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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scientific uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photographic_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographic_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Photographic uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Photographic_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Photographic uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Photographic_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colorless_/_Neutral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorless_/_Neutral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Colorless / Neutral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorless_/_Neutral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clear_and_ultraviolet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clear_and_ultraviolet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Clear and ultraviolet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clear_and_ultraviolet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Infrared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polarizer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarizer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Polarizer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarizer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Neutral density</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Color filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Color conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_correction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_correction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Color correction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_correction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_subtraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_subtraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Color subtraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_subtraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contrast_enhancement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contrast_enhancement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Contrast enhancement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contrast_enhancement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Special effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Diffusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close-up_and_split_diopter_lenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close-up_and_split_diopter_lenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Close-up and split diopter lenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close-up_and_split_diopter_lenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Multi-image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physical design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Materials and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filter_sizes_and_mountings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filter_sizes_and_mountings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Filter sizes and mountings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filter_sizes_and_mountings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Threaded_round_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threaded_round_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Threaded round filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threaded_round_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Square_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Square_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Square filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Square_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rectangular_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rectangular_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Rectangular filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rectangular_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayonet_round_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayonet_round_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Bayonet round filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayonet_round_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Series_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Series_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Series filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Series_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AD_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1)" title="مرشح (تصوير) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرشح (تصوير)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtre_fotogr%C3%A0fic" title="Filtre fotogràfic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filtre fotogràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografick%C3%BD_filtr" title="Fotografický filtr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotografický filtr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(Fotografie)" title="Filter (Fotografie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Filter (Fotografie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_(%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Φίλτρο (φωτογραφία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φίλτρο (φωτογραφία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtro_fotogr%C3%A1fico" title="Filtro fotográfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filtro fotográfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="فیلتر (عکاسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلتر (عکاسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtre_(photographie)" title="Filtre (photographie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Filtre (photographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%ED%84%B0_(%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84%EC%88%A0)" title="필터 (사진술) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필터 (사진술)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjernih_fotografik" title="Penjernih fotografik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penjernih fotografik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtro_(fotografia)" title="Filtro (fotografia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filtro (fotografia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_(fotografie)" title="Filter (fotografie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filter (fotografie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="レンズフィルター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レンズフィルター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtr_(fotografia)" title="Filtr (fotografia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filtr (fotografia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtro_fotogr%C3%A1fico" title="Filtro fotográfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filtro fotográfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1" title="ඡායාරූපී පෙරහන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඡායාරූපී පෙරහන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Photographic filter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suodin_(valokuvaus)" title="Suodin (valokuvaus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suodin (valokuvaus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografiska_filter" title="Fotografiska filter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fotografiska filter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtre_(foto%C4%9Fraf%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1k)" title="Filtre (fotoğrafçılık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filtre (fotoğrafçılık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%BB%A4%E5%85%89%E9%95%9C" title="摄影滤光镜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摄影滤光镜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q876650#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Camera accessory consisting of an optical filter</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filters_6187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Filters_6187.jpg/220px-Filters_6187.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Filters_6187.jpg/330px-Filters_6187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Filters_6187.jpg/440px-Filters_6187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Four photographic filters (clockwise from top-left): an infrared <a href="/wiki/Hot_mirror" title="Hot mirror">hot mirror</a> filter, a <a href="/wiki/Polarizing_filter_(photography)" title="Polarizing filter (photography)">polarizing filter</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/UV_filter" title="UV filter">UV filter</a>. The larger filter is a <a href="/wiki/Polarizer" title="Polarizer">polarizer</a> for <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Square_filters">Cokin-style filter mounts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>, a <b>filter</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> accessory consisting of an <a href="/wiki/Optical_filter" title="Optical filter">optical filter</a> that can be inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Optical_path" title="Optical path">optical path</a>. The filter can be of a square or oblong shape and mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or plastic disk in a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed into the front of or clipped onto the <a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">camera lens</a>. </p><p>Filters modify the images recorded. Sometimes they are used to make only subtle changes to images; other times the image would simply not be possible without them. In <a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">monochrome photography</a>, coloured filters affect the relative brightness of different colours; red lipstick may be rendered as anything from almost white to almost black with different filters. Others change the <a href="/wiki/Colour_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour balance">colour balance</a> of images, so that photographs under incandescent lighting show colours as they are perceived, rather than with a reddish tinge. There are filters that distort the image in a desired way, diffusing an otherwise sharp image, adding a starry effect, etc. Linear and circular polarising filters reduce oblique reflections from non-metallic surfaces. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many filters absorb part of the light available, necessitating longer <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a>. As the filter is in the optical path, any imperfections – non-flat or non-parallel surfaces, reflections (minimised by optical coating), scratches, dirt – affect the image. </p><p>In <i><b>digital</b></i> photography the majority of filters used with film cameras have been rendered redundant by digital filters applied either in-camera or during post processing. Exceptions include the ultraviolet (UV) filter typically used to protect the front surface of the lens, the neutral density (ND) filter, the polarising filter, <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">color-enhancing filters</a>, and the infra red (IR) filter. The neutral density filter permits effects requiring wide apertures or long exposures to be applied to brightly lit scenes, while the graduated neutral density filter is useful in situations where the scene's <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> exceeds the capability of the sensor. Not using optical filters in front of the lens has the advantage of avoiding the reduction of image quality caused by the presence of an extra optical element in the light path and may be necessary to avoid <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a> when using wide-angle lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoya_Skylight_filter_1A,_58_mm-4413.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hoya_Skylight_filter_1A%2C_58_mm-4413.jpg/220px-Hoya_Skylight_filter_1A%2C_58_mm-4413.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hoya_Skylight_filter_1A%2C_58_mm-4413.jpg/330px-Hoya_Skylight_filter_1A%2C_58_mm-4413.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hoya_Skylight_filter_1A%2C_58_mm-4413.jpg/440px-Hoya_Skylight_filter_1A%2C_58_mm-4413.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3043" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Markings on <a href="/wiki/Hoya_Corporation" title="Hoya Corporation">Hoya</a> multicoated skylight filter, identifying size and equivalent <a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten number</a> (1A)</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no universal or reliably standard naming or labelling system for filters. The <b><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten numbers</a></b> adopted in the early twentieth century by <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, then a dominant force in film photography, are used by several manufacturers, including B+W,<sup id="cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B+W-filters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18–21">: 18–21 </span></sup> but the actual spectral characteristics of a filter may vary by manufacturer, despite having the same Wratten number. In addition, the Wratten numbers are sometimes used interchangeably with alternative names; for example, the Wratten filter number 6 is also named K1, while #11 is also named X1.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_filter_transmission_(C).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nikon_filter_transmission_%28C%29.svg/330px-Nikon_filter_transmission_%28C%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nikon_filter_transmission_%28C%29.svg/495px-Nikon_filter_transmission_%28C%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nikon_filter_transmission_%28C%29.svg/660px-Nikon_filter_transmission_%28C%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Spectral transmission by visible wavelength for Nikon UV (L39) and color filters (X0, X1, Y44, Y48, Y52, O56, R60)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some manufacturers use a combination of Wratten numbers and wavelengths to identify filters. For example, Nikon offers four UV / skylight filters: L1A, L1B, L37, and L39; the L1A and L1B correspond to Wratten numbers 1A and 1B, while L37 and L39 include the wavelength cutoffs of 370 nm and 390 nm, respectively. Colored filters used to enhance contrast for black and white photography include a letter (Y, O, or R) and a similar wavelength cutoff: for example, R60 is a red filter with a step-like transmission function at 600 nm. For other filters, the alternate Wratten name is used (for example, X0 and X1 for green filters).