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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_characteristics_of_the_active_substance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_characteristics_of_the_active_substance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General characteristics of the active substance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_characteristics_of_the_active_substance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_in_patients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_in_patients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Characteristics in patients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_in_patients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preclinical_safety_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preclinical_safety_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Preclinical safety data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preclinical_safety_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical_manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical_manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pharmaceutical manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical_manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_calcitonin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_calcitonin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses of calcitonin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_of_calcitonin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses of calcitonin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_calcitonin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Treatments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Diagnostics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Calcitonin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كالسيتونين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالسيتونين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Калцитонин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калцитонин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalcitonin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonina" title="Calcitonina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calcitonina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalcitonin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/CALCA" title="CALCA – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="CALCA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Calcitonin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Calcitonin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ކެލްސިޓޯނިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެލްސިޓޯނިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltsitoniin" title="Kaltsitoniin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaltsitoniin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonina" title="Calcitonina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calcitonina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonino" title="Kalcitonino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalcitonino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltzitonina" title="Kaltzitonina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaltzitonina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کلسی‌تونین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلسی‌تونین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonine" title="Calcitonine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calcitonine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailceatoinin" title="Cailceatoinin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cailceatoinin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonina" title="Calcitonina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calcitonina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EC%8B%9C%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%8C" title="칼시토닌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼시토닌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Կալցիտոնին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալցիտոնին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalcitonin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsitonin" title="Kalsitonin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalsitonin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonina" title="Calcitonina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calcitonina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קלציטונין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלציטונין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsitonin" title="Kalsitonin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalsitonin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тирокальцитонин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тирокальцитонин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitoninum" title="Calcitoninum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calcitoninum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalciton%C4%ABns" title="Kalcitonīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalcitonīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalcitonin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Калцитонин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калцитонин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="കാൽസിടോണിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൽസിടോണിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsitonin" title="Kalsitonin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalsitonin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonine" title="Calcitonine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calcitonine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="カルシトニン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルシトニン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcytonina" title="Kalcytonina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalcytonina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonina" title="Calcitonina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calcitonina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin%C4%83" title="Calcitonină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calcitonină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тиреокальцитонин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тиреокальцитонин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalciton%C3%ADn" title="Kalcitonín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalcitonín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalcitonin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kalcitonin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalcitonin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsitoniini" title="Kalsitoniini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalsitoniini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitonin" title="Kalcitonin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalcitonin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கால்சிடோனின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கால்சிடோனின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsitonin" title="Kalsitonin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalsitonin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Peptide hormone secreted by the thyroid</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">CALCA</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_calcitonin_bound_to_receptor_PDB_7TYO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Human_calcitonin_bound_to_receptor_PDB_7TYO.png/250px-Human_calcitonin_bound_to_receptor_PDB_7TYO.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Human_calcitonin_bound_to_receptor_PDB_7TYO.png/375px-Human_calcitonin_bound_to_receptor_PDB_7TYO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Human_calcitonin_bound_to_receptor_PDB_7TYO.png/500px-Human_calcitonin_bound_to_receptor_PDB_7TYO.png 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P70160%20or%20Q99JA0%20or%20P06881">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P70160,Q99JA0,P06881">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="text-align:center"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2JXZ">2JXZ</a>,%%s<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1LS7">1LS7</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/1437">CALCA</a></span>, CT, CGRP-I, CGRP-alpha, KC, PCT, calcitonin related polypeptide alpha, CGRP, CGRP1, CALC1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/114130">114130</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:2151253">2151253</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=88401">88401</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CALCA">CALCA</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000110680">CALCA - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 11 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 11 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 11 (human)">Chromosome 11 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 11 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 11 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_11_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 27.194121212576px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CALCA"><img alt="Genomic location for CALCA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 33.2px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CALCA"><img