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145139622">145139622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Harold+Laski+%281893%E2%80%931950%29%3A+Political+Theorist+of+a+World+in+Crisis&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=329-342&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145139622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20097600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0260210599003290&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kramnick and Sheerman 1993, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926130505/http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/subpage.aspx?id=9060">"NSSR :: About Us :: Message from the Dean"</a>. <i>www.newschool.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/subpage.aspx?id=9060">the original</a> on 26 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newschool.edu&rft.atitle=NSSR+%3A%3A+About+Us+%3A%3A+Message+from+the+Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newschool.edu%2Fnssr%2Fsubpage.aspx%3Fid%3D9060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newschool.edu/about/history/">"About"</a>. New School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=New+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newschool.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe,_Mark_DeWolfe1953" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Mark DeWolfe, ed. (1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holmeslaskilette0001unse/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Holmes–Laski letters: the correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. London: Geoffrey Cumberlege – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holmes%E2%80%93Laski+letters%3A+the+correspondence+of+Mr.+Justice+Holmes+and+Harold+J.+Laski&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Geoffrey+Cumberlege&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholmeslaskilette0001unse%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe,_Mark_DeWolfe1953" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Mark DeWolfe, ed. (1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holmeslaskilette0002unse/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Holmes–Laski letters: the correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski</i></a></span>. Vol. 2. London: Geoffrey Cumberlege – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holmes%E2%80%93Laski+letters%3A+the+correspondence+of+Mr.+Justice+Holmes+and+Harold+J.+Laski&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Geoffrey+Cumberlege&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholmeslaskilette0002unse%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlesinger,_1993-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger,_1993_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger,_1993_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlesinger,_1993_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schlesinger, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mortimer-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mortimer_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mortimer_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mortimer_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer1993" class="citation web cs1">Mortimer, Molly (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1532_v263/ai_14567902/">"Harold Laski: A Political Biography. – book reviews"</a>. <i>Contemporary Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Harold+Laski%3A+A+Political+Biography.+%E2%80%93+book+reviews&rft.date=1993-09&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2242%2Fis_n1532_v263%2Fai_14567902%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Jay <i>The Dialectical Imagination</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972, p.30, 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Neumann <i>Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933–1944</i>, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2009, p. ix–x</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin1968-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin1968_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1968" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Kingsley (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RvIqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Editor: a second volume of autobiography, 1931–45</i></a>. Hutchinson. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780090860401" title="Special:BookSources/9780090860401"><bdi>9780090860401</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Editor%3A+a+second+volume+of+autobiography%2C+1931%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780090860401&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Kingsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRvIqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman2002-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newman2002_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2002" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuoEAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ralph Miliband and the politics of the New Left</i></a>. Merlin Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-513-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-513-9"><bdi>978-0-85036-513-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Miliband+and+the+politics+of+the+New+Left&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85036-513-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZuoEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman,_2011-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman,_2011_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Michael. "Laski, Harold Joseph (1893–1950)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (Oxford University Press, 2004) online edn, Jan 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34412,">accessed 11 June 2013</a> doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laski, <i>The State in Theory and Practice</i> (Transaction Publishers, 2009) p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wm-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wm_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wm_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wm_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger_Jr." class="citation web cs1">Schlesinger Jr., Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Harold+Laski:+A+Life+on+the+Left.