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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Next_Generation_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Next_Generation_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Next Generation Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Next_Generation_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Online editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Indexing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مجلة علماء الذرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلة علماء الذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8" title="বুলেটিন অফ দ্য অ্যাটমিক সাইন্টিস্ট্‌স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুলেটিন অফ দ্য অ্যাটমিক সাইন্টিস্ট্‌স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%9E-%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Бюлетэнь навукоўцаў-атамшчыкаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бюлетэнь навукоўцаў-атамшчыкаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ביטאון מדעני האטום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביטאון מדעני האטום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%B1" title="原子力科学者会報 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子力科学者会報" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Бюллетень учёных-атомщиков – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бюллетень учёных-атомщиков" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists" title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5" title="原子科学家公报 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原子科学家公报" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1004412#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Academic journal</div><div class="infobox-journal-search" style="display:none;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;"><i><span class="fn">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</span></i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.stitle=Bull.+At.+Sci.&rft.coden=BASIAP&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft.eissn=1938-3282&rft_id=info:lccn/48034039&rft_id=info:oclcnum/470268256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fcurrent-issue%2F"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_Atomic_Scientists_Cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bulletin_Atomic_Scientists_Cover.jpg/200px-Bulletin_Atomic_Scientists_Cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bulletin_Atomic_Scientists_Cover.jpg/300px-Bulletin_Atomic_Scientists_Cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bulletin_Atomic_Scientists_Cover.jpg/400px-Bulletin_Atomic_Scientists_Cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The cover of the <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i> has featured the famous <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a> since it debuted in 1947, when it was set at seven minutes to midnight.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="text-align:left;">Science policy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">Edited</a> by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">John Mecklin<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Publication details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">Former name(s)</span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><div style="font-style:italic;">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">1945–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Publisher</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor and Francis</a> for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature#Frequency" title="Periodical literature">Frequency</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">Bimonthly</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;">2.092 (2020)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Standard abbreviations<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marcinwrochna.github.io/abbrevIso/?search=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists">ISO 4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issn.org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Academic_Journals/Bluebook_journals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Academic Journals/Bluebook journals">Bluebook</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westerncriminology.org/publications/bluebook-abbreviations/">alt</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0096-3402%5BISSN%5D">NLM</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists%5BJournal%5D">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf">MathSciNet</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/search/journals.html?journalName=0096-3402&Submit=Search">alt</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Paid subscription required"><img alt="Paid subscription required" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947" /></span></span>)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">ISO 4</a></th><td class="infobox-data identifier" style="text-align:left;"><i>Bull. At. Sci.</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Indexing<br /><span class="infobox-journal-search plainlinks" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=0096-3402">CODEN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=issns&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=1938-3282">alt</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=titles&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists">alt2</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/journals/00963402">JSTOR</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/showJournals?browseType=title">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=0096-3402&argType1=all&searchCode1=KNUM&searchType=2">LCCN</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg1=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&argType1=all&searchCode1=KTIL&searchType=2">alt</a>)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miar.ub.edu/issn/0096-3402">MIAR</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=0096-3402%5BISSN%5D">NLM</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists%5BJournal%5D">alt</a>) <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/sources?sortField=citescore&sortDirection=desc&isHiddenField=false&field=issn&issn=0096-3402">Scopus</a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/CODEN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CODEN (identifier)">CODEN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cassi.cas.org/searching.jsp?searchIn=codens&exactMatch=y&c=WIy460-R_DY&searchFor=BASIAP">BASIAP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span class="value"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0096-3402">0096-3402</a></span> (print)<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1938-3282">1938-3282</a> (web)<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/48034039">48034039</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> no.