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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_gender_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_gender_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gender and gender expression</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender_and_gender_expression-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Queercore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queercore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Visual art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspectives_on_drugs_and_alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspectives_on_drugs_and_alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Perspectives on drugs and alcohol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perspectives_on_drugs_and_alcohol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perspectives on drugs and alcohol subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perspectives_on_drugs_and_alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inhalable_solvents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhalable_solvents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Inhalable solvents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhalable_solvents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Straight_edge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Straight_edge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Straight edge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Straight_edge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle_and_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle_and_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Lifestyle and community</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lifestyle_and_community-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lifestyle and community subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle_and_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authenticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authenticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Authenticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authenticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_other_subcultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_other_subcultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Interactions with other subcultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_other_subcultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Persecution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Persecution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>East Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Global perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global perspectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Punk subculture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثقافة البانك الفرعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة البانك الفرعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pank_subm%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Pank submədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pank submədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Панк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Панк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Панк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Пънк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пънк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_punk" title="Movimiento punk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Movimiento punk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punka_subkulturo" title="Punka subkulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Punka subkulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="خرده‌فرهنگ پانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرده‌فرهنگ پانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_punk" title="Mouvement punk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement punk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movemento_punk" title="Movemento punk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Movemento punk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%91%ED%81%AC_%EC%84%9C%EB%B8%8C%EC%BB%AC%EC%B2%98" title="펑크 서브컬처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펑크 서브컬처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_(subcultura)" title="Punk (subcultura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punk (subcultura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7_(Punk)" title="פאנק (Punk) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאנק (Punk)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პანკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankai" title="Pankai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pankai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Панк поткултура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Панк поткултура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_%C3%B9ng-hu%C3%A1" title="Punk ùng-huá – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Punk ùng-huá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ပန့်ခ် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန့်ခ် ယဉ်ကျေးမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_(cultuur)" title="Punk (cultuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punk (cultuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="पंक सबकल्चर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पंक सबकल्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF_(%E3%82%B5%E3%83%96%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC)" title="パンク (サブカルチャー) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンク (サブカルチャー)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B8nkkultur" title="Pønkkultur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pønkkultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_punk" title="Cultura punk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura punk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panker" title="Panker – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Panker" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcultura_punk" title="Subcultura punk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Subcultura punk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Панк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pank" title="Pank – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pank" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Панк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_(supkultura)" title="Punk (supkultura) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Punk (supkultura)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk" title="Punk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Punk kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Punk kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Панки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Панки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AC%85%E5%AE%A2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="鬅客文化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鬅客文化" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punk_Red_Mohawk_Morecambe_2003.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Punk_Red_Mohawk_Morecambe_2003.jpeg/220px-Punk_Red_Mohawk_Morecambe_2003.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Punk_Red_Mohawk_Morecambe_2003.jpeg/330px-Punk_Red_Mohawk_Morecambe_2003.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Punk_Red_Mohawk_Morecambe_2003.jpeg/440px-Punk_Red_Mohawk_Morecambe_2003.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Punk with a red <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle" title="Mohawk hairstyle">mohawk</a> at Morecambe, Lancashire, England, 2003</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punk_fashion_circa_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Punk_fashion_circa_1986.jpg/220px-Punk_fashion_circa_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Punk_fashion_circa_1986.jpg/330px-Punk_fashion_circa_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Punk_fashion_circa_1986.jpg/440px-Punk_fashion_circa_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Two punks in 1986</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist template-anarchism-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchism" title="Category:Anarchism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anarchy-symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol"><img alt=""Circle-A" anarchy symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/75px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/113px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anarchy-symbol.svg/150px-Anarchy-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism" title="Glossary of anarchism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_schools_of_thought" title="Category:Anarchist schools of thought">Schools of thought</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Primitivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Naturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchism" title="Philosophical anarchism">Philosophical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_anarchism" title="Postcolonial anarchism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="African anarchism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parecon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parecon">Parecon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Without adjectives</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Methodology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">Illegalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Pacifist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_anarchism" title="Synthesis anarchism">Synthesis</a></li></ul> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_theory" title="Category:Anarchist theory">Theory</a></li> <li>Practice</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_Black_Cross" title="Anarchist Black Cross">Anarchist Black Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_criminology" title="Anarchist criminology">Anarchist criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Anti-militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_group" title="Affinity group">Affinity group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_social_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous social center">Autonomous social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">Consensus decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontalidad" title="Horizontalidad">Horizontalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory politics">Participatory politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_autonomous_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent autonomous zone">Permanent autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefigurative_politics" title="Prefigurative politics">Prefigurative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (anarchism)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_culture" title="Security culture">Security culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatherapy">Somatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Autonomous_Zone" title="Temporary Autonomous Zone">Temporary autonomous zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_egoists" title="Union of egoists">Union of egoists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchists" title="Category:Anarchists">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Armand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bonanno" title="Alfredo Bonanno">Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_Bourdin" title="Martial Bourdin">Bourdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Faure" title="Sébastien Faure">Faure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fauset_MacDonald" title="Thomas Fauset MacDonald">Fauset MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severino_Di_Giovanni" title="Severino Di Giovanni">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Prada" title="Manuel González Prada">González Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guillaume" title="James Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhen_(anarchist)" title="He Zhen (anarchist)">He-Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanno_Sugako" title="Kanno Sugako">Kanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shifu" title="Liu Shifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Flores_Mag%C3%B3n" title="Ricardo Flores Magón">Magón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorii_Maksimov" title="Grigorii Maksimov">Maksimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mett" title="Ida Mett">Mett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Margall" title="Francesc Pi i Margall">Pi i Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pouget" title="Émile Pouget">Pouget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D" title="Hiratsuka Raichō">Raichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lis%C3%A9e_Reclus" title="Élisée Reclus">Reclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Abad_de_Santill%C3%A1n" title="Diego Abad de Santillán">Santillán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Ward" title="Colin Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efim_Yarchuk" title="Efim Yarchuk">Yarchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Issues_in_anarchism" title="Category:Issues in anarchism">Issues</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_capitalism" title="Anarchism and capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_education" title="Anarchism and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Love and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_violence" title="Anarchism and violence">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Regional_Federation_of_the_IWA" title="Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA">Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1872)" title="Hague Congress (1872)">Hague Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonal_rebellion" title="Cantonal rebellion">Cantonal rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Thirty" title="Trial of the Thirty">Trial of the Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Rome_for_the_Social_Defense_Against_Anarchists" title="International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists">International Conference of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrer_movement" title="Ferrer movement">Ferrer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandzha_Commune" title="Strandzha Commune">Strandzha Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anarchist_Congress_of_Amsterdam" title="International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam">Congress of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Week_(Spain)" title="Tragic Week (Spain)">Tragic Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Treason_Incident" title="High Treason Incident">High Treason Incident</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen" title="Manifesto of the Sixteen">Manifesto of the Sixteen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_United_States_anarchist_bombings" title="1919 United States anarchist bombings">1919 United States bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amakasu_Incident" title="Amakasu Incident">Amakasu Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt_Llobregat_insurrection" title="Alt Llobregat insurrection">Alt Llobregat insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_January_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of January 1933">Anarchist insurrection of January 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_insurrection_of_December_1933" title="Anarchist insurrection of December 1933">Anarchist insurrection of December 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_May_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona May Days">Barcelona May Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_inverted_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Red inverted triangle">Red inverted triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labadie_Collection" title="Labadie Collection">Labadie Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sharpley_Library" title="Kate Sharpley Library">Kate Sharpley Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">Carnival Against Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Really_Really_Free_Market" title="Really Really Free Market">Really Really Free Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_culture" title="Category:Anarchist