CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Council of Jerusalem - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2b82b8c6-6951-400e-b1cc-49bb5a83b5cd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Council_of_Jerusalem","wgTitle":"Council of Jerusalem","wgCurRevisionId":1257034660,"wgRevisionId":1257034660,"wgArticleId" :700777,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Council_of_Jerusalem","wgRelevantArticleId":700777,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym": "azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym": "kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym": "Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym": "Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia", "autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn", "autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym": "oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym": "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt" ,"ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q619950", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles": "ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1693"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1129"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="903"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Council of Jerusalem - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Council_of_Jerusalem rootpage-Council_of_Jerusalem stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Council+of+Jerusalem" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Council+of+Jerusalem" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Council of Jerusalem</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Council_of_Jerusalem" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Council+of+Jerusalem" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 1st-century council of early Christianity. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jerusalem Council (disambiguation)">Jerusalem Council</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Council of Jerusalem or Apostolic Council is a council described in <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">chapter 15</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, held in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 48–50 AD. <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightgreen;">Council of Jerusalem</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 48–50 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accepted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream Christianity">Mainstream Christianity</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Next council</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_church_councils_(pre-ecumenical)" title="Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)">Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Unspecified but presumably <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Topics</th><td class="infobox-data">Controversy about <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">male circumcision</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a>, and whether keeping the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a> is necessary for the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stendahl_1963-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Documents and statements</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Excerpts from New Testament (<a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Apostles">Acts of Apostles</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1993-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:2px solid lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council#List_of_ecumenical_councils" title="Ecumenical council">Chronological list of ecumenical councils</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg/220px-Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="450"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a>, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:19%E2%80%9329&version=nrsv">Acts 15:19–29</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 78 AD: "we should write to them [Gentiles] to abstain only from things polluted by <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry and Christianity">idols</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Fornication#Christianity" title="Fornication">fornication</a> and from whatever has been strangled and from <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">blood</a>..." (<a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> The council decided that <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">converts to Christianity</a> were not obligated to keep most of the rules prescribed to the Jews by the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Jewish dietary laws</a> and other specific rituals, including the rules concerning <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcision of males</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stendahl_1963-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1993-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen_2014-6">[6]</a> The council did, however, retain the prohibitions on eating <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">meat containing blood</a>, and meat of animals that were strangled, and on <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry and Christianity">idolatry</a>, sometimes referred to as the Apostolic Decree.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a> The purpose and origin of these four prohibitions is debated.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7">[7]</a> Accounts of the council are found in Acts of the Apostles (chapter 15 in two different forms, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles#Manuscripts" title="Acts of the Apostles">Alexandrian and Western versions</a>) and also possibly in <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">letter to the Galatians</a> (chapter 2).<a href="#cite_note-Dunn_1993-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen_2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Some scholars dispute that Galatians 2 is about the Council of Jerusalem, while others have defended this identification.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_background">1 Historical background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Issues_and_outcome">2 Issues and outcome</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Historicity">3 Historicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Origin_of_the_Council's_decision">4 Origin of the Council's decision</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Obsolescence">5 Obsolescence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity#History_and_background" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity § History and background</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity#Jewish_background" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy in early Christianity § Jewish background</a></div> Jerusalem was the first center of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">[2]</a> and (according to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>) the location of "the first Christian church".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> lived and taught there for some time after <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just, brother of Jesus</a> was leader of the early Christian community in Jerusalem, and his <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">other kinsmen</a> likely held leadership positions in the surrounding area after the destruction of the city until its rebuilding as <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130 AD, when all Jews were banished from Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-11">[11]</a> The apostles <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> went to Jerusalem to meet with the "Pillars of the Church":<a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> James the Just, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">[2]</a> The Council of Jerusalem is generally dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 48–50 AD, roughly 15 to 25 years after the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a> (between <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">26 and 36 AD</a>). <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galatians_2" title="Galatians 2">Galatians 2</a> both suggest that the meeting was called to debate the legitimacy of the evangelizing mission of Barnabas and Paul to the <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a> and the Gentile converts' freedom from most of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">[2]</a> especially from the <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcision of males</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a> a practice that was considered execrable and repulsive in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> during the period of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hodges2001-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_1980-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and was especially disdained in <a href="/wiki/Classical_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical civilization">Classical civilization</a> both from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, which instead valued the <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> positively.