-a014687963">"Harold Laski: A Life on the Left"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Monthly">The Washington Monthly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=Harold+Laski%3A+A+Life+on+the+Left&rft.aulast=Schlesinger+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FHarold%2BLaski%3A%2BA%2BLife%2Bon%2Bthe%2BLeft.-a014687963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Calder, <i>The People's War: Britain, 1939–1945</i> (Panther Books, 1969) p. 733.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnellO'Connell1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_O%27Connell" title="Jeffrey O'Connell">O'Connell, Jeffrey</a>; O'Connell, Thomas E. (1996). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?page=1384&handle=hein.journals%2Fmllr55&collection=journals">"The Rise and Fall (and Rise Again?) of Harold Laski"</a></span>. <i>Maryland Law Review</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 1387–1388. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-4282">0025-4282</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+%28and+Rise+Again%3F%29+of+Harold+Laski&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1387-1388&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0025-4282&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fpage%3D1384%26handle%3Dhein.journals%252Fmllr55%26collection%3Djournals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Dare, "Instinct and Organization: Intellectuals and British Labour after 1931", <i>Historical Journal,</i> (1983) 26#3 pp. 677–697 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639086">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Catholic Church for Democracy, Foley Says in Reply to Laski"<a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie_Journal" title="Poughkeepsie Journal">Poughkeepsie Journal</a>, 7 February 1946, p. 9. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/115092782/">Newspapers.com</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicexchange.com/walls-have-ears">Walls Have Ears</a>", <i>Catholic Exchange</i>, 13 April 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/04/01/96590305.html?pageNumber=3">"Laski Chides Jews in Palestine Crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 1 April 1948. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Laski+Chides+Jews+in+Palestine+Crisis&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1948-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1948%2F04%2F01%2F96590305.html%3FpageNumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedland2012" class="citation news cs1">Freedland, Jonathan (17 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/feb/17/eugenics-skeleton-rattles-loudest-closet-left">"Eugenics: the skeleton that rattles loudest in the left's closet | Jonathan Freedland"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eugenics%3A+the+skeleton+that+rattles+loudest+in+the+left%27s+closet+%7C+Jonathan+Freedland&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Freedland&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F17%2Feugenics-skeleton-rattles-loudest-closet-left&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaac Kramnick and Barry Sheerman, <i>Harold Laski: A Life on the Left</i> (1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Pimlott, "The Socialist League: Intellectuals and the Labour Left in the 1930s," <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1971) 6#3 pp. 12–38 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259876">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. D. Burridge, "A Postscript to Potsdam: The Churchill-Laski Electoral Clash, June 1945," <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1977) 12#4 pp. 725–739 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260169">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Andrew (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0"><i>A History of the British Labour Party</i></a>. London: Macmillan Education UK. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0">10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-56081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-56081-5"><bdi>978-0-333-56081-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Labour+Party&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0&rft.isbn=978-0-333-56081-5&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein1972" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, Michael (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SY09AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168"><i>Wicked, wicked libels</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 167–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710072399" title="Special:BookSources/9780710072399"><bdi>9780710072399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicked%2C+wicked+libels&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780710072399&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSY09AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Pugh (author)">Pugh, Martin</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69EJz1ewsLIC&pg=PA282"><i>Speak for Britain!: A New History of the Labour Party</i></a>. Random House. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407051550" title="Special:BookSources/9781407051550"><bdi>9781407051550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speak+for+Britain%21%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Labour+Party&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781407051550&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69EJz1ewsLIC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Newman, "Laski, Harold" in Fred M. Leventhal, ed., <i>Twentieth-century Britain: an encyclopedia</i> (Garland, 1995) p 441-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deane, Herbert A. <i>The Political Ideas of Harold Laski</i> (1955)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Alfred Cobban, "The Decline of Political Theory," <i>Political Science Quarterly,</i> Vol. LXVIII, September 1953, p. 332. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaac Kramnick and Barry Sheerman <i>Harold Laski: A Life on the Left</i>, The Penguin Press, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guha-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guha_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Guha, Ramachandra</a> (23 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/the-lse-and-india/article28524830.ece">"The LSE and India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+LSE+and+India&rft.date=2003-11-23&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-sundaymagazine%2Fthe-lse-and-india%2Farticle28524830.