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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></div> <p>The 20-year-long <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a> had a number of significant impacts on <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghan society</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narang_night_raid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Narang_night_raid.jpg/220px-Narang_night_raid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Narang_night_raid.jpg/330px-Narang_night_raid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Narang_night_raid.jpg/440px-Narang_night_raid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Victims of the <a href="/wiki/Narang_night_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Narang night raid">Narang night raid</a> that killed at least 10 Afghan civilians, December 2009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/14000221001032637563654097188712_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84.jpg/330px-14000221001032637563654097188712_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/14000221001032637563654097188712_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84.jpg/440px-14000221001032637563654097188712_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AC%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Gathering outside Afghan embassy in Tehran to condemn the <a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing" title="2021 Kabul school bombing">2021 Kabul school bombing</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coalition_casualties_in_Afghanistan" title="Coalition casualties in Afghanistan">Coalition casualties in Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Afghan_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Afghanistan" title="List of Afghan security forces fatality reports in Afghanistan">Afghan security forces casualties</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan" title="List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan">aviation accidents</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Costs_of_War_Project" title="Costs of War Project">Costs of War Project</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, the war killed 46,319 Afghan civilians in Afghanistan. However, the death toll is possibly higher due to unaccounted deaths by "disease, loss of access to food, water, infrastructure, and/or other indirect consequences of the war".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report titled <i>Body Count</i> put together by <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Global_Survival" title="Physicians for Global Survival">Physicians for Global Survival</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a> (IPPNW) concluded that 106,000–170,000 civilians have been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan at the hands of all parties to the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-IPPNW_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPNW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of civilian casualties were attributed to anti-government elements each year, though the figure varied from 61% to 80%, with the average hovering around 75% due to the Taliban and other anti-government elements.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_casualties_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_casualties-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNAMA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNAMA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-August2009,_UN_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-August2009,_UN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) started publishing civilian casualty figures in 2008. These figures attribute approximately 41% of civilian casualties to government aligned forces in 2008; this percentage lowers to approximately 18% in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-SSGTW_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSGTW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Civilian deaths caused by non-Afghan Coalition forces were low later in the war after most foreign troops were withdrawn and the coalition shifted to airstrikes. For example, in 2015 pro-government forces caused 17% of civilian deaths and injuries – including United States and NATO troops, which were responsible for only 2% of the casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2016 had a similar 2% figure. Civilian deaths were higher as well in the latter part of the war, with 2015 and 2016 both consecutively breaking the record of annual civilian deaths according to the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_casualties_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera_casualties-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the overthrow of the Taliban government in 2001, many Taliban and al-Qaeda fighters fled to Pakistan. In 2004, an armed <a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">conflict began in North-West Pakistan</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan</a>, al-Qaeda, and other allied groups. The conflict killed 67,000 people in total from 2001 to 2021, according to the Costs of War Project.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SSGTW_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSGTW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs">Costs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pentagon's near-final estimate of the cost of the war in Afghanistan, including reconstruction, was $825 billion. This was provided in its 2020 year-end "Cost of War Report."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another estimate that was recognized by US President Joe Biden put the costs at over $2 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, the UK's contribution to the war in Afghanistan came to £37 billion ($56.46 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For years, US officials had considered the cost of the war while discussing when to draw down troops.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, for example, the average cost of deploying a US soldier in Afghanistan exceeded US$1 million a year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2013, Linda Bilmes at Harvard Kennedy School estimated that the long-term costs of the US wars in Afghanistan <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">and Iraq</a> would come to total at least US$4 to $6 trillion, with a significant portion of the cost due to disability for veterans and interest payments on debt through to 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, Brown University estimates that the war in Afghanistan has already cost $2.261 trillion, out of which $530 billion has been spent on interest payments and $296 billion has been spent on veterans' care.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inefficient_aid">Inefficient aid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Inefficient aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phantom_aid_in_Afghanistan" title="Phantom aid in Afghanistan">Phantom aid in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Corruption and inefficiency resulted in significant amounts of international aid not reaching their intended targets. In the first decade of the war, the United States lost between $31 and $60 billion to waste and fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 2013, preparing for withdrawal the following year, the US military destroyed over 77,000 metric tons of equipment and vehicles worth over $7 billion that could not be shipped back to the United States. Some was sold to Afghans as scrap metal.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, a US government oversight body, criticized the misuse or waste of hundreds of millions of dollars in US aid, including the $772 million purchase of aircraft for the Afghan military especially since "the Afghans lack the capacity to operate and maintain them".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In interviews conducted for the <a href="/wiki/Special_Inspector_General_for_Afghanistan_Reconstruction" title="Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction">Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction</a>'s Lessons Learned Program, one interviewee estimated that 40 percent of US aid to Afghanistan since 2001 ended up in the pockets of corrupt officials, warlords, criminals and insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Crocker" title="Ryan Crocker">Ryan Crocker</a>, former ambassador to Afghanistan and Iraq, told the investigators in a 2016 interview, "You just cannot put those amounts of money into a very fragile state and society, and not have it fuel corruption."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refugees">Refugees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Refugees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghan refugees</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Afghan_National_Civil_Order_Police_officer_hands_out_clothing_donated_by_a_charity_in_New_Jersey_to_children_living_at_a_refugee_camp_in_Kabul,_Afghanistan,_July_28,_2011_110728-F-AK669-291.