<a href="#cite_note-Hodges2001-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin_1980-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> At the time, most followers of Jesus (which historians refer to as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>) were Jewish by birth and even <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">converts</a> would have considered the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> as a part of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. According to scholars, the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Messiah">Jewish Messiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Issues_and_outcome">Issues and outcome</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Issues and outcome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">History of early Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></div> The purpose of the meeting, according to Acts, was to resolve a disagreement in <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Antioch</a>, which had wider implications than just circumcision, since circumcision is considered the "everlasting" sign of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Abrahamic covenant</a> in Judaism (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2017:9%E2%80%9314&version=nrsv">Genesis 17:9–14</a>). The Acts say that "certain men which came down from <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a>" were preaching that "[u]nless you are circumcised according to the custom of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, you cannot be saved";<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Acts states that furthermore some of the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> who had become believers stated that it was "needful to circumcise [the Gentiles,] and to command [them] to keep the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">law of Moses</a>" (<a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity" title="Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity">Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity</a></div> The primary issue which was addressed related to the requirement of circumcision, as the author of Acts relates, but other important matters arose as well, as the Apostolic Decree indicates.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a> The dispute was between those such as the followers of the "Pillars of the Church", led by James, who believed that the church must observe the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (i.e. the rules of traditional Judaism (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:12">Galatians 2:12</a>)), and Paul the Apostle, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles",<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> who believed there was no such necessity.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seifrid_1992-24">[24]</a> The main concern for Paul, which he subsequently expressed in greater detail with <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">his letters</a> directed to the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">early Christian communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, was the inclusion of Gentiles into God's <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>, sending the message that <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith in Christ">faith in Christ</a> is sufficient for <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seifrid_1992-24">[24]</a> At the council, following advice offered by Peter (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:7%E2%80%9311">Acts 15:7–11</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:14">Acts 15:14</a>), Barnabas and Paul gave an account of their ministry among the gentiles (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:12">Acts 15:12</a>), and James quoted from the words of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:16%E2%80%9317">Acts 15:16–17</a>, quoting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Amos%209:11%E2%80%9312">Amos 9:11–12</a>). James added his own words<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> to the quotation: "Known to God from eternity are all His works"<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and then submitted a proposal, which was accepted by the Church and became known as the Apostolic Decree: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It is my judgment, therefore, that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God. Instead we should write to them, telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood.<a href="#cite_note-27">[a]</a> For the law of Moses has been preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:19%E2%80%9321">Acts 15:19–21</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2015:23%E2%80%9329">Acts 15:23–29</a> sets out the content of the letter written in accordance with James' proposal. The <a href="/wiki/Western_text-type" title="Western text-type">Western version</a> of Acts (see <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles#Manuscripts" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles: Manuscripts</a>) adds the negative form of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a> ("and whatever things ye would not have done to yourselves, do not do to another").<a href="#cite_note-28">[b]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proselyte#Rules_for_proselytes_in_the_Torah" title="Proselyte">Proselyte § Rules for proselytes in the Torah</a></div> This determined questions wider than that of circumcision, particularly dietary questions, fornication, idolatry, and blood, as well as the application of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">Biblical law</a> to non-Jews. It was stated by the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a> in the council: "the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> and we ourselves have favored adding no further burden to you, except these necessary things, to abstain from things sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication. If you carefully keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper." (Acts 15:27–28) This Apostolic Decree was considered binding on all the other local Christian congregations in other regions.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> The author of Acts gives an account of a restatement by James and the elders in Jerusalem of the contents of the letter on the occasion of Paul's final Jerusalem visit, immediately prior to Paul's arrest at the temple, recounting: "When we had come to Jerusalem, the brothers received us gladly. On the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present." (Acts 21:17–18, <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a>) The elders then proceed to notify Paul of what seems to have been a common concern among Jewish believers, that he was teaching <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> Jewish converts to Christianity "to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children or walk according to our customs." They remind the assembly that, "as for the Gentiles who have believed, we have sent a letter with our judgment that they should abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality". In the view of some scholars, the reminder of James and the elders here is an expression of concern that Paul was not fully teaching the decision of the Jerusalem Council's letter to Gentiles,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> particularly in regard to non-strangled <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> meat,<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> which contrasts with Paul's advice to Gentiles in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> to "eat whatever is sold in the meat markets" (1 Corinthians 10:25).<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Historicity">Historicity</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles</a></div> The description of the Apostolic Council in Acts 15, generally considered the same event described in Galatians 2,<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> is considered by some scholars to be contradictory to the Galatians account.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The historicity of Luke's in Acts account has been challenged<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> and was rejected by some scholars in the mid to late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> However, more recent scholarship inclines towards treating the Jerusalem Council and its rulings as a historical event,<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> though this is sometimes expressed with caution.