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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigmented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigmented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pigmented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigmented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Structural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binder_or_film_former" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binder_or_film_former"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Binder or film former</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binder_or_film_former-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoplastic_Mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoplastic_Mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Thermoplastic Mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoplastic_Mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thermosetting_Mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermosetting_Mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Thermosetting Mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermosetting_Mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combination_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Combination mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diluent_or_solvent_or_thinner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diluent_or_solvent_or_thinner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Diluent or solvent or thinner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diluent_or_solvent_or_thinner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pigment,_dye_and_filler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigment,_dye_and_filler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pigment, dye and filler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigment,_dye_and_filler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Additives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_changing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_changing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Color changing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_changing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Product variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Product_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Product variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Product_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finish_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finish_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Finish types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finish_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dangers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dangers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dangers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact_of_plastics_in_paints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact_of_plastics_in_paints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Environmental impact of plastics in paints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact_of_plastics_in_paints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paint</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verf" title="Verf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="طلاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طلاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bueau%C3%A2" title="Bueauâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bueauâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_(mati%C3%A9re)" title="Pintura (matiére) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pintura (matiére)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%82_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="রং (উপাদান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রং (উপাদান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhat-li%C4%81u" title="Chhat-liāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhat-liāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Фарбы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фарбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Фарба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фарба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pintura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F" title="Боя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Боя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_(material)" title="Pintura (material) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pintura (material)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barva_(materi%C3%A1l)" title="Barva (materiál) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barva (materiál)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendhi" title="Pendhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pendhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maling" title="Maling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstrichmittel" title="Anstrichmittel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anstrichmittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rv" title="Värv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE" title="Βαφή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_(material)" title="Pintura (material) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pintura (material)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbo" title="Farbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Farbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_(materiala)" title="Pintura (materiala) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pintura (materiala)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="رنگ نقاشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ نقاشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peinture_(mati%C3%A8re)" title="Peinture (matière) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peinture (matière)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9int" title="Péint – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Péint" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanta" title="Peanta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Peanta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintura_(material)" title="Pintura (material) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pintura (material)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%A3%8C" title="도료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ներկեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="पेंट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेंट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nali%C4%8D" title="Nalič – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nalič" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farbo" title="Farbo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Farbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinta" title="Pinta – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pinta" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat" title="Cat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lning" title="Málning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Málning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernice" title="Vernice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vernice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2_(%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8)" title="צבע (חומר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבע (חומר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8t" title="Cèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Автомобиль косметикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автомобиль косметикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penti_(maty%C3%A8)" title="Penti (matyè) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Penti (matyè)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyax" title="Boyax – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Boyax" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentum_(pictura)" title="Pigmentum (pictura) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pigmentum (pictura)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%81sas" title="Krāsas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krāsas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%BEas" title="Dažas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dažas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinta" title="Pinta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pinta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fest%C3%A9k" title="Festék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Festék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat" title="Cat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat" title="Cat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Cat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ng" title="Pèng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pèng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroya" title="Boroya – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Boroya" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verf" title="Verf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varve" title="Varve – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Varve" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%97%E6%96%99" title="塗料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="塗料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Басарш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Басарш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farew" title="Farew – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Farew" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maling" title="Maling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ling" title="Måling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Måling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peintuthe" title="Peintuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Peintuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CA%BByoqlar" title="Boʻyoqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boʻyoqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farba" title="Farba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Farba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinta" title="Tinta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tinta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vopsea" title="Vopsea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vopsea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Краски – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Краски" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boja" title="Boja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint" title="Paint – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paint" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farba_(ch%C3%A9mia)" title="Farba (chémia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Farba (chémia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinji" title="Rinji – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rinji" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boja_(materijal)" title="Boja (materijal) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Boja (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boja_(materijal)" title="Boja (materijal) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boja (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9t" title="Cét – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cét" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maali" title="Maali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5larf%C3%A4rg" title="Målarfärg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Målarfärg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="வண்ணப்பூச்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வண்ணப்பூச்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boya" title="Boya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1bwuan" title="A̱bwuan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱bwuan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Фарба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фарба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%A1n" title="Sơn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sơn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%82%E6%96%99" title="涂料 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="涂料" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80d%C3%A0" title="Ọ̀dà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọ̀dà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%BC%86" title="油漆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="油漆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%82%E6%96%99" title="涂料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="涂料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&oldid=1275737980" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Paint&id=1275737980&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPaint"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paint" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q174219" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pigment applied over a surface that dries as a solid film</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Paint_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paint (disambiguation)">Paint (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multicolored_tempera_paints.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Multicolored_tempera_paints.jpg/220px-Multicolored_tempera_paints.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Multicolored_tempera_paints.jpg/330px-Multicolored_tempera_paints.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Multicolored_tempera_paints.jpg/440px-Multicolored_tempera_paints.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gouache.jpg/220px-Gouache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gouache.jpg/330px-Gouache.jpg 1.5x, 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paint</b> is a material or mixture that, when applied to a solid material and allowed to dry, adds a film-like layer. As art, this is used to create an image or images known as a <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>. Paint can be made in many colors and types. Most paints are either oil-based or water-based, and each has distinct characteristics. </p><p>Primitive forms of paint were used tens of thousands of years ago in <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clean-up solvents are also different for water-based paint than oil-based paint.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water-based paints and oil-based paints will cure differently based on the outside ambient temperature of the object being painted (such as a house). Usually, the object being painted must be over 10 °C (50 °F), although some manufacturers of external paints/primers claim they can be applied when temperatures are as low as 2 °C (35 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux,_Megaloceros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/220px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/330px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg/440px-Lascaux%2C_Megaloceros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>A charcoal and ochre cave painting of <a href="/wiki/Megaloceros" title="Megaloceros">Megaloceros</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Paint was used in some of the earliest known human artworks. Some <a href="/wiki/Cave_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave paintings">cave paintings</a> drawn with red or yellow <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese_oxide" title="Manganese oxide">manganese oxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> may have been made by early <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> as long as 40,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paint may be even older. In 2003 and 2004, South African archeologists reported finds in <a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a> of a 100,000-year-old human-made <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>-based mixture that could have been used like paint.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further excavation in the same cave resulted in the 2011 report of a complete toolkit for grinding pigments and making a primitive paint-like substance.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interior walls at the 5,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar#Structure_1" title="Ness of Brodgar">Ness of Brodgar</a> have been found to incorporate individual stones painted in yellows, reds, and oranges, using ochre pigment made of haematite mixed with animal fat, milk or eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient colored walls at <a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which were exposed for years to the elements, still possess their brilliant color, as vivid as when they were painted about 2,000 years ago. The Egyptians mixed their colors with a gummy substance and applied them separately from each other without any blending or mixture. They appear to have used six colors: white, black, blue, red, yellow, and green. They first covered the area entirely with white, then traced the design in black, leaving out the lights of the ground color. They used <a href="/wiki/Lead_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead tetroxide">minium</a> for red, generally of a dark tinge.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest known oil paintings are Buddhist murals created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650 AD</span>. The works are located in cave-like rooms carved from the cliffs of Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Bamiyan_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamiyan Valley">Bamiyan Valley</a>, "using walnut and poppy seed oils."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> mentions some painted ceilings in his day in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ardea_(RM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardea (RM)">Ardea</a>, which had been made before the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. After the lapse of so many centuries, he expressed great surprise and admiration at their freshness. </p><p>In the 13th century, oil was used to detail <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> paintings. In the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Cennino_Cennini" title="Cennino Cennini">Cennino Cennini</a> described a painting technique utilizing <a href="/wiki/Egg_tempera" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg tempera">tempera painting</a> covered by light layers of oil. The slow-drying properties of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">organic oils</a> were commonly known to early European painters. However, the difficulty in acquiring and working the materials meant that they were rarely used (and indeed, the slow drying was seen as a disadvantage<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The paint was made with the yolk of <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, and therefore, the substance would harden and adhere to the surface it was applied to. The pigment was made from plants, sand, and different soils. Most paints use either oil or water as a <a href="/wiki/Binder_(material)" title="Binder (material)">base</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">diluent</a>, solvent, or vehicle for the pigment). </p><p>The Flemish-trained or influenced <a href="/wiki/Antonello_da_Messina" title="Antonello da Messina">Antonello da Messina</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a> wrongly credited with the introduction of oil paint to Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does seem to have improved the formula by adding <a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">litharge</a>, or lead (II) oxide. A still extant example of 17th-century house oil painting is <a href="/wiki/Ham_House" title="Ham House">Ham House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, where a primer was used along with several undercoats and an elaborate decorative overcoat; the pigment and oil mixture would have been ground into a paste with a mortar and pestle. The painters did the process by hand, which exposed them to <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> due to the white-lead powder. </p><p>In 1718, Marshall Smith invented a "Machine or Engine for the Grinding of Colors" in England. It is not known precisely how it operated, but it was a device that dramatically increased the efficiency of pigment grinding. Soon, a company called Emerton and Manby was advertising exceptionally low-priced paints that had been ground with labor-saving technology: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Window_in_a_white_wall._Suzdal,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Window_in_a_white_wall._Suzdal%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-Window_in_a_white_wall._Suzdal%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Window_in_a_white_wall._Suzdal%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Window_in_a_white_wall._Suzdal%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Window_in_a_white_wall._Suzdal%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-Window_in_a_white_wall._Suzdal%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Paint used every day: White paint on a wall in <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal, Russia</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One Pound of Colour ground in a Horse-Mill will paint twelve Yards of Work, whereas Colour ground any other Way, will not do half that Quantity.