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/An_Afghan_National_Civil_Order_Police_officer_hands_out_clothing_donated_by_a_charity_in_New_Jersey_to_children_living_at_a_refugee_camp_in_Kabul%2C_Afghanistan%2C_July_28%2C_2011_110728-F-AK669-291.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/An_Afghan_National_Civil_Order_Police_officer_hands_out_clothing_donated_by_a_charity_in_New_Jersey_to_children_living_at_a_refugee_camp_in_Kabul%2C_Afghanistan%2C_July_28%2C_2011_110728-F-AK669-291.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/An_Afghan_National_Civil_Order_Police_officer_hands_out_clothing_donated_by_a_charity_in_New_Jersey_to_children_living_at_a_refugee_camp_in_Kabul%2C_Afghanistan%2C_July_28%2C_2011_110728-F-AK669-291.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Foreign donated clothing being handed out by an Afghan civil officer to children at a refugee camp, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2001, more than 5.7 million former refugees have returned to Afghanistan,<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but 2.6 million others remained refugees in 2021 and few refugees were returning.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After many years of returning refugees, the tide started to turn both due to a poor economic situation<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a significant increase of violence, leading to increasing numbers fleeing as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2013 the UN estimated that 547,550 were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a>, a 25% increase over the 447,547 IDPs estimated for January 2012<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unhcr_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 400,000 people were displaced in 2020 and 200,000 were displaced in the first half of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2021_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_refugees_resettled_after_2021_Afghan_withdrawal_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Afghan_refugees_resettled_after_2021_Afghan_withdrawal_by_state.svg/220px-Afghan_refugees_resettled_after_2021_Afghan_withdrawal_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Afghan_refugees_resettled_after_2021_Afghan_withdrawal_by_state.svg/330px-Afghan_refugees_resettled_after_2021_Afghan_withdrawal_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Afghan_refugees_resettled_after_2021_Afghan_withdrawal_by_state.svg/440px-Afghan_refugees_resettled_after_2021_Afghan_withdrawal_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Afghan refugees resettled per 100K residents after the 2021 Afghan withdrawal and evacuation in each U.S. state and the District of Columbia, according to CBS News.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2020, Pakistan has taken in the largest number of Afghan refugees, followed by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Smaller numbers have taken refuge in India, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. Outside Asia, Germany took in by far the largest number of refugees as well as the largest amount of <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seekers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Taliban takeover, over 122,000 people were airlifted abroad from Kabul airport, during the <a href="/wiki/2021_evacuation_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 evacuation from Afghanistan">evacuation from Afghanistan</a>, including Afghans, American citizens, and other foreign citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn-withdrawal_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-withdrawal-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year after the Taliban takeover, the United States had accepted over 85,000 Afghan refugees, many of whom had been processed in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The United Arab Emirates agreed to temporarily host Afghan refugees in Abu Dhabi on behalf of other nations. Over 10,000 have been resettled to the United States from Abu Dhabi, but 12,000 remained there as of August 2022, leading to protests by refugees over the resettlement process and living conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_trade">Drug trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Drug trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG/220px-Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG/330px-Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG/440px-Afghanistan_opium_poppy_cultivation_1994-2007b.PNG 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Afghanistan opium poppy cultivation, 1994–2016 (hectares)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>From 1996 to 1999, the Taliban controlled 96% of Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a> fields and made <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> its largest source of revenue though taxes on opium exports. According to Rashid, "drug money funded the weapons, ammunition and fuel for the war".<sup id="cite_ref-Chouvy1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chouvy1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2000 Afghanistan accounted for an estimated 75% of the world's opium supply with an estimated 3,276 tonnes produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Thourni_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thourni-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omar then banned opium cultivation and production dropped to an estimated 74 metric tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers say the ban – which came in a bid for <a href="/wiki/International_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition">international recognition</a> at the United Nations – was issued only to raise opium prices and increase profit from the sale of large existing stockpiles. In September 2001 – before the 11 September attacks against the US – the Taliban allegedly authorized Afghan peasants to sow opium again.<sup id="cite_ref-Chouvy1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chouvy1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the invasion opium production increased markedly.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews_go_com22_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews_go_com22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2005, Afghanistan was producing 90% of the world's opium, most of which was processed into heroin and sold in Europe and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-www_csmonitor_com23_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www_csmonitor_com23-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2018 report by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Inspector_General_for_Afghanistan_Reconstruction" title="Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction">Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction</a> (SIGAR), the US spent $8.6 billion since 2002 to stop Afghanistan's drug trade and deny the Taliban a revenue source. A May 2021 SIGAR report estimated that the Taliban earn 60% of their annual revenue from the trade, while UN officials estimated more than $400 million was earned by the Taliban from the trade between 2018 and 2019, however other experts have disputed this and estimated that the Taliban earns at most $40 million annually from the drug trade.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_well-being">Health and well-being</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health and well-being"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2001 and 2021, Afghanistan experienced improvements in health, education and women's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life expectancy increased from 56 to 64 years and the maternal mortality rate was reduced by half. 89% of residents living in cities have access to clean water, up from 16% in 2001. The rate of child marriage has been reduced by 17%.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Afghanistan increased by more than 50% between 2001 and 2014, while its GDP grew eightfold.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A September 2019 Taliban attack destroyed most buildings of the main hospital in southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and killed almost 40 people, due to which the country is now reportedly struggling to efficiently fight against the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Does this still hold since May 2020? (November 2021)">needs update?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_education">Public education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education in Afghanistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Islam and children</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women in Islam</a></div><p>As of 2013, 8.2 million Afghans attended school, up from 1.2 million in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literacy rate has risen from 8% to 43% since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All Afghan children are legally required to complete class nine. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that the Afghan government was unable to provide a system to ensure all children received this level of education and, in practice, many children missed out.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> reported that 3.7 million children between the ages of 7 and 17, or 44 percent, were not attending school.<sup id="cite_ref-aj030618_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj030618-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, the Afghan government cooperated with Taliban forces to provide education services: in <a href="/wiki/Khogyani_District" title="Khogyani District">Khogyani District</a>, the government is given "nominal control" by local Taliban fighters in return for paying the wages of teachers whom the Taliban appoint in local schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Mujib_Mashal_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mujib_Mashal-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_rights"><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span>Women's rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghans_receive_school_supplies_111208-A-RX742-037.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Afghans_receive_school_supplies_111208-A-RX742-037.jpg/220px-Afghans_receive_school_supplies_111208-A-RX742-037.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Afghans_receive_school_supplies_111208-A-RX742-037.jpg/330px-Afghans_receive_school_supplies_111208-A-RX742-037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Afghans_receive_school_supplies_111208-A-RX742-037.jpg/440px-Afghans_receive_school_supplies_111208-A-RX742-037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A young Afghan girl in <a href="/wiki/Qalat,_Zabul" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalat, Zabul">Qalat</a> pictured by the <a href="/wiki/116th_Infantry_Brigade_Combat_Team_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (United States)">116th Infantry Battalion</a> before receiving school supplies in 2011</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in Afghanistan">Women's rights in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Prior to the beginning of conflict in 1978, there had been some strides in women's rights in cities, but Afghanistan remained much more conservative than even its neighboring countries. Pashtun areas emphasized tribal honor, which meant that women generally wore full cover light blue <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqas</a>. In the most rural areas however, women generally did not wear burqas due to the hard labor of farming.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> </p><p>As of 2013, 3.2 million girls attended school, up fewer than 50,000 in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 39% of girls were attending school in 2017 compared to 6% in 2003. In 2021, a third of students at university were women and 27% of members of parliament were women.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2021_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Taliban typically opposed girls' education, in 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Khogyani_District" title="Khogyani District">Khogyani District</a> it allowed girls to receive education in order to improve its standing among local residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Mujib_Mashal_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mujib_Mashal-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> reported that in some provinces such as Kandahar, Helmand, Wardak, Paktika, Zabul and Uruzgan, 85 percent of girls were not going to school.<sup id="cite_ref-aj030618_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj030618-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental">Environmental</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan">Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg/220px-Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg/330px-Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg/440px-Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Open-air burn pit at <a href="/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Sharana" title="Forward Operating Base Sharana">Forward Operating Base Sharana</a>, Paktika, Afghanistan, in 2013</figcaption></figure>The ongoing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan">environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan</a>, from the 1979 beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">2021 United States' withdrawal from Afghanistan</a>, adversely affect the health of Afghan civilians and American veterans, infrastructure, the labour force, and social structures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental impacts involve but are not limited to the open-air <a href="/wiki/Burn_pits" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn pits">burn pits</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD) and the degradation of traditional <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burn pits produced hazardous emissions inconclusively linked to later appearances of chronic and sometimes fatal illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irrigation impacts—significant due to the dryness of the land—have been catalyzed by military activity and the societal effects of conflict; they have contributed to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Afghan opium production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impact_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/figures/2021/human-and-budgetary-costs-date-us-war-afghanistan-2001-2022">"Human and Budgetary Costs to Date of the U.S. War in Afghanistan, 2001–2022 | Figures | Costs of War"</a>. <i>The Costs of War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Costs+of+War&rft.atitle=Human+and+Budgetary+Costs+to+Date+of+the+U.S.+War+in+Afghanistan%2C+2001%E2%80%932022+%7C+Figures+%7C+Costs+of+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwatson.brown.edu%2Fcostsofwar%2Ffigures%2F2021%2Fhuman-and-budgetary-costs-date-us-war-afghanistan-2001-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPPNW-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPPNW_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Frieden/Body_Count_first_international_edition_2015_final.pdf">"Body Count – Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the 'War on Terror' – Iraq Afghanistan Pakistan"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430175027/http://www.ippnw.de/commonFiles/pdfs/Frieden/Body_Count_first_international_edition_2015_final.pdf">Archived</a> 30 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF), by <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">IPPNW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Global_Survival" title="Physicians for Global Survival">PGS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">PSR</a>, First international edition (March 2015) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabriela_Motroc2015" class="citation news cs1">Gabriela Motroc (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505004045/http://www.australiannationalreview.com/war-terror-reportedly-killed-13-million-people-decade/">"US War on Terror has reportedly killed 1.3 million people in a decade"</a>. <i>Australian National Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiannationalreview.com/war-terror-reportedly-killed-13-million-people-decade/">the original</a> on 5 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+Review&rft.atitle=US+War+on+Terror+has+reportedly+killed+1.3+million+people+in+a+decade&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.au=Gabriela+Motroc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiannationalreview.com%2Fwar-terror-reportedly-killed-13-million-people-decade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505055409/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/30-Mar-2015/220-000-killed-in-us-war-in-afghanistan-80-000-in-pakistan-report">"220,000 killed in US war in Afghanistan 80,000 in Pakistan: report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a></i>. 30 March 2015. 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It's time to go and get a job abroad'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 5 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+new+Afghanistan+is+a+myth.