CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bart D. Ehrman - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1316cf49-dd00-4314-89ec-95d6f58ec6ea","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bart_D._Ehrman","wgTitle":"Bart D. Ehrman","wgCurRevisionId":1258459338,"wgRevisionId":1258459338,"wgArticleId":3428578, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bart_D._Ehrman","wgRelevantArticleId":3428578,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym": "Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang" :"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym": "dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr", "autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw", "autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ja","autonym":"日本語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym": "閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam", "autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo", "es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw", "szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q127876","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false, "overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth" ,"ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg/1200px-Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1417"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg/800px-Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="945"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg/640px-Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="756"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bart D. Ehrman - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bart_D_Ehrman rootpage-Bart_D_Ehrman stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bart+D.+Ehrman" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Bart+D.+Ehrman" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bart D. Ehrman</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Bart_D._Ehrman" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bart+D.+Ehrman" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bart+D.+Ehrman%22">"Bart D. Ehrman"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bart+D.+Ehrman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bart+D.+Ehrman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bart+D.+Ehrman%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bart+D.+Ehrman%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bart+D.+Ehrman%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Bart Denton Ehrman<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (born October 5, 1955) is an American <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical scholar">New Testament scholar</a> focusing on <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism_of_the_New_Testament" title="Textual criticism of the New Testament">textual criticism of the New Testament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">origins and development of early Christianity</a>. He has written and edited 30 books, including three college textbooks. He has also authored six <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list">New York Times bestsellers</a>. He is the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. <table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bart D. Ehrman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg/220px-Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg/330px-Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg/440px-Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1920"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ehrman in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Bart Denton Ehrman</div> (1955-10-05) October 5, 1955 (age 69) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence, Kansas</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Sarah Beckwith</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a> (<a href="/wiki/MDiv" class="mw-redirect" title="MDiv">MDiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">The Gospel Text of Didymus (1985)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> authentication</li><li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">New Testament textual variants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian writings">early Christian writings</a></li><li>orthodox corruption of the Bible</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus:_Apocalyptic_Prophet_of_the_New_Millennium" title="Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus,_Interrupted" title="Jesus, Interrupted">Jesus, Interrupted</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forged_(book)" title="Forged (book)">Forged</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Jesus_Became_God" title="How Jesus Became God">How Jesus Became God</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Christianity" title="The Triumph of Christianity">The Triumph of Christianity</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_and_Hell:_A_History_of_the_Afterlife" title="Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife">Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bartehrman.com">bartehrman.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127876#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life">1.1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Career">1.2 Career</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Works">2 Works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Books">2.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Courses_(on_DVD/CD)">2.2 Courses (on DVD/CD)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Reception">3 Reception</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Personal_life">4 Personal life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Bibliography">5 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes">6 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On October 5, 1955, Ehrman was born in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence, Kansas</a>, and subsequently grew up there before attending <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_High_School_(Kansas)" title="Lawrence High School (Kansas)">Lawrence High School</a>, where he was on the state champion debate team in 1973. He began studying the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_theology" title="Biblical theology">biblical theology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_languages" title="Biblical languages">biblical languages</a> at <a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wunc-3">[2]</a> where he earned the school's three-year diploma in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-JInt-4">[3]</a> He earned his BA from <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a> in Illinois in 1978. He later earned an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Divinity" title="Master of Divinity">MDiv</a> from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a> in 1981 and a PhD in 1985, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> of the Bible, <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">development of the New Testament canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a>. Both the baccalaureate and doctorate were conferred <a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bio-5">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ehrman was raised in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>; as a teenager, he became a <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born-again</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wunc-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shanks-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus</a>, he recounts being certain in his youthful enthusiasm that <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">God had inspired the wording of the Bible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">protected its texts from all error</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wunc-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shanks-6">[5]</a> His desire to understand the original words of the Bible led him to study ancient languages, particularly <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a>. During such studies at Princeton, however, he became convinced that there were <a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible#Biblical_criticism_and_criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">contradictions and discrepancies in the biblical manuscripts</a> that could not be harmonized or reconciled:<a href="#cite_note-Wunc-3">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I did my very best to hold on to my faith that the Bible was the inspired word of God with no mistakes and that lasted for about two years [...] I realized that at the time we had over <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript#New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Biblical manuscript">5,000 manuscripts of the New Testament</a>, and no two of them are exactly alike. The <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribes</a> were changing them, sometimes in big ways, but lots of times in little ways. And it finally occurred to me that if I really thought that God had inspired this text [...] If he went to the trouble of inspiring the text, why didn't he go to the trouble of preserving the text? Why did he allow scribes to change it?