</p></blockquote> <p>By the proper onset of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, in the mid-18th century, paint was being ground in steam-powered mills, and an alternative to lead-based pigments had been found in a white derivative of zinc oxide. Interior house painting increasingly became the norm as the 19th century progressed, both for decorative reasons and because the paint was effective in preventing the walls rotting from damp. Linseed oil was also increasingly used as an inexpensive binder. </p><p>In 1866, <a href="/wiki/Sherwin-Williams" title="Sherwin-Williams">Sherwin-Williams</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> opened as a large paint-maker and invented a paint that could be used from the tin without preparation. </p><p>It was only when the stimulus of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> created a shortage of linseed oil in the supply market that artificial resins, or alkyds, were invented. Cheap and easy to make, they held the color well and lasted for a long time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigmented">Pigmented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pigmented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the 20th century, paints used <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a>, typically suspended in a liquid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural">Structural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, "paints" that used structural color were created. <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">Aluminum</a> flakes dotted with smaller aluminum <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> could be tuned to produce arbitrary colors by adjusting the nanoparticle sizes rather than picking/mixing minerals to do so. These paints weighed a tiny fraction of the weight of conventional paints, a particular advantage in air and road vehicles. They reflect heat from sunlight and do not break down outdoors. Preliminary experiments suggest it can reduce temperatures by 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit vs conventional paint. Its constituents are also less toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Making the paint starts with a thin double-sided mirror. The researchers deposited metallic nanoparticles on both sides of the sheet. Large sheets were ground to produce small flakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicle">Vehicle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vehicle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vehicle is composed of binder; if it is necessary to thin it with a diluent like solvent or water, it is a combination of binder and diluent.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicks_5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicks_5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, once the paint has dried or cured very nearly all of the diluent has evaporated and only the binder is left on the coated surface. Thus, an important quantity in coatings formulation is the "vehicle solids", sometimes called the "resin solids" of the formula. This is the proportion of the wet coating weight that is binder, i.e., the polymer backbone of the film that will remain after drying or curing is complete. The volume of paint after it has dried, therefore only leaving the solids, is expressed as the <a href="/wiki/Volume_solid" title="Volume solid">volume solid</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binder_or_film_former">Binder or film former</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Binder or film former"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The binder is the film-forming component of paint.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the only component that is always present among all the various types of formulations. Many binders must be thick enough to be applied and thinned. The type of thinner, if present, varies with the binder. </p><p>The binder imparts properties such as gloss, durability, flexibility, and toughness.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as <a href="/wiki/Alkyd" title="Alkyd">alkyds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">acrylics</a>, vinyl-acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyesters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melamine_resin" title="Melamine resin">melamine resins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a>, silanes or siloxanes or <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">oils</a>. </p><p>Binders can be categorized according to the mechanisms for film formation. Thermoplastic mechanisms include drying and coalescence. Drying refers to simply evaporating the solvent or thinner to leave a coherent film behind. Coalescence refers to a mechanism that involves drying followed by actual interpenetration and fusion of formerly discrete particles. Thermoplastic film-forming mechanisms are sometimes described as "thermoplastic cure," but that is a misnomer because no chemical curing reactions are required to knit the film. On the other hand, thermosetting mechanisms are true curing mechanisms involving chemical reaction(s) among the polymers that make up the binder.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermoplastic_Mechanisms">Thermoplastic Mechanisms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thermoplastic Mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some films are formed by simply cooling the binder. For example, <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> paints are liquid when warm, and harden upon cooling. In many cases, they re-soften or liquify if reheated. </p><p>Paints that dry by solvent evaporation and contain the solid binder dissolved in a solvent are known as <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquers</a>. A solid film forms when the solvent evaporates. Because no chemical crosslinking is involved, the film can re-dissolve in solvent; lacquers are unsuitable for applications where chemical resistance is important. Classic <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a> lacquers fall into this category, as do non-grain raising stains composed of <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dyes</a> dissolved in solvent. Performance varies by formulation, but lacquers generally tend to have better <a href="/wiki/UV_coating" title="UV coating">UV resistance</a> and lower corrosion resistance than comparable systems that cure by polymerization or coalescence. </p><p>The paint type known as <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a> in the UK and <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a> in the United States is a water-borne dispersion of sub-micrometer polymer particles. These terms in their respective countries cover all paints that use synthetic polymers such as acrylic, vinyl acrylic (<a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">PVA</a>), styrene acrylic, etc. as binders.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "latex" in the context of paint in the United States simply means an aqueous dispersion; <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> rubber from the rubber tree is not an ingredient. These dispersions are prepared by <a href="/wiki/Emulsion_polymerization" title="Emulsion polymerization">emulsion polymerization</a>. Such paints cure by a process called coalescence where first the water and then the trace, or coalescing, solvent, evaporate and draw together and soften the binder particles and fuse them together into irreversibly bound networked structures, so that the paint cannot redissolve in the solvent/water that originally carried it. The residual <a href="/wiki/Surfactants_in_paint" title="Surfactants in paint">surfactants in paint</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolytic</a> effects with some polymers cause the paint to remain susceptible to softening and, over time, degradation by water. The general term of latex paint is usually used in the United States, while the term emulsion paint is used for the same products in the UK, and the term latex paint is not used at all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Thermosetting_Mechanisms">Thermosetting Mechanisms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thermosetting Mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paints that cure by polymerization are generally one- or two-package coatings that polymerize by way of a chemical reaction and cure into a cross-linked film. Depending on composition, they may need to dry first by evaporation of solvent. Classic two-package <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethanes</a> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would fall into this category.<sup id="cite_ref-Ber114_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ber114-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "drying oils", counter-intuitively, cure by a crosslinking reaction even if they are not put through an oven cycle and seem to dry in air. The film formation mechanism of the simplest examples involves the first evaporation of solvents followed by a reaction with oxygen from the environment over a period of days, weeks, and even months to create a crosslinked network.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicks_5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicks_5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classic <a href="/wiki/Alkyd" title="Alkyd">alkyd</a> enamels would fall into this category. Oxidative cure coatings are catalyzed by metal complex driers such as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_naphthenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt naphthenate">cobalt naphthenate</a> though cobalt octoate is more common. </p><p>Recent environmental requirements restrict the use of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs), and alternative means of curing have been developed, generally for industrial purposes. <a href="/wiki/UV_curing" title="UV curing">UV curing</a> paints, for example, enable formulation with very low amounts of solvent, or even none at all. This can be achieved because of the monomers and oligomers used in the coating have relatively very low molecular weight, and are therefore low enough in viscosity to enable good fluid flow without the need for additional thinner. If solvent is present in significant amounts, generally it is mostly evaporated first and then crosslinking is initiated by ultraviolet light. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Powder_coating" title="Powder coating">powder coatings</a> contain no solvent. Flow and cure are produced by the heating of the substrate after electrostatic application of the dry powder.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Combination_mechanisms">Combination mechanisms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Combination mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>So-called "catalyzed" lacquers" or "crosslinking latex" coatings are designed to form films by a combination of methods: classic drying plus a curing reaction that benefits from the catalyst. There are paints called plastisols/organosols, which are made by blending PVC granules with a plasticiser. These are stoved and the mix coalesces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diluent_or_solvent_or_thinner"><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Diluent or solvent or thinner</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diluent or solvent or thinner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main purposes of the diluent are to dissolve the polymer and adjust the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of the paint. It is volatile and does not become part of the paint film. It also controls flow and application properties, and in some cases can affect the stability of the paint while in liquid state. Its main function is as the carrier for the non-volatile components. To spread heavier oils (for example, linseed) as in oil-based interior house paint, a thinner oil is required. These volatile substances impart their properties temporarily—once the solvent has evaporated, the remaining paint is fixed to the surface. </p><p>This component is optional: some paints have no <a href="/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">diluent</a>. </p><p>Water is the main diluent for water-borne paints, even the co-solvent types. </p><p>Solvent-borne, also called oil-based, paints can have various combinations of organic solvents as the diluent — often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">paint