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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_a_anglick%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Politika a anglický jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politika a anglický jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Politics and the English Language" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiko_kaj_la_angla_lingvo" title="Politiko kaj la angla lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politiko kaj la angla lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_politica_e_la_lingua_inglese" title="La politica e la lingua inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La politica e la lingua inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פוליטיקה והשפה האנגלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקה והשפה האנגלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_language" title="Politics and the English language – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politics and the English language" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E3%81%A8%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="政治と英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治と英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Политика и английский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политика и английский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Politics and the English Language" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politics and the English Language" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Politics+and+the+English+Language%22">"Politics and the English Language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Politics+and+the+English+Language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Politics+and+the+English+Language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Politics+and+the+English+Language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Politics+and+the+English+Language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Politics+and+the+English+Language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Politics and the English Language <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+English+Language&rft.author=George+Orwell&rft.date=1946"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PoliticsandtheEnglishLanguage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/PoliticsandtheEnglishLanguage.jpg/220px-PoliticsandtheEnglishLanguage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/PoliticsandtheEnglishLanguage.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="402" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of the Penguin edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">George Orwell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1946</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>"<b>Politics and the English Language</b>" (1946) is an <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">essay</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> that criticised the "ugly and inaccurate" written English of his time and examined the connection between political orthodoxies and the debasement of language. </p><p>The essay focused on political language, which, according to Orwell, "is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind". Orwell believed that the language used was necessarily vague or meaningless because it was intended to hide the truth rather than express it. This unclear prose was a "contagion" which had spread to those who did not intend to hide the truth, and it concealed a writer's thoughts from himself and others.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orwell encourages concreteness and clarity instead of vagueness, and individuality over political conformity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell relates what he believes to be a close association between bad prose and oppressive ideology: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In our time, political speech and writing are largely the defence of the indefensible. Things like the continuance of British rule in India, the Russian purges and deportations, the dropping of the atom bombs on Japan, can indeed be defended, but only by arguments which are too brutal for most people to face, and which do not square with the professed aims of political parties. Thus political language has to consist largely of euphemism, question-begging and sheer cloudy vagueness. Defenceless villages are bombarded from the air, the inhabitants driven out into the countryside, the cattle machine-gunned, the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets: this is called <i>pacification</i>. Millions of peasants are robbed of their farms and sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can carry: this is called <i>transfer of population</i> or <i>rectification of frontiers</i>. People are imprisoned for years without trial, or shot in the back of the neck or sent to die of scurvy in Arctic <a href="/wiki/Lumber_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumber camp">lumber camps</a>: this is called <i>elimination of unreliable elements</i>. Such phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures of them.</p></blockquote> <p>One of Orwell's points is: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one's real and one's declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a> spurting out ink.</p></blockquote> <p>The insincerity of the writer perpetuates the decline of the language as people (particularly politicians, Orwell later notes) attempt to disguise their intentions behind euphemisms and <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">convoluted phrasing</a>. Orwell says that this decline is self-perpetuating. He argues that it is easier to think with poor English because the language is in decline; and, as the language declines, "foolish" thoughts become even easier, reinforcing the original cause: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier to have foolish thoughts.</p></blockquote> <p>Orwell discusses "pretentious diction" and "meaningless words". "Pretentious diction" is used to make biases look impartial and scientific, while "meaningless words" are used to stop the reader from seeing the point of the statement. According to Orwell: "In certain kinds of writing, particularly in art criticism and literary criticism, it is normal to come across long passages which are almost completely lacking in meaning." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_passages">Five passages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Five passages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell chooses five passages of text which "illustrate various of the mental vices from which we now suffer." The samples are: by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a> ("five negatives in 53 words"), <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Hogben" title="Lancelot Hogben">Lancelot Hogben</a> (mixed metaphors), an essay by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a><sup id="cite_ref-orwell_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orwell-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on psychology in the July 1945 issue of <a href="/wiki/Politics_(magazine_1944-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics (magazine 1944-1949)"><i>Politics</i></a> ("simply meaningless"), a communist pamphlet ("an accumulation of stale phrases") and a reader's letter in <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)"><i>Tribune</i></a> (in which "words and meaning have parted company"). From these, Orwell identifies a "catalogue of swindles and perversions" which he classifies as "dying metaphors", "operators or verbal false limbs", "pretentious diction" and "meaningless words". <i>(See <a href="/wiki/Cliche" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliche">cliches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prolixity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolixity">prolixity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Peacock">peacock terms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">weasel words</a>.)</i> </p><p>Orwell notes that writers of modern prose tend not to write in concrete terms but use a "pretentious Latinized style" <i>(compare <a href="/wiki/Anglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglish">Anglish</a>)</i>. He claims writers find it is easier to gum together long strings of words than to pick words specifically for their meaning—particularly in political writing, where Orwell notes that "[o]rthodoxy ... seems to demand a lifeless, imitative style". Political speech and writing are generally in defence of the indefensible and so lead to a euphemistic inflated style. </p><p>Orwell criticises bad writing habits which spread by imitation. He argues that writers must think more clearly because thinking clearly "is a necessary first step toward political regeneration". He later emphasises that he was not "considering the literary use of language, but merely language as an instrument for expressing and not for concealing or preventing thought". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Translation"_of_Ecclesiastes"><span id=".22Translation.22_of_Ecclesiastes"></span>"Translation" of Ecclesiastes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Translation" of Ecclesiastes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a further example, Orwell "translates" <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> 9:11: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I returned and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.</p></blockquote> <p>– into "modern English of the worst sort": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Objective consideration of contemporary phenomena compels the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but that a considerable element of the unpredictable must invariably be taken into account.</p></blockquote> <p>Orwell points out that this "translation" contains many more syllables but gives no concrete illustrations, as the original did, nor does it contain any vivid, arresting images or phrases. </p><p>The headmaster's wife at <a href="/wiki/St_Cyprian%27s_School" title="St Cyprian's School">St Cyprian's School</a>, Mrs. Cicely Vaughan Wilkes (nicknamed "Flip"), taught English to Orwell and used the same method to illustrate good writing to her pupils. She would use simple passages from the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Version of the Bible">King James Bible</a> and then "translate" them into poor English to show the clarity and brilliance of the original.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_John_Christie" title="Walter John Christie">Walter John Christie</a>, who followed Orwell to <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a>, wrote that Vaughan Wilkes preached the virtues of "simplicity, honesty, and avoidance of verbiage",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pointed out that the qualities "Flip" most prized were later to be seen in Orwell's writing.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remedy_of_Six_Rules">Remedy of Six Rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Remedy of Six Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell said it was easy for his contemporaries to slip into bad writing of the sort he had described and that the temptation to use meaningless or hackneyed phrases was like a "packet of aspirins always at one's elbow". In particular, such phrases are always ready to form the writer's thoughts, to save the writer the bother of thinking—or writing—clearly. He did conclude though that the progressive decline of the English language was reversible<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suggested six rules he claimed would prevent many of these faults, although "one could keep all of them and still write bad English". </p> <ol><li>Never use a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">simile</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">figure of speech</a> which you are used to seeing in print. (Examples that Orwell gave included <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ring_the_changes#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:ring the changes">ring the changes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Achilles%27_heel" title="Achilles' heel">Achilles' heel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Swan_song" title="Swan song">swan song</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hotbed#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:hotbed">hotbed</a></i>. He described such phrases as "dying metaphors" and argued that they were used without knowing what was truly being said. Furthermore, he said that using metaphors of this kind made the original meaning of the phrases meaningless because those who used them did not know their original meaning. He wrote that "some metaphors now current have been twisted out of their original meaning without those who use them even being aware of the fact".)</li> <li>Never use a long word where a short one will do.</li> <li>If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.</li> <li>Never use the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> where you can use the <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a>.