alt="Genomic location for CALCA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">11p15.2</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">14,966,668 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">14,972,351 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 7 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 7 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 7 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 7 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 7 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 225.61915314885px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CALCA"><img alt="Genomic location for CALCA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 231.6px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for CALCA"><img alt="Genomic location for CALCA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">7 F1|7 59.99 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Start</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">114,230,713 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">End</th><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks">114,235,592 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000110680">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">spinal ganglia</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">trigeminal ganglion</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">quadriceps femoris muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">vastus lateralis muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cerebellar vermis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">islet of Langerhans</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">human kidney</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Epithelium of choroid plexus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tibialis anterior muscle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right lobe of liver</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000030669">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">facial motor nucleus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">motor neuron</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lumbar spinal ganglion</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">anterior horn of spinal cord</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lactiferous gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">trachea</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">trigeminal ganglion</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">vestibular membrane of cochlear duct</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000110680">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_CALCA_210728_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PBB_GE_CALCA_210728_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_CALCA_210728_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PBB_GE_CALCA_210728_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_CALCA_210728_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PBB_GE_CALCA_210728_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_CALCA_210728_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_CALCA_210727_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PBB_GE_CALCA_210727_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_CALCA_210727_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PBB_GE_CALCA_210727_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_CALCA_210727_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PBB_GE_CALCA_210727_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_CALCA_210727_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_CALCA_217495_x_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PBB_GE_CALCA_217495_x_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_CALCA_217495_x_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PBB_GE_CALCA_217495_x_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_CALCA_217495_x_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PBB_GE_CALCA_217495_x_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_CALCA_217495_x_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/796/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005179">hormone activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031716">calcitonin receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042802">identical protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005102">signaling receptor binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044877">protein-containing complex binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005622">intracellular anatomical structure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576">extracellular region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030424">axon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043195">terminal bouton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043025">soma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043005">neuron projection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634">nucleus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615">extracellular space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1990090">cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051482">positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045986">negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008016">regulation of heart contraction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002548">monocyte chemotaxis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045776">negative regulation of blood pressure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007204">positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071356">cellular response to tumor necrosis factor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007568">ageing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042311">vasodilation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006874">cellular calcium ion homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009408">response to heat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031645">negative regulation of nervous system process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045778">positive regulation of ossification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007190">activation of adenylate cyclase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002027">regulation of heart rate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050965">detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030279">negative regulation of ossification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048265">response to pain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001984">artery vasodilation involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007631">feeding behavior</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006954">inflammatory response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007218">neuropeptide signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045892">negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032147">activation of protein kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007566">embryo implantation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045779">negative regulation of bone resorption</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010469">regulation of signaling receptor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007186">G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007189">adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051480">regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007159">leukocyte cell-cell adhesion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002031">G protein-coupled receptor internalization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032730">positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001878">response to yeast</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045671">negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007267">cell-cell signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019731">antibacterial humoral response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045651">positive regulation of macrophage differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031623">receptor internalization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008217">regulation of blood pressure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006468">protein phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001944">vasculature development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050829">defense response to Gram-negative bacterium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001935">endothelial cell proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032757">positive regulation of interleukin-8 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001976">nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0010523">negative regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045087">innate immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043542">endothelial cell migration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019732">antifungal humoral response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0050830">defense response to Gram-positive bacterium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061844">antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097647">amylin receptor signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1990408">calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor signaling pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#ddd, #404244) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=796&rn=1">796</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=12310&rn=1">12310</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000110680;db=core">ENSG00000110680</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000030669;db=core">ENSMUSG00000030669</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P06881">P06881</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P70160">P70160</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q99JA0">Q99JA0</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001033952">NM_001033952</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001033953">NM_001033953</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001741">NM_001741</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001378949">NM_001378949</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001378950">NM_001378950</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001033954">NM_001033954</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_007587">NM_007587</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001289444">NM_001289444</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001305616">NM_001305616</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001029125.1">NP_001029125.1</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001029126">NP_001029126</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001276373">NP_001276373</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001292545">NP_001292545</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_031613">NP_031613</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001029126.1">NP_001029126.1</a><br /></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001276373.1">NP_001276373.1</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr11:14966668-14972351">Chr 11: 14.97 – 14.97 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr7:114230713-114235592">Chr 7: 114.23 – 114.24 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:light-dark(#c3fdb8, #003500) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14860521" class="extiw" title="d:Q14860521">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:light-dark(#eee, #27292d) !important;color:inherit;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14860522" class="extiw" title="d:Q14860522">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Calcitonin</b> is a 32 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Peptide_hormone" title="Peptide hormone">peptide hormone</a> secreted by <a href="/wiki/Parafollicular_cell" title="Parafollicular cell">parafollicular cells</a> (also known as C cells) of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Endostyle" title="Endostyle">endostyle</a>) in humans and other <a href="/wiki/Chordates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordates">chordates</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Ultimopharyngeal_body" title="Ultimopharyngeal body">ultimopharyngeal body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Costoff_Calcitonin_Structure_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costoff_Calcitonin_Structure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It acts to reduce blood <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (Ca<sup>2+</sup>), opposing the effects of <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">parathyroid hormone</a> (PTH).<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-4160-2328-3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-4160-2328-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its importance in humans has not been as well established as its importance in other animals, as its function is usually not significant in the regulation of normal <a href="/wiki/Calcium_metabolism" title="Calcium metabolism">calcium homeostasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Costoff_Calcitonin_Biological_Actions_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costoff_Calcitonin_Biological_Actions-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin-like_protein_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcitonin-like protein family">calcitonin-like protein family</a>. </p><p>Historically calcitonin has also been called thyrocalcitonin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosynthesis_and_regulation">Biosynthesis and regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis and regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcitonin is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Proteolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteolytic">proteolytic</a> cleavage of a larger <a href="/wiki/Prepropeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepropeptide">prepropeptide</a>, which is the product of the CALC1 gene (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALCA">CALCA</a></i>). It is functionally an antagonist with PTH and Vitamin D3. The CALC1 gene belongs to a superfamily of related protein hormone precursors including <a href="/wiki/Islet_amyloid_precursor_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Islet amyloid precursor protein">islet amyloid precursor protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">calcitonin gene-related peptide</a>, and the precursor of <a href="/wiki/Adrenomedullin" title="Adrenomedullin">adrenomedullin</a>. </p><p>Secretion of calcitonin is stimulated by: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>an increase in serum Calcium [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">gastrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentagastrin" title="Pentagastrin">pentagastrin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17114906_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17114906-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calcium_metabolism" title="Calcium metabolism">Calcium metabolism</a></div> <p>The hormone participates in <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) metabolism. In many ways, calcitonin counteracts <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">parathyroid hormone</a> (PTH) and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>. </p><p>More specifically, calcitonin lowers blood Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels in two ways: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Major effect: Inhibits <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclast</a> activity in <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, which break down the bone<sup id="cite_ref-Costoff_Calcitonin_Bone_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Costoff_Calcitonin_Bone-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Minor effect: Inhibits <a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron">renal tubular cell</a> reabsorption of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, allowing them to be excreted in the <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_Chapter_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Chapter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>High concentrations of calcitonin may be able to increase urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate via the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">renal</a> tubules.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9058369_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9058369-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to marked <a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">hypocalcemia</a>. However, this is a minor effect with no physiological significance in humans. It is also a short-lived effect because the kidneys become resistant to calcitonin, as demonstrated by the kidney's unaffected excretion of calcium in patients with thyroid tumors that secrete excessive calcitonin.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its skeleton-preserving actions, calcitonin protects against calcium loss from the skeleton during periods of calcium mobilization, such as <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and, especially, <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>. The protective mechanisms include the direct inhibition of bone resorption and the indirect effect through the inhibition of the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. The reason provided is that <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> induces the release of PTH related peptide which enhances bone resorption, but is still under investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16160737_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16160737-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18627265_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18627265-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16675524_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16675524-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other effects are in preventing postprandial <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a> resulting from absorption of Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Also, calcitonin inhibits food intake in rats and monkeys, and may have <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a> action involving the regulation of feeding and appetite. </p><p>Calcitonin lowers blood calcium and phosphorus mainly through its inhibition of osteoclasts. <a href="/wiki/Osteoblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoblasts">Osteoblasts</a> do not have calcitonin receptors and are therefore not directly affected by calcitonin levels. However, since bone resorption and bone formation are coupled processes, eventually calcitonin's inhibition of osteoclastic activity leads to increased <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblastic</a> activity (as an indirect effect).