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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_Bronze.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Iberia_Bronze.gif/220px-Iberia_Bronze.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Iberia_Bronze.gif/330px-Iberia_Bronze.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Iberia_Bronze.gif/440px-Iberia_Bronze.gif 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The Horizon of Atalaia was the apogee of this culture.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>South-Western Iberian Bronze</b> is a loosely defined <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> culture of Southern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and nearby areas of SW <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huelva_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huelva (province)">Huelva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevilla_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla (province)">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>). It replaced the earlier urban and <a href="/wiki/European_Megalithic_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European Megalithic Culture">Megalithic</a> existing in that same region in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> age. </p><p>It is characterized by individual burials in <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist</a>, in which the deceased is accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a> of bronze. Stelae with representations of types of weapons and other warriors' accoutrements are associated with these burials.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much more rare but also more impressive are the 'grabsystem' tombs, made up of three adjacent stone enclosures, of quasi-circular form, each one with an opening. They are covered by <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> and are possibly the burials of the main leaders of these peoples. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Cannot find 'grabsystem' tombs mentioned anywhere beside this article (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phases">Phases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_Iberian_Bronze&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><b>Horizon of Ferradeira (c. 1900–1500 BCE)</b>: still mostly Chalcolithic but already with individual burials. Influenced by the culture of <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_S%C3%A3o_Pedro" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Nova de São Pedro">Vila Nova de São Pedro</a>.</li> <li><b>Horizon of Atalaia (c. 1500–1100 BCE)</b>: that introduces the <i>grabsystem</i> tombs, being contemporary of <a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">El Argar</a> B but continuing after its end. It is in this phase when the culture extends to Extremadura and Western <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. From 17th to 13th centuries BC (c. 1600-c. 1300 BC<sup id="cite_ref-koch2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Middle Bronze Age 'Alentejo' stelae (Alentejanas) with representations of types of weapons and other warriors' accoutrements were erected mainly in south Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burials associated with these Alentejanas often have a circular or sub-circular pavement at the surface with the burial in a stone cist cut through the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Horizon of Santa Vitória (c. 1100-700 BCE)</b>: that reaches the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Imitations of early <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a> rilled-ware vessels are found in Late Bronze Age burials in southern Portugal, for example, lovely funerary pottery urns at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Vit%C3%B3ria_(Beja)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Vitória (Beja)">Santa Vitória</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beja_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Beja Municipality">Beja Municipality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brandherm2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandherm2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearest parallels to these pottery designs are found in west-central France.<sup id="cite_ref-brandherm2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandherm2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, there is evidence of contact exposure to the Bronze D (Bz D) rilled-ware province of the Paris basin and the north-west Alpine foreland, and to a lesser extent also to the Rhine-Swiss-French (RSF) group of <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> A (Ha A).<sup id="cite_ref-brandherm2013_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandherm2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early radiocarbon dates for the first Celts in the southwest of the Iberian peninsula of around 800 BC at Segovia just north of <a href="/wiki/Elvas" title="Elvas">Elvas</a> in Portugal to the north-north-east of Beja and of around 700 BC at <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a> to the south, but within this cultural area, support this association.<sup id="cite_ref-gamito_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gamito-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 130 Late Bronze Age (LBA) 'warrior' stelae ranging from c. 1300 to c. 800 BC<sup id="cite_ref-koch2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are found in the South-West of the Iberian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Western Urnfield Group C1 crested helmets are depicted on some of these LBA stelae, for example at Valencia de Alcantara and Santa Ana de Trujillo.<sup id="cite_ref-brandherm2013_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandherm2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are examples of stones with both images of human figures and elements of the warrior panoply (shields, spears, swords, helmets, chariots, brooches, mirrors, combs, lyres, etc.) together with <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwestern (SW) writing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2014_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warrior stelae of Capote with inscription J.54.1 and Cabeza del Buey IV with inscription Majada Honda, J.110 are examples of stelae with such writing.<sup id="cite_ref-koch2014_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burials">Burials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_Iberian_Bronze&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Burials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of collective burial megaliths and artificial caves fade in the region around the last quarter of the III millennium, then two new burial types appear: the <a href="/wiki/Beehive_tomb" title="Beehive tomb">tholoi</a> and the cists (buried rocky boxes), usually placed inside a stone circle. All these funerary customs end in the Final Bronze Age (with few possible exceptions like Nora Velha and Roça do Casal do Meio): the new incineration rite prevails over inhumation, and the new necropolises are formed with rectangular or squared plain tumulus made of stones.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_profile">Genetic profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_Iberian_Bronze&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetic profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three buried males were tested from the archaeological sites Monte do Gato de Cima 3 and Torre Velha 3 (being dated to the second quarter of the second millennium BC); one had Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b1a2, and the other two the derived subclade R1b1a2a1a2 (R-P312). The autosomal components were ~55% Anatolian farmer, ~45% Western hunter-gatherer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another genetic article, it was determined that an individual from Monte da Cabida 3 site (São Manços, Évora), dated to the period 2200-1700 BC, had Y-DNA R1b-L51.