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gandhi-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gandhi_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2005" class="citation web cs1">Gandhi, Gopalakrishna (2 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207224741/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2224/stories/20051202005812900.htm">"A remarkable life-story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl2224/stories/20051202005812900.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=A+remarkable+life-story&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Gopalakrishna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flonnet.com%2Ffl2224%2Fstories%2F20051202005812900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nehru-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nehru_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102200/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/05/04/stories/10041045.htm">"Tributes to Harold Laski"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 4 May 1950. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tributes+to+Harold+Laski&rft.date=1950-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2F2000%2F05%2F04%2Fstories%2F10041045.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2000" class="citation book cs1">Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jw-U3UGoRWgC&q=chu+anping+laski&pg=PA309"><i>In search of Chinese democracy: civil opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77124-5"><bdi>978-0-521-77124-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+Chinese+democracy%3A+civil+opposition+in+Nationalist+China%2C+1929%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77124-5&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djw-U3UGoRWgC%26q%3Dchu%2Banping%2Blaski%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylde2017" class="citation book cs1">Wylde, Christopher (2017). <i>Emerging Markets and the State: Developmentalism in the 21st Century</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-55655-4">10.1057/978-1-137-55655-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55654-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55654-7"><bdi>978-1-137-55654-7</bdi></a>. <q>Perón and Peronismo (Peronism) therefore represented a form of leftist–populist nationalism, rooted in an urban working-class movement that was allied to elements of the domestic bourgeoisie as well as the military.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+Markets+and+the+State%3A+Developmentalism+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-55655-4&rft.isbn=978-1-137-55654-7&rft.aulast=Wylde&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ocampo, Emilio (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/238356/1/731.pdf">"The populist economic policy paradigm: Early peronism as an archetype"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Serie Documentos de Trabajo</i> (731). Buenos Aires: Universidad del Centro de Estudios Macroeconómicos de Argentina (UCEMA): 11, 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serie+Documentos+de+Trabajo&rft.atitle=The+populist+economic+policy+paradigm%3A+Early+peronism+as+an+archetype&rft.issue=731&rft.pages=11%2C+37&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.econstor.eu%2Fbitstream%2F10419%2F238356%2F1%2F731.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ocampo, Emilio (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucema.edu.ar/publicaciones/download/documentos/796.pdf">"Capitalism, Populism and Democracy: Revisiting Samuelson's Reformulation of Schumpeter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CEMA Working Papers: Serie Documentos de Trabajo</i> (796). Universidad del CEMA: 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CEMA+Working+Papers%3A+Serie+Documentos+de+Trabajo&rft.atitle=Capitalism%2C+Populism+and+Democracy%3A+Revisiting+Samuelson%E2%80%99s+Reformulation+of+Schumpeter&rft.issue=796&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucema.edu.ar%2Fpublicaciones%2Fdownload%2Fdocumentos%2F796.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontes_de_Oca2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montes de Oca, Ignacio (2018). <i>El fascismo argentino - La matriz autoritaria del peronismo</i> (in Spanish). Sudamericana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789500761680" title="Special:BookSources/9789500761680"><bdi>9789500761680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+fascismo+argentino+-+La+matriz+autoritaria+del+peronismo&rft.pub=Sudamericana&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789500761680&rft.aulast=Montes+de+Oca&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringerováŠpičanováNěmecChalupa2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavl%C3%ADna_Springerov%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="cs:Pavlína Springerová">Springerová, Pavlína</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Czech]</span>; Špičanová, Lenka; Němec, Jan; <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Chalupa" class="extiw" title="cs:Jiří Chalupa">Chalupa, Jiří</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Czech]</span> (2008). "Statesmen in uniforms: Several notes about militarism in politics in the modern history of the Latin America". <i>Election Year 2006: Latin America at the Crossroads?