<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Receptor">Receptor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_calcitonin_recptor-Gs_complex_PDB_7TYO.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Human_calcitonin_recptor-Gs_complex_PDB_7TYO.png/220px-Human_calcitonin_recptor-Gs_complex_PDB_7TYO.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Human_calcitonin_recptor-Gs_complex_PDB_7TYO.png/330px-Human_calcitonin_recptor-Gs_complex_PDB_7TYO.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Human_calcitonin_recptor-Gs_complex_PDB_7TYO.png/440px-Human_calcitonin_recptor-Gs_complex_PDB_7TYO.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="1284" /></a><figcaption>Structure of human calcitonin recptor-G<sub>s</sub> complex. The transmembrane calcitonin receptor (blue) is bound to human calcitonin (red) and the G<sub>s</sub> complex (yellow). <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/7TYO">7TYO</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">calcitonin receptor</a> is a <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> localized to <a href="/wiki/Osteoclasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoclasts">osteoclasts</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3016026_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3016026-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well kidney and brain cells. It is coupled to a <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">G<sub>s</sub>α subunit</a>, thus stimulating <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_AMP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic AMP">cAMP</a> production by <a href="/wiki/Adenylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenylate cyclase">adenylate cyclase</a> in target cells. It may also affect the ovaries in women and the testes in men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcitonin was first purified in 1962 by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harold_Copp" title="Douglas Harold Copp">Douglas Harold Copp</a> and B. Cheney at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Copp_1962_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copp_1962-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially thought to be secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">parathyroid gland</a> but was shown by <a href="/wiki/Iain_Macintyre_(endocrinologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iain Macintyre (endocrinologist)">Iain Macintyre</a> and his team at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, to be secreted by <a href="/wiki/Parafollicular_cell" title="Parafollicular cell">parafollicular cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid gland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Copp named the discovered hormone calcitonin because of its role in 'maintaining normal calcium tone'.<sup id="cite_ref-Copp_1962_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copp_1962-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcitonin <a href="/wiki/Assay" title="Assay">assay</a> is used in identifying patients with nodular <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid diseases">thyroid diseases</a>. It is helpful in making an early diagnosis of medullary carcinoma of thyroid. A malignancy of the parafollicular cells, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Medullary_thyroid_cancer" title="Medullary thyroid cancer">medullary thyroid cancer</a> (MTC), typically produces an elevated serum calcitonin level. Prognosis of MTC depends on early detection and treatment. </p><p>Calcitonin also has significantly impacted <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> encoding calcitonin was the first gene discovered in mammalian cells to be <a href="/wiki/Alternatively_spliced" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternatively spliced">alternatively spliced</a>, now known to be a ubiquitous mechanism in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7207587_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7207587-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid6952224_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6952224-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcitonin has clinically been used for metabolic bone disorders for more than 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Eligen®_Technology_for_Oral_Delivery_of_Proteins_and_Peptides_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eligen®_Technology_for_Oral_Delivery_of_Proteins_and_Peptides-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salmon calcitonin is used for the treatment of: </p> <ul><li>Postmenopausal <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercalcaemia" title="Hypercalcaemia">Hypercalcaemia</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_metastases" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone metastases">Bone metastases</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_bone" title="Paget's disease of bone">Paget's disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom limb pain">Phantom limb pain</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10332543_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10332543-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It has been investigated as a possible non-operative treatment for <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_stenosis#Medication" title="Lumbar spinal stenosis">spinal stenosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20428988_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20428988-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following information is from the UK <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Medicines_Compendium" title="Electronic Medicines Compendium">Electronic Medicines Compendium</a><sup id="cite_ref-UKEMC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKEMC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics_of_the_active_substance">General characteristics of the active substance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General characteristics of the active substance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salmon calcitonin is rapidly absorbed and eliminated. Peak plasma concentrations are attained within the first hour of administration. </p><p>Animal studies have shown that calcitonin is primarily metabolised via proteolysis in the kidney following parenteral administration. The metabolites lack the specific <a href="/wiki/Biological_activity" title="Biological activity">biological activity</a> of calcitonin. Bioavailability following subcutaneous and intramuscular injection in humans is high and similar for the two routes of administration (71% and 66%, respectively). </p><p>Calcitonin has short absorption and elimination half-lives of 10–15 minutes and 50–80 minutes, respectively. Salmon calcitonin is primarily and almost exclusively degraded in the kidneys, forming pharmacologically inactive fragments of the molecule. Therefore, the metabolic clearance is much lower in patients with end-stage kidney failure than in healthy subjects. However, the clinical relevance of this finding is not known. Plasma protein binding is 30% to 40%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics_in_patients">Characteristics in patients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Characteristics in patients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a relationship between the subcutaneous dose of calcitonin and peak plasma concentrations. Following parenteral administration of 100 IU calcitonin, peak plasma concentration lies between about 200 and 400 pg/ml. Higher blood levels may be associated with increased incidence of nausea, vomiting, and secretory diarrhea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preclinical_safety_data">Preclinical safety data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preclinical safety data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional long-term toxicity, reproduction, <a href="/wiki/Mutagenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutagenicity">mutagenicity</a>, and carcinogenicity studies have been performed in laboratory animals. Salmon calcitonin is devoid of embryotoxic, teratogenic, and mutagenic potential. </p><p>An increased incidence of pituitary adenomas has been reported in rats given synthetic salmon calcitonin for 1 year. This is considered a species-specific effect and of no clinical relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salmon calcitonin does not cross the placental barrier. </p><p>In lactating animals given calcitonin, suppression of milk production has been observed. Calcitonin is secreted into the milk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmaceutical_manufacture">Pharmaceutical manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcitonin was extracted from the ultimobranchial glands (thyroid-like glands) of fish, particularly salmon. <a href="/wiki/Salcatonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Salcatonin">Salmon calcitonin</a> resembles human calcitonin, but is more active. At present, it is produced either by <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> technology or by chemical <a href="/wiki/Peptide_synthesis" title="Peptide synthesis">peptide synthesis</a>. The pharmacological properties of the synthetic and recombinant peptides have been demonstrated to be qualitatively and quantitatively equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-UKEMC_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKEMC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_calcitonin">Uses of calcitonin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses of calcitonin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatments">Treatments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcitonin_Bones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Calcitonin_Bones.png/220px-Calcitonin_Bones.