+It%27s+time+to+go+and+get+a+job+abroad%27&rft.date=2006-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Ffeb%2F05%2Fafghanistan.theobserver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKozhevnikov2009" class="citation news cs1">Kozhevnikov, Roman (23 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-tajikistan-afghanistan-refugees-inter-idUKTRE59M34920091023">"Tajikistan will need help with Afghan refugees – UNHCR"</a>. <i>Reuters</i> – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+will+need+help+with+Afghan+refugees+%E2%80%93+UNHCR&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft.aulast=Kozhevnikov&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-tajikistan-afghanistan-refugees-inter-idUKTRE59M34920091023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/afghans-fleeing-war-find-misery-urban-slums-2012-02-23">Afghans fleeing war find misery in urban slums</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217070825/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/afghans-fleeing-war-find-misery-urban-slums-2012-02-23">Archived</a> 17 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> February 2012, Amnesty International <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/23/afghan-refugees-amnesty-report">"Afghan refugees abandoned by their own government, report finds: About half a million Afghans who fled homes because of violence are living in desperate conditions, says Amnesty"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205001806/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/feb/23/afghan-refugees-amnesty-report">Archived</a> 5 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 23 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/pakistan-took-in-most-afghan-refugees-in-2020-india-at-12th-place-after-uk-1021683.html">"Pakistan took in most Afghan refugees in 2020, India at 12th place after UK"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Pakistan+took+in+most+Afghan+refugees+in+2020%2C+India+at+12th+place+after+UK&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Finternational%2Fworld-news-politics%2Fpakistan-took-in-most-afghan-refugees-in-2020-india-at-12th-place-after-uk-1021683.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-withdrawal-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn-withdrawal_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Gaouette,_Jennifer_Hansler,_Barbara_Starr_and_Oren_Liebermann" class="citation news cs1">Nicole Gaouette, Jennifer Hansler, Barbara Starr and Oren Liebermann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/08/30/politics/us-military-withdraws-afghanistan/index.html">"The last US military planes have left Afghanistan, marking the end of the United States' longest war"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+last+US+military+planes+have+left+Afghanistan%2C+marking+the+end+of+the+United+States%27+longest+war&rft.au=Nicole+Gaouette%2C+Jennifer+Hansler%2C+Barbara+Starr+and+Oren+Liebermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F08%2F30%2Fpolitics%2Fus-military-withdraws-afghanistan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2022" class="citation news cs1">Cornwell, Alexander (24 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/afghan-refugees-migrants-protest-uae-over-uncertain-future-2022-08-23/">"Afghan refugees, migrants protest in UAE over uncertain future"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Afghan+refugees%2C+migrants+protest+in+UAE+over+uncertain+future&rft.date=2022-08-24&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafghan-refugees-migrants-protest-uae-over-uncertain-future-2022-08-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chouvy1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chouvy1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chouvy1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChouvy2010" class="citation book cs1">Chouvy, Pierre-Arnaud (2010). <i>Opium: uncovering the politics of the poppy</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 52ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opium%3A+uncovering+the+politics+of+the+poppy&rft.pages=52ff&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chouvy&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Arnaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thourni-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thourni_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThourni2006" class="citation book cs1">Thourni, Francisco E. (2006). Frank Bovenkerk (ed.). <i>The Organized Crime Community: Essays in Honor of Alan A. Block</i>. Springer. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-39019-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-39019-2"><bdi>978-0-387-39019-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organized+Crime+Community%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Alan+A.+Block&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-39019-2&rft.aulast=Thourni&rft.aufirst=Francisco+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyman-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyman_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyman2010" class="citation book cs1">Lyman, Michael D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901437744506/page/309"><i>Drugs in Society: Causes, Concepts and Control</i></a>. Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2901437744506/page/309">309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-4450-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-4450-7"><bdi>978-1-4377-4450-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drugs+in+Society%3A+Causes%2C+Concepts+and+Control&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-4450-7&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_2901437744506%2Fpage%2F309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abcnews_go_com22-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abcnews_go_com22_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79842&page=1">"Is Afghanistan's Drug Trade Paying Al Qaeda?"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430025512/http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=79842&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Is+Afghanistan%27s+Drug+Trade+Paying+Al+Qaeda%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fstory%3Fid%3D79842%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www_csmonitor_com23-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-www_csmonitor_com23_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0513/p01s04-wosc.html">"Afghanistan riddled with drug ties"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930081143/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0513/p01s04-wosc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+riddled+with+drug+ties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2005%2F0513%2Fp01s04-wosc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/profits-poppy-afghanistans-illegal-drug-trade-boon-taliban-2021-08-16/">"Profits and poppy: Afghanistan's illegal drug trade a boon for Taliban"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Profits+and+poppy%3A+Afghanistan%27s+illegal+drug+trade+a+boon+for+Taliban&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2Fprofits-poppy-afghanistans-illegal-drug-trade-boon-taliban-2021-08-16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/asia-pacific-afghanistan-middle-east-business-5e850e5149ea0a3907cac2f282878dd5">"Counting the costs of America's 20-year war in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. 30 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Counting+the+costs+of+America%27s+20-year+war+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fasia-pacific-afghanistan-middle-east-business-5e850e5149ea0a3907cac2f282878dd5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJazeera" class="citation web cs1">Jazeera, Al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2021/afghanistan-visualising-impact-of-war/index.html">"Afghanistan: Visualising the impact of 20 years of war"</a>. <i>interactive.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interactive.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Visualising+the+impact+of+20+years+of+war&rft.aulast=Jazeera&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteractive.aljazeera.com%2Faje%2F2021%2Fafghanistan-visualising-impact-of-war%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Kristof, Nicholas D., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/01/opinion/a-merciful-war.html">"A Merciful War"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628193448/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/01/opinion/a-merciful-war.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 1 February 2002. "By my calculations, our invasion of Afghanistan may end up saving one million lives over the next decade. ... But now aid is pouring in and lives are being saved on an enormous scale. UNICEF, for example, has vaccinated 734,000 children against measles over the last two months, in a country where virtually no one had been vaccinated against the disease in the previous 10 years. Because measles often led to death in Afghanistan, the vaccination campaign will save at least 35,000 children's lives each year. ... Heidi J. Larson of UNICEF says that if all goes well, child and maternal mortality rates will drop in half in Afghanistan over the next five years. That would mean 112,000 fewer children and 7,500 fewer pregnant women dying each year."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColl2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2019). <i>Directorate S: The C.I.A. and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">661–</span>662. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143132509" title="Special:BookSources/9780143132509"><bdi>9780143132509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directorate+S%3A+The+C.I.A.+and+America%27s+Secret+Wars+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E661-%3C%2Fspan%3E662&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780143132509&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=AF">"Population, total–Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%2C+total%E2%80%93Afghanistan&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.POP.TOTL%3Flocations%3DAF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/02/afghanistan-in-new-battle-against-ravages-of-covid-19">"Civil war, poverty and now the virus: Afghanistan stands on the brink"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Civil+war%2C+poverty+and+now+the+virus%3A+Afghanistan+stands+on+the+brink&rft.date=2020-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmay%2F02%2Fafghanistan-in-new-battle-against-ravages-of-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aco.nato.int/page424205131.aspx">ISAF Spokesman Discusses Progress in Afghanistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303013854/http://www.aco.nato.int/page424205131.aspx">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. 25 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/10/17/i-wont-be-doctor-and-one-day-youll-be-sick/girls-access-education-afghanistan">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I Won't Be a Doctor, and One Day You'll Be Sick"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=%22I+Won%27t+Be+a+Doctor%2C+and+One+Day+You%27ll+Be+Sick%22&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2017%2F10%2F17%2Fi-wont-be-doctor-and-one-day-youll-be-sick%2Fgirls-access-education-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aj030618-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aj030618_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aj030618_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/6/3/up-to-60-percent-of-afghan-girls-out-of-school-report">"Up to 60 percent of Afghan girls out of school: report"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. 3 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Up+to+60+percent+of+Afghan+girls+out+of+school%3A+report&rft.date=2018-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F6%2F3%2Fup-to-60-percent-of-afghan-girls-out-of-school-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mujib_Mashal-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mujib_Mashal_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mujib_Mashal_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMujib_Mashal2017" class="citation news cs1">Mujib Mashal (25 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/25/world/asia/eastern-afghanistan-isis.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fworld&action=click&contentCollection=world&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront&_r=0">"In Tangled Afghan War, a Thin Line of Defense Against ISIS"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226130540/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/25/world/asia/eastern-afghanistan-isis.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fworld&action=click&contentCollection=world&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Tangled+Afghan+War%2C+a+Thin+Line+of+Defense+Against+ISIS&rft.date=2017-12-25&rft.au=Mujib+Mashal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F12%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Feastern-afghanistan-isis.html%3Frref%3Dcollection%252Fsectioncollection%252Fworld%26action%3Dclick%26contentCollection%3Dworld%26region%3Drank%26module%3Dpackage%26version%3Dhighlights%26contentPlacement%3D1%26pgtype%3Dsectionfront%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalkasian2021" class="citation book cs1">Malkasian, Carter (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240264784"><i>The American war in Afghanistan : a history</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-755077-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-755077-9"><bdi>978-0-19-755077-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1240264784">1240264784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+war+in+Afghanistan+%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1240264784&rft.isbn=978-0-19-755077-9&rft.aulast=Malkasian&rft.aufirst=Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1240264784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19911341">Successes and challenges in Afghan girls' education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022955/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19911341">Archived</a> 23 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 11 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonds2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bonds, Eric (2015-09-25). 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class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4138527">4138527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Department+of+Defense+Research+on+Burn+Pits%2C+Biomarkers%2C+and+Health+Outcomes+Related+to+Deployment+in+Iraq+and+Afghanistan&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES3+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES11%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2016-08&rft.issn=1076-2752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4138527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27501101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fjom.0000000000000775&rft.aulast=Mallon&rft.aufirst=COL+Timothy+M.&rft.au=Rohrbeck%2C+MAJ+Patricia&rft.au=Haines%2C+MAJ+Kevin+M.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Dean+P.&rft.au=Utell%2C+Mark&rft.au=Hopke%2C+Philip+K.&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Richard+P.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Douglas+I.&rft.au=Thatcher%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Woeller%2C+Collynn+F.&rft.au=Baird%2C+Coleen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpact+of+the+War+in+Afghanistan+%282001%E2%80%932021%29" 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4em"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Prelude to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="History of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="List of military operations in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_logistics_during_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="NATO logistics during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Logistics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li> <li>Withdrawal of U.S. troops <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">2011–2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">2020–2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission" title="Resolute Support Mission">Resolute Support Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift" title="2021 Kabul airlift">Evacuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Casualties<br />and losses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Afghan_security_forces_fatality_reports_in_Afghanistan" title="List of Afghan security forces fatality reports in Afghanistan">Afghan forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Civilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932006)" title="List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2006)">2001–2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2007)" title="List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2007)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2008)" title="List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2008)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2009)" title="List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2009)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2011)" title="List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2011)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_casualties_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan_(2012)" title="List of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_casualties_in_Afghanistan" title="Coalition casualties in Afghanistan">Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="United States military casualties in the War in Afghanistan">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan_since_2001" title="British Forces casualties in Afghanistan since 2001">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan" title="Canadian Forces casualties in Afghanistan">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Armed_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan" title="German Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Defence_Force_casualties_in_Afghanistan" title="List of Australian Defence Force casualties in Afghanistan">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_Armed_Forces_casualties_in_Afghanistan" title="List