<a href="#cite_note-Wunc-3">[2]</a></blockquote> In the preface to his 2020 book Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife, Ehrman said that he had been scared of going to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> since he was a child and, when he began to encounter some doubts about his Christian beliefs at college, he became panicked that he might die before he had found the right beliefs, and be sent to Hell.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> He subsequently turned into a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Christian</a>, remaining in the Episcopal Church for 15 years, but later became an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic_atheism" title="Agnostic atheism">agnostic atheist</a> after struggling with the philosophical <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problems of evil and suffering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wunc-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-JInt-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ehrman has written widely on issues of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and early Christianity at both an academic and popular level, much of it based on <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism_of_the_New_Testament" title="Textual criticism of the New Testament">textual criticism of the New Testament</a>. His thirty books include three college textbooks and six New York Times bestsellers: <a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Garner-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_Interrupted" title="Jesus, Interrupted">Jesus, Interrupted</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Schuessler-11">[10]</a> God's Problem,<a href="#cite_note-God'sProblemNYT-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forged_(book)" title="Forged (book)">Forged</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ForgedNYT-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-mainpage-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/How_Jesus_Became_God" title="How Jesus Became God">How Jesus Became God</a>,<a href="#cite_note-HowJesusBecameGodNYT-15">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Christianity" title="The Triumph of Christianity">The Triumph of Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> More than two million copies of his books have been sold, and his books have been translated into 27 languages.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Jesus:_Apocalyptic_Prophet_of_the_New_Millennium" title="Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>, Ehrman agrees with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer#The_Quest_of_the_Historical_Jesus_(1906)" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer's thesis</a> that Jesus was a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Apocalypticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Apocalypticism">Jewish apocalyptic preacher</a> and that his main message was that the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a> were near, that God would shortly intervene to overthrow evil and <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God#Gospels" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">establish his rule on Earth</a>, and that Jesus and his <a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciples of Jesus">disciples</a> all believed these end time events would occur in their lifetimes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code, Ehrman expands on his list of ten historical and factual inaccuracies in <a href="/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown">Dan Brown</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">novel</a>, previously incorporated in Dan Burstein's Secrets of the Code.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus</a>, Ehrman outlines the development of New Testament manuscripts and the process and cause of manuscript errors in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-21">[20]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Jesus,_Interrupted" title="Jesus, Interrupted">Jesus, Interrupted</a>, he describes the progress scholars have made in understanding the Bible over the past two hundred years and the results of their study, which are often unknown among the population at large. He highlights the diversity of views found in the New Testament, the existence of forged books in the New Testament which were written in the names of the apostles by Christian writers who lived decades later, and his belief that <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian doctrines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_messianic_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus and messianic prophecy">suffering Messiah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Divinity_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divinity of Jesus">divinity of Jesus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> were later inventions.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> To date, he has changed his mind on several issues, most notably the divinity of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Forged_(book)" title="Forged (book)">Forged</a>, Ehrman posits that some New Testament books are <a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">literary forgeries</a> and shows how widely forgery was practiced by early Christian writers—and how it was condemned in the ancient world as fraudulent and illicit.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-article-26">[25]</a> His scholarly book, Forgery and Counterforgery, is an advanced look at the practice of forgery in the New Testament and early Christian literature. It makes a case for considering falsely attributed or pseudepigraphic books in the New Testament and early Christian literature "forgery", looks at why certain New Testament and early Christian works are considered forged, and describes the broader phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphy">pseudepigraphy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 2012, Ehrman published <a href="/wiki/Did_Jesus_Exist%3F_(Ehrman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Did Jesus Exist? (Ehrman)">Did Jesus Exist? The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth</a>, defending the historical existence of Jesus of Nazareth in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">mythicist theory</a> that Jesus is an entirely fictitious being.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The 2014 release of How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee examines the historical Jesus, who according to Ehrman neither thought of himself as God nor claimed to be God, and proffers how he came to be thought of as the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a> of God himself.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In Jesus Before the Gospels, he examines the early <a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Christian oral tradition</a> and its role in shaping the stories about Jesus that are encountered in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Christianity:_How_a_Forbidden_Religion_Swept_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Triumph of Christianity: How a Forbidden Religion Swept the World">The Triumph of Christianity: How a Forbidden Religion Swept the World</a> notes that from the <a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">diversity of Christianity</a> "throughout the first four Christian centuries," eventually only one form of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a>, became <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">dominant</a> under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">successors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heaven_and_Hell:_A_History_of_the_Afterlife" title="Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife">Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife</a> examines the historical development of the concepts of the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> throughout Greek, Jewish, and early Christian cultures, and how they eventually converged into the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> recognized by modern Christians.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courses_(on_DVD/CD)">Courses (on DVD/CD)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Courses (on DVD/CD)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ehrman has released nine courses, consisting of 12 or 24 thirty-minute lectures through <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Courses" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Courses">The Great Courses</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Ehrman has been the recipient of the 2009 J. W. Pope "Spirit of Inquiry" Teaching Award, the 1993 UNC Undergraduate Student Teaching Award, the 1994 Phillip and Ruth Hettleman Prize for Artistic and Scholarly Achievement, and the Bowman and Gordon Gray Award for excellence in teaching.