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a>'s Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament includes a summary of current research on the topic as of about 1994: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In conclusion, therefore, it appears that the least unsatisfactory solution of the complicated textual and exegetical problems of the Apostolic Decree is to regard the fourfold decree<a href="#cite_note-threefour-41">[39]</a> as original (foods offered to idols, strangled meat, eating blood, and unchastity—whether ritual or moral), and to explain the two forms of the threefold decree<a href="#cite_note-threefour-41">[39]</a> in some such way as those suggested above.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis of the Apostolic Decree. ... According to Jacques Dupont, "Present day scholarship is practically unanimous in considering the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type" title="Alexandrian text-type">'Eastern' text</a> of the decree as the only authentic text (in four items) and in interpreting its prescriptions in a sense not ethical but ritual" [Les problèmes du Livre des Actes d'après les travaux récents (Louvain, 1950), p.70].<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_Council's_decision">Origin of the Council's decision</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin of the Council's decision" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> The Council of Jerusalem retained the prohibitions on eating blood, meat containing blood, and meat of animals that were strangled, and on fornication and idolatry. The resulting Apostolic Decree in Acts 15 may simply parallel the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">seven Noahide laws</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, and thus be a commonality rather than a differential.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> However, modern scholars dispute the connection between Acts 15 and the seven Noahide laws.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7">[7]</a> The Apostolic Decree may have been a <a href="/wiki/List_of_events_in_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of events in early Christianity">major act of differentiation</a> of the early Church <a href="/wiki/Jewish_roots_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish roots of Christianity">from its Jewish roots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baptism-JE-46">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a> states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For great as was the success of Barnabas and Paul in the heathen world, the authorities in Jerusalem insisted upon circumcision as the condition of admission of members into the church, until, on the initiative of Peter, and of James, the head of the Jerusalem church, it was agreed that acceptance of the Noachian Laws—namely, regarding avoidance of idolatry, fornication, and the eating of flesh cut from a living animal—should be demanded of the heathen desirous of entering the Church.</blockquote> The Jewish Encyclopedia also states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Emden" title="Jacob Emden">R. Emden</a> [...] gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus, and especially of Paul, was to convert only the Gentiles to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">seven moral laws of Noah</a> and to let the Jews follow the Mosaic law—which explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">laws of Moses</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a>.</blockquote> The 20th-century American Catholic priest and biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph A. Fitzmyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a> disputes the claim that the Apostolic Decree is based on the seven Noahide laws (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%209&version=nrsv">Gen 9</a>), and instead proposes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2017%E2%80%9318&version=nrsv">Lev 17–18</a> as the basis for it.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7">[7]</a> (See also: <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a>). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Obsolescence">Obsolescence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Obsolescence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> While the prohibitions of the Apostolic Decree were reiterated in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">Apostolic Canons</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Council_in_Trullo" class="mw-redirect" title="Council in Trullo">Council in Trullo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> it "has been obsolete for centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a>", according to the 19th-century German Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> though it is still nominally recognized and observed by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The apostolic decree was defined by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> to have been obsolete when the distinction between Jewish and gentile converts had disappeared: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[The council] also declares that the apostolic prohibition, to abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled, was suited to that time when a single church was rising from Jews and gentiles, who previously lived with different ceremonies and customs. This was so that the gentiles should have some observances in common with Jews, and occasion would be offered of coming together in one worship and faith of God and a cause of dissension might be removed, since by ancient custom blood and strangled things seemed abominable to Jews, and gentiles could be thought to be returning to idolatry if they ate sacrificial food. In places, however, where the Christian religion has been promulgated to such an extent that no Jew is to be met with and all have joined the church, uniformly practicing the same rites and ceremonies of the gospel and believing that to the clean all things are clean, since the cause of that apostolic prohibition has ceased, so its effect has ceased.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bull of Union with the Copts, 1442<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></cite></div></blockquote> This reasoning was repeated in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Pope Urban VIII</a>'s Creed for Oriental converts of 1642 <a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>'s encyclical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_Quo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex Quo (page does not exist)">Ex Quo</a> of 1756.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_church_councils_(pre-ecumenical)" title="Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)">Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_and_loosing" title="Binding and loosing">Binding and loosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy in early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible#In_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">Circumcision in the Bible#In rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">Circumcision in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">Legalism (theology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Pauline Christianity</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> According to Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: "the Apostolic Decree [15.29, 15.20, 21.25] [...] contain many problems concerning text and exegesis"; "it is possible [...] (fornication means) marriage within the prohibited <a href="/wiki/Levitical_Degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Levitical Degrees">Levitical Degrees</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Leviticus%2018:6%E2%80%9318">Leviticus 18:6–18</a>), which the rabbis described as "forbidden for porneia", or mixed marriages with pagans (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Numbers%2025:1">Numbers 25:1</a>; also compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Corinthians%206:14">2Corinthians 6.14</a>), or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which, in fact, offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution"; "An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis"; <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a> has things polluted by idols, fornication, whatever has been strangled, blood; <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a> has food polluted by idols, sexual immorality, meat of strangled animals, blood; <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's</a> has pollutions of the idols, whoredom, strangled thing, blood; Gaus' <a href="/wiki/Unvarnished_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvarnished New Testament">Unvarnished New Testament</a> has pollution of idolatrous sacrifices, unchastity, meat of strangled animals, blood; <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">NAB</a> has pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, meat of strangled animals, blood. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.viii.v.iv.ii.html">commentary on canon II of Gangra</a> notes: "We further see that, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Gangra" title="Synod of Gangra">Synod of Gangra</a>, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greeks</a>, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Balsamon" title="Theodore Balsamon">Balsamon</a> also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic Canon</a>, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Contra_Faustum" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Faustum">Contra Faustum</a>, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory the Third</a> (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical Synods</a>, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a> when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule, also cited in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nccbuscc.org/nab/bible/tobit/tobit4.htm">4:15</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Matthew%207:12">Matthew 7:12</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, cited the positive form as summary of the "<a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Prophets</a>". </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-Paul_1-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1243">"Paul the Apostle"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1243–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+the+Apostle&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1243-45&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bokenkotter-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bokenkotter_2-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C&pg=PA19">A Concise History of the Catholic Church</a> (Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. 19–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1"><bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=19-21&rft.edition=Revised+and+expanded&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50584-1&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDISK1e7JXA8C%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1%E2%80%932&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:6%E2%80%9310&version=nrsv">15:6–10</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:15%E2%80%9316&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:15–16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:7%E2%80%939&version=nrsv">2:7–9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:2%E2%80%933&version=nrsv">Galatians 5:2–3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%205:6%E2%80%9312&version=nrsv">5:6–12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:12%E2%80%9315&version=nrsv">6:12–15</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:2%E2%80%933&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:2–3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%207:17%E2%80%9321&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 7:17–21</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%202:17%E2%80%9329&version=nrsv">Romans 2:17–29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%203:9%E2%80%9328&version=nrsv">3:9–28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:1%E2%80%9311&version=nrsv">5:1–11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2011:13&version=nrsv">Romans 11:13</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%202:7&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 2:7</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%201:11&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 1:11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Titus%201:10%E2%80%9316&version=nrsv">Titus 1:10–16</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stendahl_1963-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stendahl_1963_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stendahl_1963_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendahl1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Stendahl, Krister</a> (July 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotthahn.com/s/01Stendahl.pdf">"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Theological_Review" title="Harvard Theological Review">Harvard Theological Review</a>. 56 (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>: 199–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000024779">10.1017/S0017816000024779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4517">1475-4517</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508631">1508631</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/09003793">09003793</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803348474">803348474</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170331485">170331485</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045859/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/569543b4bfe87360795306d6/t/5a4d41fa085229a032376713/1515012617149/01Stendahl.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Apostle+Paul+and+the+Introspective+Conscience+of+the+West&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-215&rft.date=1963-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000024779&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803348474&rft.issn=1475-4517&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F09003793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170331485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Krister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotthahn.com%2Fs%2F01Stendahl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunn_1993-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunn_1993_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> (Autumn 1993). <a href="/wiki/Adele_Reinhartz" title="Adele Reinhartz">Reinhartz, Adele</a> (ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Journal of Biblical Literature">Journal of Biblical Literature</a>. 112 (3). <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>: 459–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267745">10.2307/3267745</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9231">0021-9231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267745">3267745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Echoes+of+Intra-Jewish+Polemic+in+Paul%27s+Letter+to+the+Galatians&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=459-477&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0021-9231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267745%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267745&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiessen_2014-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29". <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum</a>. 56 (4). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 373–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341488">10.1163/15685365-12341488</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5365">1568-5365</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24735868">24735868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+Argument+against+Gentile+Circumcision+in+Romans+2%3A17-29&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=373-391&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24735868%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.eissn=1568-5365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685365-12341488&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzmyer_1998-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzmyer_1998_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph A.</a> (1998). The Acts of the Apostles: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries</a>. Vol. 31. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. Chapter V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300139822" title="Special:BookSources/9780300139822"><bdi>9780300139822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+A+New+Translation+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Commentaries&rft.pages=Chapter+V&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780300139822&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Whether or not <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:1%E2%80%9310&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:1–10</a> is a record of the Council of Jerusalem or a different event is not agreed. Paul writes of laying his gospel before the others "privately", not in a Council. It has been argued that Galatians was written as Paul was on his way to the Council (see <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>). <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> in his Introduction to the New Testament argues that they (Acts 15 and Galatians 2) are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> "There is an increasing trend among scholars toward considering the Jerusalem Council as historical event. An overwhelming majority identifies the reference to the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 with Paul's account in Gal. 2.1–10, and this accord is not just limited to the historicity of the gathering alone but extends also to the authenticity of the arguments deriving from the Jerusalem church itself.", Philip, "The Origins of Pauline Pneumatology: the Eschatological Bestowal of the Spirit", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2, Reihe, p. 205 (2005). Mohr Siebeck. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08355a.htm">Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099)</a>: "During the first Christian centuries the church at this place was the centre of Christianity in Jerusalem, "Holy and glorious Sion, mother of all churches" (Intercession in "<a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St._James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St. James">St. James' Liturgy</a>", ed. Brightman, p. 54). Saint Mark of syriac orthodox church is also known as last supper church and believe first christian church. " </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005-James_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA862">"James, St."</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James%2C+St.&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=862&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08280a.htm">St. James the Less</a> Catholic Encyclopedia: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the "pillars" of the Church, James, Peter, and John "gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the <a href="/wiki/Right_hand_of_Christian_fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hand of Christian fellowship">right hands of fellowship</a>; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:9&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:9</a>)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges2001-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges2001_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges2001_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/">"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_History_of_Medicine" title="Bulletin of the History of Medicine">Bulletin of the History of Medicine</a>. 75 (Fall 2001). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>: 375–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119">10.1353/bhm.2001.0119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11568485">11568485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29580193">29580193</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Ideal+Prepuce+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Male+Genital+Aesthetics+and+Their+Relation+to+Lipodermos%2C+Circumcision%2C+Foreskin+Restoration%2C+and+the+Kynodesme&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=Fall+2001&rft.pages=375-405&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29580193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11568485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Frederick+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fhodges2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin_1980-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_1980_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_1980_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/rubin/">"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urology_(journal)" title="Urology (journal)">Urology</a>. 16 (1). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 121–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4">10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6994325">6994325</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Celsus%27+Decircumcision+Operation%3A+Medical+and+Historical+Implications&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-124&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6994325&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jody+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Frubin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredriksen_2018-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_2018_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_2018_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Fredriksen, Paula</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9"><bdi>978-0-300-19051-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Christians+Were+Jews%3A+The+First+Generation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19051-9&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNW9yDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultheiss_1998-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schultheiss_1998_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schultheiss_1998_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultheissTrussStiefJonas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/schultheiss/">"Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plastic_and_Reconstructive_Surgery" title="Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery">Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</a>. 101 (7). <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>: 1990–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-199806000-00037">10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9623850">9623850</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=Uncircumcision%3A+A+Historical+Review+of+Preputial+Restoration&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1990-8&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-199806000-00037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9623850&rft.aulast=Schultheiss&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Truss%2C+Michael+C.&rft.au=Stief%2C+Christian+G.&rft.au=Jonas%2C+Udo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Fschultheiss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlerHirschJacobsFriedenwald" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emil_G._Hirsch" title="Emil G. Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Jacobs, Joseph</a>; Friedenwald, Aaron; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9" title="Isaac Broydé">Broydé, Isaac</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision#anchor4">"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kopelman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopelman Foundation">Kopelman Foundation</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2020. <q>Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena [which involved <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by <a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a> ("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Epiphanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus Epiphanes">Antiochus Epiphanes</a> prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Circumcision%3A+In+Apocryphal+and+Rabbinical+Literature&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Emil+G.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Friedenwald%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4391-circumcision%23anchor4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner,_Jacob1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a> (1993). Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies. Scholars Press. p. 149. <q>Circumcised <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>, along with any others who revealed the glans penis, were the butt of ribald <a href="/wiki/Roman_jokes" title="Roman jokes">humor</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek art</a> portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as <a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a>, that was aimed at elongation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Ancient+Judaism%2C+New+Series%3A+Religious+and+Theological+Studies&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1">1-4051-0899-1</a>. Page 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah." </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:1%E2%80%932&version=nrsv">Acts 15:1–2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#15:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 15:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackSmithSpivey2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MSHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles"</a>. Anatomy of the New Testament (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. pp. 187–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17">10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-5711-6"><bdi>978-1-5064-5711-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082543536">1082543536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242771713">242771713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul%3A+Apostle+to+the+Gentiles&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=187-226&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1082543536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242771713%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvcb5b9q.17&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-5711-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MSHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klutz_2002-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlutz2002" class="citation book cs1">Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fyCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"</a>. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). The Early Christian World. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 178–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032199344" title="Special:BookSources/9781032199344"><bdi>9781032199344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+Christian+Origins+and+Development+%E2%80%93+Paul+and+the+Development+of+Gentile+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=178-190&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781032199344&rft.aulast=Klutz&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seifrid_1992-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifrid1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Seifrid" title="Mark A. Seifrid">Seifrid, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUkuOtOw68C&pg=PA210">"'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument"</a>. Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum, Supplements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 210–211, 246–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7"><bdi>90-04-09521-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Justification+by+Faith%27+and+The+Disposition+of+Paul%27s+Argument&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Central+Pauline+Theme&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%2C+Supplements&rft.pages=210-211%2C+246-247&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=90-04-09521-7&rft.aulast=Seifrid&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdUkuOtOw68C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">Gill, J.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/acts/15.htm">"Acts 15"</a>. Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible. Accessed 13 September 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+15:18&version=nkjv">Acts 15:18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swrb.com/newslett/actualNLs/apopresby.htm">"Apostolic Presbyterianism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916135720/http://www.swrb.com/newslett/actualNLs/apopresby.htm">Archived</a> 2018-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(theologian)" title="William Cunningham (theologian)">William Cunningham</a> and Reg Barrow. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Robert McQueen Grant Augustus to Constantine: The Rise and triumph of Christianity in the Roman World. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, p. iv. "According to Acts 21:25, the elders at Jerusalem were still concerned with observance of them when Paul last " </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Paul Barnett (2004). Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament. p. 292. "He chided Paul later for his failure to require the Gentiles to observe the decree (Acts 21:25). Paul delivered the letter from the Jerusalem meeting expressing James's decree, but only to churches in Syria, Cilicia and Galatia ... Paul did not impose the food requirements for the kosher-killed meat and against the idol-sacrificed meat upon the Corinthians" </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 1 Corinthians: a new translation Volume 32 Anchor Bible William Fridell Orr, James Arthur Walther – 1976 "Paul's openness regarding dietary restrictions raises again the question of the connection with the decrees of the council at Jerusalem (Acts 15:29; Introduction, pp. 63–65). There is no hint here of an apostolic decree involving food." </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Gordon D. Fee (1987). The First Epistle to the Corinthians. p. 480. "Paul's 'rule' for everyday life in Corinth is a simple one: 'Eat anything sold in the meat market'". </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "In spite of the presence of discrepancies between these two accounts, most scholars agree that they do in fact refer to the same event.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "Paul's account of the Jerusalem Council in Galatians 2 and the account of it recorded in Acts have been considered by some scholars as being in open contradiction.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> "There is a very strong case against the historicity of Luke's account of the Apostolic Council", Esler, "Community and Gospel in Luke-Acts: The Social and Political Motivations of Lucan Theology", p. 97 (1989). Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "The historicity of Luke's account in Acts 15 has been questioned on a number of grounds.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "However, numerous scholars have challenged the historicity of the Jerusalem Council as related by Acts, Paul's presence there in the manner that Luke describes, the issue of idol-food being thrust on Paul's Gentile mission, and the historical reliability of Acts in general.", Fotopolous, "Food Offered to Idols in Roman Corinth: a socio-rhetorical reconsideration", pp. 181–182 (2003). Mohr Siebeck. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> "Sahlin rejects the historicity of Acts completely (Der Messias und das Gottesvolk [1945]). Haenchen's view is that the Apostolic Council "is an imaginary construction answering to no historical reality" (The Acts of the Apostles [Engtr 1971], p. 463). Dibelius' view (Studies in the Acts of the Apostles [Engtr 1956], pp. 93–101) is that Luke's treatment is literary-theological and can make no claim to historical worth.", Mounce, "Apostolic Council", in Bromiley (ed.) "The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", volume 1, p. 200 (rev. ed. 2001). Wm. B. Eerdmans. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> "The present writer accepts its basic historicity, i.e. that there was an event at Jerusalem concerning the matter of the entry of the Gentiles into the Christian community, but would be circumspect about going much further than that. For a robust defence of its historicity, see Bauckham, "James", and the relevant literature cited there.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-threefour-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threefour_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threefour_41-1">b</a> For a clarification of "fourfold decree" vs "threefold decree", see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A-D</a>, 1995, by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ("Apostolic Council"), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC&dq=decree+fourfold+threefold&pg=PA202">page 202</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament, 2nd edn, (NY: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Metzger, Textual Commentary, 383n9. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVana2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211">"Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël"</a> [The Noahid Laws: A Pre-Sinaitic Mini-Torah for Humanity and for Israel]. Pardés: Études et culture juives (in French). 52 (2). <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Éditions in Press: 211–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211">10.3917/parde.052.0211</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2271-1880">2271-1880</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84835-260-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84835-260-2"><bdi>978-2-84835-260-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0295-5652">0295-5652</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Cairn.info" title="Cairn.info">Cairn.info</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pard%C3%A9s%3A+%C3%89tudes+et+culture+juives&rft.atitle=Les+lois+noa%E1%BA%96ides%3A+Une+mini-Torah+pr%C3%A9-sina%C3%AFtique+pour+l%27humanit%C3%A9+et+pour+Isra%C3%ABl&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-236&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fparde.052.0211&rft.issn=0295-5652&rft.eissn=2271-1880&rft.isbn=978-2-84835-260-2&rft.aulast=Vana&rft.aufirst=Liliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Fparde.052.0211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bockmuehl, Markus (January 1995). "The Noachide Commandments and New Testament Ethics: with Special Reference to Acts 15 and Pauline Halakhah". <a href="/wiki/Revue_Biblique" title="Revue Biblique">Revue Biblique</a>. 