of Norwegian Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan">Norwegian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_war_in_Afghanistan" title="List of aviation accidents and incidents in the war in Afghanistan">Aviation incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2001_in_Afghanistan" title="2001 in Afghanistan">2001</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kandahar_(2001)" title="Bombing of Kandahar (2001)">Bombing of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif">Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kunduz" title="Siege of Kunduz">Siege of Kunduz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_uprising_in_Herat" title="2001 uprising in Herat">Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2001)" title="Fall of Kabul (2001)">Fall of Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarinkot" title="Battle of Tarinkot">Battle of Tarinkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kandahar" title="Fall of Kandahar">Fall of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qala-i-Jangi" title="Battle of Qala-i-Jangi">Battle of Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-i-Leili_massacre" title="Dasht-i-Leili massacre">Dasht-i-Leili massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shawali_Kowt" title="Battle of Shawali Kowt">Battle of Shawali Kowt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sayyd_Alma_Kalay" title="Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay">Battle of Sayyd Alma Kalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">Battle of Tora Bora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">2002<br />–2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_Afghanistan" title="2002 in Afghanistan">2002</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruzgan_wedding_bombing" title="Uruzgan wedding bombing">Uruzgan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Kabul_bombing" title="2002 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Afghanistan" title="2003 in Afghanistan">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_attack_on_the_Embassy_of_Pakistan_in_Kabul" title="2003 attack on the Embassy of Pakistan in Kabul">Pakistan Embassy in Kabul attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Afghanistan" title="2004 in Afghanistan">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Afghanistan" title="2005 in Afghanistan">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Afghanistan" title="2006 in Afghanistan">2006</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Taliban_offensive" title="2006 Taliban offensive">Taliban offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Afghanistan" title="2007 in Afghanistan">2007</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Shinwar_shooting" title="2007 Shinwar shooting">Shinwar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_airstrike" title="Hyderabad airstrike">Hyderabad airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangar_Khel_incident" title="Nangar Khel incident">Nangar Khel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Helmand_Province_airstrikes" title="2007 Helmand Province airstrikes">Helmand airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Baghlan_sugar_factory_bombing" title="2007 Baghlan sugar factory bombing">Baghlan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Bagram_Airfield_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Bagram Airfield bombing">Bagram bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_South_Korean_hostage_crisis_in_Afghanistan" title="2007 South Korean hostage crisis in Afghanistan">South Korean hostage crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Afghanistan" title="2008 in Afghanistan">2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haska_Meyna_wedding_party_airstrike" title="Haska Meyna wedding party airstrike">Haska Meyna airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizabad_airstrike" title="Azizabad airstrike">Azizabad airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wech_Baghtu_wedding_party_airstrike" title="Wech Baghtu wedding party airstrike">Wech Bagtu airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_bombing_of_Indian_embassy_in_Kabul" title="2008 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul">Kabul Indian embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kabul_Serena_Hotel_attack" title="2008 Kabul Serena Hotel attack">Kabul S Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_David_Rohde" title="Kidnapping of David Rohde">Kidnapping of David Rohde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarposa_prison_attack_of_2008" title="Sarposa prison attack of 2008">Sarposa attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kandahar_bombing" title="2008 Kandahar bombing">Kandahar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_Boldak_bombing" title="Spin Boldak bombing">Spin Boldak bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Afghanistan" title="2009 in Afghanistan">2009</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granai_airstrike" title="Granai airstrike">Granai airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Kunduz_airstrike" title="2009 Kunduz airstrike">Kunduz airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_raid_on_Narang" title="Night raid on Narang">Narang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2009_raids_on_Kabul" title="February 2009 raids on Kabul">February Kabul raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_bombing_of_Indian_embassy_in_Kabul" title="2009 bombing of Indian embassy in Kabul">Kabul Indian embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Kandahar_bombing" title="2009 Kandahar bombing">Kandahar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_NATO_Afghanistan_headquarters_bombing" title="2009 NATO Afghanistan headquarters bombing">NATO HQ bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Chapman_attack" title="Camp Chapman attack">Camp Chapman attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabzak" title="Battle of Sabzak">Battle of Sabzak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Afghanistan" title="2010 in Afghanistan">2010</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2010_Kabul_attack" title="January 2010 Kabul attack">January Kabul attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Khataba" title="Raid on Khataba">Raid on Khataba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2010_Kabul_attack" title="February 2010 Kabul attack">February Kabul attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruzgan_helicopter_attack" title="Uruzgan helicopter attack">Uruzgan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Sangin_airstrike" title="2010 Sangin airstrike">Sangin airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maywand_District_murders" title="Maywand District murders">Maywand murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_Kolache" title="Tarok Kolache">Tarok Kolache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahan_wedding_bombing" title="Nadahan wedding bombing">Nadahan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2010_Kabul_bombing" title="May 2010 Kabul bombing">May Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Badakhshan_massacre" title="2010 Badakhshan massacre">Badakhshan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Halmazag" title="Operation Halmazag">Operation Halmazag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Afghanistan" title="2011 in Afghanistan">2011</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Gai_airstrike" title="Mano Gai airstrike">Mano Gai airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarposa_prison_tunneling_escape_of_2011" title="Sarposa prison tunneling escape of 2011">Sarposa prison escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Bin Laden raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Logar_province_bombing" title="2011 Logar province bombing">Logar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Inter-Continental_Hotel_Kabul_attack" title="2011 Inter-Continental Hotel Kabul attack">I-C Hotel Kabul attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nimruz_province_bombing" title="2011 Nimruz province bombing">Nimruz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Zabul_province_bombing" title="2011 Zabul province bombing">Zabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Afghanistan_Boeing_Chinook_shootdown" title="2011 Afghanistan Boeing Chinook shootdown">Chinook shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Helmand_Province_killing" title="2011 Helmand Province killing">Helmand killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_NATO_attack_in_Pakistan" title="2011 NATO attack in Pakistan">Pakistani border attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Afghanistan_Ashura_bombings" title="2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings">Ashura bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Afghanistan" title="2012 in Afghanistan">2012</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_order_of_battle,_2012" title="War