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The chapter critiques the dominant narratives around racial and class divisions, arguing that assimilation is the primary outcome of the integration process, contributing to social changes that privilege a newly expanded middle class while leaving working-class populations vulnerable.","ai_title_tag":"Integration in South African Schools: A Critique","publication_date":"2004,,","publication_name":"Changing class: Education and social change in post- …"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Constituting the class': An analysis of the process of 'integration'in South African schools","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3206456]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":30481631,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Constituting the class': An analysis of the process of 'integration'in South African schools”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30481631/mini_magick20190426-29609-1bgddp3.png?1556332855" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Constituting the class': An analysis of the process of 'integration'in South African schools</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3206456" href="https://uct.academia.edu/CrainSoudien"><img alt="Profile image of Crain Soudien" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3206456/1054348/1316683/s65_crain.soudien.jpg" />Crain Soudien</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2004, Changing class: Education and social change in post- …</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">26 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 2459649; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=2459649"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">An exploration of how South African schools navigate the challenges of integration, emphasizing the dependency of 'integration' on the definition of 'difference', particularly race. The chapter critiques the dominant narratives around racial and class divisions, arguing that assimilation is the primary outcome of the integration process, contributing to social changes that privilege a newly expanded middle class while leaving working-class populations vulnerable.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":30481631,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2459649/Constituting_the_class_An_analysis_of_the_process_of_integrationin_South_African_schools"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":30481631,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2459649/Constituting_the_class_An_analysis_of_the_process_of_integrationin_South_African_schools"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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In Kelsh, D., D. Hill and S. Macrine (eds.) Class in Education: Knowledge, pedagogy, subjectivity, London: Routledge, 2010</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26152813" href="https://wwwuj.academia.edu/SalimVally">Salim Vally</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":" ‘Race’, Class and Education in Post-Apartheid South Africa. In Kelsh, D., D. Hill and S. Macrine (eds.) Class in Education: Knowledge, pedagogy, subjectivity, London: Routledge, 2010","attachmentId":36641404,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10803672/_Race_Class_and_Education_in_Post_Apartheid_South_Africa_In_Kelsh_D_D_Hill_and_S_Macrine_eds_Class_in_Education_Knowledge_pedagogy_subjectivity_London_Routledge_2010","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10803672/_Race_Class_and_Education_in_Post_Apartheid_South_Africa_In_Kelsh_D_D_Hill_and_S_Macrine_eds_Class_in_Education_Knowledge_pedagogy_subjectivity_London_Routledge_2010"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="1858798" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1858798/Class_in_class_ideological_processes_in_a_desegregated_classroom_in_South_Africa_Jan_Blommaert_and_Pinky_Makoe_2012_">Class in class: ideological processes in a desegregated classroom in South Africa (Jan Blommaert & Pinky Makoe 2012)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1222185" href="https://tilburguniversity.academia.edu/JanBlommaert">Jan Blommaert</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Class in class: ideological processes in a desegregated classroom in South Africa (Jan Blommaert \u0026 Pinky Makoe 2012)","attachmentId":26107387,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1858798/Class_in_class_ideological_processes_in_a_desegregated_classroom_in_South_Africa_Jan_Blommaert_and_Pinky_Makoe_2012_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1858798/Class_in_class_ideological_processes_in_a_desegregated_classroom_in_South_Africa_Jan_Blommaert_and_Pinky_Makoe_2012_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="47563464" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47563464/Social_class_and_community_in_post_apartheid_South_African_education_policy_and_practices">Social class and community in post-apartheid South African education policy and practices</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26152813" href="https://wwwuj.academia.edu/SalimVally">Salim Vally</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social class and community in post-apartheid South African education policy and practices","attachmentId":66591957,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47563464/Social_class_and_community_in_post_apartheid_South_African_education_policy_and_practices","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47563464/Social_class_and_community_in_post_apartheid_South_African_education_policy_and_practices"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="47447237" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47447237/The_Reconstitution_of_Privilege_Integration_in_Former_White_Schools_in_South_Africa">The