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_cultures">Related cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_Iberian_Bronze&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castro_of_Vila_Nova_de_S%C3%A3o_Pedro" title="Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro">Castro of Vila Nova de São Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_Iberian_Bronze&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Megalithic_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Megalithic culture (page does not exist)">European Megalithic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker People">Beaker People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">El Argar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_Iberian_Bronze&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-koch2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koch2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2014_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2014_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKoch" class="citation web cs1">Koch, John T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6408079">"On the Debate over the Classification of the Language of the South-Western (SW) Inscriptions, also known as Tartessian see points 20 on page 17, 22 on page 18, and 23 on page 19"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Debate+over+the+Classification+of+the+Language+of+the+South-Western+%28SW%29+Inscriptions%2C+also+known+as+Tartessian+see+points+20+on+page+17%2C+22+on+page+18%2C+and+23+on+page+19&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6408079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth-Western+Iberian+Bronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koch2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2013" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121025118/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html"><i>Celtic from the West 2 - Chapter 4: Out of the Flow and Ebb of the European Bronze Age: Heroes, Tartessos, and Celtic - see Figure 4.14</i></a>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-529-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-529-3"><bdi>978-1-84217-529-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West+2+-+Chapter+4%3A+Out+of+the+Flow+and+Ebb+of+the+European+Bronze+Age%3A+Heroes%2C+Tartessos%2C+and+Celtic+-+see+Figure+4.14&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-529-3&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbowbooks.com%2Foxbow%2Fceltic-from-the-west-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth-Western+Iberian+Bronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brandherm2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brandherm2013_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandherm2013_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandherm2013_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brandherm2013_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandherm2013" class="citation book cs1">Brandherm, Dirk (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121025118/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html"><i>Celtic from the West 2 - Westward Ho? Sword-bearers and all the rest of it... - see Figure 5.3 on page 152</i></a>. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-529-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-529-3"><bdi>978-1-84217-529-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/celtic-from-the-west-2.html">the original</a> on 2013-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+from+the+West+2+-+Westward+Ho%3F+Sword-bearers+and+all+the+rest+of+it...+-+see+Figure+5.3+on+page+152&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84217-529-3&rft.aulast=Brandherm&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxbowbooks.com%2Foxbow%2Fceltic-from-the-west-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth-Western+Iberian+Bronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gamito-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gamito_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJúdice_Gamito2005" class="citation journal cs1">Júdice Gamito, Teresa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524130324/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_11/gamito_6_11.html">"The Celts in Portugal: see Figure 3"</a>. <i>E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i>. <b>6</b>: 571–606. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_11/gamito_6_11.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Celts+in+Portugal%3A+see+Figure+3&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=571-606&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=J%C3%BAdice+Gamito&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwm.edu%2Fceltic%2Fekeltoi%2Fvolumes%2Fvol6%2F6_11%2Fgamito_6_11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth-Western+Iberian+Bronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGARCÍA_SANJUÁN2005" class="citation journal cs1">GARCÍA SANJUÁN, LEONARDO (2005). "LAS PIEDRAS DE LA MEMORIA. LA PERMANENCIA DEL MEGALITISMO EN EL SUROESTE DE LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA DURANTE EL II Y I MILENIOS ANE". <i>Trabajos de Prehistoria</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 85–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trabajos+de+Prehistoria&rft.atitle=LAS+PIEDRAS+DE+LA+MEMORIA.+LA+PERMANENCIA+DEL+MEGALITISMO+EN+EL+SUROESTE+DE+LA+PEN%C3%8DNSULA+IB%C3%89RICA+DURANTE+EL+II+Y+I+MILENIOS+ANE&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-109&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=GARC%C3%8DA+SANJU%C3%81N&rft.aufirst=LEONARDO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth-Western+Iberian+Bronze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinianoCassidyÓ'MaoldúinMcLaughlin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Martiniano, Rui; Cassidy, Lara M.; Ó'Maoldúin, Ros; McLaughlin, Russell; Silva, Nuno M.; Manco, Licinio; Fidalgo, Daniel; Pereira, Tania; Coelho, Maria J.; Serra, Miguel; Burger, Joachim; Parreira, Rui; Moran, Elena; Valera, Antonio C.; Porfirio, Eduardo; Boaventura, Rui; Silva, Ana M.; Bradley, Daniel G. 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(15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436108">"The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>363</b> (6432): 1230–1234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aav4040">10.1126/science.aav4040</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F207967">10261/207967</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436108">6436108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30872528">30872528</a>.</cite><span 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colspan="2"><div>↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South-Western_Iberian_Bronze&oldid=1172950760">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South-Western_Iberian_Bronze&oldid=1172950760</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_Europe" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of Europe">Archaeological cultures of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze_Age_cultures_of_Europe" title="Category:Bronze Age cultures of 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