</li> <li>Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.</li> <li>Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Politics and the English Language" was first noted in Orwell's payment book of 11 December 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay was originally published in the April 1946 issue of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Horizon_(British_magazine)" title="Horizon (British magazine)">Horizon</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor376_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was Orwell's last major article for the journal.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay was originally intended for <a href="/wiki/George_Weidenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="George Weidenfeld">George Weidenfeld</a>'s <i>Contact</i> magazine but it was turned down. </p><p>From the time of his wife's death in March 1945 Orwell had maintained a high output rate, with some 130 literary contributions, many of them lengthy. <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> had been published in August 1945 and Orwell was experiencing a time of critical and commercial literary success. He was seriously ill in February and desperate to get away from London to the island of <a href="/wiki/Jura,_Scotland" title="Jura, Scotland">Jura, Scotland</a>, where he wanted to start work on <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor376_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Politics and the English Language" was published nearly simultaneously with another of Orwell's essays, "<a href="/wiki/The_Prevention_of_Literature" title="The Prevention of Literature">The Prevention of Literature</a>". Both reflect Orwell's concern with truth and how truth depends upon the use of language. Orwell noted the deliberate use of misleading language to hide unpleasant political and military facts and also identified a laxity of language among those he identified as pro-Soviet. In "The Prevention of Literature" he also speculated on the type of literature which, under a future totalitarian society, he predicted would be formulaic and low-grade sensationalism. Around the same time, Orwell wrote an unsigned editorial for <i><a href="/wiki/Polemic_(magazine)" title="Polemic (magazine)">Polemic</a></i> in response to an attack from <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Quarterly_(British_journal)" title="Modern Quarterly (British journal)">Modern Quarterly</a></i>. In this he highlights the double-talk and appalling prose of <a href="/wiki/J._D._Bernal" title="J. D. Bernal">J. D. Bernal</a> in the same magazine, and cites <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Edmund Wilson</a>'s damnation of the prose of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Davies" title="Joseph E. Davies">Joseph E. Davies</a> in <i>Mission to Moscow</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="There are no citations in this whole paragraph. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his biography of Orwell, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shelden" title="Michael Shelden">Michael Shelden</a> called the article "his most important essay on style",<sup id="cite_ref-Shelden394_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelden394-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Bernard Crick</a> made no reference to the work at all in his original biography, reserving his praise for Orwell's essays in <i><a href="/wiki/Polemic_(magazine)" title="Polemic (magazine)">Polemic</a></i>, which cover a similar political theme.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Rodden asserts, given that much of Orwell's work was polemical, that he sometimes violated these rules and Orwell himself concedes that, if you look through his essay, "for certain you will find that I have again and again committed the very faults I am protesting against".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodden also says that <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a> had praised the essay's demystification of political language but later became disenchanted with Orwell.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguist <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Pullum">Geoffrey Pullum</a>—despite being an admirer of Orwell's writing— dismissed the essay as "dishonest" and criticised it for "its insane and unfollowable insistence that good writing must avoid all phrases and word uses that are familiar".<sup id="cite_ref-Pullum_LangLog_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pullum_LangLog-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orwell's admonition to avoid using the passive voice has also been criticised. <a href="/wiki/Merriam%E2%80%93Webster%27s_Dictionary_of_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage">Merriam–Webster's Dictionary of English Usage</a> refers to three statistical studies of passive versus active sentences in various periodicals, stating: "the highest incidence of passive constructions was 13 percent. Orwell runs to a little over 20 percent in 'Politics and the English Language'. Clearly he found the construction useful in spite of his advice to avoid it as much as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_Eng_Usage_MW._16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict_Eng_Usage_MW.-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 720">: 720 </span></sup> </p><p>Introductory writing courses frequently cite this essay.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1999 study found that it was reprinted 118 times in 325 editions of 58 readers published between 1946 and 1996 that were intended for use in college-level <a href="/wiki/Composition_studies" title="Composition studies">composition courses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Freedman_(writer)" title="Carl Freedman (writer)">Carl Freedman</a>'s article "Writing Ideology, and Politics: Orwell's 'Politics and the English Language' and English Composition" set in motion a "wide variety of critiques, reconsiderations, and outright attacks against the plain style"<sup id="cite_ref-Pinsker_1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinsker_1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Orwell argues for. The main issue found was Orwell's "simplistic faith about thought and language existing in a dialectical relation with one another; others quickly cut to the chase by insisting that politics, rightly considered, meant the insertion of an undercutting <i>whose</i> before every value word the hegemony holds dear".