<a href="#cite_note-bio-5">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel Wallace</a> has praised Ehrman as "one of North America's leading textual critics" and describes him as "one of the most brilliant and creative textual critics I have ever known". Wallace argues, however, that in <a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus</a> Ehrman sometimes "overstates his case by assuming that his view is certainly correct". For example, Wallace asserts that Ehrman himself acknowledges the vast majority of textual variants are minor, but his popular writing and speaking sometimes makes the sheer number of them appear to be a major problem for getting to the original New Testament text.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Ehrman's The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings is widely used at American colleges and universities.<a href="#cite_note-HolmenPorter2010-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-CopanCraig2012-35">[34]</a> The textbook holds to a traditional interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> in the context of second-century Christian <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, a view that has been criticized by <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pagels_2015-36">[35]</a> Alan Kirk found Ehrman's writing in Jesus Before the Gospels to cite memory research selectively, neglecting the fact that John Bartlett's experiment discovered that stories quickly took on a stable, 'schematic' form rather quickly. Ehrman also overemphasizes individual transmission instead of community, makes a 'lethal oversight' where <a href="/wiki/Jan_Vansina" title="Jan Vansina">Jan Vansina</a>, whom he quoted as evidence for corruption in the Jesus tradition, changed his mind, arguing that information was conveyed through a community that placed controls, rather than through chains of transmission easily subject to change. Kirk does sympathize with Ehrman that appealing to memory cannot automatically guarantee historicity.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_J._K%C3%B6stenberger" title="Andreas J. Köstenberger">Andreas J. Köstenberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darrell_L._Bock" title="Darrell L. Bock">Darrell L. Bock</a>, and Josh D. Chatraw have disputed Ehrman's depiction of scholarly consensus, saying: "It is only by defining scholarship on his own terms and by excluding scholars who disagree with him that Ehrman is able to imply that he is supported by all other scholarship,"<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Licona" title="Michael R. Licona">Michael R. Licona</a>, scholar and Christian apologist, notes that "his positions are those largely embraced by mainstream skeptical scholarship."<a href="#cite_note-CopanCraig2012-35">[34]</a> Gary Kamiya states in <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a> that "Ehrman's scholarly standing did not soothe the evangelical Christians who were outraged by Misquoting Jesus. Angered by what they took to be the book's subversive import, they attacked it as exaggerated, unfair and lacking a devotional tone. No fewer than three books were published in response to Ehrman's tome".<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a> published How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature: A Response to Bart D. Ehrman as a planned companion volume to Ehrman's How Jesus Became God. The contributing authors—including <a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael F. Bird">Michael F. Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Craig A. Evans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Gathercole" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Gathercole">Simon Gathercole</a>—present Ehrman as "prone to profound confusion, botched readings, and scholarly fictions."<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Bird writes Ehrman's work has received a negative reception from conservative Christians but a warm reception from the non-religious.<a href="#cite_note-BirdEvans2014-41">[40]</a> Charles Gieschen, whose work Ehrman cited, has objected to the latter's usage of his work in How Jesus Became God, instead arguing for a Christology where Jesus is identified with the God of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Ehrman has participated in several debates on the topic of the historical reliability of the Gospels. This includes a 2014 debate with Protestant apologist<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_White_(theologian)" title="James White (theologian)">James White</a> and a 2022 debate with Roman Catholic apologist <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Akin" title="Jimmy Akin">Jimmy Akin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Ehrman has been married twice and has two children from his first marriage. He is married to Sarah Beckwith, a professor of medieval literature at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> and an Episcopalian.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">sports broadcasting</a>, Ehrman does not watch <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, but reportedly does watch a classic <a href="/wiki/Criterion_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Criterion Collection">Criterion Collection</a> film with Beckwith on a weekly basis.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Didymus the Blind and the Text of the Gospels (The New Testament in the Greek Fathers; No. 1). <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>. 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55540-084-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55540-084-1"><bdi>1-55540-084-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Didymus+the+Blind+and+the+Text+of+the+Gospels+%28The+New+Testament+in+the+Greek+Fathers%3B+No.+1%29&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1-55540-084-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Text of the Fourth Gospel in the Writings of Origen (The New Testament in the Greek Fathers; vol. 1). <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1555407897" title="Special:BookSources/1555407897"><bdi>1555407897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+Fourth+Gospel+in+the+Writings+of+Origen+%28The+New+Testament+in+the+Greek+Fathers%3B+vol.+1%29&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1555407897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament. Oxford University Press, US. 2011 [1993]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973978-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973978-3"><bdi>978-0-19-973978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Corruption+of+Scripture%3A+The+Effect+of+Early+Christological+Controversies+on+the+Text+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973978-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4824-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4824-9"><bdi>0-8028-4824-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+New+Testament+in+Contemporary+Research%3A+Essays+on+the+Status+Quaestionis&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8028-4824-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. Oxford University Press, US. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2"><bdi>0-19-515462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-515462-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The New Testament and Other Early Christian Writings: A Reader. Oxford University Press, US. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515464-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515464-9"><bdi>0-19-515464-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+and+Other+Early+Christian+Writings%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-515464-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">After the New Testament: A Reader in Early Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, US. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511445-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511445-0"><bdi>0-19-511445-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+New+Testament%3A+A+Reader+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-511445-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jesus:_Apocalyptic_Prophet_of_the_New_Millennium" title="Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, US. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512474-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512474-X"><bdi>0-19-512474-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-512474-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Apostolic Fathers: Volume I. I Clement. II Clement. Ignatius. Polycarp. Didache. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99607-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99607-0"><bdi>0-674-99607-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers%3A+Volume+I.+I+Clement.+II+Clement.+Ignatius.+Polycarp.+Didache&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-99607-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Apostolic Fathers: Volume II. Epistle of Barnabas. Papias and Quadratus. Epistle to Diognetus. The Shepherd of Hermas. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99608-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99608-9"><bdi>0-674-99608-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Fathers%3A+Volume+II.