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data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=British+Sign+Language" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>British Sign Language (BSL) is a <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and is the first or preferred language among the <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">deaf</a> community in the UK. While private correspondence from <a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a> hinted at a formal name for the language in 1960,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> the first usage of the term "British Sign Language" in an academic publication was likely by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Cicourel" title="Aaron Cicourel">Aaron Cicourel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Based on the percentage of people who reported 'using British Sign Language at home' on the 2011 Scottish Census, the <a href="/wiki/British_Deaf_Association" title="British Deaf Association">British Deaf Association</a> estimates there are 151,000 BSL users in the UK, of whom 87,000 are Deaf.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> By contrast, in the 2011 England and Wales Census 15,000 people living in England and Wales reported themselves using BSL as their main language.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> People who are not deaf may also use BSL, as hearing relatives of deaf people, sign language interpreters or as a result of other contact with the British Deaf community. The language makes use of space and involves movement of the hands, body, face and head. <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: silver;">British Sign Language (BSL)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: silver;">Breetish Sign Leid (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots language">Ulster Scots</a>) Iaith Arwyddion Prydain (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>) Cànan Soidhnidh Bhreatainn (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>) Teanga Chomharthaíochta na Breataine (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:BSL_Name.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BSL_Name.png/330px-BSL_Name.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BSL_Name.png/435px-BSL_Name.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/BSL_Name.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="188"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">77,000 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-e18-1">[1]</a> 250,000 <a href="/wiki/L2_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="L2 speakers">L2 speakers</a> (2013)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> British Sign Language (BSL)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">none widely accepted <a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bfi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bfi">bfi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/brit1235">brit1235</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Sign_Language_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/British_Sign_Language_chart.png/250px-British_Sign_Language_chart.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/British_Sign_Language_chart.png/500px-British_Sign_Language_chart.png 1.5x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1215"></a><figcaption>The BSL manual alphabet (right-hand-dominant form shown)</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origin">1.1 Origin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_deaf_education">1.2 Early deaf education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Braidwood_schools">1.2.1 The Braidwood schools</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#International_links">1.2.2 International links</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Late_19th_%E2%80%93_21st_century">1.3 Late 19th – 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Linguistics">2 Linguistics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Phonology">2.1 Phonology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Grammar">2.2 Grammar</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Relationships_with_other_sign_languages">2.3 Relationships with other sign languages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Usage">3 Usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Number_of_BSL_users">4 Number of BSL users</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#British_Sign_Language_Dictionary">5 British Sign Language Dictionary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Learning_British_Sign_Language">6 Learning British Sign Language</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Becoming_a_BSL_/_English_interpreter">6.1 Becoming a BSL / English interpreter</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Communication_support_workers">6.2 Communication support workers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#BSL_apps">6.3 BSL apps</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Let_Sign_Shine_!">7 Let Sign Shine !</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> BSL is a creation of the British Deaf community. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">home sign</a>, which does not pass between generations, sign languages are shared by a large community of signers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Records show the existence of a sign language within deaf communities in England as far back as the 15th century. The History of the Syon Monastery at Lisbon and Brentford, published in 1450, contains descriptions of signs—some of which are still in use.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The earliest known document describing the use of signing in a legal context mentions John de Orleton, a deaf man assigning his property to a family member in 1324.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Another commonly cited event is the marriage ceremony between Thomas Tilsye and Ursula Russel in 1576.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carew_(antiquary)" title="Richard Carew (antiquary)">Richard Carew</a>'s Survey of Cornwall (1602) includes a vivid description of Edward Bone, a deaf servant, meeting his deaf friend Kempe. Bone had some knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> and was able to lipread, but appeared to prefer signing. Carew described the situation thus:<blockquote>Somewhat neerre the place of his [Bone's] birth, there dwelt another, so affected, or rather defected, whose name was Kempe: which two, when they chaunced to meete, would use such kinde embracements, such stranfe, often, and earnest tokenings, and such heartie laughtes, and other passionate gestures, that their want of a tongue, seemed rather a hindrance to other conceiving [understanding] them, then to their conceiving one another.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/John_Bulwer" title="John Bulwer">John Bulwer</a>, who had an adopted deaf daughter Chirothea Johnson, authored four late-Renaissance texts related to deafness, sign language and the human body: Chirologia (1644), Philocopus (1648), Pathomyotamia (1649) and Anthropometamorphosis (1650).