<sup id="cite_ref-Pinsker_1997_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinsker_1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These critics also began to question Orwell's argument for the absoluteness of the English language, and asked whose values and truths were being represented through the language. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Menand" title="Louis Menand">Louis Menand</a> criticized the essay in a 2003 retrospective of the author in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, saying that Orwell "makes it seem that the problem with fascism (and the rest) is, at bottom, a problem of style," that "ugliness has no relation to insincerity or evil, and short words with Anglo-Saxon roots have no relation to truth or goodness." Menand continued, "All politics, (Orwell) writes, 'is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred and schizophrenia.' And by the end of the essay he has damned the whole discourse."<sup id="cite_ref-MenandNY_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MenandNY-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orwell's writings on the English language have had a large impact on classrooms, journalism and other writing. George Trail, in "Teaching Argument and the Rhetoric of Orwell's 'Politics and the English Language'", says "A large part of Orwell's rhetorical approach consists of attempting at every opportunity to acquire reader participation, to involve the reader as an active and engaged consumer of the essay. Popular journalism is full of what may be the inheritance of Orwell's reader involvement devices".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haltom and Ostrom's work, <i>Teaching George Orwell in Karl Rove's World: 'Politics and the English Language' in the 21st Century Classroom</i>, discusses how following Orwell's six rules of English writing and speaking can have a place in high school and university settings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_to_other_works">Connection to other works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Connection to other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orwell's preoccupation with language as a theme can be seen in his protagonist's dislike of advertising slogans in <i><a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying" title="Keep the Aspidistra Flying">Keep the Aspidistra Flying</a></i>, an early work. This preoccupation is also visible in <i><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a></i>, and continues as an underlying theme of Orwell's work in the years after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The themes in "Politics and the English Language" anticipate Orwell's development of <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor376_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor376-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shelden" title="Michael Shelden">Michael Shelden</a> calls Newspeak "the perfect language for a society of bad writers...because it reduces the number of choices available to them".<sup id="cite_ref-Shelden394_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelden394-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelden says that Newspeak first corrupts writers morally, then politically, "since it allows writers to cheat themselves and their readers with ready-made prose".<sup id="cite_ref-Shelden394_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelden394-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academese" title="Academese">Academese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">Pleonasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbosity" title="Verbosity">Verbosity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">A Dictionary of Modern English Usage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Awards">Orwell Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak_Award" title="Doublespeak Award">Doublespeak Award</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShelden1991">Shelden 1991</a>, p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orwell-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orwell_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=The+Essay+Canon&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F378920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F378920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=L.+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.duke.edu%2Fenglish117as_01_f2011%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F11%2FBloom-1999-Essay-Canon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinsker_1997-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pinsker_1997_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pinsker_1997_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinsker1997">Pinsker 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MenandNY-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MenandNY_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenand2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Menand, Louis (19 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/01/27/honest-decent-wrong">"Honest, Decent, Wrong"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Honest%2C+Decent%2C+Wrong&rft.date=2003-01-19&rft.aulast=Menand&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2003%2F01%2F27%2Fhonest-decent-wrong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrail1995" class="citation journal cs1">Trail, George (1995). "Teaching Argument and the Rhetoric of Orwell's "Politics and the English Language"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>College English</i>. <b>57</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">570–</span>583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F378827">10.2307/378827</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/378827">378827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=College+English&rft.atitle=Teaching+Argument+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Orwell%27s+%22Politics+and+the+English+Language%22&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E570-%3C%2Fspan%3E583&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F378827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F378827%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Trail&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltomHans_Ostrom2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haltom, William; Hans Ostrom (2009). "Teaching George Orwell in Karl Rove's World: 'Politics and the English Language' in the 21st Century Classroom". Western Political Science Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teaching+George+Orwell+in+Karl+Rove%27s+World%3A+%27Politics+and+the+English+Language%27+in+the+21st+Century+Classroom&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Haltom&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Hans+Ostrom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1982">Hammond 1982</a>, pp. 218–21 9</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaltom2009" class="citation book cs1">Haltom, William and Hans Ostrom. (2009). <i>Teaching George Orwell in Karl Rove's World: 'Politics and the English Language' in the 21st Century Classroom</i>. Western Political Science Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+George+Orwell+in+Karl+Rove%27s+World%3A+%27Politics+and+the+English+Language%27+in+the+21st+Century+Classroom&rft.pub=Western+Political+Science+Association&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Haltom&rft.aufirst=William+and+Hans+Ostrom.