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Colour_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour correction">colour correction</a> filters are identified by a code of the form <b>CC</b><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">aa</span><i>b</i>, for example, <b>CC50Y</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Cokin-Z_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokin-Z-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–39, 49">: 38–39, 49 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>CC</b> = type (for colour correction)</li> <li><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">aa</span> = strength or density of the filter (<b>50</b> = 50%)</li> <li><i>b</i> = color (in this case, <b>Y</b> for yellow)</li></ul> <p>While the same information may be present, the specific sequence of colour and density may vary by manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B+W-filters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22–23">: 22–23 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_uses">Scientific uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_filter" title="Optical filter">Optical filter</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Optical_filter" title="Optical filter">Optical filters</a></i> are used in various areas of science, including in particular <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>; photographic filters are roughly the same as "optical" filters, but in practice optical filters often need far more accurately controlled optical properties and precisely defined <a href="/wiki/Transmission_curve" title="Transmission curve">transmission curves</a> than filters only made for general photography. Photographic filters sell in larger quantities, at correspondingly lower prices, than many laboratory filters. The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Optical_filter" title="Optical filter">article on optical filters</a></b></i> has information relevant to photographic filters, particularly special-purpose photographic filters like <i><a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">color enhancing</a></i> filters and high-quality photographic filters, like sharp cut-off UV filters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photographic_uses">Photographic uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Photographic uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wratten_80-85-85B_transmission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wratten_80-85-85B_transmission.svg/440px-Wratten_80-85-85B_transmission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wratten_80-85-85B_transmission.svg/660px-Wratten_80-85-85B_transmission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wratten_80-85-85B_transmission.svg/880px-Wratten_80-85-85B_transmission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Transmission characteristics of three color conversion filters: Wratten #80 (blue line), #85 (orange line), and #85B (red line)</figcaption></figure> <p>Filters in photography can be classified according to their visible color and use: </p> <ul><li>Colorless / Neutral <ul><li><a href="#Clear_and_ultraviolet">Clear and ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared filter">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="#Polarizer">Polarizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_density_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral density filter">Neutral density</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Graduated_neutral_density_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduated neutral density filter">graduated neutral density filter</a> and solar filter</li></ul></li> <li>Color <ul><li>Color conversion (or <a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">color balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_correction" title="Color correction">Color correction</a></li> <li>Color separation, also called <a href="#Color_subtraction">color subtraction</a></li> <li><a href="#Contrast_enhancement">Contrast enhancement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a> of various kinds, including <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduated filter">Graduated color</a>, called color grads</li> <li><a href="#Cross_screen">Cross screen</a> and star diffractors</li> <li><a href="#Diffusion">Diffusion</a> and contrast reduction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-up_lens" title="Close-up lens">Close-up</a> or macro diopters, and split diopters or split focus</li> <li>Multi-image</li> <li>Spot</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorless_/_Neutral"><span id="Colorless_.2F_Neutral"></span>Colorless / Neutral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colorless / Neutral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clear_and_ultraviolet">Clear and ultraviolet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clear and ultraviolet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UV_filter" title="UV filter">UV filter</a></div> <p><b>Clear filters</b>, also known as window glass filters or optical flats, are transparent and (ideally) perform no filtering of incoming light. The only use of a clear filter is to protect the front of a lens. </p><p>Clear glass will absorb some UV. </p><p><b>UV filters</b> are used to block invisible <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light, to which most photographic sensors and film are at least slightly sensitive. The UV is typically recorded as if it were blue light, so this non-human UV sensitivity can result in an unwanted exaggeration of the bluish tint of atmospheric haze or, even more unnaturally, of subjects in open shade lit by the ultraviolet-rich sky. </p><p>Normally, the glass or plastic of a camera lens is practically opaque to short-wavelength UV, but transparent to long-wavelength (near-visible) UV. A <a href="/wiki/UV_filter" title="UV filter">UV filter</a> passes all or nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> but blocks virtually all ultraviolet radiation. (Most spectral manipulation filters are named for the radiation they pass; green and infrared filters <i>pass</i> their named colors, but a UV filter <i>blocks</i> UV.) It can be left on the lens for nearly all shots: UV filters are often used mainly for lens protection in the same way as clear filters. A strong UV filter, such as a Haze-2A or UV17, cuts off some visible light in the violet part of the spectrum, and has a pale yellow color; these strong filters are more effective at cutting haze,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduce <a href="/wiki/Purple_fringing" title="Purple fringing">purple fringing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can subtly darken pale blue skies – which improves contrast between sky and clouds. Strong UV filters are also sometimes used for warming color photos taken in shade with daylight-type film. They were originally developed to increase contrast in airborne surveillance photography, and were adopted by <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> photographers to remedy the strong UV at high altitude.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikon_D700_defekter_B%2BW_Filter_UV_010_und_Objektiv_28%E2%80%9385_mm_KW_2009_03_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nikon_D700_defekter_B%2BW_Filter_UV_010_und_Objektiv_28%E2%80%9385_mm_KW_2009_03_010.jpg/250px-Nikon_D700_defekter_B%2BW_Filter_UV_010_und_Objektiv_28%E2%80%9385_mm_KW_2009_03_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nikon_D700_defekter_B%2BW_Filter_UV_010_und_Objektiv_28%E2%80%9385_mm_KW_2009_03_010.jpg/375px-Nikon_D700_defekter_B%2BW_Filter_UV_010_und_Objektiv_28%E2%80%9385_mm_KW_2009_03_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nikon_D700_defekter_B%2BW_Filter_UV_010_und_Objektiv_28%E2%80%9385_mm_KW_2009_03_010.jpg/500px-Nikon_D700_defekter_B%2BW_Filter_UV_010_und_Objektiv_28%E2%80%9385_mm_KW_2009_03_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>An extreme case: a Nikon D700 with a smashed filter which may have saved the Nikkor lens beneath. Usually, all that can reasonably be expected is protection from scratches, nicks and airborne contaminants.</figcaption></figure> <p>While in certain cases, such as harsh environments, a protection filter may be necessary, there are also downsides to this practice. Arguments for the use of protection filters include: </p> <ul><li>If the lens is dropped, the filter may well suffer scratches or breakage instead of the front lens element.</li> <li>The filter can be cleaned frequently without damage to the lens surface or coatings; a filter scratched by cleaning is much less expensive to replace than a lens.</li> <li>If there is blowing sand the filter will protect the front of the lens from abrasion and nicks.</li> <li>A few lenses, such as some of Canon's L series lenses, require the use of a filter to complete their weather sealing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Arguments against their use include:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Adding another element may degrade image quality if its surfaces are less than perfectly flat and parallel. Filters from reputable makers are very unlikely to cause any problems, but some "bargain" products are optically inferior.</li> <li>The two additional reflections at air-glass interfaces inevitably result in some light loss – at least four percent at each interface, if the surfaces are uncoated; they also increase the potential for <a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">lens flare</a> problems.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Low-quality filters may cause problems with autofocus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A filter may be incompatible with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a>, since not all filters have the required threading for a screw-in hood or will allow a clip-on hood to be attached. Adding a lens hood on top of one or more filters may space the hood away from the lens enough to cause some <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a>.</li></ul> <p>There is a wide variation in the spectral UV blocking by filters described as ultraviolet.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrared">Infrared</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infrared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg/220px-IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg/330px-IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg/440px-IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Infrared filters</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;width:5em;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten</a> IR filters<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Kodak70_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35, 64–66, 81">: 35, 64–66, 81 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">No.</a></th> <th>50% (nm)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f90;"> <td>15</td> <td>530 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f20;"> <td>21</td> <td>560 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f00;color:#fff;"> <td>23A</td> <td>580 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d00;color:#fff;"> <td>25</td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#a00;color:#fff;"> <td>29</td> <td>620 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#600;color:#fff;"> <td>70</td> <td>675 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#400;color:#fff;"> <td>89B</td> <td>720 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#200;color:#fff;"> <td>88</td> <td>735 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#200;color:#fff;"> <td>72B</td> <td>740 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>88A</td> <td>750 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>87</td> <td>795 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>87C</td> <td>850 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>87B</td> <td>930 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>87A</td> <td>1050 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike ultraviolet filters, which are suitable for general photography as they are designed to attenuate shorter ultraviolet wavelengths and pass visible wavelengths, filters for <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infrared photography</a> are designed to block portions of the visible spectrum while passing longer wavelengths of light in the infrared spectrum, and hence they may appear dark red to black in color. </p><p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten number</a> has been used to describe the spectral absorption characteristics of filters used with infrared photography.<sup id="cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B+W-filters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–29">: 28–29 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wratten17_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wratten17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64–65">: 64–65 </span></sup> Common types include filters in the Wratten #87, 88, and 89 series; since Wratten numbers were assigned sequentially, there is no consistent logic (for instance, the #89B filter has a transition wavelength where the filter achieves 50% transmittance at approximately 720 nm, while #87 has its transition wavelength at approximately 795 nm. Because black-and-white infrared film retains significant sensitivity to blue wavelengths,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes red and orange filters are used to decrease contrast. </p><p>Other manufacturers may embed the transition wavelength in the name of the filter. For example, the Hoya R72 (720 nm) and RM90 (900 nm) are intended for infrared photography, corresponding to Wratten No. 89B and 87B, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-HoyaDE_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoyaDE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> For use with color infrared film, some manufacturers advise filters which restrict blue and green visible wavelengths, but pass most of the red spectrum, with a transition wavelength around 550 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B+W-filters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–29">: 28–29 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polarizer">Polarizer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Polarizer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Effect of polarizing filter</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO199957_(Ancona_Patrasso_traghetto_-_alba_sul_mare_Adriatico_senza_filtro_polarizzatore_-_sunrise_over_the_Adriatic_sea_without_polarizing_filter).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO199957_%28Ancona_Patrasso_traghetto_-_alba_sul_mare_Adriatico_senza_filtro_polarizzatore_-_sunrise_over_the_Adriatic_sea_without_polarizing_filter%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO199957_%28Ancona_Patrasso_traghetto_-_alba_sul_mare_Adriatico_senza_filtro_polarizzatore_-_sunrise_over_the_Adriatic_sea_without_polarizing_filter%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO199957_%28Ancona_Patrasso_traghetto_-_alba_sul_mare_Adriatico_senza_filtro_polarizzatore_-_sunrise_over_the_Adriatic_sea_without_polarizing_filter%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Without</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO199958_(Ancona_Patrasso_traghetto_-_alba_sul_mare_Adriatico_con_filtro_polarizzatore_-_sunrise_over_the_Adriatic_sea_with_polarizing_filter).