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Calcitonin_Bones.png/330px-Calcitonin_Bones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Calcitonin_Bones.png/440px-Calcitonin_Bones.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Calcitonin affecting the spine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Calcitonin can be used therapeutically for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15301040_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15301040-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a recent clinical study, subcutaneous injections of calcitonin have reduced the incidence of fractures and reduced the decrease in bone mass in women with type 2 diabetes complicated with osteoporosis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25410076_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25410076-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subcutaneous injections of calcitonin in patients with <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> resulted in significant decreases in irritability, euphoria and hyperactivity and hence calcitonin holds promise for treating <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9549251_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9549251-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However no further work on this potential application of calcitonin has been reported. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnostics">Diagnostics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diagnostics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It may be used diagnostically as a <a href="/wiki/Tumor_marker" title="Tumor marker">tumor marker</a> for <a href="/wiki/Medullary_thyroid_cancer" title="Medullary thyroid cancer">medullary thyroid cancer</a>, in which high calcitonin levels may be present and elevated levels after surgery may indicate recurrence. It may even be used on <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> samples from suspicious lesions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swollen</a>) to establish whether they are <a href="/wiki/Metastases" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastases">metastases</a> of the original cancer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cutoff_(reference_value)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutoff (reference value)">Cutoffs</a> for calcitonin to distinguish cases with medullary thyroid cancer have been suggested to be as follows, with a higher value increasing the suspicion of medullary thyroid cancer:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15388660_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15388660-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>females: 5 ng/L or pg/mL</li> <li>males: 12 ng/L or pg/mL</li> <li>children under 6 months of age: 40 ng/L or pg/mL</li> <li>children between 6 months and 3 years of age: 15 ng/L or pg/mL</li></ul> <p>When over 3 years of age, adult cutoffs may be used </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> assessed the diagnostic accuracy of basal and stimulated calcitonin for Medullary Thyroid cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although both basal and combined basal and stimulated calcitonin testing presented high accuracy (<a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivity</a>: between 82% and 100%; <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">specificity</a>: between 97.2% and 100%), these results had a high risk of bias due to design flaws of included studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the value of routine testing of calcitonin for diagnosis and prognosis of Medullary Thyroid Cancer remains uncertain and questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increased levels of calcitonin have also been reported for various other conditions. They include: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C-cell_hyperplasia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-cell hyperplasia (page does not exist)">C-cell hyperplasia</a>, nonthyroidal oat cell carcinoma, nonthyroidal carcinoma and other nonthyroidal malignancies, <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic kidney failure">chronic kidney failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypergastrinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergastrinemia">hypergastrinemia</a>, and other gastrointestinal disorders, and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary disease">pulmonary disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone of 32 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 3454.93 daltons. Its structure comprises a single alpha helix.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16766525_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16766525-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative splicing of the gene coding for calcitonin produces a distantly related peptide of 37 amino acids, called <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">calcitonin gene-related peptide</a> (CGRP), beta type.<sup id="cite_ref-urlSMART:_CALCITONIN_domain_annotation_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlSMART:_CALCITONIN_domain_annotation-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following are the amino acid sequences of salmon and human calcitonin:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>salmon:</li></ul> <p>Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro </p> <ul><li>human:</li></ul> <p>Cys-Gly-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Met-Leu-Gly-Thr-Tyr-Thr-Gln-Asp-Phe-Asn-Lys-Phe-His-Thr-Phe-Pro-Gln-Thr-Ala-Ile-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Pro </p><p>Compared to salmon calcitonin, human calcitonin differs at 16 residues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the injectable and nasal spray dosage forms of the salmon calcitonin, noninvasive oral formulations of the peptide are currently under clinical development. The short-half-life of this peptide in serum triggered several attempts to enhance plasma concentrations. The peptide is complexed with a macromolecule that acts as an absorption enhancer through the transcellular pathway and, additionally, protects the peptide from the harsh pH and enzymatic conditions of the GI tract. This complexation is weak, noncovalent and reversible and the drug remains chemically unmodified. After passage through the intestine, the delivery agent dissociates from the peptide. One of the extensively studied oral formulations is the disodium salts of 5-CNAC oral calcitonin. This novel oral platform in a number of clinical trials at different phases has demonstrated promising enhanced pharmacokinetic profile, high bioavailability, well-established safety and comparable efficacy to that of nasal calcitonin especially for treatment of postmenopausal bone loss.<sup id="cite_ref-Eligen®_Technology_for_Oral_Delivery_of_Proteins_and_Peptides_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eligen®_Technology_for_Oral_Delivery_of_Proteins_and_Peptides-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Procalcitonin" title="Procalcitonin">Procalcitonin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SMART+%28a+Simple+Modular+Architecture+Research+Tool%29&rft.atitle=calcitonin+domain+annotation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmart.embl-heidelberg.de%2Fsmart%2Fdo_annotation.pl%3FBLAST%3DDUMMY%26DOMAIN%3DSM00113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcitonin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prospecbio.com/calcitonin_salmon">"Salmon calicitonin"</a>. <i>prospecbio</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prospecbio&rft.atitle=Salmon+calicitonin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospecbio.com%2Fcalcitonin_salmon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcitonin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacIntyreAlevizakiBevisZaidi1987" class="citation journal cs1">MacIntyre I, Alevizaki M, Bevis PJ, Zaidi M (April 1987). "Calcitonin and the peptides from the calcitonin gene". <i>Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research</i>. <b>217</b> (217): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00003086-198704000-00007">10.1097/00003086-198704000-00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3549095">3549095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Orthopaedics+and+Related+Research&rft.atitle=Calcitonin+and+the+peptides+from+the+calcitonin+gene&rft.volume=217&rft.issue=217&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1987-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00003086-198704000-00007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3549095&rft.aulast=MacIntyre&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Alevizaki%2C+M&rft.au=Bevis%2C+PJ&rft.au=Zaidi%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcitonin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_AngelantonioGiniatullinCostaSokolova2003" class="citation journal cs1">Di Angelantonio S, Giniatullin R, Costa V, Sokolova E, Nistri A (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1573932">"Modulation of neuronal nicotinic receptor function by the neuropeptides CGRP and substance P on autonomic nerve cells"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>139</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1061–</span>1073. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0705337">10.1038/sj.bjp.0705337</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1573932">1573932</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12871824">12871824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Modulation+of+neuronal+nicotinic+receptor+function+by+the+neuropeptides+CGRP+and+substance+P+on+autonomic+nerve+cells&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1061-%3C%2Fspan%3E1073&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1573932%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12871824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0705337&rft.aulast=Di+Angelantonio&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Giniatullin%2C+R&rft.au=Costa%2C+V&rft.au=Sokolova%2C+E&rft.au=Nistri%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1573932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcitonin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlaySexton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Findlay DM, Sexton PM (December 2004). "Calcitonin". <i>Growth Factors</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">217–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08977190410001728033">10.1080/08977190410001728033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15621724">15621724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218910711">218910711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Growth+Factors&rft.atitle=Calcitonin&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218910711%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15621724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08977190410001728033&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Sexton%2C+PM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcitonin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSponholzSakrReinhartBrunkhorst2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sponholz C, Sakr Y, Reinhart K, Brunkhorst F (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751067">"Diagnostic value and prognostic implications of serum procalcitonin after cardiac surgery: a systematic review of the literature"</a>. <i>Critical Care</i>. <b>10</b> (5): R145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fcc5067">10.1186/cc5067</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1751067">1751067</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17038199">17038199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Care&rft.atitle=Diagnostic+value+and+prognostic+implications+of+serum+procalcitonin+after+cardiac+surgery%3A+a+systematic+review+of+the+literature&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=R145&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1751067%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17038199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fcc5067&rft.aulast=Sponholz&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Sakr%2C+Y&rft.au=Reinhart%2C+K&rft.au=Brunkhorst%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1751067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcitonin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderLam2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider HG, Lam QT (August 2007). "Procalcitonin for the clinical laboratory: a review". <i>Pathology</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">383–</span>390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00313020701444564">10.1080/00313020701444564</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17676478">17676478</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28018130">28018130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pathology&rft.atitle=Procalcitonin+for+the+clinical+laboratory%3A+a+review&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E390&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28018130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17676478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00313020701444564&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=HG&rft.au=Lam%2C+QT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcitonin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraniNescaDel_SordoCalvanese2012" class="citation journal cs1">Grani G, Nesca A, Del Sordo M, Calvanese A, Carbotta G, Bianchini M, et al. (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FERC-12-0013">"Interpretation of serum calcitonin in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis"</a>. <i>Endocrine-Related Cancer</i>. <b>19</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Bioscientifica" title="Bioscientifica">Bioscientifica</a>: <span class="nowrap">345–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FERC-12-0013">10.1530/ERC-12-0013</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22399011">22399011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine-Related+Cancer&rft.atitle=Interpretation+of+serum+calcitonin+in+patients+with+chronic+autoimmune+thyroiditis&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2FERC-12-0013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22399011&rft.aulast=Grani&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Nesca%2C+A&rft.au=Del+Sordo%2C+M&rft.au=Calvanese%2C+A&rft.au=Carbotta%2C+G&rft.au=Bianchini%2C+M&rft.au=Fumarola%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1530%252FERC-12-0013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalcitonin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calcitonin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Calcitonin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macromoleculeinsights.com/calcitonin.php">The Calcitonin Protein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> 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/>glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hypothalamic–pituitary250" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–<br />pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone" title="Growth hormone–releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanin concentrating hormone">MCH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Vasopressin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">POMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide" title="Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide">CLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">Adrenal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid hormones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">T<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" title="Thyroxine">T<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis">Thyroid axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">PTH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Gonadal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">Relaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor" title="Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor">GnSAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">HPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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title="Thymopoietin">Thymopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> 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title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peptides:_neuropeptides82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Template:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropeptides" title="Template talk:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropeptides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peptides:_neuropeptides82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">neuropeptides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hormones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Hormones" title="Template:Hormones">hormones</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_peptide" title="Opioid peptide">Opioid peptides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin" title="Dynorphin">Dynorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A1%E2%80%938" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynorphin A1–8">Dynorphin A<sub>1–8</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Neoendorphin">α-Neoendorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Neoendorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Neoendorphin">β-Neoendorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin" title="Endomorphin">Endomorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Endorphin">α-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Endorphin">γ-Endorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Enkephalin" title="Enkephalin">Enkephalins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidorphin" title="Amidorphin">Amidorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin" title="Hemorphin">Hemorphin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiorphin" title="Opiorphin">Opiorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> neuropeptides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin">Kinins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinins</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_peptides" title="Tachykinin