</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/470268256">470268256</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#dfc;">Links</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/current-issue/">Journal homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/">Free-access website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rbul20/current">Taylor & Francis Online</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and global security issues resulting from accelerating <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technological</a> advances that have negative consequences for humanity. The <i>Bulletin</i> publishes content at both a free-access website and a bi-monthly, nontechnical <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a>. The organization has been publishing continuously since 1945, when it was founded by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> scientists as the <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists of Chicago</i> immediately following the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. The organization is also the keeper of the symbolic <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a>, the time of which is announced each January. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the driving forces behind the creation of the <i>Bulletin</i> was the amount of public interest surrounding atomic energy and rapid technological change at the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a>. In 1945 the public interest in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">atomic warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weaponry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weaponry">weaponry</a> inspired contributors to the <i>Bulletin</i> to attempt to inform those interested about the dangers of the nuclear arms race they knew was coming and about the destruction that atomic war could bring about.<sup id="cite_ref-Bombs_Early_Light_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bombs_Early_Light-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To convey the particular peril posed by nuclear weapons, the <i>Bulletin</i> devised the <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a> in 1947, with an original setting of seven minutes to midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minute hand of the Clock first moved closer to midnight in response to changing world events in 1949, following the first <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> nuclear test. The Clock has been set forward and back over the years as circumstances have changed; as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is set at 90 seconds to midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-bulletin2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulletin2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Doomsday Clock is used to represent threats to humanity from a variety of sources: nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, climate change,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and disruptive technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <i>Bulletin</i> unveiled its Doomsday Dashboard,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an interactive infographic that illustrates some of the data the <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Science and Security Board<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> takes into account when deciding the time of the Clock each year. As of August 2018, the <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Board of Sponsors boasts 14 Nobel Laureates.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the <i>Bulletin</i> was involved in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs</a>, annual conferences of scientists concerned about nuclear proliferation, and, more broadly, the role of science in modern society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bulletin</i> was founded in late 1945 by "scientific men who helped make the A-bomb".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founder and first editor of the <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i> was <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Rabinowitch" title="Eugene Rabinowitch">Eugene Rabinowitch</a> (1901–1973). He founded the magazine with physicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyman_Goldsmith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyman Goldsmith (page does not exist)">Hyman Goldsmith</a>. Rabinowitch was a professor of botany and biophysics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois</a> and was also a founding member of the Continuing Committee for the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Atomic_Age_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Age-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Rabinowitch and Goldsmith, contributors have included: <a href="/wiki/Morton_Grodzins" title="Morton Grodzins">Morton Grodzins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoli_Blagonravov" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoli Blagonravov">Anatoli Blagonravov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Brown" title="Harrison Brown">Harrison Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Chase" title="Stuart Chase">Stuart Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brock_Chisholm" title="Brock Chisholm">Brock Chisholm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=E.U._Condon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.U. Condon (page does not exist)">E.U. Condon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=E.K._Fedorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.K. Fedorov (page does not exist)">E.K. Fedorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_T._Feld" title="Bernard T. Feld">Bernard T. Feld</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Lapp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph E. Lapp">Ralph E. Lapp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_S._Leghorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard S. Leghorn (page does not exist)">Richard S. Leghorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> (first chairman of the board of the organization),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Boyd_Orr" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Boyd Orr">Lord Boyd Orr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ridenour" title="Louis Ridenour">Louis Ridenour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A.V._Topchiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A.V. Topchiev (page does not