culture">Culture</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_bookfair" title="Anarchist bookfair">Anarchist bookfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_the_arts" title="Anarchism and the arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escuela_Moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Moderna">Escuela Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infoshop" title="Infoshop">Infoshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Media_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Media Center">Independent Media Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle anarchism">Lifestylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_gods,_no_masters" class="mw-redirect" title="No gods, no masters">No gods, no masters</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_cheerleading" title="Radical cheerleading">Radical cheerleading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_social_center" title="Self-managed social center">Self-managed social center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarchist_economics" title="Category:Anarchist economics">Economics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">General strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give-away_shop" title="Give-away shop">Give-away shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_bank" title="Mutual bank">Mutual bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">Mutual credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_movements_by_region" title="List of anarchist movements by region">By region</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Africa" title="Anarchism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Albania" title="Anarchism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Algeria" title="Anarchism in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Andorra" title="Anarchism in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Argentina" title="Anarchism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Armenia" title="Anarchism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Austria" title="Anarchism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anarchism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bangladesh" title="Anarchism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belarus" title="Anarchism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Belgium" title="Anarchism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bolivia" title="Anarchism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Anarchism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Brazil" title="Anarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Bulgaria" title="Anarchism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Canada" title="Anarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Chile" title="Anarchism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Colombia" title="Anarchism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Anarchism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Croatia" title="Anarchism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cuba" title="Anarchism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Cyprus" title="Anarchism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Denmark" title="Anarchism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Anarchism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_East_Timor" title="Anarchism in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ecuador" title="Anarchism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_El_Salvador" title="Anarchism in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Estonia" title="Anarchism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Finland" title="Anarchism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_France" title="Anarchism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_French_Guiana" title="Anarchism in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Georgia" title="Anarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Germany" title="Anarchism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Greece" title="Anarchism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Guatemala" title="Anarchism in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Anarchism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Hungary" title="Anarchism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iceland" title="Anarchism in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_India" title="Anarchism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Indonesia" title="Anarchism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Iran" title="Anarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ireland" title="Anarchism in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Israel" title="Anarchism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Japan" title="Anarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Korea" title="Anarchism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Latvia" title="Anarchism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Malaysia" title="Anarchism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mexico" title="Anarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Monaco" title="Anarchism in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Mongolia" title="Anarchism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Morocco" title="Anarchism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Anarchism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nicaragua" title="Anarchism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Nigeria" title="Anarchism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Norway" title="Anarchism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Panama" title="Anarchism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Paraguay" title="Anarchism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Peru" title="Anarchism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_Philippines" title="Anarchism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Poland" title="Anarchism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Portugal" title="Anarchism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Anarchism in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Romania" title="Anarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Serbia" title="Anarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Singapore" title="Anarchism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Sweden" title="Anarchism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Switzerland" title="Anarchism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Syria" title="Anarchism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Taiwan" title="Anarchism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Tunisia" title="Anarchism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Turkey" title="Anarchism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Ukraine" title="Anarchism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anarchism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Anarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Venezuela" title="Anarchism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Vietnam" title="Anarchism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarcho-punk_bands" title="List of anarcho-punk bands">Anarcho-punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_anarchism" title="List of books about anarchism">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_anarchists" title="List of fictional anarchists">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_dealing_with_anarchism" title="List of films dealing with anarchism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_anarchists" title="List of Jewish anarchists">Jewish anarchists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_musicians" title="List of anarchist musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anarchist_periodicals" title="List of anarchist periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anarchism" title="Outline of anarchism">Related topics</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_anarchism_and_libertarianism" title="Definition of anarchism and libertarianism">Definition of anarchism and libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Power">Dual Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Friedrich_Nietzsche_and_Max_Stirner" title="Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner">Relationship between Friedrich<br />Nietzsche and Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackFlagSymbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/15px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/23px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/30px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/15px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/23px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/30px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarchism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>punk subculture</b> includes a diverse and widely known array of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">ideologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">fashion</a>, and other forms of expression, <a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">visual art</a>, dance, <a href="/wiki/Punk_literature" title="Punk literature">literature</a>, and film. Largely characterised by anti-establishment views, the promotion of individual freedom, and the <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethics</a>, the culture originated from <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>. </p><p>The punk ethos is primarily made up of beliefs such as non-conformity, <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corporatism">anti-corporatism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">do-it-yourself ethic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-consumerist">anti-consumerist</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Corporate_greed" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate greed">corporate greed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, and not "<a href="/wiki/Selling_out" title="Selling out">selling out</a>". </p><p>There is a wide range of punk fashion, including T-shirts, leather jackets, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Dr. Martens</a> boots, hairstyles such as brightly coloured hair and spiked mohawks, cosmetics, tattoos, jewellery, and <a href="/wiki/Body_modification" title="Body modification">body modification</a>. Women in the hardcore scene typically wore clothing categorised as masculine.<sup id="cite_ref-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, which typically has <a href="/wiki/Underground_art" title="Underground art">underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> sensibilities. Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, and has its own <a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">underground press</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">zines</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">punk-themed films</a> have been made. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_punk_subculture" title="History of the punk subculture">History of the punk subculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_punk_US-c1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Young_punk_US-c1984.jpg/170px-Young_punk_US-c1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Young_punk_US-c1984.jpg/255px-Young_punk_US-c1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Young_punk_US-c1984.jpg/340px-Young_punk_US-c1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>Punks in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>The punk subculture emerged in the mid-1970s; in New York in 1974 and in the United Kingdom in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some suggest the name "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/punk#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:punk">punk</a>" was borrowed from prison slang.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early punk had an abundance of antecedents and influences, and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Savage" title="Jon Savage">Jon Savage</a> describes the subculture as a "<a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a>" of almost every previous youth culture in the Western world since World War II, "stuck together with safety pins".<sup id="cite_ref-Savage_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, the subculture began to diversify, which led to the proliferation of factions such as <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Tone_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">street punk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a>. Hardcore punk, street punk, and Oi! sought to do away with the frivolities introduced in the later years of the original punk movement.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The punk subculture influenced other <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a> scenes such as <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">indie music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">crossover thrash</a>, and the extreme subgenres of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">speed metal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/NWOBHM" class="mw-redirect" title="NWOBHM">NWOBHM</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_band_photo_of_the_Buzzcocks_(Edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_band_photo_of_the_Buzzcocks_%28Edit%29.jpg/220px-The_band_photo_of_the_Buzzcocks_%28Edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_band_photo_of_the_Buzzcocks_%28Edit%29.jpg/330px-The_band_photo_of_the_Buzzcocks_%28Edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_band_photo_of_the_Buzzcocks_%28Edit%29.jpg/440px-The_band_photo_of_the_Buzzcocks_%28Edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buzzcocks" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cropredy_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropredy Festival">Cropredy Festival</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually played by bands consisting of a vocalist, one or two electric guitarists, an electric bassist, and a drummer. In some bands, the musicians contribute backup vocals, which typically consist of shouted slogans, choruses, or <a href="/wiki/Football_chant" title="Football chant">football-style chants</a>. </p><p>While most punk rock uses distorted guitars and noisy drumming sounds derived from 1960s <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> and 1970s <a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">pub rock</a>, some punk bands incorporate elements from other subgenres, such as <a href="/wiki/Surf_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf rock">surf rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>. Most punk rock songs are short, have simple and somewhat basic arrangements using relatively few chords, and typically have lyrics that express punk ideologies and values, although some punk lyrics are about lighter topics such as partying or <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">romantic relationships</a>. </p><p>Different punk subcultures often distinguish themselves by having a unique style of punk rock, although not every style of punk rock has its own associated subculture. </p><p>The earliest form of music to be called "punk rock" was 1960s <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a>, and the term was applied to the genre retroactively by influential rock critics in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1960s, music now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Protopunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Protopunk">protopunk</a> originated as a garage rock revival in the northeastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first distinct music scene to claim the <i>punk</i> label appeared in New York City between 1974 and 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time or soon afterward, a punk scene developed in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrington2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrington2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los Angeles subsequently became home to the third major punk scene.