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO199958_%28Ancona_Patrasso_traghetto_-_alba_sul_mare_Adriatico_con_filtro_polarizzatore_-_sunrise_over_the_Adriatic_sea_with_polarizing_filter%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO199958_%28Ancona_Patrasso_traghetto_-_alba_sul_mare_Adriatico_con_filtro_polarizzatore_-_sunrise_over_the_Adriatic_sea_with_polarizing_filter%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/02_2020_Grecia_photo_Paolo_Villa_FO199958_%28Ancona_Patrasso_traghetto_-_alba_sul_mare_Adriatico_con_filtro_polarizzatore_-_sunrise_over_the_Adriatic_sea_with_polarizing_filter%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">With</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Polarizing filter used to reduce reflection from water</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polarizing_filter_(photography)" title="Polarizing filter (photography)">Polarizing filter (photography)</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Polarizing_filter_(photography)" title="Polarizing filter (photography)">polarizing filter</a>, used for both <a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">color</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-and-white photography">black-and-white photography</a>, is colourless and does not affect colour balance, but filters out light with a particular direction of <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarisation</a>. This reduces oblique reflections from non-metallic surfaces, can darken the sky in colour photography (in monochrome photography colour filters are more effective), and can saturate the image more by eliminating unwanted reflections. </p><p>Linear polarising filters, while effective, can interfere with metering and auto-focus mechanisms when mirrors or beam-splitters are in the light path, as in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_single_lens_reflex_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital single lens reflex camera">digital single lens reflex camera</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Circular polarizer">circular polarizer</a> is also effective, and does not affect metering or auto-focus.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neutral_density">Neutral density</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neutral density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GND_demo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GND_demo.jpg/220px-GND_demo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GND_demo.jpg/330px-GND_demo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GND_demo.jpg/440px-GND_demo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>This handheld <a href="/wiki/Graduated_neutral_density_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduated neutral density filter">graduated neutral density filter</a> demonstrates selective attenuation for the sky</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Neutral_density_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral density filter">neutral density filter</a> (ND filter) is a filter of uniform density which attenuates light of all colors equally. It is used to allow a longer exposure (to create blur) or larger aperture (for selective focus) than otherwise required for correct exposure in the prevailing light conditions, without changing the tonal balance of the photograph. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Graduated_neutral_density_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduated neutral density filter">graduated neutral density filter</a> is a neutral density filter with different attenuation at different points, typically clear in one half shading into a higher density in the other. It can be used, for example, to photograph a scene with part in deep shadow and part brightly lit, where otherwise either the shadows would have no detail or the highlights would be burnt out.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-special-effects_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-special-effects-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_filters">Color filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Color filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_conversion">Color conversion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Color conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80a_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/80a_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="468" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>The 80A filter, mainly used to correct for the excessive redness of <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulbs</a>, can also be used to oversaturate scenes that already have blue. The photo on the left was shot with a polarizer, while the one on the right was shot with a polarizer and an 80A filter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Appropriate color conversion filters are used to compensate for <a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">colour casts</a> caused by lighting not balanced for the film stock's rated <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">color temperature</a>, which is usually 3200–3400 K for use with professional <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light sources</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 5500–5700 K for daylight.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color conversion filters attenuate a range of visible wavelengths to shift the perceived color temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenstock-filters_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenstock-filters-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HoyaDE_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoyaDE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61–62">: 61–62 </span></sup> The need for these filters has been greatly reduced by the widespread adoption of digital photography, since <a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">color balance</a> may be corrected with camera settings as the image is captured, or by software manipulation afterwards. </p><p>These color conversion filters are identified by non-standardised numbers which vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Many filter manufacturers use the <a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten number</a> or make reference to it.<sup id="cite_ref-HoyaDE_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoyaDE-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wratten numbers were assigned sequentially as applications were created (80<i>x</i> and 82<i>x</i> for blue cooling filters, 81<i>x</i> and 85<i>x</i> for amber warming filters), so there is no systematic logic that ties the number to its effect: for example, the 80A filter has the strongest "cooling" effect, followed by the 80B, and both are stronger than the 82C, which is stronger in turn than the 82B. The 80/85 series are regarded as "color conversion" filters, while the corresponding 82/81 series are "light balancing filters" which generally have a weaker effect than the 80/85 series.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–36">: 35–36 </span></sup> Typically, the <a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">80A blue filter</a> used with film for daylight use corrects the perceived orange/reddish cast of incandescent photographic photoflood lights, and significantly improves the stronger cast produced by lower-temperature household <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lighting">incandescent lighting</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">85B amber filter</a> will correct the bluish cast of daylight photographs on <a href="/wiki/Tungsten_film" title="Tungsten film">tungsten film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wratten17_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wratten17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_temperature_-_mired_shift.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Color_temperature_-_mired_shift.svg/440px-Color_temperature_-_mired_shift.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Color_temperature_-_mired_shift.svg/660px-Color_temperature_-_mired_shift.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Color_temperature_-_mired_shift.svg/880px-Color_temperature_-_mired_shift.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nomogram" title="Nomogram">Nomogram</a> to compute <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a> shift; light source is on the top scale, while film is on the bottom scale.</figcaption></figure> <p>To avoid confusion and to assist photographers in selecting the appropriate filter, some manufacturers, including B+W,<sup id="cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B+W-filters-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18–21">: 18–21 </span></sup> Rodenstock,<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenstock-filters_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenstock-filters-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> and Hoya,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoya2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoya2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup> include or use the <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a> shift to name their filters, which quantifies the effect of a color conversion filter. The mired value associated with a given color temperature is computed as the reciprocal of the color temperature, in Kelvin, multiplied by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{6}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{6}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ffb66117ef0a7ccf37efe85652c7b3e829f32fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.379ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{6}}"></span>:<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc1a6d66b61062bab4dd56794b1357895ea26b89" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.756ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T}}}"></span> </p><p>The shift is the difference in the mired values of the film and light source.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen59_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen59-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> Sometimes the decamired is used, where 10 mired = 1 decamired, as the smallest perceptible color temperature change is from a 10 mired shift.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39">: 39 </span></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta M=M_{film}-M_{light}={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T_{film}}}-{\frac {{10}^{6}}{T_{light}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta M=M_{film}-M_{light}={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T_{film}}}-{\frac {{10}^{6}}{T_{light}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/60dd8181391526d093adae50ac262a4bb3bf19d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:39.664ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta M=M_{film}-M_{light}={\frac {{10}^{6}}{T_{film}}}-{\frac {{10}^{6}}{T_{light}}}}"></span> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div style="display:inline-grid;float:right;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%;text-align:right;float:right;"> <caption>Warming filters<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c33157113b395199ed668d8295fbb6a075c7f1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.378ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta M}"></span></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#ffe5c9;"> <td>+10</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffdcb5;"> <td>+20</td> <td>81A </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffd2a1;"> <td>+30</td> <td>81B, 81C </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffc98d;"> <td>+40</td> <td>81D </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffbf79;"> <td>+50</td> <td>81EF </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffb665;"> <td>+60</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffad51;"> <td>+70</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffa43d;"> <td>+80</td> <td>85C </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9b29;"> <td>+90</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff9215;"> <td>+100</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ff8800;"> <td>+110</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ec7e00;color:#fff;"> <td>+120</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d87300;color:#fff;"> <td>+130</td> <td>85B </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="display:inline-grid;float:right;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%;text-align:right;"> <caption>Cooling filters<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c33157113b395199ed668d8295fbb6a075c7f1d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.378ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta M}"></span></a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#22f;color:#fff;"> <td>-130</td> <td>80A </td></tr> <tr style="background:#33f;color:#fff;"> <td>-120</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#44f;color:#fff;"> <td>-110</td> <td>80B </td></tr> <tr style="background:#55f;color:#fff;"> <td>-100</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#66f;color:#fff;"> <td>-90</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#77f;color:#fff;"> <td>-80</td> <td>80C </td></tr> <tr style="background:#88f;color:#fff;"> <td>-70</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#99f;"> <td>-60</td> <td>80D </td></tr> <tr style="background:#aaf;"> <td>-50</td> <td>82C </td></tr> <tr style="background:#bbf;"> <td>-40</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccf;"> <td>-30</td> <td>82B </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ddf;"> <td>-20</td> <td>82A </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eef;"> <td>-10</td> <td>82 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>From the equation, when the film has a higher color temperature than the light source, a negative mired shift is required, which calls for a "cooling" filter; these have a perceptible blue color, and the more saturated the color, the stronger the cooling effect. Likewise, when the film has a lower color temperature than the light source, a positive mired shift is required, which calls for an amber "warming" filter. </p><p>Stacking color conversion filters creates an additive mired shift: for example, stacking a Wratten 80A (-130 mired) with a Wratten 82C (-60 mired) results in a total mired shift of -190.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoya2016_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoya2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen59_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen59-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> A typical set of color conversion filters has a geometric sequence, e.g. ±15, ±30, ±60, and ±120 mired,<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> which corresponds approximately to the pattern of the Wratten filters, and allows intermediate values to be obtained by stacking. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <caption>Mired shift and required filter(s) for typical situations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:#EAECF0;background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49%,#AAA 49.5%,#AAA 50.5%,#EAECF0 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Film<br />type</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Light source </div> </th> <th>Tungsten</th> <th>Daylight </th></tr> <tr> <td>3200 K</td> <td>5700 K </td></tr> <tr> <th>"Warm white" incandescent </th> <td>2700 K </td> <td>-60 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten 80D</a> </td> <td>-190 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">80A+80D</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Professional tungsten </th> <td>3200 K </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>-140 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten 80A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Metal halide, "cool white" incandescent </th> <td>4200 K </td> <td>70 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten 81EF</a> </td> <td>-60 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten 80D</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Daylight </th> <td>5700 K </td> <td>140 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten 85B</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Electronic flash </th> <td>6500 K </td> <td>160 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">85B+81B</a> </td> <td>20 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">81A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open shade </th> <td>10000 K </td> <td>210 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">85B+85C</a> </td> <td>80 <a href="/wiki/Mired" title="Mired">mired</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">85C</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_correction">Color correction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Color correction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color conversion and light balancing (LB) filters must be distinguished from color correction filters (CC filters), which filter out a particular color cast that may have various causes, including reflections from colored surfaces, <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lighting</a> (which has an unbalanced spectrum), <a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">underwater photography</a>, or the Schwarzschild effect (also known as <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)#Reciprocity_failure" title="Reciprocity (photography)">reciprocity failure</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </p><p>In general, CC filters are supplied in densities varying between 5 and 50% in primary colors, both additive (red, green, and blue) and subtractive (cyan, magenta, and yellow). They may be used for graphic effect or to compensate for differences in color balance between film batches for critical work.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43–44">: 43–44 </span></sup> Fluorescent filters generally have a magenta hue, selectively absorbing excessive green light, and have a name which includes the letters FL, such as FL-D for use with daylight balanced film.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenstock-filters_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenstock-filters-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_subtraction">Color subtraction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Color subtraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Color subtraction</b> filters work by absorbing certain colors of light, letting the remaining colors through. They can be used to demonstrate the primary colors that make up an image. They are perhaps most frequently used in the <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> industry for <a href="/wiki/Color_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Color separation">color separations</a>, and again, use has diminished as digital solutions have become more advanced and abundant. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">Didymium filters</a>, sold as "color enhancement" or "fall color" filters act similarly: They remove a narrow (or broad) band of color in the yellow part of the spectrum (<a href="/wiki/Sodium#Astronomical_observations" title="Sodium">589 nm</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_filter" title="Astronomical filter">astronomical filters</a> similarly use <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">didymium</a> in heavier concentration. Even <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_filter" title="Astronomical filter">astronomical filters</a> which don't use didymium typically are some kind of narrow pass-band color filter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contrast_enhancement">Contrast enhancement<span class="anchor" id="Contrast_enhancement"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contrast enhancement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Gouna_Egypt_BW_Filter_Comparison_EN_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/El_Gouna_Egypt_BW_Filter_Comparison_EN_large.png/660px-El_Gouna_Egypt_BW_Filter_Comparison_EN_large.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/El_Gouna_Egypt_BW_Filter_Comparison_EN_large.png/990px-El_Gouna_Egypt_BW_Filter_Comparison_EN_large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/El_Gouna_Egypt_BW_Filter_Comparison_EN_large.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Effects of using a polarizer and a red filter in black-and-white photography</figcaption></figure> <p>Colored filters are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white">black and white</a> photography to alter the effect of different colors in the scene, changing <a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a> recorded in black and white of the different colours. The standard rule-of-thumb is a colored filter will selectively lighten its color, while darkening other colors, especially the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary color">complementary color</a>, as the filter passes that color while attenuating others.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>For example, a yellow filter or, more dramatically, an orange or red filter, will enhance the contrast between clouds and sky by darkening the blue sky while leaving the clouds bright (after exposure compensation). A deep green filter will also darken the sky, and additionally lighten green foliage, making it stand out against the sky. Light yellowish-green filters were used as standard portrait filters for <a href="/wiki/Panchromatic_film" title="Panchromatic film">panchromatic film</a>, since they render skin-tones as light to dark grey, while darkening deep reds and blues to nearly black. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <caption>Black and white simulations with color contrast filters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Filter </th> <th colspan="2">Example 1 (still life)</th> <th colspan="2">Example 2 (landscape)</th> <th colspan="2">Example 3 (portrait) </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Color</th> <th>B&W </th> <th>Color</th> <th>B&W </th> <th>Color</th> <th>B&W </th></tr> <tr> <th>(none) </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coupy-pencil.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coupy-pencil.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Coupy-pencil.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_bw(L).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coupy-pencil_bw%28L%29.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28L%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coupy-pencil_bw%28L%29.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28L%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coupy-pencil_bw%28L%29.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28L%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Gate_Bridge,_San_Francisco,_California_LCCN2013630258.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golden_Gate_Bridge%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California_LCCN2013630258.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Golden_Gate_Bridge%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California_LCCN2013630258.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golden_Gate_Bridge%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California_LCCN2013630258.tif/lossy-page1-270px-Golden_Gate_Bridge%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California_LCCN2013630258.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Golden_Gate_Bridge%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California_LCCN2013630258.tif/lossy-page1-360px-Golden_Gate_Bridge%2C_San_Francisco%2C_California_LCCN2013630258.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw(L).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28L%29.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28L%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28L%29.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28L%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28L%29.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28L%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_bw(L).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28L%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28L%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28L%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28L%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28L%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28L%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Black and white simulated by converting to luminance values only. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#d00;color:#fff;">Red </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_(R).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coupy-pencil_%28R%29.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_%28R%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coupy-pencil_%28R%29.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_%28R%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coupy-pencil_%28R%29.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_%28R%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_bw(R)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coupy-pencil_bw%28R%292.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28R%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coupy-pencil_bw%28R%292.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28R%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Coupy-pencil_bw%28R%292.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28R%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_(R).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28R%29.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28R%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28R%29.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28R%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28R%29.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28R%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw(R)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28R%292.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28R%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28R%292.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28R%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28R%292.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28R%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_(R).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28R%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28R%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28R%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28R%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28R%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28R%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_bw(R)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28R%292.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28R%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28R%292.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28R%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28R%292.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28R%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Red filter tends to darken blue and green objects while lightening red and orange subjects. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#d70;color:#fff;">Orange </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_(O).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coupy-pencil_%28O%29.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_%28O%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coupy-pencil_%28O%29.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_%28O%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Coupy-pencil_%28O%29.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_%28O%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_bw(O)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coupy-pencil_bw%28O%292.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28O%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coupy-pencil_bw%28O%292.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28O%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Coupy-pencil_bw%28O%292.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28O%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_(O).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28O%29.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28O%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28O%29.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28O%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28O%29.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28O%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw(O)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28O%292.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28O%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28O%292.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28O%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28O%292.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28O%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_(O).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28O%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28O%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28O%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28O%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28O%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28O%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_bw(O)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28O%292.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28O%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28O%292.