<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> In particular, Chirologia focuses on the meanings of gestures, expressions and body language, and describes signs and gestures in use at the time, some of which resemble signs still in use,<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> while Philocopus explores the use of lipreading by deaf people and the possibility of deaf education,<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> and is dedicated to Bulwer's two deaf brothers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-11">[11]</a> Another writer of the same time, <a href="/wiki/George_Dalgarno" title="George Dalgarno">George Dalgarno</a>, recognised that sign language was unrelated to English. In 1661 he wrote that "The deaf man has no teacher at all and through necessity may put him upon... using signs, yet those have no affinity to the language by which they that are about him do converse among themselves."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Finally, the diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> described a conversation between George Downing and a deaf boy in November 1666:<blockquote>But, above all, there comes in the dumb boy that I knew in Oliver's time, who is mightily acquainted here, and with Downing; and he made strange signs of the fire, and how the King was abroad, and many things they understood, but I could not...<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></blockquote>British Sign Language has evolved, as all languages do, from these origins by modification, invention and importation.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a> family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Old <a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Sign Language</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1760–1900)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime SL</a> (c. 1860–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish SL family</a>? (c. 1800–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dashed;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua NG SL</a> (c. 1990–present)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> (c. 1860–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand SL</a> (c. 1870–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British SL</a> (c. 1900–present)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland SL</a> (c. 1920–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African SL</a> (c. 1860–present)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_deaf_education">Early deaf education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early deaf education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Braidwood_schools">The Braidwood schools</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Braidwood schools" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Braidwood" title="Thomas Braidwood">Thomas Braidwood</a>, a teacher from Edinburgh, founded 'Braidwood's Academy for the Deaf and Dumb' in 1760, which is believed to be the first school for deaf children in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The school primarily taught oral communication methods, as described by Francis Green—whose son attended the Braidwood school<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>—in the anonymous treatise Vox oculis subjecta.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In this account, Green describes how his son Charles would surely develop "a perfect acquaintance with language both oral and written", and how deaf pupils were given "a tolerable general understanding of their own language [English] so as to read, write, and speak it, with ease". Green also describes Braidwood's views of spoken language:<blockquote>Mr Braidwood hath frequently intimated to me, as an opinion founded upon his experience in this art, that articulate or spoken language hath so great and essential a tendency to confirm and enlarge ideas, above the power of written language, that it is almost impossible for deaf persons, without the use of speech, to be perfect in their ideas.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Watson_(teacher)" title="Joseph Watson (teacher)">Joseph Watson</a> was trained as a teacher of the deaf under Thomas Braidwood. He eventually left in 1792 to become the headmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Asylum_for_the_Deaf_and_Dumb" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb">Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bermondsey" title="Bermondsey">Bermondsey</a>. He described his teaching methods in detail in his book, On the Education of the Deaf and Dumb (1809), where he opposed the use of signed versions of spoken language such as the Signed French used in the Paris school. The book contains lists of vocabulary and plates designed to encourage a child to acquire an understanding of written and spoken language.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_links">International links</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although the Braidwood school focused on speech, it also used an early form of sign language, the combined system, which was the first codification of British Sign Language. The Braidwood school later moved to London and was visited by <a href="/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard" title="Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard">Abbé Sicard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a> in 1815, at the same time that an American Protestant minister, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet</a>, travelled to Europe to research teaching of deaf people.<a href="#cite_note-:4-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Daniel_Laffon_de_Ladebat" title="André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat">André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat</a>, one of the French visitors to the Braidwood school, provided a vivid description of Laurent Clerc's meeting with the deaf children in the bilingual English/French book, A collection of the Most Remarkable Definitions and Answers of Massieu and Clerc, Deaf and Dumb. Laurent Clerc, who was deaf, was overjoyed to find fellow sign language users:<blockquote>As soon as Clerc beheld this sight [of the children at dinner] his face became animated; he was as agitated as a traveller of sensibility would be on meeting all of a sudden in distant regions, a colony of his own countrymen... Clerc approached them. He made signs and they answered him by signs. The unexpected communication cause a most delicious sensation in them and for us was a scene of expression and sensibility that gave us the most heart-felt satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></blockquote>The Braidwood schools refused to teach Gallaudet their methods. Gallaudet then travelled to Paris and learned the educational methods of the French Royal Institution for the Deaf, a combination of <a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French Sign Language</a> and the signs developed by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Abbé de l'Épée</a>. As a consequence <a href="/wiki/American_sign_language" class="mw-redirect" title="American sign language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) today has a 60% similarity to modern <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> and is almost unintelligible to users of British Sign Language. Gallaudet went on to establish the <a href="/wiki/American_School_for_the_Deaf" title="American School for the Deaf">American School for the Deaf</a> in 1817, which focused on manual communication and ASL, in contrast to the oral methods used in the UK. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_–_21st_century">Late 19th – 21st century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late 19th – 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Until the 1940s, sign language skills were passed between deaf people without a unified sign language system; many deaf people lived in residential institutions. Signing was actively discouraged in schools by punishment, and deaf education emphasised teaching deaf children to learn to <a href="/wiki/Lip_reading" title="Lip reading">lip read</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">finger spell</a>, due to the prevailing belief across Europe established in the 1950s that signing was bad. From the 1970s there has been an increasing tolerance and instruction in BSL in schools. The language continues to evolve as older signs such as alms and pawnbroker have fallen out of use and new signs such as internet and laser have been coined. The evolution of the language and its changing level of acceptance meant that older users tend to use more finger spelling while younger ones make use of a wider range of signs.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Ladd" title="Paddy Ladd">Paddy Ladd</a> initiated deaf programming on <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> television in the 1980s and is credited with getting sign language on television and enabling deaf children to be educated in sign.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> BSL users campaigned <a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">to have BSL recognised</a> on an official level. <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984</a> mandates the provision of interpreters. On 18 March 2003 the UK government formally recognised that BSL is a language in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Cooper" title="Rosie Cooper">Rosie Cooper</a> introduced the British Sign Language Bill to recognise BSL as an official language, which was backed by the government.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> After being dormant from June 2021, the bill began moving through Parliament on 28 January 2022, but during a meeting with stakeholders on 7 February, the language of the bill was revealed to have been pared down substantially, disappointing said stakeholders. The British Deaf Association stated that it was 'unhappy' with this removal of language from the bill.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Linguistics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> is the study of language, including those like BSL that are not carried by sound.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> In all sign languages the great majority of 'words' (hand gestures) cannot be understood in other sign languages.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> How one language signs a certain number would be different from how another language signs it.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> The way sentences are constructed (syntax) differs from sign language to sign language, just as with different spoken languages. British Sign Language is described as a 'spatial language' as it "moves signs in space".<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Like many other <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a>, BSL <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> is defined by elements such as handshape, orientation, location, movement, and non-manual features. There are phonological components to sign language that have no meaning alone but work together to create a meaning of a signed word: hand shape, movement, location, orientation and facial expression.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> The meanings of words differ if one of these components is changed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> Signs can be identical in certain components but different in others, giving each a different meaning.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> Facial expression falls under the <a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">nonmanual feature</a> component of phonology.<a href="#cite_note-:2-32">[32]</a> These include "eyebrow height, eye gaze, mouthing, head movement, and torso rotation."<a href="#cite_note-:2-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In common with other languages, whether spoken or signed, BSL has its own <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> which govern how phrases are signed.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> BSL has a particular <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> One important component of BSL is its use of <a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">proforms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> A proform is "...any form that stands in the place of, or does the job of, some other form."<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> Sentences are composed of two parts, in order: the subject and the predicate.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> The subject is the topic of the sentence, while the predicate is the commentary about the subject.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> Question words are generally at the end of a sentence.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> BSL uses a <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic–comment</a> structure.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Topic-comment means that the topic of the signed conversation is first established, followed by an elaboration of the topic, being the 'comment' component.<a href="#cite_note-:04-30">[30]</a> The canonical word order outside of the topic–comment structure is <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–subject–verb">object–subject–verb</a> (OSV), and noun phrases are head-initial.