Reconstitution of Privilege: Integration in Former White Schools in South Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13724649" href="https://uct.academia.edu/csoudien">crain soudien</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Social Issues, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article draws upon ongoing school-based work to examine the nature of the integration process in South African schools, and its significance for redrawing the lines of privilege and subordination in South Africa. Focusing on former White schools, the article argues that an asymmetry continues to exist in the contact that takes place between White and Black. The essential impetus of this asymmetry is to produce practices of cultural assimilation in which Black people are required to give up their own aesthetics and cultural practices in favor of those of the dominant middle-class and White community into which they step. However, significantly more complex identity formations are emerging out of these developments.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Reconstitution of Privilege: Integration in Former White Schools in South Africa","attachmentId":66536046,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47447237/The_Reconstitution_of_Privilege_Integration_in_Former_White_Schools_in_South_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47447237/The_Reconstitution_of_Privilege_Integration_in_Former_White_Schools_in_South_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="91790461" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91790461/Critical_Education_Volume_2_Number_2_A_Return_to_Educational_Apartheid_Comments_from_the_Series_Co_Editor">Critical Education Volume 2 Number 2 A Return to Educational Apartheid? Comments from the Series Co-Editor</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="173290090" href="https://independent.academia.edu/selwyndoug">doug selwyn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Selwyn, co-editor of the "A Return to Educational Apartheid?" series, pays tribute to Critical Education Associate Editor Adam Renner and introduces the latest in a special series of articles focusing on the articulation of race, schools, and segregation. Each of the articles in this series analyzes the extent to which schooling may or may not be returning to a state of educational apartheid.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Critical Education Volume 2 Number 2 A Return to Educational Apartheid? Comments from the Series Co-Editor","attachmentId":94977169,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91790461/Critical_Education_Volume_2_Number_2_A_Return_to_Educational_Apartheid_Comments_from_the_Series_Co_Editor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91790461/Critical_Education_Volume_2_Number_2_A_Return_to_Educational_Apartheid_Comments_from_the_Series_Co_Editor"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="8763451" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8763451/The_rise_of_class_apartheid_in_accessing_secondary_schools_in_Sandton_Gauteng">The rise of 'class apartheid' in accessing secondary schools in Sandton, Gauteng</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46749002" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/JarredBell">Jarred Bell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18825412" href="https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/TraceyJMMcKay">Tracey McKay</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Historically, education in South Africa was divided along strict racial lines.Post-apartheid South African society, however, is becoming increasingly stratified along ‘class’ lines, i.e. income and socio-economic status, more than race, strongly influence access to educational resources. This empirical study investigated the extent to which socio-economic status influences access to public secondary schools in Sandton, an affluent, former ‘white’ area of Johannesburg. The authors sought to establish (1) the extent of racial desegregation, (2) the socio-economic profile of learners, (3) the role of geographic catchment areas and (4) the impact of school related costs. They found that the schools have desegregated. However, the class profile remains the same. Geographic catchment zones, superimposed upon embedded residential class patterns, do partly influence the socio-economic profile of learners. However, school fees and transport costs seem to play a more significant role in determining learner profiles. No formalised income discrimination was identified. However, educational laws and policies, alongside income disparities and the managerial autonomy of schools to determine catchment zones and fees, may be operating to exclude poor and working-class learners.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The rise of 'class apartheid' in accessing secondary schools in Sandton, Gauteng","attachmentId":35117250,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8763451/The_rise_of_class_apartheid_in_accessing_secondary_schools_in_Sandton_Gauteng","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8763451/The_rise_of_class_apartheid_in_accessing_secondary_schools_in_Sandton_Gauteng"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="34475437" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34475437/Cambridge_Journal_of_Education_Anti_racism_and_the_New_South_African_Educational_Order">Cambridge Journal of Education Anti‐racism and the 'New' South African Educational Order</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67934273" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KingNdebele">King Ndebele</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article traces the desegregation of South African schools, particularly within the Gauteng region, from 1990Gauteng region, from to 1996. It argues that there is a discernible