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three cities formed the backbone of the burgeoning movement, but there were also other punk scenes in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> in Australia, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in Canada, and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in the United States. </p><p>The punk subculture advocates a do-it-yourself (DIY) ethic. During the subculture's infancy members were almost all from a lower economic class, and had become tired of the affluence that was associated with popular rock music at the time. Punks would publish their own music or sign with small independent labels, in hopes to combat what they saw as a money-hungry music industry. The DIY ethic is still popular with punks. </p><p>The New York City punk rock scene arose from a subcultural underground promoted by artists, reporters, musicians, and a wide variety of non-mainstream enthusiasts. <a href="/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground" title="The Velvet Underground">The Velvet Underground</a>'s harsh and experimental yet often melodic sound in the mid to late-1960s, much of it relating to <a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">transgressive media</a> work by visual artist <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>, is credited for influencing 1970s bands such as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Dolls" title="New York Dolls">New York Dolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">the Stooges</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologies">Ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punkertreffen_1984_-_Ausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Punkertreffen_1984_-_Ausschnitt.jpg/220px-Punkertreffen_1984_-_Ausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Punkertreffen_1984_-_Ausschnitt.jpg/330px-Punkertreffen_1984_-_Ausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Punkertreffen_1984_-_Ausschnitt.jpg/440px-Punkertreffen_1984_-_Ausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>A punk faces a line of riot police at the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Chaos_Days" title="Chaos Days">Chaos Days</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Punk political ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom and <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> views. Common punk viewpoints include <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">individual liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarianism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a>, non-conformity, anti-<a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, anti-government, <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, and not "<a href="/wiki/Selling_out" title="Selling out">selling out</a>". </p><p>Some groups and individuals that try to self-identify as being a part of the punk subculture hold pro-Nazi or Fascist views, however, these Nazi/Fascist groups are rejected by almost all of the punk subculture. The belief that such views are opposed to the original ethos of the punk subculture, and its history, has led to internal conflicts and an active push against such views being considered part of punk subculture at all. Two examples of this are an incident during the 2016 American Music Awards, where the band <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a> chanted anti-racist and anti-fascist messages,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an incident at a show by the <a href="/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys" title="Dropkick Murphys">Dropkick Murphys</a>, when bassist and singer Ken Casey tackled an individual for giving a Nazi-style salute and later stated that Nazis are not welcome at a Dropkick Murphys show. Band member Tim Brennan later reaffirmed this sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Punks_Fuck_Off" title="Nazi Punks Fuck Off">Nazi Punks Fuck Off</a>" by hardcore punk band <a href="/wiki/Dead_Kennedys" title="Dead Kennedys">Dead Kennedys</a> is a standout example.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early British punks expressed <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> and anarchist views with the slogan <i>No Future</i>, which came from the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> song "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen_(Sex_Pistols_song)" title="God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)">God Save the Queen</a>". In the United States, punks had a different approach to nihilism which was less anarchistic than the British punks.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punk nihilism was expressed in the use of "harder, more self-destructive, consciousness-obliterating substances like heroin, or methamphetamine".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion">Fashion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punk-27947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Punk-27947.jpg/220px-Punk-27947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Punk-27947.jpg/330px-Punk-27947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Punk-27947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Two British punks in the early 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect: ripped clothing was held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape; ordinary clothing was customised by embellishing it with marker or adorning it with paint; a black <a href="/wiki/Bin_liner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bin liner">bin liner</a> became a dress, shirt or skirt; safety pins and razor blades were used as jewellery. Also popular have been leather, rubber, and <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> clothing that is often associated with transgressive <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexuality</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)" title="Bondage (BDSM)">BDSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadism_and_masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadism and masochism">S&M</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A designer associated with early UK punk fashion was <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a>, who made clothes for <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren" title="Malcolm McLaren">Malcolm McLaren</a>'s boutique in the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a>, which became famous as "<a href="/wiki/Sex_(boutique)" title="Sex (boutique)">SEX</a>". </p><p>Many punks wear tight "drainpipe" jeans, plaid/tartan trousers, kilts or skirts, T-shirts, leather jackets (often decorated with painted band logos, pins and buttons, and metal studs, chains or spikes), and footwear such as high-cut <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars" title="Chuck Taylor All-Stars">Chuck Taylors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trainers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainers">trainers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skate_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Skate shoes">skate shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brothel_creeper" title="Brothel creeper">brothel creepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Dr. Martens</a> boots, and <a href="/wiki/Army_boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Army boots">army boots</a>. Early punks occasionally wore clothes displaying a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> for shock value; Vivienne Westwood's <i>DESTROY</i> shirt featured an upside-down crucified Jesus and a swastika, notably worn by members of the Sex Pistols.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most contemporary punks are staunchly anti-racist and are more likely to wear a crossed-out swastika symbol than a pro-Nazi symbol. Some punks cut their hair into <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_hairstyle" title="Mohawk hairstyle">mohawks</a> or other dramatic shapes, style it to stand in spikes, and colour it with vibrant, unnatural hues. </p><p>Some punks are <i>anti-fashion</i>, arguing that punk should be defined by music or ideology. Punk clothing choices challenge the way in which individuals in a nation dress, and the ideals of a traditionalist nation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is most common in the post-1980s US <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> scene, where members of the subculture often dressed in plain T-shirts and jeans, rather than the more elaborate outfits and spiked, dyed hair of their British counterparts. Many groups adopt a look based on street clothes and working-class outfits. Hardcore punk fans adopted a <i>dressed-down</i> style of T-shirts, jeans, combat boots or trainers, and <a href="/wiki/Crewcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewcut">crewcuts</a>. Women in the hardcore scene typically wore army trousers, band T-shirts, and hooded jumpers.<sup id="cite_ref-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style of the 1980s hardcore scene contrasted with the more provocative fashion styles of late 1970s punk rockers (elaborate <a href="/wiki/Punk_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk hair">hairdos</a>, torn clothes, patches, safety pins, studs, spikes, etc.). <a href="/wiki/Circle_Jerks" title="Circle Jerks">Circle Jerks</a> frontman <a href="/wiki/Keith_Morris" title="Keith Morris">Keith Morris</a> described early hardcore fashion as "the...punk scene was basically based on English fashion. But we had nothing to do with that. <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a> and the Circle Jerks were so far from that. We looked like the kid who worked at the <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">gas station</a> or <a href="/wiki/Submarine_sandwich" title="Submarine sandwich">submarine</a> shop."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry Rollins echoes Morris' point, stating that for him getting dressed up meant putting on a black shirt and some dark pants; Rollins viewed an interest in fashion as being a distraction.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jimmy Gestapo from <a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_Law_(band)" title="Murphy's Law (band)">Murphy's Law</a> describes his own transition from dressing in a punk style (spiked hair and a <a href="/wiki/Bondage_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondage belt">bondage belt</a>) to adopting a hardcore style (i.e. boots and a shaved head) as being based on a need for more functional clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A punk scholar states that "hardcore kids do not look like punks", since hardcore scene members wore basic clothing and short haircuts, in contrast to the "embellished leather jackets and pants" worn in the punk scene.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to Morris' and Rollins' views, another punk scholar claims that the standard hardcore punk clothing and styles included torn jeans, leather jackets, spiked armbands and dog collars, mohawk hairstyles, and DIY ornamentation of clothes with studs, painted band names, political statements, and patches.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another punk scholar describes the look that was common in the San Francisco hardcore scene as consisting of biker-style leather jackets, chains, studded wristbands, pierced noses and multiple piercings, painted or tattooed statements (e.g. an anarchy symbol), and hairstyles ranging from military-style haircuts dyed black or blonde to mohawks and shaved heads.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in 2013 hosted a comprehensive exhibit, <i>PUNK: Chaos to Couture</i>, that examined the techniques of hardware, distress, and re-purposing in punk fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_and_gender_expression">Gender and gender expression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gender and gender expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in punk">Women in punk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_Distras_AWOD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Louise_Distras_AWOD.jpg/170px-Louise_Distras_AWOD.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Louise_Distras_AWOD.jpg/255px-Louise_Distras_AWOD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Louise_Distras_AWOD.jpg/340px-Louise_Distras_AWOD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louise_Distras" title="Louise Distras">Louise Distras</a>, advocate of crowdfunding, performing</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, the advent of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> in the late 1970s with its "anyone can do it" ethos led to women making significant contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the rock music and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> scenes of the 1970s, which were dominated by men, the anarchic, counter-cultural mindset of the punk scene in mid- and late 1970s encouraged women to participate. "That was the beauty of the punk thing," <a href="/wiki/Chrissie_Hynde" title="Chrissie Hynde">Chrissie Hynde</a> later said. "[Sexual] discrimination didn't exist in that scene."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This participation played a role in the historical development of punk music, especially in the US and UK at that time, and continues to influence and enable future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rock historian Helen Reddington states that the popular image of young punk women musicians as focused on the fashion aspects of the scene (fishnet stockings, spiky blond hair, etc.) was stereotypical. She states that many, if not most women punks were more interested in the ideology and socio-political implications, rather than the fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music historian Caroline Coon contends that before punk, women in rock music were virtually invisible; in contrast, in punk, she argues "[i]t would be possible to write the whole history of punk music without mentioning any male bands at all – and I think a lot of [people] would find that very surprising."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Rotten" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnny Rotten">Johnny Rotten</a> wrote that 'During the Pistols era, women were out there playing with the men, taking us on in equal terms ... It wasn't combative, but compatible.'<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were involved in bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Runaways" title="The Runaways">The Runaways</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Slits" title="The Slits">The Slits</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Raincoats" title="The Raincoats">The Raincoats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mo-dettes" title="Mo-dettes">Mo-dettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Mixture_(band)" title="Dolly Mixture (band)">Dolly Mixture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Innocents_(UK_punk_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Innocents (UK punk band)">The Innocents</a>. </p><p>Others take issue with the notion of equal recognition, such as guitarist <a href="/wiki/Viv_Albertine" title="Viv Albertine">Viv Albertine</a>, who stated that "the A&R men, the bouncers, the sound mixers, no one took us seriously. So, no, we got no respect anywhere we went. People just didn't want us around."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anti-establishment stance of punk opened the space for women who were treated like outsiders in a male-dominated industry. <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Youth" title="Sonic Youth">Sonic Youth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kim_Gordon" title="Kim Gordon">Kim Gordon</a> states, "I think women are natural anarchists, because you're always operating in a male framework."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_and_appearance">Body and appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Body and appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For some punks, the body was a symbol of opposition, a political statement expressing disgust of all that was "normal" and socially accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was to make others outside of the subculture question their own views, which made gender presentation and gender identity a popular factor to be played with. In some ways, punk helped to tear apart the normalised view of gender as a dichotomy. There was a notable amount of cross-dressing in the punk scene; it was not unusual to see men wearing ripped-up skirts, fishnet tights, and excessive makeup, or to see women with shaved heads wearing oversized plaid shirts and jean jackets and heavy combat boots. Punk created a new cultural space for androgyny and all kinds of gender expression.