</i>. Prague: Association for International Affairs (AMO). p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-87092-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-87092-03-3"><bdi>978-80-87092-03-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statesmen+in+uniforms%3A+Several+notes+about+militarism+in+politics+in+the+modern+history+of+the+Latin+America&rft.btitle=Election+Year+2006%3A+Latin+America+at+the+Crossroads%3F&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Association+for+International+Affairs+%28AMO%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-80-87092-03-3&rft.aulast=Springerov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Pavl%C3%ADna&rft.au=%C5%A0pi%C4%8Danov%C3%A1%2C+Lenka&rft.au=N%C4%9Bmec%2C+Jan&rft.au=Chalupa%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinchelstein2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Finchelstein, Federico</a> (2014). <i>The Ideological Origins of the Dirty War: Fascism, Populism, and Dictatorship in Twentieth Century Argentina</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993024-1"><bdi>978-0-19-993024-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideological+Origins+of+the+Dirty+War%3A+Fascism%2C+Populism%2C+and+Dictatorship+in+Twentieth+Century+Argentina&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993024-1&rft.aulast=Finchelstein&rft.aufirst=Federico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellman1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hellman, Judith Adler (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/156835">"Review"</a>. <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 458.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=458&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=Judith+Adler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F156835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, Walter (1998). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/1998/02/01/the-writerly-rand">The Writerly Rand</a>", Reason.com, October 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rand, Ayn (1997). Harriman, David, ed. "Journals of Ayn Rand". New York: Dutton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-94370-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-94370-6">0-525-94370-6</a>. OCLC 36566117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowell2001" class="citation book cs1">Cowell, Nick (2001). "Harold Laski (1893–1950)". In Rosen, Greg (ed.). <i>Dictionary of Labour Biography</i>. London: Politico. p. 348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harold+Laski+%281893%E2%80%931950%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Labour+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Politico&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Neil (3 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2013/01/harold-laski-man-who-influenced-ralph-miliband">"Harold Laski - the man who influenced Ralph Miliband"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Harold+Laski+-+the+man+who+influenced+Ralph+Miliband&rft.date=2013-01-03&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fpolitics%2Fuk-politics%2F2013%2F01%2Fharold-laski-man-who-influenced-ralph-miliband&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvZEvwEACAAJ"><i>Communist Manifesto: Socialist Landmark: A New Appreciation Written for the Labour Part</i></a>. George Allen and Unwin Limited. 1948. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780043350126" title="Special:BookSources/9780043350126"><bdi>9780043350126</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communist+Manifesto%3A+Socialist+Landmark%3A+A+New+Appreciation+Written+for+the+Labour+Part&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin+Limited&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9780043350126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvZEvwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarold+Laski" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deane, H. <i>The Political Ideas of Harold Laski</i> (1955) <ul><li>The Viscount Hailsham (<a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Quintin Hogg</a>), "The Political Ideas of Harold J. Laski by Herbert A. Deane: Review," <i>Yale Law Journal,</i> (1955) 65#2 pp 281–88 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/793834">in JSTOR</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ekirch, Arthur. "Harold Laski: the Liberal Manqué or Lost Libertarian?" <i>Journal of Libertarian Studies</i> (1980) 4#2 pp 139–50.</li> <li>Elliott W. Y. "The Pragmatic Politics of Mr. H. J. Laski," <i>American Political Science Review</i> (1924) 18#2 pp. 251–275 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1943918">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Greenleaf, W. H. "Laski and British Socialism," <i>History of Political Thought</i> (1981) 2#3 pp 573–591.</li> <li>Hawkins, Carroll, "Harold J. Laski: A Preliminary Analysis," <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> (1950) 65#3 pp. 376–392 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145253">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Hobsbawm, E.J., "The Left's Megaphone," <i>London Review of Books </i> (1993) 12#13 pp 12–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v15/n13/eric-hobsbawm/the-lefts-megaphone">http://www.lrb.co.uk/v15/n13/eric-hobsbawm/the-lefts-megaphone</a></li> <li>Kampelman, Max M. "Harold J. Laski: A Current Analysis," <i>Journal of Politics</i> (1948) 10#1 pp. 131–154 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2125821">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Kramnick, Isaac, and Barry Sheerman. <i>Harold Laski: A Life on the Left</i> (1993) 669pp</li> <li>Lamb, Peter. "Laski on Sovereignty: Removing the Mask from Class Dominance," <i>History of Political Thought</i> (1997) 28#2 pp 327–42.</li> <li>Lamb, Peter. "Harold Laski (1893–1950): political theorist of a world in crisis," <i>Review of International Studies</i> (1999) 25#2 pp 329–342.</li> <li>Martin, Kingsley. <i>Harold Laski (1893–1950) A Bibliographical Memoir</i> (1953)</li> <li>Miliband, Ralph. "Harold Laski's Socialism" (1995 [written 1958/59]) <i>Socialist Register 1995</i>, p. 239–65 (on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/miliband/1995/xx/laski.htm">marxists.org website</a>)</li> <li>Morefield, Jeanne. "States Are Not People: Harold Laski on Unsettling Sovereignty, Rediscovering Democracy," <i>Political Research Quarterly</i> (2005) 58#4 pp. 659–669 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3595651">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Newman, Michael. <i>Harold Laski: A Political Biography</i> (1993), 438pp</li> <li>Newman, Michael. "Laski, Harold Joseph (1893–1950)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (Oxford University Press, 2004) online edn, Jan 2011 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34412,">accessed 11 June 2013</a> doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34412</li> <li>Peretz, Martin. "Laski Redivivus," <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1966) 1#2 pp. 87–101 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259924">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Schlesinger Jr., Arthur. "Harold Laski: A Life on the Left," <i>Washington Monthly</i> (1 November 1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Harold+Laski:+A+Life+on+the+Left.