in Afghanistan order of battle, 2012">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_of_U.S._Marines_urinating_on_Taliban_fighters" title="Video of U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters">Urination video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Kapisa_airstrike" title="2012 Kapisa airstrike">Kapisa airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Afghanistan_Quran_burning_protests" title="2012 Afghanistan Quran burning protests">Quran burning protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Afghanistan_attacks" title="April 2012 Afghanistan attacks">April attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Delhi_massacre" title="Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre">Forward Operating Base Delhi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_massacre" title="Kandahar massacre">Kandahar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2012_raid_on_Camp_Bastion" title="September 2012 raid on Camp Bastion">September Camp Bastion raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesh_Aba_raid" title="Shesh Aba raid">Shesh Aba raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._soldiers_posing_with_body_parts_of_dead_Afghans" title="U.S. soldiers posing with body parts of dead Afghans">Body pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Afghanistan" title="2013 in Afghanistan">2013</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Farah_attack" title="2013 Farah attack">Farah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_June_2013_Kabul_bombing" title="11 June 2013 Kabul bombing">June Kabul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Afghan_presidential_palace_attack" title="2013 Afghan presidential palace attack">Presidential palace attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_attack_on_U.S._consulate_in_Herat" title="2013 attack on U.S. consulate in Herat">Herat U.S. consulate attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_bombing_of_Indian_consulate_in_Jalalabad" title="2013 bombing of Indian consulate in Jalalabad">Jalalabad Indian consulate bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Afghanistan" title="2014 in Afghanistan">2014</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kabul_Serena_Hotel_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Kabul Serena Hotel attack">Kabul S Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_attack_on_Indian_consulate_in_Herat" title="2014 attack on Indian consulate in Herat">Herat Indian consulate attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Bagram_Airfield_bombing" title="2014 Bagram Airfield bombing">Bagram bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Paktika_car_bombing" title="2014 Paktika car bombing">Paktika bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Yahyakhel_suicide_bombing" title="2014 Yahyakhel suicide bombing">Yahyakhel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Kabul_bombings" title="December 2014 Kabul bombings">December Kabul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiqullah_Raufi" title="Atiqullah Raufi">Atiqullah Raufi assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Afghanistan" title="2015 in Afghanistan">2015</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Park_Palace_guesthouse_attack" title="2015 Park Palace guesthouse attack">Park Palace attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kabul_Parliament_attack" title="2015 Kabul Parliament attack">Kabul Parliament attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Khost_suicide_bombing" title="2015 Khost suicide bombing">Khost bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing">April Jalalabad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_August_2015_Kabul_attacks" title="7 August 2015 Kabul attacks">7 August Kabul attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_August_2015_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="10 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing">10 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_August_2015_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="22 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing">22 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazni_prison_escape" title="Ghazni prison escape">Ghazni prison escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_(2015)" title="Battle of Kunduz (2015)">Battle of Kunduz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">Hospital airstrike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kandahar_Airport_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Kandahar Airport bombing">Kandahar Airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_Embassy_attack_in_Kabul" title="2015 Spanish Embassy attack in Kabul">Kabul Spanish Embassy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bagram_Airfield_bombing" title="2015 Bagram Airfield bombing">Bagram bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Afghanistan" title="2016 in Afghanistan">2016</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_(2016)" title="Nangarhar offensive (2016)">Nangarhar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Omari" title="Operation Omari">Operation Omari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2016_Kabul_attack" title="April 2016 Kabul attack">April Kabul attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz-Takhar_highway_hostage_crisis" title="Kunduz-Takhar highway hostage crisis">Kunduz-Takhar highway hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_attack_on_Canadian_Embassy_guards" title="Kabul attack on Canadian Embassy guards">Kabul Canadian Embassy convoy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_June_2016_Afghanistan_bombings" title="30 June 2016 Afghanistan bombings">30 June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing" title="July 2016 Kabul bombing">July Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janikhel_offensive" title="Janikhel offensive">Janikhel offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Afghanistan_attack" title="American University of Afghanistan attack">AUoA attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Kabul_attacks" title="September 2016 Kabul attacks">September Kabul attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarinkot_(2016)" title="Battle of Tarinkot (2016)">Battle of Tarinkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunduz_(2016)" title="Battle of Kunduz (2016)">Battle of Kunduz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boz_Qandahari" title="Battle of Boz Qandahari">Battle of Boz Qandahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_bombing_of_the_German_consulate_in_Mazar-i-Sharif" title="2016 bombing of the German consulate in Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif German consulate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bagram_Airfield_bombing" title="2016 Bagram Airfield bombing">Bagram bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Afghanistan" title="2017 in Afghanistan">2017</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Afghanistan_bombings" title="January 2017 Afghanistan bombings">January bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sangin_airstrike" title="2017 Sangin airstrike">Sangin airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Kabul_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2017 Kabul attack">March Kabul attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nangarhar_airstrike" title="2017 Nangarhar airstrike">Nangarhar airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Camp_Shaheen_attack" title="2017 Camp Shaheen attack">Camp Shaheen attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2017_Kabul_bombing" title="May 2017 Kabul bombing">May Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Herat_mosque_bombing" title="June 2017 Herat mosque bombing">June Herat bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora_(2017)" title="Battle of Tora Bora (2017)">Battle of Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Lashkargah_bombing" title="June 2017 Lashkargah bombing">June Lashkargar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Herat_mosque_attack" title="August 2017 Herat mosque attack">August Herat attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks" title="17 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks">17 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks" title="20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks">20 October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_December_2017_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="28 December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing">28 December Kabul bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Afghanistan" title="2018 in Afghanistan">2018</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Inter-Continental_Hotel_Kabul_attack" title="2018 Inter-Continental Hotel Kabul attack">I-C Hotel Kabul attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children_Jalalabad_attack" title="Save the Children Jalalabad