102 (1). <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>: 72–101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-0907">0035-0907</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44076024">44076024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Biblique&rft.atitle=The+Noachide+Commandments+and+New+Testament+Ethics%3A+with+Special+Reference+to+Acts+15+and+Pauline+Halakhah&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-101&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44076024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0035-0907&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baptism-JE-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Baptism-JE_46-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=222&letter=B&search=Baptism">Jewish Encyclopedia: Baptism</a>: "According to rabbinical teachings, which dominated even during the existence of the Temple (Pes. viii. 8), <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, next to circumcision and sacrifice, was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">proselyte to Judaism</a> (Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter, "Die Kirche Jerusalems," 1898, p. 70). But as circumcision was discarded by Christianity, and the sacrifices had ceased, Baptism remained the sole condition for initiation into religious life. The next ceremony, adopted shortly after the others, was the <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">imposition of hands</a>, which, it is known, was the usage of the Jews at the ordination of a rabbi. <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">Anointing</a> with oil, which at first also accompanied the act of Baptism, and was analogous to the anointment of priests among the Jews, was not a necessary condition." </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Canon 63: "If any bishop, or presbyter or deacon or anyone else on the sacerdotal list at all, eat meat in the blood of its soul, or that has been killed by a wild beast, or that has died a natural death, let him be deposed. For the Law has forbidden this. But if any layman do the same let him be excommunicated." </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Canon 67: "Divine Scripture has commanded us to ‘abstain from blood, and strangled flesh and fornication’ (Gen 9:3-4, Lev 17 & 18:3, Acts 15: 28-29). We therefore suitably penance those who on account of their dainty stomach eat the blood of any animal after they have rendered it eatable by some art. If therefore anyone from now on should attempt to eat the blood of any animal in any way whatsoever, if he be a clergyman, let him be deposed from office; but if he be a layman let him be excommunicated. " </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Josef_von_Hefele" title="Karl Josef von Hefele">Karl Josef von Hefele</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.viii.v.iv.ii.html">commentary on canon II of Gangra</a> notes: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of <a href="/wiki/Gangra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangra">Gangra</a>, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. <a href="/wiki/Balsamon" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsamon">Balsamon</a> also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic Canon</a>, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Contra_Faustum" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Faustum">Contra Faustum</a>, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory the Third</a> (731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical Synods</a>, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Convent of St. Elisabeth, Minsk, Belarus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.obitel-minsk.com/blog/2018/01/eating-food-that-has-blood-in-it">Eating food that has blood in it</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net//councils/ecum17.htm">"Council of Florence, Bull of Union with the Copts"</a>. 14 December 1431.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Florence%2C+Bull+of+Union+with+the+Copts&rft.date=1431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2F%2Fcouncils%2Fecum17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLzGuC5F62IC">Professio Orthodoxae Fidei ab orientalibus facienda, Congregatio De Propaganda Fide, 1642</a>: 18. And [I believe] also that that prohibition of the Apostles of foods sacrificed to idols, and of blood, and of what has been strangled was suited to that time, so that matter for dissension between Jews and Gentiles might be taken away. With the cause of that Apostolic prohibition coming to an end, the effect came to an end also. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/Ben14/b14exquo.htm">Ex Quo, Benedict XIV, 1756</a>: 62. So the Decree for the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Baradaeus" title="Jacob Baradaeus">Jacobites</a> of the Council of Florence reads: "The holy Roman Church firmly believes, professes, and preaches that every creature of God is good and not to be rejected if it is taken with thanks. According to the Lord's word, a man is not defiled by what enters his mouth. The Church affirms that the distinction made by the Mosaic Law between clean and unclean foods belongs to the ceremonial laws which have passed away with the coming of the Gospel…. So it declares that no kind of food is to be condemned which human society regards as food, and no distinction is to be made between animals on the basis of gender or the manner of their death. However many things which are not forbidden may and should be given up for the health of the body, the practice of virtue, and regular Church discipline. As the Apostle says: 'All things are permitted, but not all are expedient.' </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li>Badenas, Robert. Christ the End of the Law, Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective, 1985 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905774-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-905774-93-0">0-905774-93-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> An Introduction to the New Testament. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">Anchor Bible Series</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.F._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="F.F. Bruce">Bruce, Frederick Fyvie.</a> Peter, Stephen, James and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.F._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="F.F. Bruce">Bruce, Frederick Fyvie.</a> Men and movements in the primitive church: Studies in early non-Pauline Christianity</li> <li>Clark, A.C. The Acts of the Apostles, A critical edition with Introduction and Notes on selected passages, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> "The Incident at Antioch (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:11%E2%80%9318">Galatians 2:11–18</a>)," <a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_New_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the New Testament">JSNT</a> 18, 1983, pg 95–122</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> Jesus, Paul and the Law, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25095-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25095-5">0-664-25095-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Galatians 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35953-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35953-8">0-521-35953-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> The Theology of Paul the Apostle Eerdmans 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3844-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3844-8">0-8028-3844-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew 2003</li> <li>Eisenman, Robert, 1997. James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5">0-670-86932-5</a> A cultural historian's dissenting view based on contemporary texts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jas_Elsner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jas Elsner">Elsner, Jas</a>. Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284201-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-284201-3">0-19-284201-3</a></li> <li>Gaus, Andy. The <a href="/wiki/Unvarnished_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unvarnished New Testament">Unvarnished New Testament</a> 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933999-99-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-933999-99-2">0-933999-99-2</a></li> <li>Keener, Craig S. Acts: An Exegetical Commentary: Volume 3, 15:1–23:35. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2014.</li> <li>Kim, Seyoon Paul and the New Perspective: Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul's Gospel 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4974-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4974-1">0-8028-4974-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnecht1910" class="citation book cs1">Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Practical_Commentary_on_Holy_Scripture/XCV._The_Council_of_Jerusalem_(about_A._D._50)">"XCV. The Council of Jerusalem (about A. D. 50)" </a>. A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture. B. Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XCV.+The+Council+of+Jerusalem+%28about+A.+D.+50%29&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Commentary+on+Holy+Scripture&rft.pub=B.+Herder&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Justus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACouncil+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Maccoby, Hyam.</a> The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015582-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015582-5">0-06-015582-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ronald_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Ronald MacDonald">MacDonald, Dennis Ronald</a>, 1983. The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon Philadelphia: Westminster Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-438-06010-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-438-06010-8">3-438-06010-8</a></li> <li>Mount, Christopher N. Pauline Christianity: Luke-Acts and the Legacy of Paul 2001</li> <li>Ropes, J.H., The Text of Acts, Vol. III; The Beginnings of Christianity: Part I: The Acts of the Apostles, London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd., 1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E.P.