exist)">A.V. Topchiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Urey" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold C. Urey">Harold C. Urey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Weiss_(nanoscientist)" title="Paul Weiss (nanoscientist)">Paul Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_L._Tuck" title="James L. Tuck">James L. Tuck</a>, among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-Atomic_Age,_xv-xviii_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Age,_xv-xviii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, the Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science incorporated as a not-for-profit <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> organization to serve as the parent organization and fundraising mechanism of the <i>Bulletin</i>. In 2003, the board of directors voted to change the foundation's name to Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i> began as an emergency action undertaken by scientists who saw urgent need for an immediate educational program about atomic weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Atomic_Age,_vii_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Age,_vii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intention was to educate fellow scientists about the relationship between their world of science and the world of national and international politics. A second was to help the American people understand what nuclear energy and its possible applications to war meant. The <i>Bulletin</i> contributors believed the atom bomb would only be the first of many dangers.<sup id="cite_ref-Atomic_Age,_vii_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Age,_vii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the <i>Bulletin</i> was to carry out the long, sustained effort of educating people about the realities of the scientific age. </p><p>The <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i> seeks to educate citizens, policy makers, scientists, and journalists by providing non-technical, scientifically sound and policy-relevant information about nuclear weapons, climate change, and other global security issues. The <i>Bulletin</i> also serves as a reliable, high-quality global forum for diverse international opinions on the best means of reducing reliance on nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its inception in 1945, the <i>Bulletin</i> has sought to educate the American public of the continual danger posed by nuclear weapons and other global dangers, most recently adding climate change and disruptive technologies in the life sciences to the list of concerns. </p><p>The <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> leadership consists of three boards, and it was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/2018/10/a-talk-with-the-bulletins-new-executive-chair-jerry-brown/">announced</a> on October 25, 2018, that California Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> is joining the organization as executive chair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_Sponsors">Board of Sponsors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Board of Sponsors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Board of Sponsors is composed of accomplished science and security leaders from around the world. Members of the Board of Sponsors weigh in on critical issues, including the setting of the organization's <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a>. As of October 2018, the <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Board of Sponsors lists 14 Nobel Laureates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_Security_Board">Science and Security Board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Science and Security Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Science and Security Board is composed of globally-recognized leaders who have specific areas of expertise in nuclear risk, climate change, and disruptive technologies. Members of the Science and Security Board provide the <i>Bulletin</i> organization and editorial staff with perspectives on trends and issues in their respective fields. Among their duties is the annual setting of the Doomsday Clock, with input from the Board of Sponsors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doomsday_Clock">Doomsday Clock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Doomsday Clock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doomsday_clock_(1.5_minutes).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doomsday_clock_%281.5_minutes%29.svg/220px-Doomsday_clock_%281.5_minutes%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doomsday_clock_%281.5_minutes%29.svg/330px-Doomsday_clock_%281.5_minutes%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Doomsday_clock_%281.5_minutes%29.svg/440px-Doomsday_clock_%281.5_minutes%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s logo of the Doomsday Clock as of January 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the Soviet Union developed atomic weapons, the concern surrounding the world's destruction was a great fear of the scientists working on the <i>Bulletin.</i> The proximity of nuclear devastation was a popular interest and, as a result, <i>Bulletin</i> co-editor Hyman Goldsmith asked landscape artist <a href="/wiki/Martyl_Langsdorf" title="Martyl Langsdorf">Martyl Langsdorf</a> to create a cover for the June 1947 magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langsdorf, who was married to Manhattan Project physicist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Langsdorf_Jr." title="Alexander Langsdorf Jr.">Alexander Langsdorf</a>, first considered using the symbol for uranium but then realized that a clock would better convey "a sense of urgency."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resultant Doomsday Clock, which only has bullets labeling the numbers in the upper left hand corner, has been featured on the cover of the <i>Bulletin</i> many times since its creation.