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In trying to reject societal norms, punk embraced one societal norm by deciding that strength and anger was best expressed through masculinity, defining masculine as the "default", where gender did not exist or had no meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-LeBlanc_1999_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_1999-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the main reasoning behind this argument equates femininity with popular conceptions of beauty. Everything that was normally supposed to be hidden was brought to the front, both literally and figuratively. This could mean anything from wearing bras and underwear on top of clothing to wearing nothing but a bra and underwear. Although that act can seem sexualised, to punks it was just a way of self-expression.<sup id="cite_ref-LeBlanc_1999_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeBlanc_1999-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punk seemed to allow people to sexualise themselves and still be taken seriously. </p><p>The nature of punk allowed many to create a non-gender-conforming style. Punks could be free to use femininity or masculinity to make what they were doing even more shocking to their audience. It became popular for some punks to accentuate societal norms.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one concert, <a href="/wiki/Donita_Sparks" title="Donita Sparks">Donita Sparks</a>, lead singer of the band <a href="/wiki/L7_(band)" title="L7 (band)">L7</a>, pulled out her tampon and threw it into the audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riot_grrrl">Riot grrrl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Riot grrrl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></div> <p>Riot grrrl is an <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> movement that originated in the early 1990s in Washington, D.C.,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a>, which is sometimes seen as its starting point. It has also been described as a musical genre that came out of indie rock, with the punk scene serving as an inspiration for a musical movement in which women could express themselves in the same way men had been doing for the past several years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queercore">Queercore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Queercore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></div><p>Queercore is punk movement that focuses on <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> issues. Queercore is an anti-establishment subculture based around a rejection of <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a>. This rejection extends beyond mainstream society and resists <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> in the larger punk scene. Queercore is an offshoot of the hardcore punk scene and draws its name from a combination of the words "<a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>" and "hardcore." As in the larger punk scene, DIY is an integral component of the queercore subculture. Many zines that came out of the riot grrrl movement explored issues of queer identity, contributing to the queercore subculture. The queercore and riot grrrl subcultures are often considered to be connected. These two punk scenes are intertwined, with many bands being both queercore and riot grrrl.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk visual art</a></div> <p>Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually with <a href="/wiki/Underground_art" title="Underground art">underground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> sensibilities. Punk artwork graces <a href="/wiki/Album_cover" title="Album cover">album covers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flyer_(pamphlet)" title="Flyer (pamphlet)">flyers</a> for concerts, and <a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">punk zines</a>. Usually straightforward with clear messages, punk art is often concerned with political issues such as <a href="/wiki/Social_injustice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social injustice">social injustice</a> and economic disparity. The use of images of suffering to shock and create feelings of empathy in the viewer is common. Alternatively, punk artwork may contain images of selfishness, stupidity, or apathy to provoke contempt in the viewer. </p><p>Much of the earlier artwork was black and white, because it was distributed in <a href="/wiki/Zines" class="mw-redirect" title="Zines">zines</a> and reproduced by photocopying at work, school, or at copy shops. Punk art also uses the <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> aesthetic of <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s Factory studio. Punk played a hand in the revival of <a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">stencil</a> art, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationists</a> also influenced the look of punk art, particularly that of the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Reid" title="Jamie Reid">Jamie Reid</a>. Punk art often uses <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a>, exemplified by the art of Jamie Reid, Crass, The Clash, <a href="/wiki/Dead_Kennedys" title="Dead Kennedys">Dead Kennedys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Smith_(artist)" title="Winston Smith (artist)">Winston Smith</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Holmstrom" title="John Holmstrom">John Holmstrom</a> was a punk <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> who created work for the <a href="/wiki/Ramones" title="Ramones">Ramones</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Punk_(magazine)" title="Punk (magazine)">Punk</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance">Dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moshing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moshing.jpg/220px-Moshing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moshing.jpg/330px-Moshing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moshing.jpg/440px-Moshing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption>A crowd of fans at a punk show in Italy in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Two dance styles associated with punk are <a href="/wiki/Pogo_(dance)" title="Pogo (dance)">pogo dancing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">moshing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-popmatters_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popmatters-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pogo is a dance in which the dancers jump up and down, while either remaining on the spot or moving around; the dance takes its name from its resemblance to the use of a pogo stick, especially in a common version of the dance, where an individual keeps their torso stiff, their arms rigid, and their legs close together. Pogo dancing is closely associated with punk rock and is a precursor to moshing. Moshing or slamdancing is a style of dance where participants push or slam into each other, typically during a live music show. It is usually associated with "aggressive" music genres, such as hardcore punk and <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stage_diving" title="Stage diving">Stage diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crowd_surfing" title="Crowd surfing">crowd surfing</a> were originally associated with <a href="/wiki/Protopunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Protopunk">protopunk</a> bands such as The Stooges, and have appeared at punk, metal, and rock concerts. <a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a> promoted an updated version of <a href="/wiki/Skank_(dance)" title="Skank (dance)">skanking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardcore dancing">Hardcore dancing</a> is a later development influenced by all of the above-mentioned styles. <a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobillies</a> prefer to "wreck", a form of slam dancing that involves people punching each other in the chest and arms as they move around the circle pit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punk_literature" title="Punk literature">Punk literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_and_US_zines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/UK_and_US_zines.jpg/220px-UK_and_US_zines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/UK_and_US_zines.jpg/330px-UK_and_US_zines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/UK_and_US_zines.jpg/440px-UK_and_US_zines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>UK and US zines, 1994–2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>. Punk has its own <a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">underground press</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">punk zines</a>, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism, and interviews. Some zines take the form of <a href="/wiki/Perzine" title="Perzine">perzines</a>. Important punk zines include <i><a href="/wiki/Maximum_RocknRoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum RocknRoll">Maximum RocknRoll</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Punk_Planet" title="Punk Planet">Punk Planet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/No_Cure" title="No Cure">No Cure</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cometbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cometbus">Cometbus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flipside_(fanzine)" title="Flipside (fanzine)">Flipside</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/RE/Search" class="mw-redirect" title="RE/Search">Search & Destroy</a></i>. Several novels, biographies, autobiographies, and comic books have been written about punk. <i><a href="/wiki/Love_and_Rockets_(comics)" title="Love and Rockets (comics)">Love and Rockets</a></i> is a comic with a plot involving the Los Angeles punk scene. </p><p>Just as zines played an important role in spreading information in the punk era (e.g. British fanzines like Mark Perry's <i><a href="/wiki/Sniffin_Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniffin Glue">Sniffin Glue</a></i> and Shane MacGowan's <i>Bondage</i>), zines also played an important role in the hardcore scene. In the pre-Internet era, zines enabled readers to learn about bands, shows, clubs, and record labels. Zines typically included reviews of shows and records, interviews with bands, letters to the editor, and advertisements for records and labels. Zines were DIY products, "proudly amateur, usually handmade, and always independent", and during the "'90s, zines were the primary way to stay up on punk and hardcore."<sup id="cite_ref-The_A.V._Club_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_A.V._Club-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the "blogs, comment sections, and social networks of their day."<sup id="cite_ref-The_A.V._Club_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_A.V._Club-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the American Midwest, the zine <i>Touch and Go</i> described the regional hardcore scene from 1979 to 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>We Got Power</i> described the LA scene from 1981 to 1984, and included show reviews of and interviews with such bands as Vancouver's <a href="/wiki/D.O.A._(band)" title="D.O.A. (band)">D.O.A.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Misfits_(band)" title="Misfits (band)">Misfits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies" title="Suicidal Tendencies">Suicidal Tendencies</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Circle_Jerks" title="Circle Jerks">Circle Jerks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>My Rules</i> was a photo zine that included photos of hardcore shows from across the US. <i>In Effect</i>, which began in 1988, described the New York City scene.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Punk poets include: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hell" title="Richard Hell">Richard Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Carroll" title="Jim Carroll">Jim Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_Clarke" title="John Cooper Clarke">John Cooper Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Wells" title="Steven Wells">Seething Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raegan_Butcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Raegan Butcher">Raegan Butcher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Stockbroker" title="Attila the Stockbroker">Attila the Stockbroker</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Medway_Poets" title="The Medway Poets">The Medway Poets</a> performance group included punk musician <a href="/wiki/Billy_Childish" title="Billy Childish">Billy Childish</a> and had an influence on <a href="/wiki/Tracey_Emin" title="Tracey Emin">Tracey Emin</a>. Jim Carroll's autobiographical works are among the first known examples of punk literature. The punk subculture has inspired the <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a> literature genres, and has even contributed (through Iggy Pop) to classical scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film">Film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">List of punk films</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Strummer_performing_at_St_Ann%27s_Warehouse,_Brooklyn_-_NYC_Apr_5_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Joe_Strummer_performing_at_St_Ann%27s_Warehouse%2C_Brooklyn_-_NYC_Apr_5_2002.jpg/220px-Joe_Strummer_performing_at_St_Ann%27s_Warehouse%2C_Brooklyn_-_NYC_Apr_5_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Joe_Strummer_performing_at_St_Ann%27s_Warehouse%2C_Brooklyn_-_NYC_Apr_5_2002.jpg/330px-Joe_Strummer_performing_at_St_Ann%27s_Warehouse%2C_Brooklyn_-_NYC_Apr_5_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Joe_Strummer_performing_at_St_Ann%27s_Warehouse%2C_Brooklyn_-_NYC_Apr_5_2002.jpg/440px-Joe_Strummer_performing_at_St_Ann%27s_Warehouse%2C_Brooklyn_-_NYC_Apr_5_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joe_Strummer" title="Joe Strummer">Joe Strummer</a> concert footage from the movie, TV, and radio service <a href="/wiki/Punkcast" title="Punkcast">Punkcast</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">punk-themed films</a> have been made. The <a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No Wave Cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a> movements owe much to punk aesthetics. Several famous punk bands have participated in movies, such as the Ramones in <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_High_School" title="Rock 'n' Roll High School">Rock 'n' Roll High School</a></i>, the Sex Pistols in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Swindle" title="The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle">The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_Distortion" title="Social Distortion">Social Distortion</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Another_State_of_Mind_(film)" title="Another State of Mind (film)">Another State of Mind</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jarman" title="Derek Jarman">Derek Jarman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Letts" title="Don Letts">Don Letts</a> are notable punk filmmakers. <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Spheeris" title="Penelope Spheeris">Penelope Spheeris</a>' first instalment of the documentary trilogy "<a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_Western_Civilization" title="The Decline of Western Civilization">The Decline of Western Civilization</a>" (1981) focuses on the early Los Angeles punk scene through interviews and early concert footage from bands including <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_(band)" title="Black Flag (band)">Black Flag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circle_Jerks" title="Circle Jerks">Circle Jerks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germs_(band)" title="Germs (band)">Germs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fear_(band)" title="Fear (band)">Fear</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_Western_Civilization_III" class="mw-redirect" title="The Decline of Western Civilization III">The Decline of Western Civilization III</a>" explores the <a href="/wiki/Gutter_punk" title="Gutter punk">gutter punk</a> lifestyle in the 1990s. <i><a href="/wiki/Loren_Cass" title="Loren Cass">Loren Cass</a></i> is another example of the punk subculture represented in film.