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1982" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, J.R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellcomp00hamm"><i>A George Orwell Companion</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-32452-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-32452-9"><bdi>0-312-32452-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+George+Orwell+Companion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-312-32452-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgeorwellcomp00hamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2006" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2006). <i>Politics and the English Language</i>. Peterborough: Broadview Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+English+Language&rft.place=Peterborough&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinsker1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pinsker, Sanford (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/essay/musing-about-orwell%E2%80%99s-politics-and-english-language%E2%80%9450-years-later">"Musing About Orwell's 'Politics and the English Language'—50 Years Later"</a>. <i>Virginia Quarterly Review</i> (57)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Musing+About+Orwell%27s+%27Politics+and+the+English+Language%27%E2%80%9450+Years+Later&rft.issue=57&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pinsker&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Fessay%2Fmusing-about-orwell%25E2%2580%2599s-politics-and-english-language%25E2%2580%259450-years-later&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodden1989" class="citation book cs1">Rodden, John (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsoflitera00rodd"><i>The Politics of Literary Reputation: The Making and Claiming of 'St. George' Orwell</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-195-03954-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-195-03954-8"><bdi>0-195-03954-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Literary+Reputation%3A+The+Making+and+Claiming+of+%27St.+George%27+Orwell&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-195-03954-8&rft.aulast=Rodden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsoflitera00rodd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelden1991" class="citation book cs1">Shelden, Michael (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwellauthorized0000shel_u0w9"><i>Orwell: The Authorized Biography</i></a></span>. New York: HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwellauthorized0000shel_u0w9/page/393">393</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-060-16709-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-060-16709-2"><bdi>0-060-16709-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+The+Authorized+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-060-16709-2&rft.aulast=Shelden&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forwellauthorized0000shel_u0w9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, D.J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwelllife00tayl"><i>Orwell: A Life</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7473-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7473-2"><bdi>0-8050-7473-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8050-7473-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forwelllife00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrail1995" class="citation book cs1">Trail, George (1995). <i>Teaching Argument and the Rhetoric of Orwell's "Politics and the English Language</i>. College English.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Argument+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Orwell%27s+%22Politics+and+the+English+Language&rft.pub=College+English&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Trail&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Chase" title="Stuart Chase">Chase, Stuart</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twocheersfordemo00fors"><i>The Tyranny of Words</i></a>. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-156-92394-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-156-92394-7"><bdi>0-156-92394-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tyranny+of+Words&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=0-156-92394-7&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwocheersfordemo00fors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagepolitics00noam"><i>Language and Politics</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-1888-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-1888-X"><bdi>0-7456-1888-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7456-1888-X&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguagepolitics00noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemperer2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Klemperer" title="Victor Klemperer">Klemperer, Victor</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/LTI_%E2%80%93_Lingua_Tertii_Imperii" title="LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii"><i>Language of the Third Reich – LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826491305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826491305"><bdi>978-0826491305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+of+the+Third+Reich+%E2%80%93+LTI%3A+Lingua+Tertii+Imperii&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0826491305&rft.aulast=Klemperer&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKressHodge1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Kress" title="Gunther Kress">Kress, Gunther</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hodge_(linguist)" title="Bob Hodge (linguist)">Hodge, Robert</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageasideolo0000kres"><i>Language