+Epistle+of+Barnabas.+Papias+and+Quadratus.+Epistle+to+Diognetus.+The+Shepherd+of+Hermas&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-99608-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostscripturesbo00ehrm">Lost Scriptures: Books that Did Not Make It into the New Testament</a>. Oxford University Press, US. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514182-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514182-2"><bdi>0-19-514182-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Scriptures%3A+Books+that+Did+Not+Make+It+into+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-514182-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostscripturesbo00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm">Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</a>. Oxford University Press, US. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514183-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514183-0"><bdi>0-19-514183-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-514183-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchristianiti00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanJacobs,_Andrew_S.2003" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart; Jacobs, Andrew S. (2003). Christianity in Late Antiquity, 300–450 C.E.: A Reader. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515461-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515461-4"><bdi>0-19-515461-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Late+Antiquity%2C+300%E2%80%93450+C.E.%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-515461-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Andrew+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A Brief Introduction to the New Testament. Oxford University Press, US. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516123-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516123-8"><bdi>0-19-516123-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516123-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthfictionin00ehrm">Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine</a>. Oxford University Press, US. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518140-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518140-9"><bdi>0-19-518140-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Fiction+in+The+Da+Vinci+Code%3A+A+Historian+Reveals+What+We+Really+Know+about+Jesus%2C+Mary+Magdalene%2C+and+Constantine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-518140-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruthfictionin00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerEhrman,_Bart2005" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Ehrman, Bart (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516667-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516667-1"><bdi>0-19-516667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Transmission%2C+Corruption%2C+and+Restoration&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-516667-1&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft.au=Ehrman%2C+Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperSanFrancisco" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperSanFrancisco">HarperSanFrancisco</a>. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-073817-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-073817-0"><bdi>0-06-073817-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus%3A+The+Story+Behind+Who+Changed+the+Bible+and+Why&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-073817-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peterpaulmarymag00ehrm_0">Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend</a>. Oxford University Press, US. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-530013-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-530013-0"><bdi>0-19-530013-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter%2C+Paul%2C+and+Mary+Magdalene%3A+The+Followers+of+Jesus+in+History+and+Legend&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-530013-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeterpaulmarymag00ehrm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Studies in the Textual Criticism of the New Testament. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, US. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15032-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15032-3"><bdi>90-04-15032-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Textual+Criticism+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers%2C+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-15032-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostgospelofjuda00ehrm">The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed</a>. Oxford University Press, US. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531460-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531460-1"><bdi>978-0-19-531460-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Gospel+of+Judas+Iscariot%3A+A+New+Look+at+Betrayer+and+Betrayed&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531460-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostgospelofjuda00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsproblemhowbi00ehrm">God's Problem: How the Bible Fails to Answer Our Most Important Question – Why We Suffer</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, US. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117397-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117397-4"><bdi>978-0-06-117397-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Problem%3A+How+the+Bible+Fails+to+Answer+Our+Most+Important+Question+%E2%80%93+Why+We+Suffer&rft.pub=HarperCollins%2C+US&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117397-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsproblemhowbi00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jesus,_Interrupted" title="Jesus, Interrupted">Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don't Know About Them)</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, US. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117394-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117394-3"><bdi>978-0-06-117394-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Interrupted%3A+Revealing+the+Hidden+Contradictions+in+the+Bible+%28And+Why+We+Don%27t+Know+About+Them%29&rft.pub=HarperCollins%2C+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117394-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Forged_(book)" title="Forged (book)">Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, US. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-201261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-201261-6"><bdi>978-0-06-201261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+Writing+in+the+Name+of+God+%E2%80%93+Why+the+Bible%27s+Authors+Are+Not+Who+We+Think+They+Are&rft.pub=HarperCollins%2C+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-201261-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrmanPleše,_Zlatko2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart; Pleše, Zlatko (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199732104">The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations</a>. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973210-4"><bdi>978-0-19-973210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphal+Gospels%3A+Texts+and+Translations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973210-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=Ple%C5%A1e%2C+Zlatko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199732104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Did_Jesus_Exist%3F_(Ehrman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Did Jesus Exist? (Ehrman)">Did Jesus Exist? The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, US. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-220460-8"><bdi>978-0-06-220460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F+The+Historical+Argument+for+Jesus+of+Nazareth&rft.pub=HarperCollins%2C+US&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-220460-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics. Oxford University Press, US. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992803-3"><bdi>978-0-19-992803-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgery+and+Counterforgery%3A+The+Use+of+Literary+Deceit+in+Early+Christian+Polemics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992803-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Bible: A Historical and Literary Introduction. Oxford University Press, US. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530816-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530816-7"><bdi>978-0-19-530816-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%3A+A+Historical+and+Literary+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530816-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Other Gospels: Accounts of Jesus from Outside the New Testament. Oxford University Press, US. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933522-0"><bdi>978-0-19-933522-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Gospels%3A+Accounts+of+Jesus+from+Outside+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933522-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/How_Jesus_Became_God:_The_Exaltation_of_a_Jewish_Preacher_from_Galilee" class="mw-redirect" title="How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee">How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperOne" title="HarperOne">HarperOne</a>, US. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-177818-6"><bdi>978-0-06-177818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Jesus+Became+God%3A+The+Exaltation+of+a+Jewish+Preacher+from+Galilee&rft.pub=HarperOne%2C+US&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-06-177818-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jesus Before the Gospels: How the Earliest Christians Remembered, Changed, and Invented Their Stories of the Savior. <a href="/wiki/HarperOne" title="HarperOne">HarperOne</a>, US. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062285201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062285201"><bdi>978-0062285201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Before+the+Gospels%3A+How+the+Earliest+Christians+Remembered%2C+Changed%2C+and+Invented+Their+Stories+of+the+Savior&rft.pub=HarperOne%2C+US&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0062285201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Christianity:_How_a_Forbidden_Religion_Swept_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Triumph of Christianity: How a Forbidden Religion Swept the World">The Triumph of Christianity: How a Forbidden Religion Swept the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, US. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501136702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501136702"><bdi>978-1501136702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Christianity%3A+How+a+Forbidden+Religion+Swept+the+World&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+US&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1501136702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heaven_and_Hell:_A_History_of_the_Afterlife" title="Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife">Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, US. 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501136733" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501136733"><bdi>978-1501136733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Hell%3A+A+History+of+the+Afterlife&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+US&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1501136733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Journeys to Heaven and Hell: Tours of the Afterlife in the Early Christian Tradition. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, US. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300257007" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300257007"><bdi>978-0300257007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys+to+Heaven+and+Hell%3A+Tours+of+the+Afterlife+in+the+Early+Christian+Tradition&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0300257007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Armageddon: What the Bible Really Says about the End. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, US. 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1982147990" title="Special:BookSources/978-1982147990"><bdi>978-1982147990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon%3A+What+the+Bible+Really+Says+about+the+End&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+US&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1982147990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɜːrmən/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rz2mLpcCFW0">"Interview with Dr. Bart Ehrman (Jesus Mythicism, Jesus' Resurrection, Jesus in the Quran)"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wunc-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wunc_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wunc_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wunc_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wunc_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wunc_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wunc_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinlawStasio2018" class="citation news cs1">Kinlaw, Robert; Stasio, Frank (March 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wunc.org/post/sunday-school-teacher-turned-skeptic-meet-bart-ehrman">"The Sunday School Teacher Turned Skeptic: Meet Bart Ehrman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WUNC_(FM)" title="WUNC (FM)">WUNC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>. Retrieved February 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WUNC+News&rft.atitle=The+Sunday+School+Teacher+Turned+Skeptic%3A+Meet+Bart+Ehrman&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft.aulast=Kinlaw&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Stasio%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunc.org%2Fpost%2Fsunday-school-teacher-turned-skeptic-meet-bart-ehrman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JInt-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JInt_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JInt_4-1">b</a> Ehrman, Bart D. <a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus</a>, HarperSanFrancisco. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-073817-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-073817-0">0-06-073817-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartdehrman.com/barts-biography/">"Bart D Ehrman – Biography"</a>. Bart D Ehrman. 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bart+D+Ehrman+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=Bart+D+Ehrman&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartdehrman.com%2Fbarts-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanks-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shanks_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shanks_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanks2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Shanks, Hershel</a>, ed. (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=33&Issue=2&ArticleID=12">"Losing Faith: Who Did and Who Didn't – How Scholarship Affects Scholars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>. 33 (2). <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Society" title="Biblical Archaeology Society">Biblical Archaeology Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126091751/https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/33/2/12">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved August 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Losing+Faith%3A+Who+Did+and+Who+Didn%27t+%E2%80%93+How+Scholarship+Affects+Scholars&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D33%26Issue%3D2%26ArticleID%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425151325/http://www.denverseminary.edu/article/misquoting-jesus-the-story-behind-who-changed-the-bible-and-why/">"Denver Seminary > Articles > Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why"</a>. April 25, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverseminary.edu/article/misquoting-jesus-the-story-behind-who-changed-the-bible-and-why/">the original</a> on April 25, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denver+Seminary+%3E+Articles+%3E+Misquoting+Jesus%3A+The+Story+Behind+Who+Changed+the+Bible+and+Why&rft.date=2009-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverseminary.edu%2Farticle%2Fmisquoting-jesus-the-story-behind-who-changed-the-bible-and-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2020" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heaven-and-hell-bart-d.-ehrman-1/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater">Heaven and Hell: A History of the Afterlife</a>. Simon & Schuster. pp. xv–xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3673-3"><bdi>978-1-5011-3673-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+and+Hell%3A+A+History+of+the+Afterlife&rft.pages=xv-xxiii&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-3673-3&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheaven-and-hell-bart-d.