</a> Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1899-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1899-8">0-8006-1899-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E.P.</a> Paul the Law and the Jewish People 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E.P.</a> Jesus and Judaism, Fortress Press, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5">0-8006-2061-5</a></li> <li>Savelle, Charles. “A Reexamination of the Prohibitions in Acts 15.” Bibliotheca Ssacra 161 (2004): 449–68.</li> <li>Simon, Marcel. The Apostolic Decree and its Setting in the Ancient Church. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, LII (1969–70), pp. 437–460</li> <li>Telfer, W. The Didache and the Apostolic Synod of Antioch The Journal of Theological Studies, 1939, pp. 133–146, 258–271</li> <li>Westerholm, Stephen. Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4809-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4809-5">0-8028-4809-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N.T.</a> What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity? 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4445-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4445-6">0-8028-4445-6</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#Chapter_15" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Acts">Book of Acts, Chapter 15</a></div></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&oldid=1257034660">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&oldid=1257034660</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 12 November 2024, at 21:55 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مجلس أورشليم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس أورشليم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceyu_de_Xerusal%C3%A9n" title="Conceyu de Xerusalén – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conceyu de Xerusalén" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Йерусалимски събор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йерусалимски събор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concili_de_Jerusalem" title="Concili de Jerusalem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Concili de Jerusalem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo%C5%A1tolsk%C3%BD_koncil" title="Apoštolský koncil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apoštolský koncil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostelm%C3%B8det" title="Apostelmødet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apostelmødet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostelkonzil" title="Apostelkonzil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apostelkonzil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_de_Jerusal%C3%A9n" title="Concilio de Jerusalén – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concilio de Jerusalén" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostola_koncilio" title="Apostola koncilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apostola koncilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemgo_kontzilioa" title="Jerusalemgo kontzilioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jerusalemgo kontzilioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85" title="شورای اورشلیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای اورشلیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concile_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Concile de Jérusalem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concile de Jérusalem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A3%A8%EC%82%B4%EB%A0%98_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="예루살렘 공의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예루살렘 공의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolski_sabor_u_Jeruzalemu" title="Apostolski sabor u Jeruzalemu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apostolski sabor u Jeruzalemu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsili_Yerusalem" title="Konsili Yerusalem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsili Yerusalem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_di_Gerusalemme" title="Concilio di Gerusalemme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concilio di Gerusalemme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtaguso_wa_Yerusalemu" title="Mtaguso wa Yerusalemu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtaguso wa Yerusalemu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzs%C3%A1lemi_zsinat" title="Jeruzsálemi zsinat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jeruzsálemi zsinat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ерусалимски собор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерусалимски собор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4nsily_tao_Jerosalema" title="Kônsily tao Jerosalema – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kônsily tao Jerosalema" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مجمع اورشليم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجمع اورشليم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilie_van_Jeruzalem" title="Concilie van Jeruzalem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Concilie van Jeruzalem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A0%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0" title="エルサレム会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルサレム会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sob%C3%B3r_jerozolimski" title="Sobór jerozolimski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sobór jerozolimski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conc%C3%ADlio_de_Jerusal%C3%A9m" title="Concílio de Jerusalém – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concílio de Jerusalém" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Иерусалимский собор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иерусалимский собор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Council of Jerusalem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apo%C5%A1tolsk%C3%BD_koncil" title="Apoštolský koncil – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apoštolský koncil" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalimski_sabor" title="Jerusalimski sabor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jerusalimski sabor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeruzalemski_sabor" title="Jeruzalemski sabor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jeruzalemski sabor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemin_kokous" title="Jerusalemin kokous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jerusalemin kokous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konciliet_i_Jerusalem" title="Konciliet i Jerusalem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konciliet i Jerusalem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konseho_ng_Herusalem" title="Konseho ng Herusalem – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Konseho ng Herusalem" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeru%C5%9Falim_Konsili" title="Yeruşalim Konsili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeruşalim Konsili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(49)" title="Єрусалимський собор (49) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єрусалимський собор (49)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%AF%E6%92%92%E5%86%B7%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="耶路撒冷會議 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶路撒冷會議" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 21:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Jerusalem&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4fxvw","wgBackendResponseTime":226,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.873","walltime":"1.247","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7942,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":186852,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13185,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":295026,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1017.013 1 -total"," 25.60% 260.306 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.66% 169.393 1 Template:Bible_related"," 14.34% 145.882 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.91% 121.083 10 Template:Cite_book"," 8.83% 89.768 33 Template:Main_other"," 8.14% 82.740 1 Template:SDcat"," 6.77% 68.886 16 Template:ISBN"," 6.65% 67.627 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.50% 55.971 4 Template:Hlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.447","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7500058,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-gg6jz","timestamp":"20241122142254","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Council of Jerusalem","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_Jerusalem","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q619950","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q619950","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-03T09:21:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-12T21:55:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/96\/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg","headline":"first Christian synod (c. 48\u201350 AD)"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>