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28O%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28O%292.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28O%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Similar effects as red filter, but not as strong. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#dd0;">Yellow </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_(Y).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Coupy-pencil_%28Y%29.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_%28Y%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Coupy-pencil_%28Y%29.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_%28Y%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Coupy-pencil_%28Y%29.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_%28Y%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_bw(Y)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coupy-pencil_bw%28Y%292.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28Y%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coupy-pencil_bw%28Y%292.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28Y%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coupy-pencil_bw%28Y%292.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28Y%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_(Y).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28Y%29.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28Y%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28Y%29.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28Y%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28Y%29.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28Y%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw(Y)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28Y%292.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28Y%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28Y%292.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28Y%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28Y%292.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28Y%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_(Y).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28Y%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28Y%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28Y%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28Y%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28Y%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28Y%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_bw(Y)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28Y%292.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28Y%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28Y%292.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28Y%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28Y%292.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28Y%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Yellow filter is generally used to neutralize atmospheric haze. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#0b0;color:#fff;">Green </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_(G).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coupy-pencil_%28G%29.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_%28G%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coupy-pencil_%28G%29.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_%28G%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coupy-pencil_%28G%29.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_%28G%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_bw(G)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Coupy-pencil_bw%28G%292.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28G%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Coupy-pencil_bw%28G%292.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28G%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Coupy-pencil_bw%28G%292.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28G%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_(G).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28G%29.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28G%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28G%29.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28G%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28G%29.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28G%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw(G)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28G%292.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28G%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28G%292.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28G%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28G%292.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28G%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_(G).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28G%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28G%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28G%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28G%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28G%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28G%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_bw(G)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28G%292.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28G%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28G%292.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28G%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28G%292.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28G%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Used to differentiate green tones. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#0dd;">Cyan </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_(C).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coupy-pencil_%28C%29.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_%28C%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coupy-pencil_%28C%29.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_%28C%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coupy-pencil_%28C%29.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_%28C%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_bw(C)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coupy-pencil_bw%28C%292.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28C%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coupy-pencil_bw%28C%292.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28C%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coupy-pencil_bw%28C%292.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28C%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_(C).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28C%29.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28C%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28C%29.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28C%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28C%29.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28C%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw(C)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28C%292.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28C%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28C%292.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28C%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28C%292.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28C%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_(C).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28C%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28C%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28C%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28C%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28C%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28C%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_bw(C)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28C%292.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28C%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28C%292.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28C%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28C%292.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28C%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Simulates effect of <a href="/wiki/Orthochromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthochromatic">orthochromatic</a> film </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#00f;color:#fff;">Blue </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_(B).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coupy-pencil_%28B%29.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_%28B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coupy-pencil_%28B%29.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_%28B%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coupy-pencil_%28B%29.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_%28B%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_bw(B)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coupy-pencil_bw%28B%292.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28B%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coupy-pencil_bw%28B%292.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28B%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coupy-pencil_bw%28B%292.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28B%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_(B).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28B%29.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28B%29.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28B%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28B%29.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28B%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw(B)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28B%292.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28B%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28B%292.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28B%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28B%292.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28B%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_(B).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28B%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28B%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28B%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28B%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28B%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_bw(B)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28B%292.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28B%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28B%292.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28B%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28B%292.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28B%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Blue filter tends to accentuate haze and lighten skies. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#d0d;color:#fff;">Magenta </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_(M).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coupy-pencil_%28M%29.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_%28M%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coupy-pencil_%28M%29.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_%28M%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coupy-pencil_%28M%29.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_%28M%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coupy-pencil_bw(M)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coupy-pencil_bw%28M%292.jpg/130px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28M%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coupy-pencil_bw%28M%292.jpg/195px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28M%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coupy-pencil_bw%28M%292.jpg/260px-Coupy-pencil_bw%28M%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_(M).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28M%29.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28M%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28M%29.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28M%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28M%29.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_%28M%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw(M)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28M%292.jpg/180px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28M%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28M%292.jpg/270px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28M%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28M%292.jpg/360px-GGB_LCCN2013630258_bw%28M%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_(M).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28M%29.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28M%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28M%29.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28M%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28M%29.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_%28M%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokii_Model_(2808203083)_bw(M)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28M%292.jpg/110px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28M%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28M%292.jpg/165px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28M%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28M%292.jpg/220px-Rokii_Model_%282808203083%29_bw%28M%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Not generally used; included for completeness </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A sky-blue filter (<a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>) mimics the effect of older <a href="/wiki/Orthochromasia#Orthochromatic_photography" title="Orthochromasia">orthochromatic film</a> – or with a <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">"true blue"</a> filter, even older film only sensitive to blue light – rendering blue as light and red and green as dark, showing blue skies the same as overcast, with no contrast between sky and clouds, darkening blond hair, making blue eyes nearly white, and red lips nearly black. </p><p><a href="#Diffusion">Diffusion filters</a> have the opposite, contrast-reducing effect; in addition they "soften" focus, making small blemishes invisible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_effects">Special effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Special effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cross">Cross <span class="anchor" id="Cross_screen"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>cross screen filter</b>, also known as a <b>star filter</b>, creates a star pattern, in which lines radiate outward from bright objects. The star pattern is generated by a very fine <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> grating embedded in the filter, or sometimes by the use of <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</a> in the filter. The number of stars varies by the construction of the filter, as does the number of points each star has.