-ehrman-1%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart_Erhman2014" class="citation web cs1">Bart Erhman (September 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ffrf.org/outreach/awards/emperor-has-no-clothes-award/item/21383-ffrf-s-emperor-honor-to-truth-telling-bible-scholar">"Freedom From Religion Foundation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.au=Bart+Erhman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fffrf.org%2Foutreach%2Fawards%2Femperor-has-no-clothes-award%2Fitem%2F21383-ffrf-s-emperor-honor-to-truth-telling-bible-scholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garner-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Garner_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwight_Garner2006" class="citation news cs1">Dwight Garner (April 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/books/review/02tbr.html">"Inside the List: The Agnostic"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Inside+the+List%3A+The+Agnostic&rft.date=2006-04-02&rft.au=Dwight+Garner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F02%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F02tbr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuessler-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Schuessler_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Schuessler2009" class="citation news cs1">Jennifer Schuessler (March 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/books/review/02tbr.html">"Inside the List: Honest to Jesus"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Inside+the+List%3A+Honest+to+Jesus&rft.date=2009-03-19&rft.au=Jennifer+Schuessler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F02%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F02tbr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-God'sProblemNYT-12"><a href="#cite_ref-God'sProblemNYT_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/books/bestseller/0309besthardnonfiction.html">"Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction (March 9, 2008)"</a>. The New York Times. March 9, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Best+Sellers%3A+Hardcover+Nonfiction+%28March+9%2C+2008%29&rft.date=2008-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F09%2Fbooks%2Fbestseller%2F0309besthardnonfiction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForgedNYT-13"><a href="#cite_ref-ForgedNYT_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E5D8153EF933A25757C0A9679D8B63">"Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction: Sunday, April 10th 2011"</a>. The New York Times. April 10, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Best+Sellers%3A+Hardcover+Nonfiction%3A+Sunday%2C+April+10th+2011&rft.date=2011-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F06E5D8153EF933A25757C0A9679D8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mainpage-14"><a href="#cite_ref-mainpage_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartdehrman.com/">"Bart D Ehrman Professional Website"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bart+D+Ehrman+Professional+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartdehrman.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HowJesusBecameGodNYT-15"><a href="#cite_ref-HowJesusBecameGodNYT_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowles2014" class="citation news cs1">Cowles, Gregory (April 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2014-04-13/hardcover-nonfiction/list.html">"Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction (April 13, 2014)"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Best+Sellers%3A+Hardcover+Nonfiction+%28April+13%2C+2014%29&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft.aulast=Cowles&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbest-sellers-books%2F2014-04-13%2Fhardcover-nonfiction%2Flist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2018/04/08/hardcover-nonfiction">"Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction (April 8, 2018)"</a>. The New York Times. April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Best+Sellers%3A+Hardcover+Nonfiction+%28April+8%2C+2018%29&rft.date=2018-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Fbest-sellers%2F2018%2F04%2F08%2Fhardcover-nonfiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/bart-d-ehrman">"Bart D. Ehrman (Fellow)"</a>. John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Simon+Guggenheim+Memorial+Foundation&rft.atitle=Bart+D.+Ehrman+%28Fellow%29&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gf.org%2Ffellows%2Fall-fellows%2Fbart-d-ehrman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm/page/3">Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusapocalyptic00ehrm/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195124731" title="Special:BookSources/0195124731"><bdi>0195124731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0195124731&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusapocalyptic00ehrm%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Fiction+in+The+Da+Vinci+Code%3A+A+Historian+Reveals+What+We+Really+Know+about+Jesus%2C+Mary+Magdalene%2C+and+Constantine&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2006" class="citation news cs1">Garner, Dwight (April 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/books/review/02tbr.html?_r=0">"Inside the List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Inside+the+List&rft.date=2006-04-02&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F02%2Fbooks%2Freview%2F02tbr.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-21"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross" class="citation web cs1">Gross, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5052156">"Bart Ehrman's 'Misquoting Jesus'"</a>. NPR. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bart+Ehrman%27s+%27Misquoting+Jesus%27&rft.pub=NPR&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5052156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2009" class="citation news cs1">Barlow, Rich (May 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/05/06/turning_a_critical_eye_to_the_bible/">"Book review: Turning a critical eye to the Bible"</a>. Boston Globe. Retrieved October 1, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Book+review%3A+Turning+a+critical+eye+to+the+Bible&rft.date=2009-05-06&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Fbooks%2Farticles%2F2009%2F05%2F06%2Fturning_a_critical_eye_to_the_bible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake2009" class="citation news cs1">Blake, John (May 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/05/15/bible.critic/">"Former fundamentalist 'debunks' Bible"</a>. CNN. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+fundamentalist+%27debunks%27+Bible&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FLIVING%2F05%2F15%2Fbible.critic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/jesus-as-divine-in-the-synoptics-for-members/">"Jesus as Divine in the Synoptics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+Divine+in+the+Synoptics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fjesus-as-divine-in-the-synoptics-for-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/jesus-as-god-in-the-synoptics-for-members/">"Jesus as God in the Synoptics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+God+in+the+Synoptics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fjesus-as-god-in-the-synoptics-for-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-article-26"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn-article_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170528194616/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/13/half-of-new-testament-forged-bible-scholar-says/">"Half of New Testament forged, Bible scholar says"</a>. CNN. May 13, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2011/05/13/half-of-new-testament-forged-bible-scholar-says/">the original</a> on May 28, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Half+of+New+Testament+forged%2C+Bible+scholar+says&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2011%2F05%2F13%2Fhalf-of-new-testament-forged-bible-scholar-says%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> CNN book review article summarizing Ehrman's claim that much of the New Testament was written as a forgery. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.oup.com/academic/product/forgery-and-counterforgery-9780199928033;jsessionid=99646742F270DB6DDD69449F6634E1F2?cc=us&lang=en&">Forgery and Counterforgery. The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics</a>. Oxford University Press. December 14, 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992803-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992803-3"><bdi>978-0-19-992803-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgery+and+Counterforgery.+The+Use+of+Literary+Deceit+in+Early+Christian+Polemics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992803-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fforgery-and-counterforgery-9780199928033%3Bjsessionid%3D99646742F270DB6DDD69449F6634E1F2%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2013" class="citation news cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (March 20, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160703220723/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bart-d-ehrman/did-jesus-exist_b_1349544.html">"Did Jesus Exist?"</a>. The Huffington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bart-d-ehrman/did-jesus-exist_b_1349544.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2016. Retrieved April 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Did+Jesus+Exist%3F&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fbart-d-ehrman%2Fdid-jesus-exist_b_1349544.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/books/titles/300245117/how-jesus-became-god-the-exaltation-of-a-jewish-preacher-from-galilee">"How Jesus Became God"</a>. NPR.com. NPR. Retrieved July 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.com&rft.atitle=How+Jesus+Became+God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitles%2F300245117%2Fhow-jesus-became-god-the-exaltation-of-a-jewish-preacher-from-galilee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman" class="citation web cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062285201/jesus-before-the-gospels">"Jesus Before the Gospels"</a>. HarperCollins US. Retrieved October 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HarperCollins+US&rft.atitle=Jesus+Before+the+Gospels&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpercollins.com%2F9780062285201%2Fjesus-before-the-gospels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2018" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4H2uDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">The Triumph of Christianity: How a Forbidden Religion Swept the World</a>. Simon & Schuster. pp. 128, 309, n. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3672-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-3672-6"><bdi>978-1-5011-3672-6</bdi></a>. <q>Christianity was an amazingly diverse phenomenon throughout the first four Christian centuries, with different Christians advocating an enormous range of beliefs and engaging in strikingly different practices. This has been the subject of a large number of books in modern times, especially over the past forty years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Christianity%3A+How+a+Forbidden+Religion+Swept+the+World&rft.pages=128%2C+309%2C+n.+39&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-3672-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4H2uDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenova2020" class="citation news cs1">Denova, Rebecca (April 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119385398/pittsburgh-post-gazette/">"When the devil isn't anywhere in the details"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a>. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. p. E-5. Retrieved February 21, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=When+the+devil+isn%27t+anywhere+in+the+details&rft.pages=E-5&rft.date=2020-04-05&rft.aulast=Denova&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F119385398%2Fpittsburgh-post-gazette%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Daniel B. Wallace</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054938/http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/49/49-2/JETS_49-2_327-349_Wallace.pdf">The Gospel According to Bart: A Review Article of Misquoting Jesus by Bart Ehrman</a>," <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Evangelical_Theological_Society" title="Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society">Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society</a> 49/2 (June 2006) 327–49. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/49/49-2/JETS_49-2_327-349_Wallace.pdf">original</a> in 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-HolmenPorter2010-34"><a href="#cite_ref-HolmenPorter2010_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2010" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, Alan (2010). Holmén, Tom; Porter, Stanley E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LuKMmVu0tpMC&pg=PA822">Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus (4 Vols)</a>. Brill. p. 822. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16372-0"><bdi>978-90-04-16372-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus+%284+Vols%29&rft.pages=822&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16372-0&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLuKMmVu0tpMC%26pg%3DPA822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CopanCraig2012-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CopanCraig2012_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CopanCraig2012_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLicona2012" class="citation book cs1">Licona, Michael (2012). Copan, Paul; Lane Craig, William (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DT-5AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">Come Let Us Reason: New Essays in Christian Apologetics</a>. B&H Publishing Group. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7599-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4336-7599-7"><bdi>978-1-4336-7599-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Come+Let+Us+Reason%3A+New+Essays+in+Christian+Apologetics&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4336-7599-7&rft.aulast=Licona&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDT-5AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pagels_2015-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Pagels_2015_36-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a> 2015 (lecture). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TavH955eg8k">"Price Lecture: Elaine Pagels"</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (15:42~15:55) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Church_Boston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinity Church Boston (page does not exist)">Trinity Church Boston</a>. Accessed August 30, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kirk, Alan (2017). "Ehrman, Bauckham and Bird on Memory and the Jesus Tradition". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 15 (1): 88–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F17455197-01501004">10.1163/17455197-01501004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.atitle=Ehrman%2C+Bauckham+and+Bird+on+Memory+and+the+Jesus+Tradition&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-114&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F17455197-01501004&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöstenbergerBockChatraw2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_J._K%C3%B6stenberger" title="Andreas J. Köstenberger">Köstenberger, Andreas J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_L._Bock" title="Darrell L. Bock">Bock, Darrell L.</a>; Chatraw, Josh D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPjUBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Truth in a Culture of Doubt: Engaging Skeptical Challenges to the Bible</a>. <a href="/wiki/B%26H_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="B&H Publishing Group">B&H Publishing Group</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433684043" title="Special:BookSources/9781433684043"><bdi>9781433684043</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+in+a+Culture+of+Doubt%3A+Engaging+Skeptical+Challenges+to+the+Bible&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781433684043&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6stenberger&rft.aufirst=Andreas+J.&rft.au=Bock%2C+Darrell+L.&rft.au=Chatraw%2C+Josh+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPjUBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamiya2009" class="citation web cs1">Kamiya, Gary (April 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2009/04/03/jesus_interrupted/">"Jesus is just alright with him"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a>. Retrieved September 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Jesus+is+just+alright+with+him&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft.aulast=Kamiya&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2009%2F04%2F03%2Fjesus_interrupted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurawski2014" class="citation news cs1">Murawski, John (March 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/25/bart-ehrman-jesus-god_n_5029457.html">"Bart Ehrman's 'How Jesus Became God' Book Will Be Instantly Rebutted By 'How God Became Jesus'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. Religion News Service. Retrieved September 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Bart+Ehrman%27s+%27How+Jesus+Became+God%27+Book+Will+Be+Instantly+Rebutted+By+%27How+God+Became+Jesus%27&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Murawski&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F03%2F25%2Fbart-ehrman-jesus-god_n_5029457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BirdEvans2014-41"><a href="#cite_ref-BirdEvans2014_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdEvansGathercoleHill2014" class="citation book cs1">Bird, Michael F.; Evans, Craig A.; Gathercole, Simon; Hill, Charles E.; Tilling, Chris (2014). Bird, Michael F. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGy2AgAAQBAJ">How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature – A Response to Bart Ehrman</a>. Zondervan. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51961-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-51961-4"><bdi>978-0-310-51961-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+God+Became+Jesus%3A+The+Real+Origins+of+Belief+in+Jesus%27+Divine+Nature+%E2%80%93+A+Response+to+Bart+Ehrman&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-310-51961-4&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Evans%2C+Craig+A.&rft.au=Gathercole%2C+Simon&rft.au=Hill%2C+Charles+E.&rft.au=Tilling%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGy2AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGy2AgAAQBAJ">Preview (arrow-searchable)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGieschen2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gieschen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gieschen (page does not exist)">Gieschen, Charles</a> (January–April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/GieschenMisquotingGieschen.pdf">"Misquoting Gieschen"</a> (PDF). Concordia Theological Quarterly. 