peptides">Tachykinins</a>: mammal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokinin_A" title="Neurokinin A">Neurokinin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurokinin_B" title="Neurokinin B">Neurokinin B</a></li></ul></dd> <dd>amphibian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kassinin" title="Kassinin">Kassinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physalaemin" title="Physalaemin">Physalaemin</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Neuromedins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B" title="Neuromedin B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_N" title="Neuromedin N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_S" title="Neuromedin S">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U" title="Neuromedin U">U</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Orexin" title="Orexin">Orexins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orexin-A" title="Orexin-A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexin B">B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">Angiotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin" title="Bombesin">Bombesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">Calcitonin gene-related peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnosine" title="Carnosine">Carnosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript" title="Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript">Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sleep-inducing_peptide" title="Delta-sleep-inducing peptide">Delta-sleep-inducing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FMRFamide" title="FMRFamide">FMRFamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin" title="Galanin">Galanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin-like_peptide" title="Galanin-like peptide">Galanin-like peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide">Gastrin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide AF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide AF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF" title="Neuropeptide FF">Neuropeptide FF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_SF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide SF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide SF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuropeptide_VF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuropeptide VF (page does not exist)">Neuropeptide VF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S" title="Neuropeptide S">Neuropeptide S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y" title="Neuropeptide Y">Neuropeptide Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysins" title="Neurophysins">Neurophysins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin" title="Neurotensin">Neurotensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase-activating_peptide" title="Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide">Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RVD-Hp%CE%B1" title="RVD-Hpα">RVD-Hpα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGF" title="VGF">VGF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neurotransmitters114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Template:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotransmitters" title="Template talk:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotransmitters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neurotransmitters114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Major excitatory /<br />inhibitory systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Glutamate system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agmatine" title="Agmatine">Agmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid (aspartate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)" title="Glutamate (neurotransmitter)">Glutamic acid (glutamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">Glutathione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Nitrosoglutathione" title="S-Nitrosoglutathione">GSNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione_disulfide" title="Glutathione disulfide">GSSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartic_acid" title="N-Acetylaspartic acid">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylaspartylglutamic_acid" title="N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid">NAAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">GABA system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Amino-%CE%B2-hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Glycine system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">α-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotaurine" title="Hypotaurine">Hypotaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Hydroxybutyric_acid" title="Γ-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-HCA" title="T-HCA">T-HCA (GHC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">Biogenic amines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Monoamines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Hydroxymelatonin" title="6-Hydroxymelatonin">6-OHM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Epinephrine (adrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylserotonin" title="N-Acetylserotonin">NAS (normelatonin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Trace amines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Iodothyronamine" title="3-Iodothyronamine">3-Iodothyronamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylphenethylamine" title="N-Methylphenethylamine">N-Methylphenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyltryptamine" title="N-Methyltryptamine">N-Methyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfenefrine" title="Norfenefrine"><i>m</i>-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopamine" title="Octopamine"><i>p</i>-Octopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine" title="Phenylethanolamine">Phenylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synephrine" title="Synephrine">Synephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">Tryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Tyramine" title="Meta-Tyramine"><i>m</i>-Tyramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine"><i>p</i>-Tyramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">Neuropeptides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropeptides" title="Template:Neuropeptides">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipid</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Endocannabinoids33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Endocannabinoids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonoylglycerol" title="2-Arachidonoylglycerol">2-AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Arachidonyl_glyceryl_ether" title="2-Arachidonyl glyceryl ether">2-AGE (noladin ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Arachidonoyl_lysophosphatidylinositol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylinositol (page does not exist)">2-ALPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Oleoylglycerol" title="2-Oleoylglycerol">2-OG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonoyl_serotonin" title="Arachidonoyl serotonin">AA-5-HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide (AEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docosatetraenoylethanolamide" title="Docosatetraenoylethanolamide">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidylinositol" title="Lysophosphatidylinositol">LPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">NADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonylglycine" title="N-Arachidonylglycine">NAGly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">OEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleamide" title="Oleamide">Oleamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoylethanolamide" title="Palmitoylethanolamide">PEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RVD-Hp%CE%B1" title="RVD-Hpα">RVD-Hpα</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stearoylethanolamide" title="Stearoylethanolamide">SEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virodhamine" title="Virodhamine">Virodhamine (O-AEA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">Neurosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Template:Steroid hormones">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nucleobase" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleobase">Nucleobase</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nucleosides11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Nucleosides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adenosine_system20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a> system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate" title="Adenosine monophosphate">AMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamin</a>-derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cholinergic_system18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Cholinergic