thinner</a> — including <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">aromatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_spirit" title="White spirit">white spirit</a>. Specific examples are organic solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Turpentine_substitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Turpentine substitute">petroleum distillate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol">glycol</a> ethers, and the like. Sometimes volatile low-molecular weight <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_resin" title="Synthetic resin">synthetic resins</a> also serve as diluents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigment,_dye_and_filler"><span id="Pigment.2C_dye_and_filler"></span>Pigment, dye and filler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pigment, dye and filler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></div> <p>Pigments are solid particles or flakes incorporated in the paint, usually to contribute color to the paint film. Pigments impart color by selective absorption of certain wavelengths of light and/or by scattering or reflecting light. The particle size of the pigment is critical to the light-scattering mechanism. The size of such particles can be measured with a <a href="/wiki/Hegman_gauge" title="Hegman gauge">Hegman gauge</a>. Dyes, on the other hand, are dissolve in the paint and impart color only by the selective absorption mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paints can be formulated with only pigments, only dyes, both, or neither. </p><p>Pigments can also be used to give the paint special physical or optical properties, as opposed to imparting color, in which case they are called functional pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fillers or extenders are an important class of the functional pigments. These are typically used to build film thickness and/or reduce the cost of the paint, or they can impart toughness and texture to the film. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fillers are usually cheap and inert materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Barytes">barytes</a>, clay, etc. Floor paints that must resist abrasion may contain fine quartz sand as a filler. </p><p>Sometimes, a single pigment can serve both decorative and functional purposes. For example some decorative pigments protect the substrate from the harmful effects of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> by making the paint opaque to these wavelengths, i.e. by selectively absorbing them. These hiding pigments include <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine Blue BN">phthalo blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_iron_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red iron oxide">red iron oxide</a>, and many others. </p><p>Some pigments are toxic, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> pigments that are used in <a href="/wiki/Lead_paint" title="Lead paint">lead paint</a>. Paint manufacturers began replacing white lead pigments with titanium white (titanium dioxide), before lead was banned in paint for residential use in 1978 by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission. The titanium dioxide used in most paints today is often coated with silica/alumina/zirconium for various reasons, such as better exterior durability, or better hiding performance (opacity) promoted by more optimal spacing within the paint film.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Micaceous <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron oxide</a> (MIO) is another alternative to lead for protection of steel, giving more protection against water and light damage than most paints. When MIO pigments are ground into fine particles, most cleave into shiny layers, which reflect light, thus minimising <a href="/wiki/UV_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV degradation">UV degradation</a> and protecting the <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> binder. Most pigments used in paint tend to be spherical, but lamellar pigments, such as glass flake and MIO have overlapping plates, which impede the path of water molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For optimum performance MIO should have a high content of thin flake-like particles resembling <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 10601 sets two levels of MIO content.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MIO is often derived from a form of <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>. </p><p>Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments are taken from the earth or plant sources and include colorants such as metal oxides or carbon black, or various <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silicas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talcs</a>. Synthetics include a host of colorants created in the lab as well as engineered molecules, <a href="/wiki/Calcining" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcining">calcined</a> clays, <a href="/wiki/Blanc_fixe" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanc fixe">blanc fixe</a>, precipitated calcium carbonate, and synthetic pyrogenic silicas. The pigments and dyes that are used as colorants are classified by chemical type using the Color Index system, which is commercially significant.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additives">Additives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Additives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the three main categories of ingredients (binder, diluent, pigment), paint can have a wide variety of miscellaneous additives, which are usually added in small amounts, yet provide a significant effect on the product. Some examples include additives to modify texture, <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a>, improve flow properties, improve the finished appearance, increase wet edge, improve pigment stability, impart <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">antifreeze</a> properties, control foaming, control skinning, create acrylic pouring cells, etc. Other types of additives include <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a>, thickeners, stabilizers, <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifiers</a>, texturizers, adhesion promoters, UV stabilizers, flatteners (de-glossing agents), biocides to fight <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> growth and the like. </p><p>Additives normally do not significantly alter the percentages of individual components in a formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_changing">Color changing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Color changing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various technologies exist for making paints that change color. <a href="/wiki/Thermochromic_ink" title="Thermochromic ink">Thermochromic ink</a> and coatings contain materials that change conformation when heat is applied or removed, and so they change color. <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">Liquid crystals</a> have been used in such paints, such as in the thermometer strips and tapes used in aquaria and novelty/promotional thermal cups and straws. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Photochromism" title="Photochromism">Photochromic</a> materials are used to make eyeglasses and other products. Similar to thermochromic molecules, photochromic molecules change conformation when light energy is applied or removed, and so they change color. </p><p>Color-changing paints can also be made by adding halochromic compounds or other organic pigments. One patent<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cites use of these indicators for wall coating applications for light-colored paints. When the paint is wet it is pink in color but upon drying it regains its original white color. As cited in patent, this property of the paint enabled two or more coats to be applied on a wall properly and evenly. The previous coats having dried would be white whereas the new wet coat would be distinctly pink. Ashland Inc. introduced foundry refractory coatings with similar principle in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for use in foundries. </p><p>Electrochromic paints change color in response to an applied electric current. Car manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> has been reportedly working on an electrochromic paint, based on particles of <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a>. When subjected to an electromagnetic field the paramagnetic particles change spacing, modifying their color and reflective properties. The electromagnetic field would be formed using the conductive metal of the car body.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrochromic paints can be applied to plastic substrates as well, using a different coating chemistry. The technology involves using special dyes that change conformation when an electric current is applied across the film itself. This new technology has been used to achieve glare protection at the touch of a button in passenger airplane windows. </p><p>Color can also change depending on viewing angle, using <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</a>, for example, in <a href="/wiki/ChromaFlair" title="ChromaFlair">ChromaFlair</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brush_and_watercolours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brush_and_watercolours.jpg/220px-Brush_and_watercolours.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brush_and_watercolours.jpg/330px-Brush_and_watercolours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brush_and_watercolours.jpg/440px-Brush_and_watercolours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">Watercolors</a> as applied with a <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siccative" class="mw-redirect" title="Siccative">siccative</a> <a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">(drying) oil</a> paints, primarily <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, have been the most commonly used kind of paints in fine art applications; <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paint</a> is still common today. However, in the 20th century, new water-borne paints such <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic paints</a>, entered the market with the development of <a href="/wiki/Acrylyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylyl group">acrylic</a> and other latex paints. <a href="/wiki/Milk_paint" title="Milk paint">Milk paints</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a>), where the medium is derived from the natural emulsion that is <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, were common in the 19th century and are still used. Used by the earliest western artists, <a href="/wiki/Egg_tempera" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg tempera">Egg tempera</a> (where the medium is an <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> of raw <a href="/wiki/Egg_yolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">egg yolk</a> mixed with oil) remains in use as well, as are encaustic <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>-based paints. <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">Gouache</a> is an opaque variant of <a href="/wiki/Watercolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolor">watercolor</a>, which is based around varying levels of translucency; both paints use <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a> as the binder and water as a thinner. Gouache is also known as 'designer color' or 'body color'. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Poster_paint" title="Poster paint">Poster paint</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Distemper_(paint)" title="Distemper (paint)">distemper</a> paint that has been used primarily in the creation of student works, or by children. There are varying brands of poster paint and depending on the brand, the quality will differ. More inexpensive brands will often crack or fade over time if they are left on a poster for an extended time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unio_pictorum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Unio_pictorum_2.jpg/170px-Unio_pictorum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Unio_pictorum_2.jpg/255px-Unio_pictorum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Unio_pictorum_2.jpg/340px-Unio_pictorum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Painter%27s_mussel" class="mw-redirect" title="Painter's mussel">painter's mussel</a>", a European freshwater mussel. Individual shell halves were used by artists as a small dish for paint.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paint can be applied as a solid, a gas, a gaseous suspension (<a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a>) or a liquid. Techniques vary depending on the practical or artistic results desired. </p><p>As a <b>solid</b> (usually used in industrial and automotive applications), the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to adhere to the surface. The reasons for doing this involve the chemistries of the paint, the surface itself, and perhaps even the chemistry of the substrate (the object being painted). This is called "<a href="/wiki/Powder_coating" title="Powder coating">powder coating</a>" an object. </p><p>In a <b>gas phase</b> application, the coating composition is introduced (if gaseous), vaporized (if liquid) or sublimed (if solid) then deposited on a distant substrate, often under vacuum. These applications are classed broadly into physical vapor deposition methods like sputtering or vacuum deposition, in which solid or liquid starting materials produce a vapor that condenses on the substrate; or chemical vapor deposition methods, in which gaseous starting materials chemically react with the substrate to form a coating. These techniques are especially important in the electronics and optical industries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <b>gaseous suspension</b>, liquid paint is aerosolized by the force of compressed air or by the action of high-pressure compression of the paint itself, and the paint is turned into small droplets that travel to the article to be painted. Alternate methods are airless spray, hot spray, hot airless spray, and any of these with an electrostatic spray included. There are numerous electrostatic methods available. The reasons for doing this include: </p> <ul><li>The application mechanism is air and thus no solid object touches the object being painted;</li> <li>The distribution of the paint is uniform, so there are no sharp lines;</li> <li>It is possible to deliver very small amounts of paint;</li> <li>Painting multiple items at once quickly and efficiently;</li> <li>A chemical (typically a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>) can be sprayed along with the paint to dissolve together both the delivered paint and the chemicals on the surface of the object being painted;</li> <li>Some chemical reactions in paint involve the orientation of the paint <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a>.</li> <li>Expression<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>In a <b>liquid</b> application, paint can be applied by direct application using <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paint_rollers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint rollers">paint rollers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palette_knife" title="Palette knife">blades</a>, scrapers, other instruments, or body parts such as fingers and thumbs. </p><p>Rollers generally have a handle that allows for different lengths of poles to be attached, allowing painting at different heights. Generally, roller application requires two coats for an even color. A roller with a thicker <a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">nap</a> is used to apply paint on uneven surfaces. Edges are often finished with an angled brush. </p> <ul><li>For a flat (matte) finish, a 1/2" nap roller would most likely be used</li> <li>For an eggshell finish, a 3/8" nap roller would most likely be used</li> <li>For a satin or pearl finish, a 3/8" nap roller would most likely be used</li> <li>For a semi-gloss or gloss finish, a 3/16" nap roller would most likely be used<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Open_time"></span>After liquid paint is applied, there is an interval during which it can be blended with additional painted regions (at the "wet edge") called "open time". The open time of an oil or alkyd-based emulsion paint can be extended by adding <a href="/wiki/White_spirit" title="White spirit">white spirit</a>, similar glycols such as Dowanol (propylene glycol ether) or open time prolongers. This can also facilitate the mixing of different wet paint layers for aesthetic effect. Latex and acrylic emulsions require the use of drying retardants suitable for water-based coatings. Depending on the quality and type of liquid paint used, the open time will vary. Oil paints for instance are renowned for their open time as oil paints allow for artists to blend the colors for extended periods of time without having to add any extending agents. </p><p>Dipping used to be the norm for objects such as filing cabinets, but this has been replaced by high-speed air turbine-driven bells with electrostatic spray. Car bodies are primed using cathodic elephoretic primer, which is applied by charging the body depositing a layer of primer. The unchanged residue is rinsed off and the primer stoved. </p><p>Many paints tend to separate when stored, the heavier components settling to the bottom, and require mixing before use. Some paint outlets have machines for mixing the paint by shaking the can vigorously for a few minutes. </p><p>The opacity and the film thickness of paint may be measured using a <a href="/wiki/Drawdown_card" title="Drawdown card">drawdown card</a>. </p><p>Water-based paints tend to be the easiest to clean up after use; the brushes and rollers can be cleaned with soap and water. </p><p>Proper disposal of left over paint is a challenge. Sometimes it can be recycled: Old paint may be usable for a primer coat or an intermediate coat, and paints of similar chemistry can be mixed to make a larger amount of a uniform color. </p><p>To dispose of paint it can be dried and disposed of in the domestic waste stream, provided that it contains no prohibited substances (see container). Disposal of liquid paint usually requires special handling and should be treated as <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>, and disposed of according to local regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Product_variants">Product variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Product variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EWM_paint_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EWM_paint_2007.jpg/220px-EWM_paint_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EWM_paint_2007.jpg/330px-EWM_paint_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/EWM_paint_2007.jpg/440px-EWM_paint_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A collection of cans of paint and variants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlg_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/220px-Vlg_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/330px-Vlg_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Vlg_shop.jpg/440px-Vlg_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A huge collection of different kinds of spray cans, markers, paints, and inks in the underground graffiti shop. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver City</a>, 2011.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kwadi.jpg/220px-Kwadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kwadi.jpg/330px-Kwadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kwadi.jpg/440px-Kwadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Blue color paint smears</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Primer_(paint)" title="Primer (paint)">Primer</a></b> is a preparatory coating put on materials before applying the paint itself. The primed surface ensures better <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> of the paint, thereby increasing the durability of the paint and providing improved protection for the painted surface. Suitable primers also may block and seal stains, or hide a color that is to be painted over.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a> paints</b> are water-based paints in which the paint material is dispersed in a liquid that consists mainly of water. For suitable purposes this has advantages in fast-drying, low toxicity, low cost, easier application, and easier cleaning of equipment, among other factors.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">shellac</a></b> are in effect paints without pigment; they provide a protective coating without substantially changing the color of the surface, though they can emphasise the colour of the material.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></b> is a type of paint that is formulated to be very "thin", meaning low in viscosity, so that the pigment soaks into a material such as wood rather than remaining in a film on the surface. Stain is mainly dispersed <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> or dissolved <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> plus binder material in a solvent. It is designed to add color without providing a surface coating.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></b> is a solvent-based paint or varnish that produces an especially hard, durable finish. Usually it is a rapidly drying formulation.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enamel_paint" title="Enamel paint">Enamel paint</a></b> is formulated to give an especially hard, usually glossy, finish. Some enamel paints contain fine glass powder or metal flake instead of the color pigments in standard oil-based paints. Enamel paint sometimes is mixed with varnish or urethane to improve its shine and hardness.</li> <li><b>A <a href="/wiki/Glaze_(painting_technique)" title="Glaze (painting technique)">glaze</a></b> is an additive used with paint to slow drying time and increase translucency, as in <a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">faux painting</a> and for some artistic effects.</li> <li><b>A <a href="/wiki/Roof_coating" title="Roof coating">roof coating</a></b> is a fluid that sets as an elastic membrane that can stretch without harm. It provides UV protection to polyurethane foam and is widely used in roof restoration.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fingerpaint" title="Fingerpaint">Fingerpaints</a></b> are formulations suitable for application with the fingers; they are popular for use by children in primary school activities.