-a014687963">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Laski&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/5656">Works by Harold Joseph Laski</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Laski%2C%20Harold%20Joseph">Works by Harold Joseph Laski</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%20Joseph%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Laski%2C%20H%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harold%20Joseph%20Laski%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harold%20J%2E%20Laski%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20J%2E%20Laski%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harold%20Laski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harold%20Joseph%20Laski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harold%20J%2E%20Laski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20J%2E%20Laski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20Joseph%20Laski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%20Joseph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Laski%2C%20H%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Laski%2C%20H%2E%20Joseph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harold%20Laski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Harold%20Joseph%20Laski%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Harold%20J%2E%20Laski%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20J%2E%20Laski%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Harold%20Laski%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harold%20Joseph%20Laski%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harold%20J%2E%20Laski%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20J%2E%20Laski%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%20Joseph%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harold%20Laski%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Laski%2C%20Harold%22%29%20OR%20%28%221893-1950%22%20AND%20Laski%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Harold Laski</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10843">Works by Harold Laski</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/laski/index.html">Texts by Laski</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308134545/https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/laski/index.html">Archived</a> 8 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at McMaster University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/TUlaski.htm">Biography and various quotations regarding Laski</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/resources/LSEHistory/laski.htm">Brief biographical sketch from the London School of Economics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02637">Portraits of Harold Laski</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470890#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/010991">Newspaper clippings about Harold Laski</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson" title="Ellen Wilkinson">Ellen Wilkinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party#Chair_of_the_National_Executive_Committee" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">Chair of the Labour Party</a> </b><br />1944–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> </b><br />1946–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabian_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E4003B; 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color:white;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Albu" title="Austen Albu">Albu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cole" title="Margaret Cole">M. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Skeffington" title="Arthur Skeffington">Skeffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_White,_Baroness_White" title="Eirene White, Baroness White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes_(educationist)" title="Billy Hughes (educationist)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Henderson,_2nd_Baron_Faringdon" title="Gavin Henderson, 2nd Baron Faringdon">Faringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Baroness_Stewart_of_Alvechurch" title="Mary Stewart, Baroness Stewart of Alvechurch">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Abel-Smith" title="Brian Abel-Smith">Abel-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Townsend_(sociologist)" title="Peter Townsend (sociologist)">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blenkinsop" title="Arthur Blenkinsop">Blenkinsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Balogh,_Baron_Balogh" title="Thomas Balogh, Baron Balogh">Balogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bray" title="Jeremy Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(urbanist)" title="Peter Hall (urbanist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lester,_Baron_Lester_of_Herne_Hill" title="Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill">Lester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Judd,_Baron_Judd" title="Frank Judd, Baron Judd">Judd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bosanquet" title="Nicholas Bosanquet">Bosanquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Crouch" title="Colin Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Radice,_Baron_Radice" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles Radice, Baron Radice">Radice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Leonard" title="Dick Leonard">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Whitehead" title="Phillip Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Archer,_Baron_Archer_of_Sandwell" title="Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lipsey,_Baron_Lipsey" title="David Lipsey, Baron Lipsey">Lipsey</a></li> <li>Meldram</li> <li>Jeger</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Blackstone,_Baroness_Blackstone" title="Tessa Blackstone, Baroness Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McIntosh,_Baron_McIntosh_of_Haringey" title="Andrew McIntosh, Baron McIntosh of Haringey">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Mitchell" title="Austin Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Butler" title="Nick Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Gould" title="Bryan