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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_gl.wikipedia.org&uselang=gl" class=""><span>Doazóns</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_unha_conta&returnto=Grafema" title="É recomendable que cree unha conta e acceda ao sistema, se ben non é obrigatorio" class=""><span>Crear unha conta</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Iniciar_sesi%C3%B3n&returnto=Grafema" title="É recomendable que se rexistre, se ben non é obrigatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Acceder ao sistema</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right 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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Páxinas para os editores sen a sesión iniciada <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Introduci%C3%B3n" aria-label="Máis información sobre a edición"><span>máis información</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:As_mi%C3%B1as_contribuci%C3%B3ns" title="Unha lista das modificacións feitas desde este enderezo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucións</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:A_mi%C3%B1a_conversa" title="Conversa acerca de edicións feitas desde este enderezo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sitio"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contidos" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contidos</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Véxase tamén"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outros_artigos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outros_artigos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Outros artigos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outros_artigos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grafema</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 62 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphem" title="Graphem – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Graphem" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وحدة خطية – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة خطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafemenn" title="Grafemenn – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Grafemenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9m" title="Grafém – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grafém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphem" title="Graphem – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Graphem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grapheme" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafemo" title="Grafemo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grafemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="تک‌نگاره – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تک‌نگاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeemi" title="Grafeemi – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grafeemi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%C3%A8me" title="Graphème – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graphème" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myn-screeu" title="Myn-screeu – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myn-screeu" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%94" title="גרפמה – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרפמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A8m" title="Grafèm – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grafèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9ma" title="Graféma – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Graféma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98%E7%B4%A0" title="書記素 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="書記素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="გრაფემა – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრაფემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%86%8C_(%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99)" title="자소 (언어학) – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자소 (언어학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – kirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C4%93ma" title="Grafēma – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grafēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeem" title="Grafeem – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grafeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A8ma" title="Grafèma – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grafèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjaimikko" title="Kirjaimikko – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjaimikko" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95" title="ਲਿਪਾਂਕ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪਾਂਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="අක්ෂරීමය – cingalés" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්ෂරීමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grapheme" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9ma" title="Graféma – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Graféma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வரிவடிவம் – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரிவடிவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="หน่วยอักขระ – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยอักขระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grafem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Графема – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Графема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_(%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9)" title="اکائی (فانٹ) – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اکائی (فانٹ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafema" title="Grafema – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Grafema" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字位" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%8D" title="字位 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="字位" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-k%C3%AC-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Su-kì-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-kì-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="文字素 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文字素" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grafema"><span>Ler</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&veaction=edit" title="Editar esta páxina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=edit" title="Editar o código fonte desta páxina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editar a fonte</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=history"><span>Ver o historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Xeral </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1xinas_que_ligan_con_esta/Grafema" title="Lista de todas as páxinas do wiki que ligan cara a aquí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Páxinas que ligan con esta</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Cambios_relacionados/Grafema" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recentes nas páxinas ligadas desde esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios relacionados</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A1xinas_especiais" title="Lista de todas as páxinas especiais [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Páxinas especiais</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&oldid=5820854" title="Ligazón permanente a esta versión desta páxina"><span>Ligazón permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=info" title="Máis información sobre esta páxina"><span>Información da páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Cita&page=Grafema&id=5820854&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Información sobre como citar esta páxina"><span>Citar esta páxina</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrafema"><span>Xerar URL acurtado</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrafema"><span>Descargar o código QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir/exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Grafema"><span>Crear un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Grafema&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descargar como PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&printable=yes" title="Versión para imprimir da páxina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versión para imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Noutros proxectos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Graphemes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2545446" title="Ligazón ao elemento conectado no repositorio de datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento de Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ferramentas das páxinas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">agochar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Na Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><p>O <b>grafema</b> é a unidade máis pequena dun sistema de escrita. É unha entidade fundamental da <a href="/wiki/Escrita" title="Escrita">escrita</a> equivalente en xeral ao fonema, a unidade fonolóxica mínima da lingua oral. O termo foi composto sobre o modelo de <i><a href="/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema">fonema</a></i> para a descrición de escrituras principalmente alfabético-fonéticas. </p><p>Por extensión, segundo o tipo de escrita, o grafema realízase visual e foneticamente de xeitos diversos. Velaquí un modelo teórico: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto">alfabetos</a>: un grafema = unha <a href="/wiki/Letra" title="Letra">letra</a> (ou un <a href="/wiki/Digrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Digrama">digrama</a>, un <a href="/wiki/Trigrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigrama">trigrama</a>) = un <a href="/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema">fonema</a>. O do galego, por exemplo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silabario" title="Silabario">silabarios</a>: un grafema = unha <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlaba" title="Sílaba">sílaba</a>. Por exemplo no xaponés, un grafema adoita representar unha sílaba.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfasilabario" title="Alfasilabario">alfasilabarios</a>: un grafema = unha <a href="/wiki/Consoante" title="Consoante">consoante</a> e unha <a href="/wiki/Vogal" title="Vogal">vogal</a> ou un <a href="/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema">fonema</a> só. Denomínanse tamén <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abuxidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abuxidas (a páxina aínda non existe)">abuxidas</a>. É o caso da escrita etiópica e de alfabetos silábicos da familia bramínica. Neles un grafema adoita representar unha consoante cunha vogal ou un único fonema.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escritas_conson%C3%A1ntica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escritas consonántica (a páxina aínda non existe)">escritas consonánticas</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>: un grafema =unha letra= unha <a href="/wiki/Consoante" title="Consoante">consoante</a>. É o caso do hebreo.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escritas_logogr%C3%A1fica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escritas logográfica (a páxina aínda non existe)">escritas logográficas</a>: un grafema = un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Car%C3%A1cter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carácter (a páxina aínda non existe)">carácter</a> = unha idea, unha palabra, un morfema, un composto ideo-fonético etc. O sistema de escrita logográfica máis coñecido é o do chinés no que un grafema pode representar un concepto, unha palabra ou un morfema.</li></ul> <p>A palabra grafema, cuñada en analoxía con fonema, deriva do grego antigo γράφω (gráphō), co significado de 'escribir', e o sufixo -ema por analoxía con <a href="/wiki/Fonema" title="Fonema">fonema</a> e outros nomes de unidade émicas. O estudo dos grafemas denomínase <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graf%C3%A9mica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grafémica (a páxina aínda non existe)">grafémica</a>. </p><p>Os grafemas poden ser de dous subtipos: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Grafema simple: o grafema composto por unha soa letra</dd> <dd>Grafema complexo: o grafema composto de dúas ou máis letras.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>A falta de correspondencia entre grafemas e fonemas no caso dos alfabetos de sistemas de escrita predominantemente fonéticos pódese ver no caso dos chamados "grafemas complexos". O dígrafo gue u <gu> úsase para representar o fonema /g/ ([g] ou [h]) diante de [e] e [i]. O dígrafo <ch> composto de dous grafemas simples úsase para un só fono, o correspondente ao fonema africado /tʃ/. </p><p>En linguas coma o francés e o inglés a correspondencia entre fonemas e grafemas é menor ca noutras linguas coma o finés, o español ou o galego. </p><p>Pódese aplicar, para saber se un carácter é un grafema ou non, o mesmo test que para os sons, a saber, o dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pares_m%C3%ADnimos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pares mínimos (a páxina aínda non existe)">pares mínimos</a>: </p> <ul><li>en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francesa" title="Lingua francesa">francés</a>, ⟨a⟩ e ⟨e⟩ son grafemas pois «sa» e «ce» opóñense;</li> <li>⟨<i>a</i>⟩ e ⟨<b>a</b>⟩ non son grafemas pois «sa» non se opón nin a «s<i>a</i>» nin a «s<b>a</b>». Son pois variantes libres;</li> <li>pola contra, ⟨a⟩ non é o único grafema asociábel ao fonema /a/ (o /a anterior/ no senso do <a href="/wiki/API" class="mw-redirect" title="API">API</a>); en efecto, por exemplo, a palabra <i>rouennais</i> (habitante de <a href="/wiki/Ru%C3%A1n" title="Ruán">Ruán</a>) pronúnciase /rwanε/ e o fonema /a/ está aí representado polo <a href="/wiki/Digrama" class="mw-redirect" title="Digrama">digrama</a> ⟨en⟩. O grafema ⟨en⟩ representa na escrita do francés actual polo menos dous sons: a nasal /ɑ̃/ e a vogal /a/.</li></ul> <p>Entre as variantes non pertinentes dos grafemas, cóntase principalmente variacións de tipo de letra (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Letra_grosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Letra grosa (a páxina aínda non existe)">grosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escritura_it%C3%A1lica" title="Escritura itálica">itálica</a> etc.), variantes contextuais e conxuntas. </p><p>Ademais, para que unha secuencia de letras (nos alfabetos) forme un grafema (digrama, trigrama), esta combinación debe estar ligada a un fonema identificábel: por exemplo, <i>et</i> non é un grafema en francés pois <i>et</i> se realiza de maneiras diferentes, [e], [εt], e non se nota un fonema único, ao contrario de <i>au</i> que na maioría dos casos se pronuncia [o]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outros_artigos">Outros artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Outros artigos»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafema&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Outros artigos"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escrita" title="Escrita">Escrita</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; 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