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">Inks</a></b> are similar to paints, except that they are typically made using finely ground pigments or dyes, and are not designed to leave a thick film of binder. They are used largely for writing, printing, or <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anti-graffiti_coating" title="Anti-graffiti coating">Anti-graffiti coatings</a></b> are used to defeat the marking of surfaces by <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> artists or vandals. There are two categories of anti-graffiti coatings: sacrificial and non-bonding:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Sacrificial coatings</b> are clear coatings that allow the removal of graffiti, usually by washing the surface with high-pressure water that removes the graffiti together with the coating (hence the term "sacrificial"). After removal of the graffiti, the sacrificial coating must be re-applied for continued protection. Such sacrificial protective coatings are most commonly used on natural-looking masonry surfaces, such as statuary and marble walls, and on rougher surfaces that are difficult to clean.</li> <li><b>Non-bonding coatings</b> are clear, high-performance coatings, usually catalyzed <a href="/wiki/Polyurethanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyurethanes">polyurethanes</a>, that do not bond strongly to paints used for graffiti. Graffiti on such a surface can be removed with a solvent wash, without damaging either the underlying surface or the protective non-bonding coating. These coatings work best on smooth surfaces, and are especially useful on decorative surfaces such as mosaics or painted murals, which might be expected to suffer harm from high pressure sprays.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Urine-repellent paint</b> is a very <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a> (water-repellent) paint. It has been used by cities and other property owners to deter men from <a href="/wiki/Public_urination" class="mw-redirect" title="Public urination">urinating against walls</a>, as the urine splashes back on their shoes, instead of dripping down the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anti-climb_paint" title="Anti-climb paint">Anti-climb paint</a></b> is a non-drying paint that appears normal but is extremely slippery. It is useful on drainpipes and ledges to deter burglars and vandals from climbing them, and is found in many public places. When a person attempts to climb objects coated with the paint, it rubs off onto the climber, as well as making it hard for them to climb.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anti-fouling_paint" title="Anti-fouling paint">Anti-fouling paint</a></b>, or bottom paint, prevents barnacles and other marine organisms from adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a> of ships.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Insulative_paint" title="Insulative paint">Insulative paint</a></b> or <b>insulating paint</b>, reduces the rate of thermal transfer through a surface it's applied to. One type of formulation is based on the addition of hollow <a href="/wiki/Microspheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Microspheres">microspheres</a> to any suitable type of paint.</li> <li><b>Anti-slip paint</b> contains chemicals or grit to increase the friction of a surface so as to decrease the risk of slipping, particularly in wet conditions.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking#Paint" title="Road surface marking">Road marking paint</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-road_marking_paint_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-road_marking_paint-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is specially used to marking and painting road traffic signs and lines, to form a durable coating film on the road surface. It must be fast-drying, provide a thick coating, and resist wear and slipping, especially in wet conditions.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luminous_paint" title="Luminous paint">Luminous paint</a></b> or luminescent paint is paint that exhibits luminescence. In other words, it gives off visible light through fluorescence, phosphorescence, or radioluminescence.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chalk_paint" title="Chalk paint">Chalk paint</a></b> is a decorative paint used for home decor to achieve looks such as <a href="/wiki/Shabby_chic" title="Shabby chic">shabby chic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vintage_(design)" title="Vintage (design)">vintage</a> with home <a href="/wiki/Decor" class="mw-redirect" title="Decor">decor</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finish_types">Finish types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Finish types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Flat Finish</b> paint is generally used on ceilings or walls that are in bad shape. This finish is useful for hiding imperfections in walls and it is economical in effectively covering large areas. However, this finish is not easily washable and is subject to staining.</li> <li><b>Matte Finish</b> is generally similar to flat finish, but such paints commonly offer superior washability and coverage. (See <a href="/wiki/Gloss_and_matte_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloss and matte paint">Gloss and matte paint</a>.)</li> <li><b>Eggshell Finish</b> has some sheen, supposedly like that of the shell on an egg. This finish provides great washability but is not very effective at hiding imperfections on walls and similar surfaces. The eggshell finish is valued for bathrooms because it is washable and water-repellent, so it tends not to peel in a wet environment.</li> <li><b>Pearl (Satin) Finish</b> is very durable in terms of washability and resistance to moisture, even in comparison to an eggshell finish. It protects walls from dirt, moisture, and stains. Accordingly, it is exceptionally valuable for bathrooms, furniture, and kitchens, but it is shinier than eggshell, so it is even more prone to show imperfections. It has a soft, velvety appearance that is perfect for creating a luxurious feel in any room. Satin paint is also very durable and easy to clean, making it ideal for high-traffic areas like kitchens and bathrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Semi-Gloss Finish</b> typically is used on <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">trim</a> to emphasize detail and elegance, and to show off woodwork, such as on doors and furniture. It provides a shiny surface and provides good protection from moisture and stains on walls. Its gloss does however emphasize imperfections on the walls and similar surfaces. It is popular in schools and factories where washability and durability are the main considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>High-gloss paint</b> is a highly <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(optics)" title="Gloss (optics)">glossy</a> form of paint that is light reflecting and has a mirror-like look. It pairs well with other finishes. While it is highly durable and easy to clean, high gloss paint is known for obvious visibility of imperfections like scratches and dents.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure">Failure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main reasons for paint failure after application on the surface are the applicator and improper treatment of the surface. </p><p>Defects or degradation can be attributed to: </p> <dl><dt>Dilution</dt> <dd>This usually occurs when the dilution of the paint is not done as per manufacturers recommendation. There can be a case of over dilution and under dilution, as well as dilution with the incorrect diluent.</dd> <dt>Contamination</dt> <dd>Foreign contaminants can cause various film defects.</dd> <dt>Peeling/Blistering</dt> <dd>Most commonly due to improper surface treatment before application and inherent moisture/dampness being present in the substrate. The degree of blistering can be assessed according to ISO 4628 Part 2 or ASTM Method D714 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of Paints).</dd> <dt>Chalking</dt> <dd>Chalking is the progressive powdering of the paint film on the painted surface. The primary reason for the problem is <a href="/wiki/Polymer_degradation" title="Polymer degradation">polymer degradation</a> of the paint matrix due to exposure of <a href="/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV radiation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunshine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine">sunshine</a> and condensation from dew. The degree of chalking varies as epoxies react quickly while acrylics and polyurethanes can remain unchanged for long periods.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree of chalking can be assessed according to <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Standard</a> ISO 4628 Part 6 or 7 or <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Testing_and_Materials" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Testing and Materials">American Society of Testing and Materials</a>(ASTM) Method D4214 (Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint Films).</dd> <dt>Cracking</dt> <dd>Cracking of paint film is due to the unequal expansion or contraction of paint coats. It usually happens when the coats of the paint are not allowed to cure/dry completely before the next coat is applied. The degree of cracking can be assessed according to International Standard ISO 4628 Part 4 or ASTM Method D661 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Cracking of Exterior Paints). Cracking can also occur when the paint is applied to a surface that is incompatible or unstable. For instance, clay that hasn't dried completely when painted will cause the paint to crack due to the residual moisture in the clay.</dd> <dt>Erosion</dt> <dd>Erosion is very quick chalking. It occurs due to external agents like air, water etc. It can be evaluated using ASTM Method ASTM D662 (Standard Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior Paints). The generation of acid by fungal species can be a significant component of erosion of painted surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Aureobasidium_pullulans" title="Aureobasidium pullulans">Aureobasidium pullulans</a></i> is known for damaging wall paints.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaking_paint_on_rusting_metal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peeling"><img alt="Peeling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flaking_paint_on_rusting_metal.jpg/238px-Flaking_paint_on_rusting_metal.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flaking_paint_on_rusting_metal.jpg/356px-Flaking_paint_on_rusting_metal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flaking_paint_on_rusting_metal.jpg/475px-Flaking_paint_on_rusting_metal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="1880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peeling</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paint_chalking.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polyurethane paint progressively chalking"><img alt="Polyurethane paint progressively chalking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paint_chalking.jpg/225px-Paint_chalking.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paint_chalking.jpg/337px-Paint_chalking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paint_chalking.jpg/450px-Paint_chalking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polyurethane paint progressively chalking</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peeling_paint_(pink).