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-special-effects_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-special-effects-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–61">: 60–61 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stecker-98_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stecker-98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–33">: 31–33 </span></sup> The pattern of the diffraction grating can affect the shape of the resulting highlights as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Stecker-98_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stecker-98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–26">: 25–26 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diffusion">Diffusion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diffusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbl%C3%BChende_Sauerkirsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Verbl%C3%BChende_Sauerkirsche.jpg/220px-Verbl%C3%BChende_Sauerkirsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Verbl%C3%BChende_Sauerkirsche.jpg/330px-Verbl%C3%BChende_Sauerkirsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Verbl%C3%BChende_Sauerkirsche.jpg/440px-Verbl%C3%BChende_Sauerkirsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The bottom left image has a diffusion filter applied to the original image (shown in the top left). The top right is a cross screen effect. The bottom right shows a LOMO<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effect.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion filter">diffusion filter</a> (also called a <b>softening filter</b>) softens subjects and generates a dreamy haze (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Photon_diffusion" title="Photon diffusion">photon diffusion</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stecker-98_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stecker-98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30–31">: 30–31 </span></sup> This is most often used for portraits, providing an effect similar to that of a dedicated <a href="/wiki/Soft_focus" title="Soft focus">soft focus</a> lens. It also has the effect of reducing contrast, and the filters are designed, labeled, sold, and used for that purpose too. There are many ways of accomplishing this effect, and thus filters from different manufacturers vary significantly. The two primary approaches are to use some form of grid or netting in the filter, or to use something which is transparent but not optically sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-Cokin-Z_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokin-Z-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–45">: 44–45 </span></sup> </p><p>Both effects can be achieved in software, which can in principle provide a very precise degree of control of the level of effect, however the "look" may be noticeably different. If there is too much contrast in a scene, the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> of the digital <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> or film may be exceeded, which post-processing cannot compensate for, so contrast reduction at the time of image capture may be called for. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close-up_and_split_diopter_lenses">Close-up and split diopter lenses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Close-up and split diopter lenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Close-up_lens" title="Close-up lens">Close-up lens</a></div> <p>A close-up lens is not technically a filter but <a href="/wiki/Accessory_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory lens">accessory lens</a> which attaches to a lens like a filter, hence the alternative but misleading term "close-up filter". They are often sold by filter manufacturers as part of their product lines, using the same holders and attachment systems. A close-up lens is a single or two-element converging <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a> used for close-up and <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a>, and works in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Spectacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectacles">spectacles</a> used for reading. The insertion of a converging lens in front of the taking lens reduces the <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of the combination. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Close-up_lens" title="Close-up lens">Close-up lenses</a> are usually specified by their optical power, the <a href="/wiki/Multiplicative_inverse" title="Multiplicative inverse">reciprocal</a> of the focal length in meters. Several close-up lenses may be used in combination; the optical power of the combination is the sum of the optical powers of the component lenses; a set of lenses of +1, +2, and +4 diopters can be combined to provide a range from +1 to +7 in steps of one. </p><p>A <b>split diopter</b> has just a semicircular half of a close-up lens in a normal filter holder. It can be used to photograph a close object and a much more distant background, with everything in sharp focus; with any non-split lens the <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> would be far too shallow.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-special-effects_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-special-effects-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48–49">: 48–49 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multi-image">Multi-image</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multi-image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcohol_bottles_photographed_while_drunk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alcohol_bottles_photographed_while_drunk.jpg/220px-Alcohol_bottles_photographed_while_drunk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alcohol_bottles_photographed_while_drunk.jpg/330px-Alcohol_bottles_photographed_while_drunk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alcohol_bottles_photographed_while_drunk.jpg/440px-Alcohol_bottles_photographed_while_drunk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3237" data-file-height="2428" /></a><figcaption>Still life photographed using a multi-image filter</figcaption></figure> <p>A multi-image filter, sometimes called multiple image or kaleidoscopic, uses a faceted lens which generally repeats the central subject one or more times in the periphery; the images may be repeated with a radial or parallel layout.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-special-effects_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-special-effects-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stecker-98_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stecker-98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26–27">: 26–27 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_design">Physical design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Physical design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_and_construction">Materials and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Materials and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photo filters are commonly made from <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> plastics similar to those used for eyeglasses (such as <a href="/wiki/CR-39" title="CR-39">CR-39</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a>; sometimes <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a> is used. Historically, filters were often made from <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Color_gel" title="Color gel">color gels</a>. While some filters are still described as <b>gelatin</b> or <b>gel</b> filters, they are no longer actually made from gelatin but from one of the plastics mentioned above. </p><p>Sometimes the filter is dyed in the mass, in other cases the filter is a thin sheet of material sandwiched between two pieces of clear glass or plastic. </p><p>Certain kinds of filters use other materials inside a glass sandwich; for example, <a href="#Polarizer">polarizers</a> often use various special films, netting filters have <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> netting, and so forth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Objektivfilter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Objektivfilter.jpg/220px-Objektivfilter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Objektivfilter.jpg/330px-Objektivfilter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Objektivfilter.jpg/440px-Objektivfilter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Hoya and Minolta round threaded filters, colored for contrast enhancement and special effects</figcaption></figure> <p>The rings on screw-on filters are often made of aluminum, though in more expensive filters <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> is used. Aluminum filter rings are much lighter in weight, but can "bind" to the aluminum lens threads they are screwed in to, requiring the use of a filter wrench to get the filter off of the lens. Aluminum also dents or deforms more easily. </p><p>High quality filters are multi-coated,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with multiple-layer <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">optical coatings</a> to reduce reflections. Uncoated filters can reflect up to 12% of the light,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> single-coated filter can reduce this considerably, and multi-coated filters can allow up to 99.8% of the light to pass through (0.2% unwanted reflection); the loss of light is not important, but part of the light is reflected inside the camera, producing <a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">flare</a> and reducing the contrast of the image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filter_sizes_and_mountings">Filter sizes and mountings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Filter sizes and mountings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufacturers of lenses and filters have standardized on several different sets of sizes over the years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Threaded_round_filters">Threaded round filters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Threaded round filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%"> <caption class="nowrap">Common objective filter threads </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Dia.<br />(mm) </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Thread pitch (mm) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Common </th> <th scope="col">Alternate </th></tr> <tr> <td>24<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>25<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>27<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>30<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>30.5</td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>34<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.5</td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>36.5</td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>37<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>37.5</td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>39<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>40<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>43<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>46<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>48<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>49<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>52<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>53<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>55<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>58<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>62<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>67<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>72<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>77<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>82<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>86<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>94<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>95<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>105<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>107<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>110<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>112<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>112.5</td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>125<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>127<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>138<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>145<span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">.0</span></td> <td>0.75</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The most common standard filter sizes for circular filters include 30.5 mm, 35.5 mm, 37 mm, 39 mm, 40.5 mm, 43 mm, 46 mm, 49 mm, 52 mm, 55 mm, 58 mm, 62 mm, 67 mm, 72 mm, 77 mm, 82 mm, 86 mm, 95 mm, 105 mm, 112 mm 122 mm, 127 mm. The filter diameter has a steady increase from 43 to 58 mm every 3 mm and from 62 to 82 mm every 5 mm. Other filter sizes within this range may be hard to find since the filter size may be non-standard or may be rarely used on camera lenses. The specified diameter of the filter in millimeters indicates the diameter of the male threads on the filter housing. The <a href="/wiki/Thread_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread pitch">thread pitch</a> is 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm or 1.0 mm, depending on the ring size. A few sizes (e.g. 30.5 mm) come in more than one pitch. Most filters have a 0.75 mm pitch thread, some manufacturers use a 1.0 mm pitch thread; filters with thread pitches are incompatible with lenses with a different thread pitch. </p><p>The filter diameter for a particular lens is commonly identified on the lens face by the <a href="/wiki/Diameter#Diameter_symbol" title="Diameter">⌀</a> symbol. For example, a lens marking may indicate: “⌀55 mm” or “55⌀” meaning it would accept a 55 mm filter or <a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Square_filters">Square filters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Square filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minolta_SRT_101_50mm_F1.4_%2B_Cokin_A_Filter_Holder_%26_Grad_(2738101201).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Minolta_SRT_101_50mm_F1.4_%2B_Cokin_A_Filter_Holder_%26_Grad_%282738101201%29.jpg/220px-Minolta_SRT_101_50mm_F1.4_%2B_Cokin_A_Filter_Holder_%26_Grad_%282738101201%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Minolta_SRT_101_50mm_F1.4_%2B_Cokin_A_Filter_Holder_%26_Grad_%282738101201%29.jpg/330px-Minolta_SRT_101_50mm_F1.4_%2B_Cokin_A_Filter_Holder_%26_Grad_%282738101201%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Minolta_SRT_101_50mm_F1.4_%2B_Cokin_A_Filter_Holder_%26_Grad_%282738101201%29.jpg/440px-Minolta_SRT_101_50mm_F1.4_%2B_Cokin_A_Filter_Holder_%26_Grad_%282738101201%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minolta_SR-T_101" title="Minolta SR-T 101">Minolta SR-T 101</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cokin" title="Cokin">Cokin</a> "A" graduated neutral density filter</figcaption></figure> <p>For square filters, 2" × 2", 3" × 3" and 4" × 4" were historically very common and are still made by some manufacturers. 