Gould">Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bean_(judge)" title="David Bean (judge)">Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oonagh_McDonald" title="Oonagh McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Hayter" title="Dianne Hayter">Hayter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Pimlott" title="Ben Pimlott">Pimlott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Dubs,_Baron_Dubs" title="Alf Dubs, Baron Dubs">Dubs</a></li> <li>Rice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury" title="Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodge" title="Margaret Hodge">Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Wright_(Cannock_Chase_MP)" title="Tony Wright (Cannock Chase MP)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calum_MacDonald_(politician)" title="Calum MacDonald (politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Marsden" title="Gordon Marsden">Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_MacShane" title="Denis MacShane">MacShane</a></li> <li>Richards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Twigg" title="Stephen Twigg">Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Joyce" title="Eric Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seema_Malhotra" title="Seema Malhotra">Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Balls" title="Ed Balls">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(politician)" title="Anne Campbell (politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Khan</a></li> <li>Pushpananthan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_Asato" title="Jess Asato">Asato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seema_Malhotra" title="Seema Malhotra">Malhotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Green" title="Kate Green">Green</a></li> <li>Bartoletti</li> <li>Edobor</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">General Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Pease" title="Edward R. Pease">Pease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sanders_(politician)" title="William Sanders (politician)">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wallace_Galton" title="Frank Wallace Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li>Monck</li> <li>Filson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Chapman,_Baron_Northfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Chapman, Baron Northfield">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rodgers,_Baron_Rodgers_of_Quarry_Bank" title="Bill Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ponsonby,_3rd_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Thomas Ponsonby, 3rd Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Hayter" title="Dianne Hayter">Hayter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Martin_(UN_official)" title="Ian Martin (UN official)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willman" title="John Willman">Willman</a></li> <li>Crine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Twigg" title="Stephen Twigg">Twigg</a></li> <li>Jacobs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunder_Katwala" title="Sunder Katwala">Katwala</a></li> <li>Harrop</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E4003B; color:white;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cole" title="Margaret Cole">M. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)" title="John Parker (Labour politician)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes_(educationist)" title="Billy Hughes (educationist)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Archer,_Baron_Archer_of_Sandwell" title="Peter Archer, Baron Archer of Sandwell">Archer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/19px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/29px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/38px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organised_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organised labour">Organised labour</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470890#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470890#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470890#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121230970">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/19746530">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31294/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdywBmpTGbDjRVVyXfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119192616">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018424">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123167058">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123167058">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446933">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35292571">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990004877&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1040876">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1357337">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/281970">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067750710">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90263108">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000302817&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000017335&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000087322&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=233328">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=223886">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000050100">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N9823">Korea</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199615981">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsw0kv00pp5rcf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810700679005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/317112">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264240305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511427406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14768270">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00437086?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=219589">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/195807">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119192616.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119192616">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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