shift from 'race' to ethnicity in the educational discourses of South Africa and that at school level the response to ethnicity has been predominantly assimilationist. Attempts to move towards a more multicultural way of operating are affected by conceptions of identity as stereotyped, homogenised and generalised, leading to 'bad' multicultural approaches being adopted. Simultaneously, within official enunciations at national level, a consistent anti-racist stance is emphasised in order to 'redress' apartheid's legacies. I argue that such initiatives are limited due to their structurally functionalist underpinnings and their failure to address the complexity of identities contained within the classifications of 'black' and 'white'. I argue that, on both the macro and the micro level, questions of identity and difference are central in developing a school (and societal) environment that is not only free from racism, but other forms of discrimination too.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cambridge Journal of Education Anti‐racism and the 'New' South African Educational Order","attachmentId":54347417,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34475437/Cambridge_Journal_of_Education_Anti_racism_and_the_New_South_African_Educational_Order","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34475437/Cambridge_Journal_of_Education_Anti_racism_and_the_New_South_African_Educational_Order"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="125778891" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125778891/Race_class_and_the_democratic_project_in_contemporary_South_African_education_Working_and_reworking_the_law">Race, class, and the democratic project in contemporary South African education: Working and reworking the law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3206456" href="https://uct.academia.edu/CrainSoudien">Crain Soudien</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Education Policy Analysis Archives, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Democratization of the South African education system was significantly advanced by the South African Schools Act (SASA) promulgated in 1996. SASA gave parents the power to direct the course and substance of their children's education in important ways. The circumstances of its origination, however, left in place crucial features of the country's apartheid education system. Central among these were white parent's rights to determine their schools' admission and language policies. In this contribution I explore the tensions over democratic principles experienced by the South African government in correcting SASA to manage parents' control over these key school policies. I do so through a critical engagement with the positions that have emerged in the process currently underway to consider the Basic Education Laws Amendment Bill (BELA). I argue these positions represent a struggle in play over whether the future South African school system will be marked by ongoing and new forms of race and class domination.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Race, class, and the democratic project in contemporary South African education: Working and reworking the law","attachmentId":119760192,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125778891/Race_class_and_the_democratic_project_in_contemporary_South_African_education_Working_and_reworking_the_law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125778891/Race_class_and_the_democratic_project_in_contemporary_South_African_education_Working_and_reworking_the_law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="47447246" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47447246/Caste_Class_and_Race_Continuities_and_Discontinuities_across_Indian_and_South_African_Schools">Caste, Class and Race: Continuities and Discontinuities across Indian and South African Schools</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13724649" href="https://uct.academia.edu/csoudien">crain soudien</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">South African Historical Journal, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Caste, Class and Race: Continuities and Discontinuities across Indian and South African Schools","attachmentId":66536043,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47447246/Caste_Class_and_Race_Continuities_and_Discontinuities_across_Indian_and_South_African_Schools","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47447246/Caste_Class_and_Race_Continuities_and_Discontinuities_across_Indian_and_South_African_Schools"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="86974378" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86974378/A_Return_to_Educational_Apartheid">A Return to Educational Apartheid</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="173290090" href="https://independent.academia.edu/selwyndoug">doug selwyn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Critical Education, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Series co-editors Renner and Selwyn introduce a special series of articles focusing on the articulation of race, schools, and segregation. Each of the articles in this series will analyze the extent to which schooling may or may not be returning to a state of educational apartheid.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Return to Educational Apartheid","attachmentId":91311609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86974378/A_Return_to_Educational_Apartheid","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86974378/A_Return_to_Educational_Apartheid"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":30481631,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":30481631,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_30481631" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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