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proximity of the minute hand to midnight has been the <i>Bulletin</i> leadership's way of warning the public about manmade threats to humanity; the Clock is a metaphor, not a prediction. That is, the time on the clock is not to be interpreted as actual time. When it began in 1947, the minute hand was 7 minutes to midnight; in 1953, when the Soviet Union continued to test more and more nuclear devices, it was 2 minutes to midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulletin_Staff_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulletin_Staff-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proximity to midnight of the Doomsday Clock during the early 1950s shows the concern that the <i>Bulletin</i> contributors had about the Soviet Union and the nuclear arms race. The warnings of the <i>Bulletin</i> continued throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and the focus of the efforts shifted slightly from warning about the dangers of nuclear war to the necessity of disarmament. In 2007, the leadership began taking <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">anthropogenic climate change</a> into account in its Clock discussions. Throughout the history of the Doomsday Clock, it has moved closer to midnight, and farther away, depending upon the status of the world at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulletin_Staff_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulletin_Staff-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Doomsday Clock has been getting closer to midnight since 1991, when it was set to 17 minutes to midnight, after the United States and the Soviet Union reached <a href="/wiki/START_I" title="START I">an agreement on nuclear arms reductions</a>. </p><p>As of January 23, 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Doomsday Clock stands at 90 seconds to midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the closest approach to midnight, exceeding that of 1953, 2018 and 2020. The decision to move the hand of the Clock is made by the <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> Science and Security Board, which meets in person twice a year, with subcommittees meeting more often; the announcement of the decision is made each January. Each November, just prior to the Science and Security Board's fall discussion, the <i>Bulletin</i> hosts an annual dinner and meeting in Chicago;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both events are open to the public. Reflecting international events dangerous to humankind, the Clock's hand has been adjusted 25 times since its inception in 1947, when it was initially set to seven minutes to midnight (11:53pm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present">Present</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In more recent years, articles of the <i>Bulletin</i> have focused on many topics, ranging from the dangers of radiation following the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> to the impact of the fall of the Soviet Union. In the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse, other articles have focused on issues such as military spending<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the continued funding of missile defense systems designed to thwart nuclear attacks but that in reality may not work.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the ever-growing number of nuclear power plants and the demand for nuclear energy as a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">solution to climate change</a>, the publication has focused a great deal on the costs and problems surrounding nuclear energy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i> unveiled the Nuclear Fuel Cost Calculator.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the arms race and the Cold War, which were focuses of the <i>Bulletin</i> for many of the earlier years, are no longer occurring, the publication still focuses on the nuclear dangers that exist in the world today.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As more countries such as Pakistan and India have tested nuclear weapons, the <i>Bulletin</i> has focused on the dangers posed by these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> bi-monthly "Nuclear Notebook" is written by <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a> experts Hans Kristensen and Matt Korda and tracks the number of nuclear weapons in the world by country.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert "Stan" Norris, who was a founding co-author of the Nuclear Notebook, retired from the Notebook in 2018, although he is still a senior fellow at FAS. In 2015, the <i>Bulletin</i> added the Nuclear Notebook Interactive,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an infographic that illustrates which countries have nuclear weapons and when they got them, and how many nuclear warheads they have in any given year. All nine nuclear-armed states are featured: the United States, Russia, China, India, Pakistan, France, Britain, Israel, and North Korea. </p><p>In the 21st century, articles have covered threats to humanity from a variety of sources. The potential dangers of nuclear weapons<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and energy,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> military and political developments in the Post-Cold War world, political unrest in the Middle East (and its attendant potential for proliferation risks of nuclear and chemical weapons), myriad negative <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">consequences of climate change</a>, cyber warfare, and changes wrought by emerging technologies<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have all been examined in the <i>Bulletin</i> in the most recent years. Examples include North Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle East,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fukushima,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cybersecurity,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Climate Change.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2015, longtime executive director and publisher <a href="/wiki/Kennette_Benedict" title="Kennette Benedict">Kennette Benedict</a> retired. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Bronson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel Bronson (page does not exist)">Rachel Bronson</a> took over as president and CEO of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editor of the <i>Bulletin</i> is John Mecklin.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Next_Generation_Initiative">Next Generation Initiative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Next Generation Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> work to engage new audiences in issues related to nuclear threats, climate change, artificial intelligence, and biological threats, the publication launched its Next Generation Initiative to encourage young and emerging scholars to engage on these issues. Programs under the initiative have included writing workshops for graduate and undergraduate students, as well as the Voices of Tomorrow feature, which publishes articles and multimedia projects from emerging scholars and experts working in the <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> interest areas. Two Voices of Tomorrow authors, Emma Bastin and Yangyang Cheng, had their work republished in <i><a href="/wiki/Teen_Vogue" title="Teen Vogue">Teen Vogue</a>.