100 mm × 100 mm is very close to 4" × 4", allowing use of many of the same holders, and is one of the more popular sizes currently (2006) in use; it is virtually a standard in the <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion picture</a> industry. 75 mm x 75 mm is very close to 3" × 3" and while less common today, was much in vogue in the 1990s. </p><p>The French manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Cokin" title="Cokin">Cokin</a> makes a wide range of filters and holders in three sizes which is collectively known as the <b>Cokin System</b>. "A" (amateur) size is 67 mm wide, "P" (professional) size is 84 mm wide, and "X Pro" is 130 mm wide. Many other manufacturers make filters to fit Cokin holders. Cokin also makes a filter holder for 100 mm filters, which they call the "Z" size. Most of Cokin's filters are made of optical resins such as CR-39. A few round filter elements may be attached to the square/rectangular filter holders, usually polarizers and gradient filters which both need to be rotated and are more expensive to manufacture. </p><p>Cokin formerly (1980s through mid-1990s) had competition from Hoya's 'Hoyarex' system (75 mm x 75 mm filters mostly made from resin) and also a range made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambico (page does not exist)">Ambico</a>, but both have withdrawn from the market. A small (84 mm) "system" range is still made (as of 2012) by Formatt Hitech.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, square (and sometimes rectangular) filters from one system could be used in another system's holders if the size was correct, but each made a different system of filter holder which could not be used together. Lee, Tiffen, Formatt Hitech and Singh Ray also make square / rectangular filters in the 100 × 100 mm and Cokin "P" sizes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filtres-LB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Filtres-LB.jpg/220px-Filtres-LB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Filtres-LB.jpg/330px-Filtres-LB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Filtres-LB.jpg/440px-Filtres-LB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinar" title="Sinar">Sinar</a> warming (left) and cooling (right) light balancing gel filters for color conversion from the <a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten</a> 81 and 82 series, respectively</figcaption></figure> <p>Gel filters are very common in square form, rarely being used in circular form. These are thin flexible sheets of <a href="/wiki/Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a> or plastic which must be held in rigid frames to prevent them from sagging. Gels are made not only for use as photo filters, but also in a wide range of colors for use in lighting applications, particularly for theatrical lighting. Gel holders are available from all of the square “system” makers, but are additionally provided by many camera manufacturers, by manufacturers of gel filters, and by makers of expensive professional camera accessories (particularly those manufacturers which target the movie and television camera markets. </p><p>Square filter systems often have <a href="/wiki/Lens_shade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens shade">lens shades</a> available to attach to the filter holders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rectangular_filters">Rectangular filters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rectangular filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graduated filters of a given width (67 mm, 84 mm, 100 mm, etc.) are often made oblong, rather than square, in order to allow the position of the gradation to be moved up or down in the picture. This allows, for example, the red part of a sunset filter to be placed at the horizon. These are used with the "system" holders described above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bayonet_round_filters">Bayonet round filters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bayonet round filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain manufacturers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Rollei" title="Rollei">Rollei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasselblad" title="Hasselblad">Hasselblad</a>, have created their own systems of <a href="/wiki/Bayonet_mount" title="Bayonet mount">bayonet mount</a> for filters. Each design comes in several sizes, such as Bay I through Bay VIII for Rollei, and Bay 50 through Bay 104 for Hasselblad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Series_filters">Series filters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Series filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:85%;width:20em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Series number </th> <th>Filter size </th> <th>Adapter ring </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>II</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>III</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IV</td> <td>20.6 mm</td> <td>23.5 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.5</td> <td>25.5 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V</td> <td>30.2 mm</td> <td>33.5 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.5</td> <td>35.9 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VI</td> <td>41.3 mm</td> <td>44 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>VII</td> <td>50.8 mm</td> <td>M54.346-0.706 mm (2.139 in-36<span class="nowrap"> </span>tpi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.5</td> <td>57.0 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIII</td> <td>63.5 mm</td> <td>66.7 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.5/5.5L</td> <td>74.8 mm × 5.6 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.5/8mm</td> <td>74.8 mm × 8 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IX</td> <td>82.6 mm</td> <td>87.5 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td>93 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td>103 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td>107 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>119</td> <td>119 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>125</td> <td>125 mm</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>138</td> <td>138 mm</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Starting in the 1930s, filters were also made in a sizing system known as a series mount. The filters themselves were round pieces of glass (or occasionally other materials) with no threads. Very early filters had no rims around the glass, but the more common later production filters had the glass mounted in metal rims. To mount the filters on a camera, the filter was placed between two rings; the mount ring either screwed into the lens threads or was slipped over the lens barrel and the retaining ring screws into the mounting ring to hold the filter in place. The series designations are generally written as <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>, I to IX, though there are a few sizes not written that way, such as Series 4.5 and Series 5.5. Most Series filter sizes are now obsolete, production having ceased by the late 1970s. However, Series 9 became a standard of the motion picture industry and Series 9 filters are still produced and sold today, particularly for professional motion picture cinematography.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_gel" title="Color gel">Color gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">List of photographic equipment makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_filter" title="Optical filter">Optical filter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The approximate transition wavelength where the filter achieves 50% transmission; longer wavelengths are passed, while lower wavelengths are absorbed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Professional "tungsten lighting" is also called <a href="/wiki/Photoflood" title="Photoflood">photoflood</a> lighting. Historically, there were two films balanced for tungsten lighting, Type A (3200 K) and Type B (3400 K).<sup id="cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The loss of some of the yellow light does not greatly affect humans' or cameras' ability perceive yellow colors, but does provide better color separation between shades of red, orange, and green. The greens look greener, the reds look redder, the oranges look redder, browns acquire a reddish tinge, and the yellows dim slightly. The net effect is to make the colors of autumn leaves 'pop'. Looking through a didymium filter at a familiar human environment makes many colors appear gaudy or cartoonish. <br /><br /> Some filter manufacturers add light color-correction coatings to help preserve white balance, or heavier coatings to exaggerate some colors (e.g. "green enhancing"). The yellow-blocking material used <a href="/wiki/Didymium" title="Didymium">didymium</a> is actually a naturally occurring mixture of two <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_mineral" title="Rare-earth mineral">rare earths</a>; by adjusting the mix of <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, and the amount of both in the glass, different degrees and intensities of color effects can be produced. Hence, different manufacturers' "color enhancement" filters can produce subtle through to garish effects. <br /><br /> As an example of manipulating the didymium mixture and amount, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_filter#Broadband" title="Astronomical filter">'light pollution filters'</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">amateur astronomy</a> use a particularly heavy dose of didymium in the glass, in order to completely block parts of the spectrum typically dominated by <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">sodium-vapor lamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_vapor_lighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury vapor lighting">mercury vapor lighting</a>, while leaving colors of <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">dim astronomical objects</a> visible to the <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(eye)#Dark_adaptation" title="Adaptation (eye)">dark-adapted eye</a> largely unaffected.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>LOMO effect</i> imitates photos made with a low-cost Russian camera brand, named "LOMO". It is approximated by saturated central colors, blurred periphery, and darkened corners and edges (<a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarton2014" class="citation web cs1">Barton, Seth (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expertreviews.co.uk/camcorders/1304812/sony-fdr-ax100-review-hands-on-with-first-consumer-4k-camcorder">"Sony FDR-AX100 review – Hands on with first consumer 4K camcorder"</a>. <i>Expert Reviews</i>. UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expert+Reviews&rft.atitle=Sony+FDR-AX100+review+%E2%80%93+Hands+on+with+first+consumer+4K+camcorder&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expertreviews.co.uk%2Fcamcorders%2F1304812%2Fsony-fdr-ax100-review-hands-on-with-first-consumer-4k-camcorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-lens-filters.htm">"Camera lens filters"</a>. <i>Cambridge in Colour</i>. Tutorials<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+in+Colour&rft.atitle=Camera+lens+filters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgeincolour.com%2Ftutorials%2Fcamera-lens-filters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B+W-filters-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B+W-filters_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images-eu.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/C1x9LZAkTES.pdf">"B+W Filter Handbook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%2BW+Filter+Handbook&rft.pub=Jos.+Schneider+Optische+Werke+GmbH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages-eu.ssl-images-amazon.com%2Fimages%2FI%2FC1x9LZAkTES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001522384"><i>Wratten Light Filters</i></a> (17th ed.). Rochester, New York: Eastman Kodak Company. 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wratten+Light+Filters&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001522384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1974" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Joseph D. (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nikonnikkormatha0000jose/page/n479/mode/2up"><i>Nikon-Nikkormat Handbook of Photography</i></a></span>. Amphoto. pp. 8–45, 8–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8174-0566-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8174-0566-6"><bdi>0-8174-0566-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-92419">73-92419</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nikon-Nikkormat+Handbook+of+Photography&rft.pages=8-45%2C+8-54&rft.pub=Amphoto&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-92419&rft.isbn=0-8174-0566-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnikonnikkormatha0000jose%2Fpage%2Fn479%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cokin-Z-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cokin-Z_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokin-Z_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualzilla-id-7155706/page/n21/mode/2up">"Cokin Z-Pro Series Filters"</a>. Cokin S.A.S<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cokin+Z-Pro+Series+Filters&rft.pub=Cokin+S.A.