as Ideology</i></a></span>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-0215-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-0215-7"><bdi>0-7100-0215-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+as+Ideology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-7100-0215-7&rft.aulast=Kress&rft.aufirst=Gunther&rft.au=Hodge%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguageasideolo0000kres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitics+and+the+English+Language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_the_English_Language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External 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style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying" title="Keep the Aspidistra Flying">Keep the Aspidistra Flying</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a></i> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Hanging" title="A Hanging">A Hanging</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Spike_(essay)" title="The Spike (essay)">The Spike</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bookshop_Memories" title="Bookshop Memories">Bookshop Memories</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shooting_an_Elephant" title="Shooting an Elephant">Shooting an Elephant</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spilling_the_Spanish_Beans" title="Spilling the Spanish Beans">Spilling the Spanish Beans</a>" (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Weeklies" title="Boys' Weeklies">Boys' Weeklies</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale" title="Inside the Whale">Inside the Whale</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Country_Right_or_Left" title="My Country Right or Left">My Country Right or Left</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Donald_McGill" title="The Art of Donald McGill">The Art of Donald McGill</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/England_Your_England" title="England Your England">England Your England</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poetry_and_the_Microphone" title="Poetry and the Microphone">Poetry and the Microphone</a>" (1943)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raffles_and_Miss_Blandish" title="Raffles and Miss Blandish">Raffles and Miss Blandish</a>" (1944)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Bad_Books" title="Good Bad Books">Good Bad Books</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism" title="Notes on Nationalism">Notes on Nationalism</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_Spirit" title="The Sporting Spirit">The Sporting Spirit</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lear,_Tolstoy_and_the_Fool" title="Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool">Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_English_People_(essay)" title="The English People (essay)">The English People</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toward_European_Unity" title="Toward European Unity">Toward European Unity</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Gandhi" title="Reflections on Gandhi">Reflections on Gandhi</a>" (1949)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19464" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Books_v._Cigarettes" title="Books v. Cigarettes">Books v. Cigarettes</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Book_Reviewer" title="Confessions of a Book Reviewer">Confessions of a Book Reviewer</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_English_Murder" title="Decline of the English Murder">Decline of the English Murder</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Good_Word_for_the_Vicar_of_Bray" title="A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray">A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/How_the_Poor_Die" title="How the Poor Die">How the Poor Die</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water" title="The Moon Under Water">The Moon Under Water</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pleasure_Spots" title="Pleasure Spots">Pleasure Spots</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Politics and the English Language</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Starvation" title="The Politics of Starvation">The Politics of Starvation</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_vs._Literature:_An_Examination_of_Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels">Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prevention_of_Literature" title="The Prevention of Literature">The Prevention of Literature</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Riding_Down_from_Bangor_(essay)" title="Riding Down from Bangor (essay)">Riding Down from Bangor</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_on_James_Burnham" title="Second Thoughts on James Burnham">Second Thoughts on James Burnham</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_on_the_Common_Toad" title="Some Thoughts on the Common Toad">Some Thoughts on the Common Toad</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>" (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>" (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/As_I_Please" title="As I Please">As I Please</a>" (1943–1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/London_Letters" title="London Letters">London Letters</a>" (1941–1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_of_the_Left" title="Betrayal of the Left">Betrayal of the Left</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale_and_Other_Essays" title="Inside the Whale and Other Essays">Inside the Whale and Other Essays</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Books" title="Searchlight Books">Searchlight Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen O'Shaughnessy">Eileen O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Orwell" title="Sonia Orwell">Sonia Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">Orwell's list</a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eric_%26_Us" title="Eric & Us">Eric & Us</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Orwell_Matters" title="Why Orwell Matters">Why Orwell Matters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Award" title="Orwell Award">Orwell Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orwell_Foundation" title="The Orwell Foundation">The Orwell Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Orwell" title="Statue of George Orwell">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Portal</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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