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a> movement has roots in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">J-rock</a> subculture that arose in the 1970s. The filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Sogo_Ishii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogo Ishii">Sogo Ishii</a> introduced this subculture to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese cinema">Japanese cinema</a> with his punk films <i><a href="/wiki/Panic_High_School" title="Panic High School">Panic High School</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Thunder_Road" title="Crazy Thunder Road">Crazy Thunder Road</a></i> (1980), which portrayed the rebellion and anarchy associated with punk, and went on to become highly influential in <a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">underground film</a> circles. <i>Crazy Thunder Road</i> in particular was an influential <a href="/wiki/Biker_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Biker film">biker film</a>, with a punk <a href="/wiki/Biker_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Biker gang">biker gang</a> aesthetic that paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Katsuhiro_Otomo" title="Katsuhiro Otomo">Katsuhiro Otomo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> franchise <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(franchise)" title="Akira (franchise)">Akira</a></i> (1982 debut). Ishii's next film was the frenetic <i>Shuffle</i> (1981), an unofficial short film adaptation of a <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a> by Otomo.<sup id="cite_ref-Midnight_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midnight-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Afro-Punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Punk">Afro-Punk</a></i> covers the black experience in the punk DIY scene.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives_on_drugs_and_alcohol">Perspectives on drugs and alcohol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Perspectives on drugs and alcohol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhalable_solvents">Inhalable solvents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inhalable solvents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Intoxicative_inhalant" class="mw-redirect" title="Intoxicative inhalant">[Glue] sniffing</a> was adopted by punks because public perceptions of sniffing fitted in with their self-image. Originally used experimentally and as a cheap high, adult disgust and hostility encouraged punks to use glue sniffing as a way of shocking society."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Model aeroplane glue and contact cement were among the numerous solvents and inhalants used by punks to achieve euphoria and intoxication. Glue was typically inhaled by placing a quantity in a plastic bag and "huffing" (inhaling) the vapour. Liquid solvents were typically inhaled by soaking a rag with the solvent and inhaling the vapour. While users inhale solvents for the intoxicating effects, the practice can be harmful or fatal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Straight_edge">Straight edge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Straight edge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Straight_Edge_Tattoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Straight_Edge_Tattoo.JPG/220px-Straight_Edge_Tattoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Straight_Edge_Tattoo.JPG/330px-Straight_Edge_Tattoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Straight_Edge_Tattoo.JPG/440px-Straight_Edge_Tattoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A straight edge tattoo</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> is a philosophy of hardcore punk culture, adherents of which refrain from using alcohol, tobacco, and other recreational drugs, in reaction to the excesses of punk subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-exclaim_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exclaim-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some, this extends to refraining from engaging in promiscuous sex, following a vegetarian or <a href="/wiki/Vegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan">vegan</a> diet, and not drinking coffee or taking prescribed medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-exclaim_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exclaim-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>straight edge</i> was adopted from the 1981 song "<a href="/wiki/Straight_Edge_(song)" title="Straight Edge (song)">Straight Edge</a>" by the hardcore punk band <a href="/wiki/Minor_Threat" title="Minor Threat">Minor Threat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Punk_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Punk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Straight edge emerged amid the early-1980s hardcore punk scene. Since then, a wide variety of beliefs and ideas have been associated with the movement, including vegetarianism and animal rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_(1999)_130-40_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood_(1999)_130-40-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood1999_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood1999-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross Haenfler writes that as of the late 1990s, approximately three out of four straight edge participants were vegetarian or vegan.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the commonly expressed aspects of the straight edge subculture have been abstinence from alcohol, nicotine, and illegal drugs, there have been considerable variations on how far to take the interpretations of "abstaining from intoxicants" or "living drug-free". Disagreements often arise as to the primary reasons for living straight edge. Straight edge politics are primarily left-wing and revolutionary but there have been conservative offshoots.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, William Tsitsos wrote that straight edge had gone through three eras since its founding in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bent_edge" title="Bent edge">Bent edge</a> began as a counter-movement to straight edge by members of the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C._hardcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, D.C. hardcore">Washington, D.C. hardcore</a> scene who were frustrated by the rigidity and intolerance in the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_(2003)_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersen_(2003)-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Youth_crew" title="Youth crew">youth crew</a> era, which started in the mid-1980s, the influence of music on the straight edge scene was at an all-time high. By the early 1990s, militant straight edge was a well-known part of the wider punk scene. In the early to mid-1990s, straight edge spread from the United States to Northern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Middle East,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the 2000s, militant straight edge punks had largely left the broader straight edge culture and movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Haenfler_(2006)_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haenfler_(2006)-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle_and_community">Lifestyle and community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lifestyle and community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:924_Gilman_Street_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/924_Gilman_Street_%283%29.jpg/220px-924_Gilman_Street_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/924_Gilman_Street_%283%29.jpg/330px-924_Gilman_Street_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/924_Gilman_Street_%283%29.jpg/440px-924_Gilman_Street_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A band plays on the tiny stage at the Berkeley, California punk venue at 924 Gilman Street</figcaption></figure> <p>Punks come from all culture and economic classes. Compared to some subcultures, punk ideology is much closer to <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>. Although the punk subculture is mostly <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a>, it is overwhelmingly white.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, members of other groups (such as African Americans, other <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a>, Latinos, and Asians) have contributed to the development of the subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substance abuse has sometimes been a part of the punk scene, with the notable exception of the straight edge movement. Violence has also sometimes appeared in the punk subculture, but has been opposed by some subsets of the subculture, such as the pacifist strain <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">anarcho-punk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LastName_1999_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LastName_1999-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Punks often form a local scene, which can have as few as half a dozen members in a small town, or as many as thousands of in a major city.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local scene usually has a small group of dedicated punks surrounded by a more casual periphery. A typical punk scene is made up of punk and hardcore bands, fans who attend concerts, protests, and other events, zine publishers, reviewers, and other writers, visual artists illustrating zines, and creating posters and album covers, show promoters, and people who work at music venues or <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">independent record labels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grossman-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a> plays a role in many punk communities, providing shelter and other forms of support. Squats in abandoned or condemned housing, and communal "<a href="/wiki/Punk_house" title="Punk house">punk houses</a>" often provide bands a place to stay while they are touring. There are some punk <a href="/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune (intentional community)">communes</a>, such as Essex's <a href="/wiki/Dial_House_(Essex,_England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial House (Essex, England)">Dial House</a>. The Internet has been playing an increasingly large role in punk, specifically in the form of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual communities">virtual communities</a> and file sharing programs for trading music files.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authenticity">Authenticity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Authenticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the punk and hardcore subcultures, members of the scene are often evaluated in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a> of their commitment to the values or philosophies of the scene, which may range from political beliefs to lifestyle practices. In the punk subculture, the epithet <i><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">poseur</a></i> (or "poser") is used to describe "a person who habitually pretends to be something [they are] not." The term is used to refer to a person who adopts the dress, speech, and/or mannerisms of a particular subculture, yet who is deemed to not share or understand the values or philosophy of the subculture.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Never one to shy away from criticising the music industry<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even punk culture, in Chickenshit Conformist<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dead Kennedys opined that "Punk's not dead It just deserves to die When it becomes another stale cartoon...Ideas don't matter, it's who you know.", saying punk was in danger of becoming a "meaningless fad" because people had stopped caring about what they saw as the core values of punk ("Change and caring are what's real"). In particular, metal bands, which were seen as an offshoot, they saw as not only as a sell-out, but as morally repugnant to the core values of punk saying labels were making money by signing "the most racist queerbashing bands they can find."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While this perceived inauthenticity is viewed with scorn and contempt by members of the subculture, the definition of the term and to whom it should be applied is subjective. An article in <i>Drowned in Sound</i> argues that 1980s-era "<a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore</a> is the true spirit of punk", because "after all the poseurs and fashionistas fucked off to the next trend of skinny pink ties with <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a> haircuts, singing wimpy lyrics", the punk scene consisted only of people "completely dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> ethics".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proto-punk bands such as <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stooges" title="The Stooges">the Stooges</a>, the Velvet Underground, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Fairies" title="Pink Fairies">Pink Fairies</a>, the Deviants, and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Broughton_Band" title="Edgar Broughton Band">Edgar Broughton Band</a> came out of garage-rock during the late 1960s. Usually, white working-class boys are credited for pioneering the genre, however, there were many women (<a href="/wiki/Patti_Smith" title="Patti Smith">Patti Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a>) and people of colour (the Specials member) who contributed to the original punk sound and aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the original subculture meant to challenge to the mainstream, and punk movement became major it was brought to the mainstream. If punk is commercialised, it is far from street culture.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the paradox of punk; as a subculture, it must always be evolving to stay out of the mainstream. </p><p><i>Punk Girls</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Liz_Ham" title="Liz Ham">Liz Ham</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Photo-book" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo-book">photo-book</a> featuring 100 portraits of Australian women in the punk subculture, and it was published in 2017 by Manuscript Daily.<sup id="cite_ref-Ham2017_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ham2017-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc_punk_girls_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc_punk_girls-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vaultart_book_review_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaultart_book_review-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discrimination against punk subculture is explored with her photographs in the book; these <i>girls</i> who are not mainstream, but "beautiful and talented".<sup id="cite_ref-Ennis2004_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ennis2004-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_other_subcultures">Interactions with other subcultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interactions with other subcultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the first hip hop <a href="/wiki/MC" class="mw-redirect" title="MC">MCs</a> called themselves punk rockers, and some <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">punk fashions</a> have found their way into hip hop dress and vice versa. <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren" title="Malcolm McLaren">Malcolm McLaren</a> played roles in introducing both punk and hip hop to the United Kingdom. Hip hop later influenced some punk and <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore</a> bands, such as the <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hed_PE" title="Hed PE">Hed PE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaggers_I.T.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Blaggers I.T.A.">Blaggers I.T.A.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biohazard_(band)" title="Biohazard (band)">Biohazard</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.Town_Concrete" title="E.Town Concrete">E.Town Concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Transplants" class="mw-redirect" title="The Transplants">The Transplants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refused" title="Refused">Refused</a>. Other rappers and hip-hop acts were influenced by the subcultures of crust punk and hardcore such as <a href="/wiki/City_Morgue" title="City Morgue">City Morgue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">skinhead</a> subculture of the United Kingdom in the late 1960s – which had almost disappeared in the early 1970s – was revived in the late 1970s, partly because of the influence of punk rock, especially the <a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> punk subgenre. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, popular among <a href="/wiki/Trojan_skinhead" title="Trojan skinhead">traditionalist skinheads</a>, has influenced several punk musicians. Punks and skinheads have had both antagonistic and friendly relationships, depending on the social circumstances, time period, and geographic location.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The punk and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> subcultures have shared some similarities since punk's inception. The early 1970s protopunk scene had an influence on the development of heavy metal. <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a> was a forerunner of the fashion and music of both the punk and metal subcultures. <a href="/wiki/Mot%C3%B6rhead" title="Motörhead">Motörhead</a>, since their first album release in 1977, have enjoyed continued popularity in the punk scene, and their now-deceased frontman <a href="/wiki/Lemmy" title="Lemmy">Lemmy</a> was a fan of punk rock. Genres such as <a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">grindcore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">crossover thrash</a> were greatly influenced by punk rock and heavy metal. The <a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">new wave of British heavy metal</a> influenced the <a href="/wiki/UK_82" class="mw-redirect" title="UK 82">UK 82</a>-style of bands like <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(band)" title="Discharge (band)">Discharge</a>, and hardcore was a primary influence on <a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slayer" title="Slayer">Slayer</a>. The early 1990s <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a> subculture was a fusion of punk <a href="/wiki/Anti-fashion" title="Anti-fashion">anti-fashion</a> ideals and metal-influenced guitar sounds. However, hardcore punk and grunge developed in part as reactions against the heavy metal music that was popular during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In punk's heyday, punks faced harassment and attacks from the general public and from members of other subcultures. In the 1980s in the UK, punks were sometimes involved in brawls with <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Boy_(youth_culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Boy (youth culture)">Teddy Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)" title="Greaser (subculture)">greasers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">bikers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mods</a>, and members of other subcultures. There was also considerable enmity between Positive punks (known today as <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goths</a>) and the glamorously dressed <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantics</a>. </p><p>In the late 1970s, punks were known to have had confrontations with <a href="/wiki/Hippies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippies">hippies</a> due to the contrasting ideologies and backlash of the hippie culture.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Penny_Rimbaud" title="Penny Rimbaud">Penny Rimbaud</a> of the English anarcho-punk band <a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a> said that Crass was formed in memory of his friend, the hippie <a href="/wiki/Wally_Hope" title="Wally Hope">Wally Hope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rimbaud also said that Crass were heavily involved with the hippie movement throughout the 1960s and 1970s, with Dial House being established in 1967. Many punks were often critical of Crass for their involvement in the hippie movement. Like Crass, <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra" title="Jello Biafra">Jello Biafra</a> was influenced by the hippie movement and cited the <a href="/wiki/Yippie" class="mw-redirect" title="Yippie">yippies</a> as a key influence on his political activism and thinking, though he did write songs critical of hippies.<sup id="cite_ref-LastName_1999_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LastName_1999-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rivethead" title="Rivethead">rivethead</a> subcultures have had several ties to punk, in terms of music, fashion, and attitude. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a> music (as defined by groups such as <a href="/wiki/Badfinger" title="Badfinger">Badfinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheap_Trick" title="Cheap Trick">Cheap Trick</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Knack" title="The Knack">The Knack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Romantics" title="The Romantics">The Romantics</a>) emerged in mostly the same time frame and geographical area as punk rock, and they shared a great deal musically in terms of playing short songs loud and fast while trying to emphasise catchy feelings. More melodic and pop-influenced punk music has also often been wrapped alongside power pop bands under the general "<a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave music</a>" label.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good example of a genre-straddling "power pop punk" band is the popular <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> group <a href="/wiki/Protex" title="Protex">Protex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, stylistically and lyrically, power pop bands have tended to have a very "not-punk" top 40 commercial pop music influence and a flashier, heavily teen-pop sense of fashion, especially modern power pop groups such as <a href="/wiki/Stereo_Skyline" title="Stereo Skyline">Stereo Skyline</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_Time_Low" title="All Time Low">All Time Low</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution">Persecution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Germany">East Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The punk scene began to emerge in communist <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> in the late 1970s. It shared many similarities with that of the West and was considered by the ruling authorities to be a spread of an international youth sub-culture which had its roots in the US and Western Europe. Indeed, this was an assessment many East German punks shared themselves. According to one, Mario Schulz, "The start was that I liked the music. I did not quite understand the English texts, but this ostentatious experience as an outsider, this capacity to shock, that pleased me. I was already- someone else would probably express it differently- an awkward sod."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the authorities, punk was seen as representing a way of life which was contrary in nature to existing social conventions and values. Punks were, however, not the only youth sub-culture to be considered 'negative decadent'<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a threat to the stability of communist society: heavy metallers, skinheads, and goths were also targeted. While it is hard to ascertain an exact figure, the punk scene in East Germany in the early 1980s was still relatively small. For example, 'In 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> (secret police) identified 1,000 punks and a broader group of 10,000 sympathisers.'<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punks, whether considered as individuals or as groups, were persecuted by both the regular police and the Stasi. More overt methods of persecution by the regular police- such as enforced haircutting, arrest, and physical beatings- were combined unofficially with the more insidious and far-reaching <a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">decomposition methods</a> (trans. Zersetzung) of the Stasi: these involved various forms of <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">infiltration</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> type acts, <a href="/wiki/Framing_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framing (law)">framing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_harassment" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological harassment">psychological harassment</a> methods designed to cause mental health problems, and <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">incarceration on the basis of mental health legislation</a> or on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">crimes ostensibly committed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the methods of the Stasi were difficult to detect and even harder to prove, it allowed them to circumvent international condemnation in regard to the persecution of their own citizens. Aside from being designed to harm people, the methods were also designed to discredit and isolate individuals and break up the various bands and groupings. They relied heavily on the hiring of collaborators who were of a similar disposition to those who were being targeted. According to Stasi officers, this was a task which was harder to achieve with punks due to their 'feeling of belonging together.'<sup id="cite_ref-Berghahn_Books_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berghahn_Books-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the Stasi did have notable success in the repression and decomposition of the punk scene. Former member of the band <i>Namenlos</i>, Jana Schlosser, stated in 1984 when she came out of jail, that "The Stasi had pretty well managed to smash punk."<sup id="cite_ref-Berghahn_Books_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berghahn_Books-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_perspectives">Global perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Global perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The punk subculture has spread to many countries around the world. The fluidity of musical expression in particular makes it an ideal medium for this cross-cultural interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-Huq_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huq-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mexico, punk culture is primarily a phenomenon among the upper-middle class, many of whom were first exposed to punk music through travel to England, but rapidly shifted to the lower-class youth.<sup id="cite_ref-LC_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of low fees at public universities in Mexico, a significant majority of Mexican punks are university students.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated approximately 5,000 young people are active punks in Mexico City, hosting two or three underground shows a week.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These young people often form chavos banda—youth gangs—that organised subculture activity by creating formal meeting spaces and rituals and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Feixa_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feixa-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oral nicknames are a distinguishing feature of Mexican punk, where the tradition of oral culture has influenced the development of nicknames for almost all Mexican punks. Patches are widely used as an inexpensive way to alter clothing and express identity. Though English-language bands like the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Kennedys" title="Dead Kennedys">Dead Kennedys</a> are well known in Mexico, punks there prefer Spanish-language music or covers translated into Spanish. The slam dance style common in the California punk scene of the early 1980s is thoroughly adopted as part of the movement and continues to be the most popular dancing style among punks.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Performance and ideology practices often reflect the socioeconomic circumstances of Mexican punks. Live shows, called "Tocadas" are generally held in public spaces like basketball courts or community centers instead of places of business like venues, bars, and restaurants, as is more common in the United States and Europe. They usually take place in the afternoon and end early to accommodate the two or three hours it takes many punks to return home by public transit. Mexican punk groups rarely release vinyl or CD recordings, usually cassettes are the preferred format.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Mexican punk itself does not have an explicit political agenda, Mexican punks have been active in the <a href="/wiki/Zapatistas_(Mexican_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapatistas (Mexican Revolution)">Zapatista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LC_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LC-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation movement">anti-globalisation movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_115-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Punk arrived slowly in South Africa during the 1970s when waves of British tradesmen welcomed by the then-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">apartheid</a> government brought cultural influences like the popular British music magazine <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sold in South Africa six weeks after publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South African punk developed separately in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> and relied on live performances in <a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">townships</a> and streets as the multi-racial composition of bands and fan bases challenged the legal and social conventions of the apartheid regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political participation is foundational to punk subculture in South Africa. During the apartheid regime, punk was second only to Rock music in its importance to multi-racial interactions in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, any involvement in the punk scene was in itself a political statement. Police harassment was common and the government often censored explicitly political lyrics. Johannesburg-based band <a href="/wiki/National_Wake" title="National Wake">National Wake</a> was routinely censored and even banned for songs like "International News", which challenged the South African government's refusal to acknowledge the racial and political conflict in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-PRI_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRI-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National Wake guitarist Ivan Kadey attributes the punk scene's ability to persevere despite the legal challenges of multi-racial mixing to punk subculture's <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> attitude.<sup id="cite_ref-PRI_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRI-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In post-apartheid South Africa, punk attracted a greater number of white middle-class males than the more diverse makeup of the subculture during the apartheid era. <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a> movement has complicated the position of white South Africans in contemporary society. Punk provides young white men the opportunity to explore and express their minority identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Basson_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basson-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cape Town band <a href="/wiki/Hog_Hoggidy_Hog" title="Hog Hoggidy Hog">Hog Hoggidy Hog</a> sings of the strange status of white Africans: </p> <dl><dd><i>It's my home it's where I'll stay and where I belong,</i></dd> <dd><i>I didn't choose to be here I was born I might seem out of place</i></dd> <dd><i>but everything I hold dear is under the African sun.