<a href="#cite_note-google-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_with_other_sign_languages">Relationships with other sign languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationships with other sign languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm/220px-seek%3D2430-Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="3603" data-mwtitle="Cynhadledd_i'r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:40:30,00:43:28" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:40:30,00:43:28" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm#t=00:40:30,00:43:28" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:40:30,00:43:28" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:40:30,00:43:28" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:40:30,00:43:28" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm/Cynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm.360p.webm#t=00:40:30,00:43:28" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACynhadledd_i%27r_Wasg_Press_Conference_-_20.11.20.webm&lang=en-gb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en-GB" label="British English ‪(en-gb)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> daily <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Wales">COVID-19</a> press conference in November 2020; Welsh and English instantaneous signing</figcaption></figure> Although the United Kingdom and the United States share <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as the predominant <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>, British Sign Language is quite distinct from <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL), having only 31% signs identical, or 44% cognate.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> BSL is also distinct from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a> (ISL) (ISG in the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> system), which is more closely related to <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> (LSF) and ASL. It is also distinct from <a href="/wiki/Signed_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed English">Signed English</a>, a manually coded method expressed to represent the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. The sign languages used in Australia and New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a> respectively, evolved largely from 19th century BSL, and all retain the same manual alphabet and grammar and possess similar lexicons. These three languages may technically be considered dialects of a single language (<a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a>) due to their use of the same grammar and manual alphabet and the high degree of lexical sharing (overlap of signs). The term BANZSL was coined by <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Johnston" title="Trevor Johnston">Trevor Johnston</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and Adam Schembri. In Australia deaf schools were established by educated deaf people from London, Edinburgh and Dublin. This introduced the London and Edinburgh dialects of BSL to Melbourne and Sydney respectively and Irish Sign Language to Sydney in Roman Catholic schools for the deaf. The language contact post-secondary education between Australian ISL users and 'Australian BSL' users accounts for some of the dialectal differences we see between modern BSL and Auslan. Tertiary education in the US for some deaf Australian adults also accounts for some ASL borrowings found in modern Auslan. Auslan, BSL and NZSL have 82% of signs identical (using concepts from a <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a>). When considering similar or related signs as well as identical, they are 98% cognate. Further information will be available after completion of the BSL corpus,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> allows for comparison with the Auslan corpus,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and the New Zealand Sign Language project.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> There continues to be language contact between BSL, Auslan and NZSL through migration (deaf people and interpreters), the media (television programmes such as See Hear, Switch, Rush and SignPost are often recorded and shared informally in all three countries) and conferences (in 1999 many deaf British people travelled to Australia for the World Federation of the Deaf Conference, WFD, in Brisbane.) <a href="/wiki/Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a>, a communication system for people with cognitive impairments or other communication difficulties, was originally developed with signs borrowed from British Sign Language. The sign language used in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> is also closely related to BSL despite the oral language not being English, demonstrating variation in distance between sign languages and spoken ones. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="2213"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 417px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="417" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Sign_language_interpretation_below_performers_Oliver_Senton_and_Bay_Bryan_during_The_Gifting_performance._LEEDS_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>BSL interpreter below performers during The Gifting performance, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_2023" title="Leeds 2023">LEEDS 2023</a> </figcaption></figure> BSL has many regional <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. Certain signs used in Scotland, for example, may not be understood immediately, or not understood at all, by those in Southern England, or vice versa. Some signs are even more local, occurring only in certain towns or cities (such as the Manchester system of number signs). Likewise, some may go in or out of fashion, or evolve over time, just as terms in oral languages do.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Families may have signs unique to them to accommodate for certain situations or to describe an object that may otherwise require fingerspelling. Many British television channels broadcast programmes with in-vision signing, using BSL, as well as specially made programmes aimed mainly at <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">deaf</a> people such as the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/See_Hear" title="See Hear">See Hear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=VEE-TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VEE-TV (page does not exist)">VEE-TV</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News (TV channel)">BBC News</a> broadcasts in-vision signing at 06:45–07:30, 07:45–08:15, and 13:00–14:00 GMT/BST each weekday. 07:00–07:30 on the weekends. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> also broadcasts in-vision signed repeats of the main channel's primetime programmes between 00:00 and 05:00 each weekday and early Saturday mornings. Also provides signing on weekday mornings between 08:00 and 09:00. All BBC channels (excluding <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Parliament" title="BBC Parliament">BBC Parliament</a>) provide in-vision signing for some of their programmes. In 2024, over 10% of <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4's</a> programming was signed,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> including popular shows such as <a href="/wiki/Hollyoaks" title="Hollyoaks">Hollyoaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gogglebox" title="Gogglebox">Gogglebox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> BSL is used in some educational establishments, but is not always the policy for deaf children in some local authority areas. The Let's Sign BSL and <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a> graphics are being developed for use in education by deaf educators and tutors and include many of the regional signs referred to above. In Northern Ireland, there are about 4,500 users of BSL and 1,500 users of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a>, an unrelated sign language. A hybrid version, dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a>", is also used.