attack">STC Jalalabad attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_ambulance_bombing" title="Kabul ambulance bombing">Kabul ambulance bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">March Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_madrassa_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunduz madrassa attack">Kunduz madrassa attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">22 April Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombings" title="30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings">30 April Kabul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Farah" title="Battle of Farah">Battle of Farah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing">July Jalalabad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darzab_(2018)" title="Battle of Darzab (2018)">Battle of Darzab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazni_offensive" title="Ghazni offensive">Ghazni offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="September 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing">September Jalalabad bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Afghanistan" title="2019 in Afghanistan">2019</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maidan_Shar_attack" title="Maidan Shar attack">Maidan Shar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Camp_Shorabak_attack" title="2019 Camp Shorabak attack">Camp Shorabak attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kabul_mosque_bombing" title="2019 Kabul mosque bombing">2019 Kabul mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_July_2019_Kabul_attack" title="1 July 2019 Kabul attack">1 July Kabul attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Ghazni_bombing" title="2019 Ghazni bombing">Ghazni bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_July_2019_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="28 July 2019 Kabul suicide bombing">28 July Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2019_Farah_bombing" title="July 2019 Farah bombing">July Farah bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_August_2019_Kabul_bombing" title="7 August 2019 Kabul bombing">7 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2019_Kabul_bombing" title="17 August 2019 Kabul bombing">17 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_and_5_September_2019_Kabul_bombings" title="2 and 5 September 2019 Kabul bombings">2 & 5 September Kabul bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_September_2019_Afghanistan_bombings" title="17 September 2019 Afghanistan bombings">17 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Qalat_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Qalat bombing">Qalat bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="2019 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haska_Meyna_mosque_bombing" title="Haska Meyna mosque bombing">Haska Meyna mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bagram_Airfield_attack" title="2019 Bagram Airfield attack">Bagram attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Afghanistan" title="2020 in Afghanistan">2020</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting" title="6 March 2020 Kabul shooting">6 March Kabul shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack" title="Kabul gurdwara attack">Kabul gurdwara attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="May 2020 Afghanistan attacks">May attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="June 2020 Afghanistan attacks">June attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="July 2020 Afghanistan attacks">July attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="August 2020 Afghanistan attacks">August attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad_prison_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalalabad prison attack">Jalalabad prison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="September 2020 Afghanistan attacks">September attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="October 2020 Afghanistan attacks">October attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="November 2020 Afghanistan attacks">November attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kabul_University_attack" title="2020 Kabul University attack">Kabul University attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="December 2020 Afghanistan attacks">December attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Afghanistan" title="2021 in Afghanistan">2021</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2021_Afghanistan_attacks" title="List of 2021 Afghanistan attacks">Attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">Taliban offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing" title="2021 Kabul school bombing">Kabul school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandahar_(2021)" title="Battle of Kandahar (2021)">Battle of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Herat" title="Fall of Herat">Fall of Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lashkargah" title="Battle of Lashkargah">Battle of Lashkargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Zaranj" title="Capture of Zaranj">Capture of Zaranj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kunduz_mosque_bombing" title="2021 Kunduz mosque bombing">Kunduz mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kandahar_bombing" title="2021 Kandahar bombing">Kandahar bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airlift" title="2021 Kabul airlift">2021 Kabul airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Allies_Refuge" title="Operation Allies Refuge">Operation Allies Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pitting" title="Operation Pitting">Operation Pitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devi_Shakti" title="Operation Devi Shakti">Operation Devi Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack" title="2021 Kabul airport attack">Kabul airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Kabul_drone_strike" title="August 2021 Kabul drone strike">August 29 drone strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Afghanistan_War_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_frozen_assets" title="Afghan frozen assets">Afghan frozen assets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Afghanistan" title="War crimes in Afghanistan">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Afghanistan" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Afghanistan">ICC investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_unlawful_killings_inquiry" title="Afghan unlawful killings inquiry">UK Afghan Unlawful Killings inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brereton_Report" title="Brereton Report">Australian Brereton Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_by_the_Taliban" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes by the Taliban">War crimes by the Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunduz_hospital_airstrike" title="Kunduz hospital airstrike">Kunduz hospital airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_massacre" title="Kandahar massacre">Kandahar massacre</a></li> <li>Torture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagram_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Bagram torture and prisoner abuse">Bagram torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Pit" title="Salt Pit">Salt Pit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Peace<br />process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_peace_process" title="Afghan peace process">Afghan peace process</a></li> <li>Afghan peace groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabassum_movement" title="Tabassum movement">Tabassum movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="Enlightenment Movement (Afghanistan)">Enlightenment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_for_Change_(Afghanistan)" title="Uprising for Change (Afghanistan)">Uprising for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Afghan_protests" title="2021–2022 Afghan protests">2021–2022 Afghan protests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reactions_and_aftermath_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactions and aftermath to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Reactions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_War_documents_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan War documents leak">Afghan War documents leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_public_opinion_on_the_war_in_Afghanistan" title="International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan">International public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_war_in_Afghanistan" title="Protests against the war in Afghanistan">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Reactions to the fall of Kabul (2021)">To the fall of Kabul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_Afghanistan_Memorial" title="Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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