system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gasotransmitters16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Gasotransmitters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide (CO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide (NO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candidates10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide (COS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tumor_markers157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tumor_markers" title="Template:Tumor markers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tumor_markers" title="Template talk:Tumor markers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tumor_markers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tumor markers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tumor_markers157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tumor_marker" title="Tumor marker">Tumor markers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">Lymphoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neprilysin" title="Neprilysin">Neprilysin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphosarcoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphosarcoma">Lymphosarcoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD79A" title="CD79A">CD79a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Endocrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">Thyroid cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroglobulin" title="Thyroglobulin">Thyroglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_thyroid_cancer" title="Medullary thyroid cancer">Medullary thyroid cancer</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen">Carcinoembryonic antigen</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pheochromocytoma" title="Pheochromocytoma">Pheochromocytoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normetanephrine" title="Normetanephrine">Normetanephrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enolase_2" title="Enolase 2">Enolase 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_tumor" title="Neuroendocrine tumor">Neuroendocrine tumors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synaptophysin" title="Synaptophysin">Synaptophysin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromogranin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromogranin A">Chromogranin A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma" title="Neuroblastoma">Neuroblastoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homovanillic_acid" title="Homovanillic acid">Homovanillic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nervous system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">Brain tumor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen" title="Proliferating cell nuclear antigen">PCNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astrocytoma" title="Astrocytoma">Astrocytoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glial_fibrillary_acidic_protein" title="Glial fibrillary acidic protein">Glial fibrillary acidic protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">NC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Melanoma" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S100_protein" title="S100 protein">S100 protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanoma_inhibitory_activity" title="Melanoma inhibitory activity">Melanoma inhibitory activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cardiovascular/<br />respiratory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen">Carcinoembryonic antigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enolase_2" title="Enolase 2">Enolase 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase" title="Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase">Autocrine motility factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPG80" title="HPG80">hPG80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemangiosarcoma" title="Hemangiosarcoma">Hemangiosarcoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factor_VIII" title="Factor VIII">Factor VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digestive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colorectal cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CA19-9" title="CA19-9">CA19-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen">Carcinoembryonic antigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPG80" title="HPG80">hPG80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreatic cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CA19-9" title="CA19-9">CA19-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoembryonic_antigen" title="Carcinoembryonic antigen">Carcinoembryonic antigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CA_242_(tumor_marker)" title="CA 242 (tumor marker)">CA 242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor-associated_glycoprotein_72" title="Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72">Tumor-associated glycoprotein 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPG80" title="HPG80">hPG80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">Hepatocellular carcinoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein" title="Alpha-fetoprotein">Alpha-fetoprotein</a>/<a href="/wiki/AFP-L3" title="AFP-L3">AFP-L3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproductive/<br />urinary/<br />breast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian tumor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Surface_epithelial-stromal_tumor" title="Surface epithelial-stromal tumor">Surface epithelial-stromal tumor</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CA-125" class="mw-redirect" title="CA-125">CA-125</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Embryonal_carcinoma" title="Embryonal carcinoma">EC</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD30" title="CD30">CD30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endodermal_sinus_tumor" title="Endodermal sinus tumor">EST</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein" title="Alpha-fetoprotein">Alpha-fetoprotein</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Choriocarcinoma" title="Choriocarcinoma">Choriocarcinoma</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgerminoma" title="Dysgerminoma">Dysgerminoma</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">LDH</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sertoli%E2%80%93Leydig_cell_tumour" title="Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour">Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">GCT</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">Inhibin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HPG80" title="HPG80">hPG80</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">Testicular cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">βhCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein" title="Alpha-fetoprotein">Alpha-fetoprotein</a>/<a href="/wiki/AFP-L3" title="AFP-L3">AFP-L3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD30" title="CD30">CD30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPG80" title="HPG80">hPG80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen" title="Prostate-specific antigen">Prostate-specific antigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_acid_phosphatase" title="Prostatic acid phosphatase">Prostatic acid phosphatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_carboxypeptidase_II" title="Glutamate carboxypeptidase II">Glutamate carboxypeptidase II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERBB3" title="ERBB3">erbB-3 receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_prostate_cancer_antigen-2" title="Early prostate cancer antigen-2">Early prostate cancer antigen-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPINK1" title="SPINK1">SPINK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOLM1" title="GOLM1">GOLM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCA3" title="PCA3">PCA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMPRSS2" title="TMPRSS2">TMPRSS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPG80" title="HPG80">hPG80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_tumor" title="Germ cell tumor">Germ cell tumor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_NANOG" title="Homeobox protein NANOG">NANOG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">Bladder cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ERBB3" title="ERBB3">erbB-3 receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMP22" title="NMP22">NMP22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CA_15-3" title="CA 15-3">CA 15-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">erbB-2 receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERBB3" title="ERBB3">erbB-3 receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathepsin_D" title="Cathepsin D">Cathepsin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CA_27-29" title="CA 27-29">CA 27-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPG80" title="HPG80">hPG80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General histology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">Sarcoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimentin" title="Vimentin">Vimentin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">Carcinoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytokeratin" title="Cytokeratin">Cytokeratin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musculoskeletal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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