</i> </p><p>The capstone of the initiative is the Leonard M. Rieser Award,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selected each December by the <i>Bulletin<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>s editorial team from among the year's Voices of Tomorrow submissions. The recipient of the Rieser Award receives $1,000 and a subscription to the <i>Bulletin<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>s bi-monthly magazine. In 2018, Erin Connolly and Kate Hewitt shared the award for their article "American students aren't taught nuclear weapons policy in school. Here's how to fix that problem."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent recipients include Yangyang Cheng,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikita Perumal<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Moritz Kütt.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_editions">Online editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Online editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bulletin</i> has had a public-access website available online for some years, with a subscription magazine that comes out 6 times per year and is currently published by <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis Online</a>. An e-newsletter is also available without charge by signing up via the <i>Bulletin</i> website.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Backfiles of the subscription magazine are available in the John A. Simpson Collection.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The backfile from the first (1945) issue through the November 1998 issue of the <i>Bulletin</i> has also been made available free of charge via Google Books.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>November/December 2008 was the last print edition of the <i>Bulletin</i>, which became all-digital only that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Bulletin,_2008,_All-digital_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulletin,_2008,_All-digital-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> began publishing the <i>Bulletin</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> subscription magazine in September 2010; <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> took over from Sage in January 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indexing">Indexing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indexing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The journal is indexed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a></i>, which states that the journal has a 2016 <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">impact factor</a> of 0.452, ranking it 71st out of 83 journals in the category "International Relations" and 32nd out of 41 journals in the category "Social Issues".<sup id="cite_ref-WoS_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Finalist for 2009 Lumity Technology Leadership Award</li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards" title="National Magazine Awards">National Magazine Award</a> for General Excellence under 100,000 circulation sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Magazine_Editors" title="American Society of Magazine Editors">American Society of Magazine Editors</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism" title="Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism">Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism</a></li> <li>2006 Silver Excel Award for Magazine Excellence, 20,000 or Fewer for the July/August, September/October, and November/December 2005 issues sponsored by the Society of National Publications</li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear-Free_Future_Award" title="Nuclear-Free Future Award">Nuclear-Free Future Award</a></li> <li>1992 Olive Branch Award for articles by <a href="/wiki/David_Albright" title="David Albright">David Albright</a> and Mark Hibbs from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">N.Y.U.</a> Center for War, Peace and the News Media</li> <li>1990 Olive Branch Award from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">N.Y.U.</a> Center for War, Peace and the News Media</li> <li>1989 Olive Branch Award from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">N.Y.U.</a> Center for War, Peace and the News Media</li> <li>1988 Olive Branch Award from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">N.Y.U.</a> Center for War, Peace and the News Media</li> <li>1987 Olive Branch Award from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">N.Y.U.</a> Center for War, Peace and the News Media</li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards" title="National Magazine Awards">National Magazine Award</a></li> <li>1983 Forum Award for the <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i> and Ruth Adams, editor sponsored by the Forum on Physics and Society <a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Committee_of_Atomic_Scientists" title="Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists">Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_relations_journals" title="List of international relations journals">List of international relations journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garwin" title="Richard Garwin">Richard Garwin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The records of the <i>Bulletin</i> are kept at the Special Collections Research Center of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> Library. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090224/http://thebulletin.org/press-release/john-mecklin-succeed-mindy-kay-bricker-editor-bulletin-atomic-scientists">"John Mecklin to succeed Mindy Kay Bricker as Editor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. December 10, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/press-release/john-mecklin-succeed-mindy-kay-bricker-editor-bulletin-atomic-scientists">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=John+Mecklin+to+succeed+Mindy+Kay+Bricker+as+Editor+of+the+Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.date=2013-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fpress-release%2Fjohn-mecklin-succeed-mindy-kay-bricker-editor-bulletin-atomic-scientists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bombs_Early_Light-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bombs_Early_Light_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boyer_(historian)" title="Paul Boyer (historian)">Boyer, Paul S.</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70"><i>By the Bomb's Early Light</i></a></span>. Pantheon. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bybombsearlyligh00boye/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52878-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52878-6"><bdi>978-0-394-52878-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Bomb%27s+Early+Light&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52878-6&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbybombsearlyligh00boye%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall1975" class="citation journal cs1">Wall, C. Edward (October 1975). "The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists". <i>Serials Review</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 11–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00987913.1975.10762958">10.1080/00987913.1975.10762958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Serials+Review&rft.atitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=11-15&rft.date=1975-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00987913.1975.10762958&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=C.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bulletin2023-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bulletin2023_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/2023/01/press-release-doomsday-clock-set-at-90-seconds-to-midnight/">"Doomsday Clock set at 90 seconds to midnight"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. January 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Doomsday+Clock+set+at+90+seconds+to+midnight&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2F2023%2F01%2Fpress-release-doomsday-clock-set-at-90-seconds-to-midnight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedict2013" class="citation web cs1">Benedict, Kennette (July 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/existential-threats-fast-and-slow">"Existential Threats, Fast and Slow"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Existential+Threats%2C+Fast+and+Slow&rft.pub=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.aulast=Benedict&rft.aufirst=Kennette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fexistential-threats-fast-and-slow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Goldenberg, Suzanne (January 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/10/doomsday-clock-ticks-closer-to-midnight">"Doomsday Clock ticks one minute closer to midnight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Doomsday+Clock+ticks+one+minute+closer+to+midnight&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fjan%2F10%2Fdoomsday-clock-ticks-closer-to-midnight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/doomsday-dashboard">"Doomsday Dashboard"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Doomsday+Dashboard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fdoomsday-dashboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/science-and-security-board">"Science and Security Board"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. March 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Science+and+Security+Board&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fscience-and-security-board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509145008/https://thebulletin.org/board-sponsors-0">"Board of Sponsors"</a>. <i>The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. March 30, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/board-sponsors-0">the original</a> on May 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Board+of+Sponsors&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fboard-sponsors-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/559206655/">"What about the H-Bomb?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scripps_League_Newspapers" title="Scripps League Newspapers">Hanford Daily Sentinel</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Newsletter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Freceive-email-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/john-alexander-simpson/">"John A. Simpson Archive"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=John+A.+Simpson+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fjohn-alexander-simpson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212164106/http://www.thebulletin.org/content/media-center/announcements/2008/12/10/1945-1998-bulletin-backfile-available-google-books">"1945–1998 <i>Bulletin</i> backfile available via Google Books"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. December 10, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/press-release/1945-1998-bulletin-backfile-available-google-books">the original</a> on December 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=1945%E2%80%931998+Bulletin+backfile+available+via+Google+Books&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fpress-release%2F1945-1998-bulletin-backfile-available-google-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulletin,_2008,_All-digital-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulletin,_2008,_All-digital_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219085322/http://www.thebulletin.org/content/media-center/announcements/2008/11/19/bulletin-magazine-goes-all-digital-2009">"Bulletin magazine goes all-digital in 2009"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. November 19, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/press-release/bulletin-magazine-goes-all-digital-2009">the original</a> on December 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=Bulletin+magazine+goes+all-digital+in+2009&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fpress-release%2Fbulletin-magazine-goes-all-digital-2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2015" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer (December 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202000822/http://thebulletin.org/press-release/bulletin-atomic-scientists-will-now-publish-routledge-taylor-and-francis-group8983">"The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists will now publish with Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group"</a>. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org/press-release/bulletin-atomic-scientists-will-now-publish-routledge-taylor-and-francis-group8983">the original</a> on February 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists+will+now+publish+with+Routledge%2C+Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.pub=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthebulletin.org%2Fpress-release%2Fbulletin-atomic-scientists-will-now-publish-routledge-taylor-and-francis-group8983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoS-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WoS_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Journals Ranked by Impact: International Relations and Social Issues". <a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports"><i>2016 Journal Citation Reports</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> (Social Sciences ed.). <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Journals+Ranked+by+Impact%3A+International+Relations+and+Social+Issues&rft.btitle=2016+Journal+Citation+Reports&rft.series=Web+of+Science&rft.edition=Social+Sciences&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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