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Basson_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basson-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Post-apartheid punk subculture continues to be active in South African politics, organising a 2000 festival called Punks Against Racism at Thrashers Statepark in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>. Rather than the sense of despondency and fatalism that characterised 1970s British punk subculture, the politically engaged South African scene is more positive about the future of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Basson_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basson-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Peru punk traces its roots to the band <a href="/wiki/Los_Saicos" title="Los Saicos">Los Saicos</a>, a Lima group that played the unique blend of garage and break dance music that would later be labelled punk as early as the 1960s. The early activity of Los Saicos has led many to claim that punk originated in Lima instead of the UK, as is typically assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though their claim to be the first punk band in the world can be disputed, Los Saicos were undoubtedly the first in Latin America and released their first single in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Latininsight_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latininsight-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Los_Saicos_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Saicos-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group played to full houses and made frequent television appearances throughout the 1960s. Throughout the 1970s, the band was completely forgotten. Years later, a plaque that declares "here the global punk-rock movement was born" was placed at the corner of Miguel Iglesias and Julio C. Tello Streets in Lima.<sup id="cite_ref-Serrano_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serrano-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1980s the punk scene in Peru was highly active. Peruvian punks call themselves <i>subtes</i> and appropriate the subversive implications of the English term "underground" through the Spanish term <i>subterraneo</i> (literally, subterranean).<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s and 1990s subtes made almost exclusive use of cassette recording as a means of circulating music without participating in formal intellectual property and musical production industries. The current scene relies on digital distribution and assumes similar anti-establishment practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many punk subcultures, subtes explicitly oppose the Peruvian state and advocate instead an anarchic resistance that challenges the political and mainstream cultural establishment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A punk subculture originated in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in the 1980s, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Los_Frikis" title="Los Frikis">Los Frikis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Cuban radio stations rarely played rock music, Frikis often listened to music by picking up radio frequencies from stations in nearby Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-Third_Coast_Festival_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Third_Coast_Festival-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many Frikas in the early-1990s entered AIDS clinics by knowingly injecting HIV-positive blood into them, others began congregating at <i>El patio de María</i>, a community centre in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> that was one of the few venues in the city that allowed rock bands to play.<sup id="cite_ref-PRI_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRI-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Frikis also participate in <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> as an act of political defiance.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its beginning, the subculture was seen as a threat to the <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a> of Cuban society, leading to Frikis becoming victims of discrimination and <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PPR_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPR-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/New_Times_Broward-Palm_Beach" title="New Times Broward-Palm Beach">New Times Broward-Palm Beach</a> some Frikis were "rejected by family and often jailed or fined by the government",<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1980s Friki woman Yoandra Cardoso, however, has that argued that much of the response was verbal harassment from law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dionisio Arce, lead vocalist of Cuban <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> band Zeus spent six years in prison due to his part in the Frikis.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some schools would forcibly shave the heads of young Frikis as a form of punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Third_Coast_Festival_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Third_Coast_Festival-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subcultures_in_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of subcultures in the 20th century">History of subcultures in the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hardcore_punk_subgenres" title="List of hardcore punk subgenres">List of hardcore punk subgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_0%E2%80%93K" title="List of punk rock bands, 0–K">List of punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">List of subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres" title="Punk rock subgenres">Punk rock subgenres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock" title="Timeline of punk rock">Timeline of punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrockmeierxDUO_p._12_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/26264/BrockmeierxDUO.pdf?sequence=1">"Not Just Boys' Fun?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Duo.uio.no</i>. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102213941/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/26264/BrockmeierxDUO.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duo.uio.no&rft.atitle=Not+Just+Boys%27+Fun%3F&rft.pages=11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duo.uio.no%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10852%2F26264%2FBrockmeierxDUO.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh,_Dave1971" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Dave (May 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212021532/http://www.creemmagazine.com/ArchivePages/1971_05.html">"Will Success Spoil The Fruit?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Creem" title="Creem">Creem</a> magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creemmagazine.com/ArchivePages/1971_05.html">the original</a> on 12 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Creem+magazine&rft.atitle=Will+Success+Spoil+The+Fruit%3F&rft.date=1971-05&rft.au=Marsh%2C+Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcreemmagazine.com%2FArchivePages%2F1971_05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TM_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_Thurston1996" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Thurston (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceanstar.com/patti/intervus/9601bomb.htm">"Grabbing Ankles"</a>. <i>Bomb Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061025205408/http://www.oceanstar.com/patti/intervus/9601bomb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bomb+Magazine&rft.atitle=Grabbing+Ankles&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Moore%2C+Thurston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oceanstar.com%2Fpatti%2Fintervus%2F9601bomb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2005" class="citation news cs1">Robb, John (5 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427073129/http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/music/features/article324977.ece">"The birth of punk"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/music/features/article324977.ece">the original</a> on 27 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+punk&rft.date=2005-11-05&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenjoyment.independent.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Farticle324977.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Broadcasting_Corporation2003" class="citation web cs1">Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/arts/music/stories/s780315.htm">"Misfits and Malcontents"</a>. Australia: ABC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524182146/http://www.abc.net.au/arts/music/stories/s780315.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Misfits+and+Malcontents&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=ABC&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft.au=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fstories%2Fs780315.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougan,_John" class="citation magazine cs1">Dougan, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-saints">"The Saints: Biography"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090757/https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-saints/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=The+Saints%3A+Biography&rft.au=Dougan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2Fthe-saints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2012" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Johnanathan (14 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/14/where-punk-begin-cinema-peru">"Where did punk begin? A cinema in Peru"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814231754/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/sep/14/where-punk-begin-cinema-peru">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Where+did+punk+begin%3F+A+cinema+in+Peru&rft.date=2012-09-14&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Johnanathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2012%2Fsep%2F14%2Fwhere-punk-begin-cinema-peru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/punk">"Punk"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114105315/https://www.britannica.com/art/punk">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Punk&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fpunk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savage-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Savage_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savage, Jon. <i>Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture</i>. P. xvi. 2007. Viking. England.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204%7CPunk">[1]</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bangs, Lester. <i>Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung.</i> Anchor Books, a division of Random House. 2003. pg. 8, 56, 57, 61, 64, 101: reprints of articles which appeared in 1971 and 1972, that refer to garage bands such as the Count Five and the Troggs as "punk"; pg. 101 associates "Iggy" and "Jonathan of Modern Lovers" with the Troggs and their ilk (as being punk); pg. 112–113 speak of the Guess Who as "punk"--<a href="/wiki/The_Guess_Who" title="The Guess Who">The Guess Who</a> had made recordings (i.e. their hit version of Shakin' All Over," 1965) as a garage rock outfit in the mid 60s; pg. 8 makes a general statement about "punk rock" (garage) as a genre: "...then punk bands started cropping up who were writing their own songs but taking the Yardbirds' sound and reducing it to this kind of goony fuzztone clatter...oh, it was beautiful, it was pure folklore, Old America, and sometimes I think those were the best days ever."; pg. 225 is a reprint from article which appeared in late-70s, that refers back to garage bands as "punk"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laing, Dave. <i>One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock.</i> PM Press. Oakland, CA 2015, 1984. pg. 22–23. "Ellen Willis stated ... that 'the word punk was not used generically until the early seventies when citics began applying it to unregenerate reock-and-rollers with an aggressively lower-class style' ... Greg Shaw wrote that: 'Punk rock in those days was a quaint fanzine term for a transient form of mid-60s music'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsh, D. <i>Creem</i>. May, 1971—from a review of live show by ? & the Mysterions – Marsh refers to their style as "a landmark exposition of punk rock."; >Christgau, Robert. <i>Village Voice.</i> October, 1971 – refers to "mid-60's garage rock as "punk"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Greg. <i>Who Put the Bomp</i>. 1971. – In 1971 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Bomp!" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomp!">Who Put the Bomp</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Shaw" title="Greg Shaw">Greg Shaw</a> wrote about "...what I have chosen to call 'punk rock' bands—white teenage hard rock of '64–66 (<a href="/wiki/Standells" class="mw-redirect" title="Standells">Standells</a>, Kingsmen, <a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadows of Knight">Shadows of Knight</a>, etc.)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaye, Lenny. "Headed, Decked, and Stroked..."--original liner notes for <i>Nuggets</i> LP. (Elektra, 1972): uses the term "punk rock" to describe whole genre of 60s garage bands: "..the name that has been unofficially coined for them – "punk rock" – seems particularly fitting in this case..." >Shaw, Greg. <i>Rolling Stone</i>, 4 January 1973 – review of original <i>Nuggets</i> LP: speaks of whole phenomenon of 60s garage bands as an actual genre called "punk rock": "Punk rock at its best is the closest we came in the 60's to the original rockabilly spirit of Rock 'n Roll..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2698">"Protopunk"</a> from Allmusic.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrington1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrington1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, Joe S. <i>Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'N' Roll</i>. pp. 324–30. 2002. Hal-Leonard. USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrington2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrington2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrington, Joe S. <i>Sonic Cool: The Life & Death of Rock 'N' Roll</i>. pp. 344–50. 2002. Hal-Leonard. USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d11368%7CPunk:LA">Punk</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pleasekillmeunce00mcne"><i>Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk</i></a></span>. Grove Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4264-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4264-1"><bdi>978-0-8021-4264-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Please+Kill+Me%3A+The+Uncensored+Oral+History+of+Punk&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-4264-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpleasekillmeunce00mcne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/video/2016/nov/21/green-day-protest-at-amas-no-trump-no-kkk-no-fascist-usa-video">"Green Day protest at AMAs: 'No Trump, no KKK, no fascist USA' – video"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 21 November 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161121105017/https://www.theguardian.com/music/video/2016/nov/21/green-day-protest-at-amas-no-trump-no-kkk-no-fascist-usa-video">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Green+Day+protest+at+AMAs%3A+%27No+Trump%2C+no+KKK%2C+no+fascist+USA%27+%E2%80%93+video&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fvideo%2F2016%2Fnov%2F21%2Fgreen-day-protest-at-amas-no-trump-no-kkk-no-fascist-usa-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/7647550/dropkick-murphys-interview-boston-11-short-stories-pain-glory">"Dropkick Murphys Will Never Stop Fighting Evil: Tim Brennan on Opposing Fascism, Addiction & Haters"</a>. <i>Billboard.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028063214/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/7647550/dropkick-murphys-interview-boston-11-short-stories-pain-glory">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard.com&rft.atitle=Dropkick+Murphys+Will+Never+Stop+Fighting+Evil%3A+Tim+Brennan+on+Opposing+Fascism%2C+Addiction+%26+Haters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Frock%2F7647550%2Fdropkick-murphys-interview-boston-11-short-stories-pain-glory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-xpm-2012-aug-09-la-et-ms-jello-biafra-nazi-punks-hate-speech-20120809-story.html">"Jello Biafra on 'Nazi Punks' and hate speech"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 9 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021071620/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-xpm-2012-aug-09-la-et-ms-jello-biafra-nazi-punks-hate-speech-20120809-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Jello+Biafra+on+%27Nazi+Punks%27+and+hate+speech&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fla-xpm-2012-aug-09-la-et-ms-jello-biafra-nazi-punks-hate-speech-20120809-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStratton2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stratton, Jon (January 2005). "Jews, Punk and the Holocaust: From the Velvet Underground to the Ramones: The Jewish-American Story". <i>Popular Music</i>. <b>24</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: 79–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0261143004000315">10.1017/S0261143004000315</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937%2F17488">20.500.11937/17488</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3877595">3877595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162396086">162396086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=Jews%2C+Punk+and+the+Holocaust%3A+From+the+Velvet+Underground+to+the+Ramones%3A+The+Jewish-American+Story&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-105&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11937%2F17488&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162396086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3877595%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0261143004000315&rft.aulast=Stratton&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/86">"The Situationist International Text Library/Consumer Society and Authenticity"</a>. <i>Library.nothingness.org</i>. 