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cracking"><img alt="Cracking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Peeling_paint_%28pink%29.jpg/204px-Peeling_paint_%28pink%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Peeling_paint_%28pink%29.jpg/306px-Peeling_paint_%28pink%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Peeling_paint_%28pink%29.jpg/409px-Peeling_paint_%28pink%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="4027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cracking</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dangers">Dangers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs) in paint are considered harmful to the environment and especially for people who work with them on a regular basis. Extensive exposure to these vapours has been strongly related to <a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">organic solvent syndrome</a>, although a definitive relation has yet to be fully established.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversial solvent <a href="/wiki/2-butoxyethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="2-butoxyethanol">2-butoxyethanol</a> is also used in paint production.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethylene_Glycol_Mono-N-Butyl_Ether_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethylene_Glycol_Mono-N-Butyl_Ether-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurisdictions such as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the United States, and South Korea have definitions for VOCs in place, along with regulations to limit the use of VOCs in consumer products such as paint.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>, environmental regulations, consumer demand, and advances in technology led to the development of low-VOC and zero-VOC paints and finishes. These new paints are widely available and meet or exceed the old high-VOC products in performance and cost-effectiveness while having significantly less impact on human and environmental health.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globally, the most widely accepted standard for acceptable levels of VOC in paint is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greenseal.org/standards/gs-11-paints-coatings-stains-and-sealers/">Green Seal’s GS-11 Standards</a> from the US which defines different VOC levels acceptable for different types of paint based on use case and performance requirements. </p><p>A polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was reported (published in 2009) in air samples collected in Chicago, Philadelphia, the Arctic, and several sites around the Great Lakes. PCB is a global pollutant and was measured in the wastewater effluent from paint production. The widespread distribution of PCB suggests volatilization of this compound from surfaces, roofs etc. PCB is present in consumer goods including newspapers, magazines, and cardboard boxes, which usually contain color pigments. Therefore, a hypothesis exists that PCB congeners are present as byproduct in some current commercial pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research is ongoing to remove heavy metals from paint formulations completely.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact_of_plastics_in_paints">Environmental impact of plastics in paints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Environmental impact of plastics in paints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ongoing scrutiny of the environmental impact of plastics in paint production is reminiscent of previous investigations into the use of lead in paints. This assessment is driven by accumulating evidence that underscores the role of paint as a significant contributor to <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastic pollution</a>. In 2019, of the 44.4 million tons of globally produced paint, 95 percent was plastic-based. Further, a 2022 study by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Action" title="Environmental Action">Environmental Action</a> revealed that approximately 58 percent of the microplastics found in oceans and waterways could be traced back to paint. </p><p>Efforts to mitigate this environmental issue have spurred the development and exploration of alternatives to plastic-based paints, such as those derived from <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk_paint" title="Milk paint">milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">limewash</a>. However, their cost is a significant deterrent to the widespread adoption of these environmentally-friendly alternatives. As of 2023, a gallon of plastic-based paint may cost around $20 to $30, however the price for specialized paint, such as graphene and lime, ranges from $34 to $114 per gallon, underlining the financial challenges associated with transitioning from plastic-based paints.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paint_manufacturers" title="Category:Paint manufacturers">Category:Paint manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-graffiti_coating" title="Anti-graffiti coating">Anti-graffiti coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Materials_Protection_and_Performance" title="Association for Materials Protection and Performance">Association for Materials Protection and Performance</a>, mergerger of NACE International and SSPC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresle_method" title="Bresle method">Bresle method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_cup" title="Density cup">Density cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distressing" title="Distressing">Distressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paint" title="Environmental impact of paint">Environmental impact of paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">Faux painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formulation" title="Formulation">Formulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_radiation_control_coating" title="Interior radiation control coating">Interior radiation control coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">List of art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Paint" title="Microsoft Paint">Microsoft Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_adhesion_testing" title="Paint adhesion testing">Paint adhesion testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_sheen" title="Paint sheen">Paint sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_coating" title="Powder coating">Powder coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(paint)" title="Primer (paint)">Primer (paint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_coating" title="Roof coating">Roof coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_paint" title="Soy paint">Soy paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stain-blocking_primer" title="Stain-blocking primer">Stain-blocking primer</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaggart2022" class="citation web cs1">Taggart, Emma (2022-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mymodernmet.com/history-of-paint/">"Unearth the Colorful History of Paint: From Natural Pigments to Synthetic Hues"</a>. <i>My Modern Met</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Modern+Met&rft.atitle=Unearth+the+Colorful+History+of+Paint%3A+From+Natural+Pigments+to+Synthetic+Hues&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft.aulast=Taggart&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmymodernmet.com%2Fhistory-of-paint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchant2016" class="citation web cs1">Marchant, Jo (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/journey-oldest-cave-paintings-world-180957685/">"A Journey to the Oldest Cave Paintings in the World"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Journey+to+the+Oldest+Cave+Paintings+in+the+World&rft.date=2016-01&rft.aulast=Marchant&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fjourney-oldest-cave-paintings-world-180957685%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hgtv.com/design/decorating/design-101/painting-101-oil-or-latex">"Painting 101: Oil or Latex?"</a>. <i>HGTV</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HGTV&rft.atitle=Painting+101%3A+Oil+or+Latex%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hgtv.com%2Fdesign%2Fdecorating%2Fdesign-101%2Fpainting-101-oil-or-latex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consumerreports.org/painting/ideal-outdoor-temperature-range-exterior-paint/">"What's the Ideal Outdoor Temperature Range for Using Exterior Paint?"</a>. 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+Ideal+Outdoor+Temperature+Range+for+Using+Exterior+Paint%3F&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerreports.org%2Fpainting%2Fideal-outdoor-temperature-range-exterior-paint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraughwell2012" class="citation book cs1">Craughwell, Thomas J. (2012). <i>30,000 years of inventions</i>. 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Two pieces of ocher appear to be marked with abstract lines that could be viewed as artistic expression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Is+Bead+Find+Proof+Modern+Thought+Began+in+Africa%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2004-03-31&rft.au=Hillary+Mayell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F03%2F0331_040331_ostrichman_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/oct/13/stone-age-painting-kits">"Stone Age painting kits found in cave"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. October 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stone+Age+painting+kits+found+in+cave&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2011%2Foct%2F13%2Fstone-age-painting-kits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Pappa2011" class="citation web cs1">Stephanie Pappa (October 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/16538-oldest-human-paint-studio.html">"Oldest Human Paint-Making Studio Discovered in Cave"</a>. <i>Live Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Oldest+Human+Paint-Making+Studio+Discovered+in+Cave&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.au=Stephanie+Pappa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F16538-oldest-human-paint-studio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-10763044">"Painted walls in Orkney <b>5,000 years old</b>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Painted+walls+in+Orkney+5%2C000+years+old&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-10763044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nessofbrodgar.co.uk/painted-walls/">"Painted walls"</a>. <i>The Ness of Brodgar Excavation</i>. 