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualzilla-id-7155706%2Fpage%2Fn21%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Meehan1998" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Meehan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwpgmPAPH60C"><i>The Photographer's Guide to Using Filters</i></a>. Watson-Guptill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8174-5452-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8174-5452-7"><bdi>0-8174-5452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Photographer%27s+Guide+to+Using+Filters&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8174-5452-7&rft.au=Joseph+Meehan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRwpgmPAPH60C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiffen_Inc" class="citation web cs1">Tiffen Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiffen.com/Protection_filters.htm">"Protection & UV Absorbing Filters"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protection+%26+UV+Absorbing+Filters&rft.au=Tiffen+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiffen.com%2FProtection_filters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_Nugent" class="citation web cs1">Gary Nugent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-landscape-photography.com/remove-purple-fringing.html">"Photoshop technique: Remove purple fringing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photoshop+technique%3A+Remove+purple+fringing&rft.au=Gary+Nugent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.great-landscape-photography.com%2Fremove-purple-fringing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanon_Inc" class="citation web cs1">Canon Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdlp01.c-wss.com/gds/7/0300003557/01/ef16-35f28liiusm-en.pdf">"Canon EF 16-35mm f/2.8L II USM Instruction Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canon Inc. p. ENG-1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-04</span></span>. <q>Since the front element of this lens moves when zooming, you need to attach a Canon PROTECT filter sold separately for adequate dust- and water-resistant performance. Without a filter, the lens is not dust or water resistant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+EF+16-35mm+f%2F2.8L+II+USM+Instruction+Manual&rft.pages=ENG-1&rft.pub=Canon+Inc&rft.au=Canon+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdlp01.c-wss.com%2Fgds%2F7%2F0300003557%2F01%2Fef16-35f28liiusm-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanon_Inc" class="citation web cs1">Canon Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdlp01.c-wss.com/gds/2/0300003562/01/ef17-40f4lusm-en.pdf">"Canon EF 17-40mm f/4L USM Instruction Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canon Inc. p. ENG-1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-04</span></span>. <q>Since the front element of this lens moves when focusing (zooming), you need to attach a Canon PROTECT filter sold separately for adequate dust- and water-resistant performance. Without a filter, the lens is not dust or water-resistant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+EF+17-40mm+f%2F4L+USM+Instruction+Manual&rft.pages=ENG-1&rft.pub=Canon+Inc&rft.au=Canon+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdlp01.c-wss.com%2Fgds%2F2%2F0300003562%2F01%2Fef17-40f4lusm-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanon_Inc" class="citation web cs1">Canon Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gdlp01.c-wss.com/gds/5/0300003395/01/ef50f12lusm-en.pdf">"Canon EF 50mm f/1.2L USM Instruction Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canon Inc. p. ENG-1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-04</span></span>. <q>Since the front element of this lens moves when focusing, you need to attach a Canon PROTECT filter sold separately for adequate dust- and water-resistant performance. Without a filter, the lens is not dust or water resistant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+EF+50mm+f%2F1.2L+USM+Instruction+Manual&rft.pages=ENG-1&rft.pub=Canon+Inc&rft.au=Canon+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgdlp01.c-wss.com%2Fgds%2F5%2F0300003395%2F01%2Fef50f12lusm-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThom_Hogan" class="citation web cs1">Thom Hogan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823023906/http://www.bythom.com/filters.htm">"Filters by Thom Hogan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bythom.com/filters.htm">the original</a> on 2007-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filters+by+Thom+Hogan&rft.au=Thom+Hogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bythom.com%2Ffilters.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_van_Walree" class="citation web cs1">Paul van Walree. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321152942/http://toothwalker.org/optics/filterflare.html">"Filter Flare"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toothwalker.org/optics/filterflare.html">the original</a> on 2011-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filter+Flare&rft.au=Paul+van+Walree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoothwalker.org%2Foptics%2Ffilterflare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Atkins" class="citation web cs1">Bob Atkins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photo.net/equipment/filters/">"UV or not UV?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UV+or+not+UV%3F&rft.au=Bob+Atkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photo.net%2Fequipment%2Ffilters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkerink2002" class="citation web cs1">Markerink, Willem-Jan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pe2bz.philpem.me.uk/Lights/-%20Filters/WrattenFilters-IR+UV/irfilter.htm">"Wratten filters for Infrared- & UV-Photography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wratten+filters+for+Infrared-+%26+UV-Photography&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Markerink&rft.aufirst=Willem-Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpe2bz.philpem.me.uk%2FLights%2F-%2520Filters%2FWrattenFilters-IR%2BUV%2Firfilter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodak70-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kodak70_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kodakfiltersfors00koda/"><i>Kodak filters for scientific and technical uses</i></a>. Eastman Kodak Company. 1970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87985-029-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87985-029-9"><bdi>0-87985-029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodak+filters+for+scientific+and+technical+uses&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-87985-029-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkodakfiltersfors00koda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wratten17-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wratten17_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wratten17_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001522384"><i>Wratten Light Filters</i></a> (17th ed.). Rochester, New York: Eastman Kodak Company. 1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wratten+Light+Filters&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001522384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1995" class="citation book cs1">White, Laurie (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infraredphotogra0000whit/page/16/mode/2up"><i>Infrared photography handbook</i></a></span>. Buffalo, New York: Amherst Media Inc. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936262-38-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-936262-38-9"><bdi>0-936262-38-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95-79716">95-79716</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrared+photography+handbook&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Amherst+Media+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95-79716&rft.isbn=0-936262-38-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfraredphotogra0000whit%2Fpage%2F16%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoyaDE-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoyaDE_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoyaDE_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoyaDE_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualzilla-id-7167041/page/28/mode/2up">"Hoya Filter Catalog: Farbfilter"</a> (in German). Hoya Filters. pp. 28–31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoya+Filter+Catalog%3A+Farbfilter&rft.pages=28-31&rft.pub=Hoya+Filters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualzilla-id-7167041%2Fpage%2F28%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichmann2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Reichmann" title="Michael Reichmann">Reichmann, Michael</a> (31 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/polarizers.shtml">"Polarizers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polarizers&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.aulast=Reichmann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luminous-landscape.com%2Ftutorials%2Fpolarizers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodak-special-effects-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-special-effects_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-special-effects_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-special-effects_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-special-effects_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creatingspeciale0000unse/"><i>Creating special effects</i></a></span>. Kodak Library of Creative Photography. Time-Life Books. 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7054-1548-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7054-1548-1"><bdi>0-7054-1548-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+special+effects&rft.series=Kodak+Library+of+Creative+Photography&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7054-1548-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreatingspeciale0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiffen75-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen75_24-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1975" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robb (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiffenpracticalf0000smit/page/n41/mode/2up">"3: Filters for Color Photography"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiffenpracticalf0000smit/"><i>The Tiffen practical filter manual</i></a></span>. Amphoto. pp. 33–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8174-0180-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8174-0180-6"><bdi>0-8174-0180-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/75-21574">75-21574</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Filters+for+Color+Photography&rft.btitle=The+Tiffen+practical+filter+manual&rft.pages=33-44&rft.pub=Amphoto&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F75-21574&rft.isbn=0-8174-0180-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftiffenpracticalf0000smit%2Fpage%2Fn41%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/photomicrography/colortemperature/">"Color Temperature"</a>. <i>Olympus Life Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympus+Life+Science&rft.atitle=Color+Temperature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympus-lifescience.com%2Fen%2Fmicroscope-resource%2Fprimer%2Fphotomicrography%2Fcolortemperature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodenstock-filters-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rodenstock-filters_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodenstock-filters_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rodenstock-filters_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rodenstock-photo.com/sites/default/files/2020-04/Quality%20filters%20english%20low%20res.%282MB%29pdf.pdf">"Rodenstock Quality Filters and Aspherical Magnifiers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. LINOS Photonics GmbH & Co. KG. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rodenstock+Quality+Filters+and+Aspherical+Magnifiers&rft.pub=LINOS+Photonics+GmbH+%26+Co.+KG&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rodenstock-photo.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-04%2FQuality%2520filters%2520english%2520low%2520res.%25282MB%2529pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoya2016-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoya2016_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoya2016_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hoyafilter.com/download/document/5b20d948a61c6.pdf">"Hoya Filter Catalog"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hoya Filter</i>. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoya+Filter&rft.atitle=Hoya+Filter+Catalog&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhoyafilter.com%2Fdownload%2Fdocument%2F5b20d948a61c6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiffen59-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen59_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiffen59_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TiffenManual1959/page/6/mode/2up">"Tiffen filter manual for black and white and color films"</a>. Tiffen Optical Co. 1959<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiffen+filter+manual+for+black+and+white+and+color+films&rft.pub=Tiffen+Optical+Co.&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTiffenManual1959%2Fpage%2F6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stecker-98-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stecker-98_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stecker-98_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stecker-98_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stecker-98_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStecker-Orel1998" class="citation book cs1">Stecker-Orel, Elinor (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/specialeffectsph0000stec/"><i>Special Effects Photography Handbook</i></a></span>. Amherst Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936262-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-936262-56-7"><bdi>0-936262-56-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97-070420">97-070420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special+Effects+Photography+Handbook&rft.pub=Amherst+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97-070420&rft.isbn=0-936262-56-7&rft.aulast=Stecker-Orel&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspecialeffectsph0000stec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Ching-Kuang_Shene" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Ching-Kuang Shene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.mtu.edu/~shene/DigiCam/User-Guide/filter/filter-coated.html">"Coated or Non-Coated?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coated+or+Non-Coated%3F&rft.au=Dr.+Ching-Kuang+Shene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.mtu.edu%2F~shene%2FDigiCam%2FUser-Guide%2Ffilter%2Ffilter-coated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenstip.com" class="citation web cs1">Lenstip.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenstip.com/index.php?art=113&roz=24">"UV filters test - Tiffen 72mm UV"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UV+filters+test+-+Tiffen+72mm+UV&rft.au=Lenstip.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lenstip.com%2Findex.php%3Fart%3D113%26roz%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormatt_Hitech" class="citation web cs1">Formatt Hitech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920052558/http://www.formatt.co.uk/stills-filters/products.aspx">"Format Hitech Still Filters"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formatt.co.uk/stills-filters/products.aspx">the original</a> on 2012-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Format+Hitech+Still+Filters&rft.au=Formatt+Hitech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formatt.co.uk%2Fstills-filters%2Fproducts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhotographic+filter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">filmtools.com, online catalog retrieved 2011-08-13</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photographic_filter&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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