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 2019, over 100 signs for scientific terms, including '<a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleotide" title="Deoxyribonucleotide">deoxyribonucleotide</a>' and '<a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleoside">deoxyribonucleoside</a>', were added to BSL, after being conceived by Liam Mcmulkin, a deaf graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a>, who had found finger-spelling such words tiresome, during his degree course.<a href="#cite_note-Martin-47">[47]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Number_of_BSL_users">Number of BSL users</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Number of BSL users" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> In 2016 the British Deaf Association (BDA) says that, based on official statistics, it believes there are 151,000 people who use BSL in the UK, and 87,000 of these are deaf. This figure does not include professional BSL users, interpreters, translators, etc. unless they use BSL at home.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="British_Sign_Language_Dictionary">British Sign Language Dictionary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: British Sign Language Dictionary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The British Sign Language Dictionary was compiled for the British Deaf Association by the Deaf Studies Research Unit at the University of Durham. It depicts over 1,800 signs through pictures and diagrams, each sign accompanied by definitions, explanations and usage. The signs are ordered not alphabetically, as a dictionary of the English language, but rather according to the phonological[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] characteristics of the language. For example, signs that are based on the "fist" handshape come before signs based on the "open hand" handshape.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The dictionary was edited by David Brien, assisted by a team composed by Mary Brennan, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Denmark" title="Clark Denmark">Clark Denmark</a>, Frances Elton, Liz Scott Gibson, Graham Turner and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Miles" title="Dorothy Miles">Dorothy Miles</a>, among others. The Dictionary was published in 1992. The foreword was written by <a href="/wiki/Princess_Diana" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Diana">Princess Diana</a>, who was the patron of the BDA. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Learning_British_Sign_Language">Learning British Sign Language</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Learning British Sign Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> British Sign Language can be learnt from formal institutions throughout the UK and three examination systems exist. Courses are provided by community colleges, local centres for deaf people and private organisations. A teaching qualification program was started by the British Deaf Association in 1984 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">University of Durham</a>, called BSL Tutor Training Course, which closed in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> National awarding organisations run training for BSL teachers. Each of these organisations has its own curriculum, teaching materials and resources. In June 2023, the UK Government launched a consultation for a GCSE in British Sign Language which is planned to begin teaching in schools from September 2025.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becoming_a_BSL_/_English_interpreter">Becoming a BSL / English interpreter</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Becoming a BSL / English interpreter" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are two qualification routes: via post-graduate studies, or via <a href="/wiki/National_Vocational_Qualifications" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vocational Qualifications">National Vocational Qualifications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a> undergraduate courses with specific streams for sign language interpreting exist at several British universities; post-graduate level interpreting diplomas are also on offer from universities and one private company. Course entry requirements vary from no previous knowledge of BSL to NVQ level 6 BSL (or equivalent). The qualification process allows interpreters to register with the National Registers of Communication Professionals with Deaf and Deafblind People (NRCPD), a voluntary regulator. Registrants are asked to self-certify that they have both cleared a DBS (<a href="/wiki/Disclosure_and_Barring_Service" title="Disclosure and Barring Service">Disclosure and Barring Service</a>) check and are covered by professional indemnity insurance. Completing a level 3 BSL language assessment and enrolling on an approved interpreting course allows applications to register as a TSLI (Trainee Sign Language Interpreter). After completing an approved interpreting course, trainees can then apply to achieve RSLI (Registered Sign Language Interpreter) status. RSLIs are currently required by NRCPD to log Continuous Professional Development activities. Post-qualification, specialist training is still considered necessary to work in specific critical domains. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_support_workers">Communication support workers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Communication support workers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Communication support workers (CSWs) are professionals who support the communication of deaf students in education at all ages, and deaf people in many areas of work, using British Sign Language and other communication methods such as <a href="/wiki/Sign_Supported_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign Supported English">Sign Supported English</a>. The qualifications and experience of CSWs vary: some are fully qualified interpreters, others are not. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BSL_apps">BSL apps</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: BSL apps" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are currently two well-established BSL language learning apps and web platforms: Bright BSL and Lingvano. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Let_Sign_Shine_!">Let Sign Shine !</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Let Sign Shine !" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Let Sign Shine is a campaign started by Norfolk teenager Jade Chapman to raise the awareness of BSL and attract signatures for a petition for BSL to be taught in schools. The campaign's petition to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> attracted support from over four thousand people. Chapman was nominated for the Bernard Matthews Youth Award 2014 for her work and devotion to raising awareness of the importance of sign language. Chapman won the education award category and was presented with an award by Olympic swimmer <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Adlington" title="Rebecca Adlington">Rebecca Adlington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Chapman was also awarded an Outstanding Achievement Award from the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Norwich_99.9" title="Radio Norwich 99.9">Radio Norwich 99.9</a> Local Hero Awards on 7 October 2015. The award ceremony featured a performance by <a href="/wiki/Alesha_Dixon" title="Alesha Dixon">Alesha Dixon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Having been donated £1,000 from the Bernard Matthews Youth Award, Let Sign Shine used this to start a British Sign Language course at <a href="/wiki/Dereham_Neatherd_High_School" title="Dereham Neatherd High School">Dereham Neatherd High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspirisles" title="Inspirisles">Inspirisles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in the United Kingdom">Languages in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Lexical Comparison of Signs from American, Australian, British, and New Zealand Sign Languages. In K. Emmorey and H. Lane (Eds), "The signs of language revisited: an anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima". Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Johnston, T. (2002). BSL, Auslan and NZSL: Three sign languages or one? In A. Baker, B. van den Bogaerde & O. Crasborn (Eds.), "Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research: Selected papers from TISLR 2000" (pp. 47-69). Hamburg: Signum Verlag. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bslcorpusproject.org.temp.link/">"Home"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+of+Linguistics+and+Applied+Language+Studies+%26%23124%3B+Victoria+University+of+Wellington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victoria.ac.nz%2Flals%2Fresearch%2Fdeafstudies%2FDSRU%2520site%2FNZSL%2520variation%2Fvariation%2520project.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton-SpenceWoll1998" class="citation book cs1">Sutton-Spence, Rachel; Woll, Bencie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lUsCbazTICIC&q=british%20sign%20language%20older&pg=PA24">The Linguistics of British Sign Language: An Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521631424" title="Special:BookSources/0521631424"><bdi>0521631424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistics+of+British+Sign+Language%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0521631424&rft.aulast=Sutton-Spence&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Woll%2C+Bencie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlUsCbazTICIC%26q%3Dbritish%2520sign%2520language%2520older%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel4.com/4viewers/subtitled-audio-described-and-signed-programming">"Subtitled, Audio Described and Signed programming | Channel 8"</a>. www.channel4.com. 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Belfasttelegraph – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfasttelegraph&rft.atitle=Sign+language+is+needed+more+than+Irish%3A+TUV%27s+Allister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fsign-language-is-needed-more-than-irish-tuvs-allister-36324476.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2020" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Gareth (29 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-52465003">"Bringing coronavirus news to the deaf community"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=What%27s+deoxyribonucleotide+in+sign+language%3F&rft.date=2019-07-21&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-tayside-central-49057331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bda.org.uk/help-resources/">"Help & Resources - British Deaf Association"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Help+%26+Resources+-+British+Deaf+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbda.org.uk%2Fhelp-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrienBrennan1992" class="citation book cs1">Brien, David; Brennan, Mary, eds. (1992). Dictionary of British Sign Language. Durham: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571143466" title="Special:BookSources/0571143466"><bdi>0571143466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+British+Sign+Language&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0571143466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://signteach.eu/index.php/5-8-uk">"5.8 UK"</a>. signteach.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=signteach.eu&rft.atitle=5.8+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsignteach.eu%2Findex.php%2F5-8-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educationhub.blog.gov.uk/2023/06/15/british-sign-language-gcse-everything-you-need-to-know/">"British Sign Language GCSE: Everything you need to know - The Education Hub"</a>. educationhub.blog.gov.uk. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=educationhub.blog.gov.uk&rft.atitle=British+Sign+Language+GCSE%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know+-+The+Education+Hub&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducationhub.blog.gov.uk%2F2023%2F06%2F15%2Fbritish-sign-language-gcse-everything-you-need-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> East Anglian Daily Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/photo_gallery_incredible_young_people_from_norfolk_and_suffolk_are_honoured_with_special_awards_1_3824453">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308170905/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/photo_gallery_incredible_young_people_from_norfolk_and_suffolk_are_honoured_with_special_awards_1_3824453">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Photo Gallery: Incredible young people from Norfolk and Suffolk are honoured with special awards. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Let Sign Shine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308161123/http://letsignshine.com/radio-norwich-local-hero-awards">[2]</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, Norwich Radio Local Hero Award. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-norfolk-32334171">"Teenage campaigner Jade Chapman sets up sign language course with prize"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teenage+campaigner+Jade+Chapman+sets+up+sign+language+course+with+prize.