2011-08-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ness+of+Brodgar+Excavation&rft.atitle=Painted+walls&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nessofbrodgar.co.uk%2Fpainted-walls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansenCottede_NolfReyes-Herrera2020" class="citation journal cs1">Christiansen, Thomas; Cotte, Marine; de Nolf, Wout; Reyes-Herrera, Juan; de Meyer, Steven; Vanmeert, Frederik; Salvadó, Nati; Gonzalez, Victor; Lindelof, Poul Erik; Mortensen, Kell; Ryholt, Kim; Janssens, Koen; Larsen, Sine (October 26, 2020). Faber, Katherine (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2004534117">"Insights into the Composition of Ancient Egyptian Red and Black Inks on Papyri Achieved by Synchrotron-Based Microanalyses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2004534117">10.1073/pnas.2004534117</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F335402">2117/335402</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Insights+into+the+Composition+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Red+and+Black+Inks+on+Papyri+Achieved+by+Synchrotron-Based+Microanalyses&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2117%2F335402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2004534117&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Cotte%2C+Marine&rft.au=de+Nolf%2C+Wout&rft.au=Reyes-Herrera%2C+Juan&rft.au=de+Meyer%2C+Steven&rft.au=Vanmeert%2C+Frederik&rft.au=Salvad%C3%B3%2C+Nati&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Victor&rft.au=Lindelof%2C+Poul+Erik&rft.au=Mortensen%2C+Kell&rft.au=Ryholt%2C+Kim&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Koen&rft.au=Larsen%2C+Sine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2004534117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/19/oldest-oil-painting.html">"Oldest Oil Paintings Found in Afghanistan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234713/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/19/oldest-oil-painting.html">Archived</a> June 3, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rosella Lorenzi, Discovery News. Feb. 19, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter" title="Theophilus Presbyter">Theophilus Presbyter</a> Book I ch. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbera,_Giocchino2005" class="citation book cs1">Barbera, Giocchino (2005). <i>Antonello da Messina, Sicily's Renaissance Master</i> (exhibition catalogue). 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London: Graham & Trotman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85333-286-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85333-286-0">1-85333-286-0</a> p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coatings.specialchem.com/selection-guide/powder-coatings-formulation-tips">"Powder Coating 101"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definitions+of+a+Dye+and+a+Pigment&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolour-index.com%2Fdefinitions-of-a-dye-and-a-pigment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulprospector.com/knowledge/4751/pc-four-important-functional-pigments/#:~:text=Functional%20Pigments%20(FP)%20is%20a,types%2C%20but%20there%20are%20others.">"Four Important Functional Pigments"</a>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319338927" title="Special:BookSources/9783319338927"><bdi>9783319338927</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dyes+and+Pigments&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft.isbn=9783319338927&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrses&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft.au=A%C3%A7%C4%B1ky%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z%2C+Metin&rft.au=G%C3%BCne%C5%9F%2C+K%C3%BCbra&rft.au=G%C3%BCrses%2C+M.+Sadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfggDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DPigments%2Bare%2Bgranular%2Bsolids%2Bincorporated%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bpaint%2Bto%2Bcontribute%2Bcolor%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-oct-14-la-sci-ancient-paint-20111014-story.html">"Archives"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 14 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Archives&rft.date=2011-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2011-oct-14-la-sci-ancient-paint-20111014-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duluxprotectivecoatings.com.au/technotespdf/5.2.1%20MIO%20Coatings%20-%20What%20Are%20They.pdf">"MIO Coatings – What Are They?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dulux Protective Coatings</i>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dulux+Protective+Coatings&rft.atitle=MIO+Coatings+%E2%80%93+What+Are+They%3F&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duluxprotectivecoatings.com.au%2Ftechnotespdf%2F5.2.1%2520MIO%2520Coatings%2520-%2520What%2520Are%2520They.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:38753:en">"ISO 10601:2007"</a>. <i>Micaceous iron oxide pigments</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chemsafetypro.com&rft.atitle=Volatile+Organic+Compounds+%28VOC%29+and+Consumer+Products+Regulations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemsafetypro.com%2FTopics%2FVOC%2FWhat_Are_Volatile_Organic_Compounds_%28VOC%29_and_Overview_of_Global_VOC_Regulations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangFortmannRoacheLao1999" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, John C. S.; Fortmann, Roy; Roache, Nancy; Lao, Huei-Chen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0668.1999.00004.x">"Evaluation of Low-VOC Latex Paints"</a>. <i>Indoor Air</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999InAir...9..253C">1999InAir...9..253C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0668.1999.00004.x">10.1111/j.1600-0668.1999.00004.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0905-6947">0905-6947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10649858">10649858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indoor+Air&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Low-VOC+Latex+Paints&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0668.1999.00004.x&rft.issn=0905-6947&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10649858&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999InAir...9..253C&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=John+C.+S.&rft.au=Fortmann%2C+Roy&rft.au=Roache%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Lao%2C+Huei-Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1600-0668.1999.00004.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuHornbuckle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, D; Hornbuckle, KC (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853905">"Inadvertent polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial paint pigments"</a>. <i>Environ Sci Technol</i>. <b>44</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">2822–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EnST...44.2822H">2010EnST...44.2822H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes902413k">10.1021/es902413k</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853905">2853905</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19957996">19957996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ+Sci+Technol&rft.atitle=Inadvertent+polychlorinated+biphenyls+in+commercial+paint+pigments&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2822-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2853905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19957996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes902413k&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EnST...44.2822H&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Hornbuckle%2C+KC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2853905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuthranPatil2023" class="citation journal cs1">Puthran, Dayanand; Patil, Dilip (2023-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00648-4">"Usage of heavy metal-free compounds in surface coatings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Coatings_Technology_and_Research" title="Journal of Coatings Technology and Research">Journal of Coatings Technology and Research</a></i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11998-022-00648-4">10.1007/s11998-022-00648-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1935-3804">1935-3804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251771272">251771272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Coatings+Technology+and+Research&rft.atitle=Usage+of+heavy+metal-free+compounds+in+surface+coatings&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251771272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1935-3804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11998-022-00648-4&rft.aulast=Puthran&rft.aufirst=Dayanand&rft.au=Patil%2C+Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11998-022-00648-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudgard2023" class="citation news cs1">Rudgard, Olivia (2023-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-19/your-house-paint-is-causing-an-ocean-plastic-problem">"Your Basic House Paints Have an Environmental Plastic Problem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Your+Basic+House+Paints+Have+an+Environmental+Plastic+Problem&rft.date=2023-07-19&rft.aulast=Rudgard&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-07-19%2Fyour-house-paint-is-causing-an-ocean-plastic-problem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paint&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentlyTurner1997" class="citation book cs1">Bently, J.; Turner, G.P.A. (1997). <i>Introduction to Paint Chemistry and Principles of Paint Technology</i>. Unk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-72320-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-72320-4"><bdi>0-412-72320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Paint+Chemistry+and+Principles+of+Paint+Technology&rft.place=Unk.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-412-72320-4&rft.aulast=Bently&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Turner%2C+G.P.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2007" class="citation book cs1">Talbert, Rodger (2007). <i>Paint Technology Handbook</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57444-703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57444-703-3"><bdi>978-1-57444-703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paint+Technology+Handbook&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan%2C+USA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57444-703-3&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Rodger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodbridge1991" class="citation book cs1">Woodbridge, Paul R., ed. (1991). <i>Principles of Paint Formulation</i>. Unk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-02951-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-02951-0"><bdi>0-412-02951-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Paint+Formulation&rft.place=Unk.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-412-02951-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaint" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-bsfwr","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.853","walltime":"1.053","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4647,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":195374,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2237,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":237092,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 843.460 1 -total"," 43.15% 363.972 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.68% 199.765 34 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Paint","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paint","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q174219","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q174219","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-21T17:57:14Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T19:53:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e0\/Multicolored_tempera_paints.jpg","headline":"pigmented liquid applied over a surface that dries as a solid film"}</script> </body> </html>