82:1-2: 139-141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concordia+Theological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Misquoting+Gieschen&rft.volume=82%3A1-2&rft.pages=139-141&rft.date=2018-01%2F2018-04&rft.aulast=Gieschen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsfw.net%2Fmedia%2Fpdfs%2FGieschenMisquotingGieschen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBDEhrman" class="citation web cs1">BDEhrman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ehrmanblog.org/video-bart-ehrman-vs-james-white-debate/">"Video: Bart Ehrman vs. James White Debate"</a>. The Bart Ehrman Blog. Retrieved November 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bart+Ehrman+Blog&rft.atitle=Video%3A+Bart+Ehrman+vs.+James+White+Debate&rft.au=BDEhrman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2Fvideo-bart-ehrman-vs-james-white-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKShBLRixR8">DEBATE: Jimmy Akin vs Bart Ehrman | Are the Gospels Historically Reliable?</a>, March 24, 2022, retrieved November 5, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DEBATE%3A+Jimmy+Akin+vs+Bart+Ehrman+%7C+Are+the+Gospels+Historically+Reliable%3F&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdKShBLRixR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2024" class="citation news cs1">Tucker, Neely (January 31, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2006/03/05/the-book-of-bart-span-classbankheadin-the-bestseller-misquoting-jesus-agnostic-author-bart-ehrman-picks-apart-the-gospels-that-made-a-disbeliever-out-of-him-span/535f44a9-8ea5-441b-93a1-979daa88c23c/#">"The Book of Bart"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved April 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Bart&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Neely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F2006%2F03%2F05%2Fthe-book-of-bart-span-classbankheadin-the-bestseller-misquoting-jesus-agnostic-author-bart-ehrman-picks-apart-the-gospels-that-made-a-disbeliever-out-of-him-span%2F535f44a9-8ea5-441b-93a1-979daa88c23c%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimron2023" class="citation web cs1">Shimron, Yonat (February 10, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2023/02/10/his-made-a-fortune-debunking-christian-myths-then-he-did-the-christian-thing-and-donated-it-to-charity/">"His popular blog debunks Christian myths. With the profits, he does the Christian thing"</a>. Religion News Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+News+Service&rft.atitle=His+popular+blog+debunks+Christian+myths.+With+the+profits%2C+he+does+the+Christian+thing.&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft.aulast=Shimron&rft.aufirst=Yonat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2023%2F02%2F10%2Fhis-made-a-fortune-debunking-christian-myths-then-he-did-the-christian-thing-and-donated-it-to-charity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Briefly reviewed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/30/dress-code-journeys-to-heaven-and-hell-rouge-street-and-little-rabbit">May 30, 2022 issue</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, p.69. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Price, Robert M.</a> (2018), Bart Ehrman Interpreted: How One Radical New Testament Scholar Understands Another, Durham, NC: Pitchstone Publishing (US&CA), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1634311588" title="Special:BookSources/978-1634311588"><bdi>978-1634311588</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1020301095">1020301095</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bart+Ehrman+Interpreted%3A+How+One+Radical+New+Testament+Scholar+Understands+Another&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Pitchstone+Publishing+%28US%26CA%29&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1020301095&rft.isbn=978-1634311588&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinlawStasio2018" class="citation web cs1">Kinlaw, Robert; Stasio, Frank (March 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wunc.org/post/sunday-school-teacher-turned-skeptic-meet-bart-ehrman">"The Sunday School Teacher Turned Skeptic: Meet Bart Ehrman"</a> (pod). State of Things. WUNC (NPR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+of+Things&rft.atitle=The+Sunday+School+Teacher+Turned+Skeptic%3A+Meet+Bart+Ehrman&rft.date=2018-03-05&rft.aulast=Kinlaw&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Stasio%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwunc.org%2Fpost%2Fsunday-school-teacher-turned-skeptic-meet-bart-ehrman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bart_D._Ehrman" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bartehrman.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127876#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehrmanblog.org/">"Ehrman's blog"</a>. <q>Christianity in Antiquity (CIA)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ehrman%27s+blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehrmanblog.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.unc.edu/_people/full-time-faculty/ehrman/">"Bart D. Ehrman"</a>. Faculty. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faculty&rft.atitle=Bart+D.+Ehrman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.unc.edu%2F_people%2Ffull-time-faculty%2Fehrman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreatcourses.com/professors/bart-d-ehrman">"Bart D. Ehrman"</a>. The Teaching Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bart+D.+Ehrman&rft.pub=The+Teaching+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Fprofessors%2Fbart-d-ehrman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABart+D.+Ehrman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&oldid=1258459338">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&oldid=1258459338</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 November 2024, at 21:20 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بارت إيرمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارت إيرمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" title="Bart Ehrman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bart Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" title="Bart Ehrman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bart Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برت ایرمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برت ایرمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%8A%B8_D._%EC%96%B4%EB%A7%8C" title="바트 D. 어만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바트 D. 어만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" title="Bart Ehrman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bart Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="בארט אהרמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בארט אהרמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بارت ايرمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بارت ايرمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Эрман, Барт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эрман, Барт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" title="Bart Ehrman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bart Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bart D. Ehrman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Барт Ерман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барт Ерман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%91%89%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC" title="巴特·葉爾曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴特·葉爾曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 21:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bart_D._Ehrman&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8d669998-7556j","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.180","walltime":"1.450","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6535,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":193884,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10486,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":269135,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1310.004 1 -total"," 24.63% 322.608 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.95% 300.611 1 Template:Infobox_academic"," 20.47% 268.147 43 Template:Cite_book"," 7.40% 96.891 15 Template:Cite_news"," 6.82% 89.365 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.29% 82.413 17 Template:Cite_web"," 5.70% 74.726 1 Template:Primary_sources"," 5.30% 69.399 1 Template:Ambox"," 4.68% 61.267 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.800","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10520032,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5566db54f9-mdjx7","timestamp":"20241127170816","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bart D. Ehrman","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bart_D._Ehrman","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q127876","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q127876","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-15T13:03:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T21:20:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bb\/Bart-d-ehrman-2012-wikipedia.jpg","headline":"American biblical scholar (born 1955)"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>