&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-norfolk-32334171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Sign+Language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/40px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/40px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/60px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/120px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/bfi" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/bfi">British Sign Language test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.signbsl.com">BSL Sign Language Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bslsignbank.ucl.ac.uk">BSL SignBank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-sign.co.uk/british-sign-language/dictionary/">BSL Online Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ictsigns.co.uk">Information and Communication Technology Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&oldid=1283148343">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&oldid=1283148343</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=British_Sign_Language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 30 March 2025, at 18:36 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة الإشارة البريطانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الإشارة البريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llingua_de_se%C3%B1es_brit%C3%A1nica" title="Llingua de señes británica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingua de señes británica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezh_ar_Sino%C3%B9_Breizhveurek" title="Yezh ar Sinoù Breizhveurek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezh ar Sinoù Breizhveurek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_di_i_cenni_brettagnica" title="Lingua di i cenni brettagnica – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua di i cenni brettagnica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaith_Arwyddion_Prydain" title="Iaith Arwyddion Prydain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iaith Arwyddion Prydain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="British Sign Language" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Βρετανική νοηματική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετανική νοηματική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ngva_di_s%C3%A8gn_brit%C3%A0nica" title="Lèngva di sègn britànica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lèngva di sègn britànica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_signolingvo" title="Brita signolingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita signolingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زبان اشاره انگلیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان اشاره انگلیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_des_signes_britannique" title="Langue des signes britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langue des signes britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_dai_signse_britaniche" title="Lenghe dai signse britaniche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe dai signse britaniche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्रिटिश सांकेतिक भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश सांकेतिक भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_znakovni_jezik" title="Britanski znakovni jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Britanski znakovni jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_Britania_Raya" title="Bahasa Isyarat Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Isyarat Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_dei_segni_britannica" title="Lingua dei segni britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua dei segni britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gesticulatoria_Britannica" title="Lingua gesticulatoria Britannica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua gesticulatoria Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_di_Segni_Britannega" title="Lengua di Segni Britannega – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua di Segni Britannega" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ngua_dei_s%C3%A8gn_brit%C3%A0nica" title="Lèngua dei sègn britànica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lèngua dei sègn britànica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Isyarat_British" title="Bahasa Isyarat British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Isyarat British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britse_Gebarentaal" title="Britse Gebarentaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Britse Gebarentaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E6%89%8B%E8%A9%B1" title="イギリス手話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス手話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguaggio_d%22e_signe_ngrese" title="Lenguaggio d"e signe ngrese – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lenguaggio d"e signe ngrese" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برطانوی اشاریاں دی زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برطانوی اشاریاں دی زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_dij_segn_brit%C3%A0nica" title="Lenga dij segn britànica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga dij segn britànica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_de_sinais_brit%C3%A2nica" title="Língua de sinais britânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua de sinais britânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_da_segns_britannica" title="Lingua da segns britannica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua da segns britannica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Британский жестовый язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британский жестовый язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_de_sos_Sinnos_Brit%C3%A0nnica" title="Limba de sos Sinnos Britànnica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba de sos Sinnos Britànnica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breetish_Sign_Leid" title="Breetish Sign Leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Breetish Sign Leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_d%C3%AE_Signa_Ngrisi" title="Lingua dî Signa Ngrisi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua dî Signa Ngrisi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Sign Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittil%C3%A4inen_viittomakieli" title="Brittiläinen viittomakieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brittiläinen viittomakieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiskt_teckenspr%C3%A5k" title="Brittiskt teckenspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiskt teckenspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_de_le_signe_bretagniche" title="Lenghe de le signe bretagniche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lenghe de le signe bretagniche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_%C4%B0%C5%9Faret_Dili" title="Britanya İşaret Dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya İşaret Dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برطانوی اشاروں کی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانوی اشاروں کی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_de_i_s%C3%A9gni_brit%C3%A0nega" title="Łéngua de i ségni britànega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua de i ségni britànega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggwahe_hin_Sinyales_Ininglisa" title="Linggwahe hin Sinyales Ininglisa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linggwahe hin Sinyales Ininglisa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="英國手語 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英國手語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="英國手語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英國手語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li 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