3 October 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172132/http://library.nothingness.org/articles/SI/en/display/86">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library.nothingness.org&rft.atitle=The+Situationist+International+Text+Library%2FConsumer+Society+and+Authenticity&rft.date=1995-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.nothingness.org%2Farticles%2FSI%2Fen%2Fdisplay%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, John. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdesigncafe.com/punk-1992">"Punk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202063407/http://www.artdesigncafe.com/punk-1992">Archived</a> 2 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945</i>, 3rd. ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2022" class="citation web cs1">Andrew, Scottie (30 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/style/article/vivienne-westwood-punk-fashion-sex-pistols-cec/index.html">"How Vivienne Westwood dressed the Sex Pistols and shaped punk"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114012315/http://www.cnn.com/style/article/vivienne-westwood-punk-fashion-sex-pistols-cec/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=How+Vivienne+Westwood+dressed+the+Sex+Pistols+and+shaped+punk&rft.date=2022-12-30&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Scottie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fstyle%2Farticle%2Fvivienne-westwood-punk-fashion-sex-pistols-cec%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSklar2013" class="citation book cs1">Sklar, Monica (21 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bfwAAAAQBAJ&dq=punk+style&pg=PR7"><i>Punk Style</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizinemag.com/music/music-0303_kmorris.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citizinemag.com&rft.atitle=CITIZINE+Interview+%E2%80%93+Circle+Jerks%27+Keith+Morris+%28Black+Flag%2C+Diabetes%29&rft.date=2003-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizinemag.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-0303_kmorris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.complex.com/style/2013/04/29-things-you-didnt-know-about-punk-style/hardcore-punk">"Hardcore punk of the '80s preferred simple, utilitarian style because it was better for moshing. — 29 Things You Didn't Know About Punk Style | Complex"</a>. <i>M.complex.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103052848/http://m.complex.com/style/2013/04/29-things-you-didnt-know-about-punk-style/hardcore-punk">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M.complex.com&rft.atitle=Hardcore+punk+of+the+%2780s+preferred+simple%2C+utilitarian+style+because+it+was+better+for+moshing.+%E2%80%94+29+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Punk+Style+%26%23124%3B+Complex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.complex.com%2Fstyle%2F2013%2F04%2F29-things-you-didnt-know-about-punk-style%2Fhardcore-punk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/26264/BrockmeierxDUO.pdf?sequence=1">"Not Just Boys' Fun?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Duo.uio.no</i>. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102213941/https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/26264/BrockmeierxDUO.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duo.uio.no&rft.atitle=Not+Just+Boys%27+Fun%3F&rft.pages=12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duo.uio.no%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10852%2F26264%2FBrockmeierxDUO.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauraine Leblanc. <i>Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture</i>. Rutgers University Press, 1999. p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skinheads: A Guide to an American Subculture. By Tiffini A. Travis, Perry Hardy. ABC-CLIO, 2012. p. 123 (section entitled "From San Francisco Hardcore Punks to Skinheads")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msfabulous.com/2013/05/punk-chaos-to-couture.html">"Punk: Chaos to Couture fashion design, indie clothing, style, beauty"</a>. Ms. Fabulous. 7 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627123356/http://www.msfabulous.com/2013/05/punk-chaos-to-couture.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flavorwire&rft.atitle=15+Essential+Women+Punk+Rock+Icons&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflavorwire.com%2F199630%2F15-essential-women-punk-icons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126114541/http://www.biography.com/people/groups/women-of-punk-and-post-punk-music">"Women of Punk and Post-Punk Music"</a>. <i>Biography.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Punk77.co.uk&rft.atitle=Why+Women+in+Punk%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punk77.co.uk%2Fgroups%2Fwhywomeninpunk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddington2012" class="citation book cs1">Reddington, Helen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127075127/http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?page=637&calcTitle=1&isbn=9780754657736&lang=cy-GB"><i>The Lost Women of Rock Music: Female Musicians of the Punk Era</i></a>. Ashgate/Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845539573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845539573"><bdi>978-1845539573</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?page=637&calcTitle=1&isbn=9780754657736&lang=cy-GB">the original</a> on 27 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Women+of+Rock+Music%3A+Female+Musicians+of+the+Punk+Era&rft.pub=Ashgate%2FEquinox+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1845539573&rft.aulast=Reddington&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashgate.com%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3D637%26calcTitle%3D1%26isbn%3D9780754657736%26lang%3Dcy-GB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoronzoff" class="citation web cs1">Woronzoff, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/review/161962-the-lost-women-of-rock-music...-by-helen-reddington/">"The Lost Women of Rock Music' Is an Important Work, But a Replay of the Same Old Themes"</a>. <i>Pop Matters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208003125/http://www.popmatters.com/review/161962-the-lost-women-of-rock-music...-by-helen-reddington/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Matters&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Women+of+Rock+Music%27+Is+an+Important+Work%2C+But+a+Replay+of+the+Same+Old+Themes&rft.aulast=Woronzoff&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popmatters.com%2Freview%2F161962-the-lost-women-of-rock-music...-by-helen-reddington%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConference_proceedings_(September_2001)" class="citation news cs1">Conference proceedings (September 2001). "No Future?". University of Wolverhampton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+Future%3F&rft.au=Conference+proceedings+%28September+2001%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddington1977" class="citation book cs1">Reddington, Helen (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151207223300/http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Lost_Women_of_Rock_Music_Intro.pdf"><i>Introduction: The Lost Women of Rock Music</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754657736" title="Special:BookSources/9780754657736"><bdi>9780754657736</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Lost_Women_of_Rock_Music_Intro.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction%3A+The+Lost+Women+of+Rock+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780754657736&rft.aulast=Reddington&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashgate.com%2Fpdf%2FSamplePages%2FLost_Women_of_Rock_Music_Intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydon1995" class="citation book cs1">Lydon, John (1995). <i>Rotten: No Irish, No Blacks, No Dogs</i>. London: Coronet. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312428136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312428136"><bdi>978-0312428136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rotten%3A+No+Irish%2C+No+Blacks%2C+No+Dogs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Coronet&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0312428136&rft.aulast=Lydon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetridis" class="citation news cs1">Petridis, Alexis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jun/01/the-slits-viv-albertine-punk-violence-domesticity">"The Slits' Viv Albertine on punk, violence and doomed domesticity"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080939/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jun/01/the-slits-viv-albertine-punk-violence-domesticity">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Slits%27+Viv+Albertine+on+punk%2C+violence+and+doomed+domesticity&rft.aulast=Petridis&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Fjun%2F01%2Fthe-slits-viv-albertine-punk-violence-domesticity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2014" class="citation news cs1">Andrews, Charlotte Richardson (3 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/03/punk-has-a-problem-with-women-why">"Punk has a problem with women. Why?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208070812/http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2014/jul/03/punk-has-a-problem-with-women-why">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Punk+has+a+problem+with+women.+Why%3F&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Richardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2014%2Fjul%2F03%2Fpunk-has-a-problem-with-women-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Rock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074553/http://rockhall.com/blog/post/7234_women-who-rock--10-essential-punk-songs/">"Women Who Rock: 10 Essential Punk Songs"</a>. The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rockhall.com/blog/post/7234_women-who-rock--10-essential-punk-songs/">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Who+Rock%3A+10+Essential+Punk+Songs&rft.pub=The+Rock+%26+Roll+Hall+of+Fame+Museum&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frockhall.com%2Fblog%2Fpost%2F7234_women-who-rock--10-essential-punk-songs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2012" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Pete (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anyonecandoitemp0000dale"><i>Anyone Can Do It: Empowerment, Tradition and the Punk Underground</i></a></span>. Ashgate Publishing Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anyone+Can+Do+It%3A+Empowerment%2C+Tradition+and+the+Punk+Underground&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanyonecandoitemp0000dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1998" class="citation book cs1">Young, Tricia Henry (1998). <i>Break All Rules! Punk Rock and the Making of a Style</i>. UMI Research Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1980-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1980-3"><bdi>978-0-8357-1980-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Break+All+Rules%21+Punk+Rock+and+the+Making+of+a+Style&rft.pub=UMI+Research+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8357-1980-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Tricia+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeBlanc_1999-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeBlanc_1999_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeBlanc_1999_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc1999" class="citation book cs1">LeBlanc, Lauraine (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prettyinpunkgirl0000lebl"><i>Pretty in Punk: Girls' Gender Resistance in a Boys' Subculture</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2651-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2651-5"><bdi>978-0-8135-2651-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pretty+in+Punk%3A+Girls%27+Gender+Resistance+in+a+Boys%27+Subculture&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2651-5&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Lauraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprettyinpunkgirl0000lebl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2017" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Francis (25 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjwlDwAAQBAJ&q=punks+and+women+and+crotch+stuffing&pg=PA27"><i>Punk Rock is My Religion: Straight Edge Punk and 'Religious' Identity</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351725569" title="Special:BookSources/9781351725569"><bdi>9781351725569</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406043142/https://books.google.com/books?id=pjwlDwAAQBAJ&q=punks+and+women+and+crotch+stuffing&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punk+Rock+is+My+Religion%3A+Straight+Edge+Punk+and+%27Religious%27+Identity&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft.isbn=9781351725569&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpjwlDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpunks%2Band%2Bwomen%2Band%2Bcrotch%2Bstuffing%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1080646/its-riot-grrrl-day-in-boston-here-are-songs-to-rock-out-to-at-work">"Boston wins 'Most Feminist City' with Riot Grrrl Day – we made a playlist to celebrate"</a>. <i>sheknows.com</i>. 9 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630053812/http://www.sheknows.com/entertainment/articles/1080646/its-riot-grrrl-day-in-boston-here-are-songs-to-rock-out-to-at-work">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sheknows.com&rft.atitle=Boston+wins+%27Most+Feminist+City%27+with+Riot+Grrrl+Day+%E2%80%93+we+made+a+playlist+to+celebrate&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheknows.com%2Fentertainment%2Farticles%2F1080646%2Fits-riot-grrrl-day-in-boston-here-are-songs-to-rock-out-to-at-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeliciano" class="citation web cs1">Feliciano, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement">"The Riot Grrrl Movement"</a>. New York Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403081524/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Riot+Grrrl+Movement&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library&rft.aulast=Feliciano&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fblog%2F2013%2F06%2F19%2Friot-grrrl-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marion Leonard. "Riot grrrl." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 20 July 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadway2016" class="citation journal cs1">Radway, Janice (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44162970">"Girl Zine Networks, Underground Itineraries, and Riot Grrrl History: Making Sense of the Struggle for New Social Forms in the 1990s and Beyond"</a>. <i>Journal of American Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 1–31 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Girl+Zine+Networks%2C+Underground+Itineraries%2C+and+Riot+Grrrl+History%3A+Making+Sense+of+the+Struggle+for+New+Social+Forms+in+the+1990s+and+Beyond&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Radway&rft.aufirst=Janice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44162970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popmatters-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popmatters_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popmatters.com/columns/desrosiers/020522.shtml">"A Metaphysics of the Mosh Pit"</a>. <i>PopMatters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612181515/http://www.popmatters.com/columns/desrosiers/020522.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Punk+Girls&rft.pub=Manuscript+Publishing&rft.date=2017-11&rft.isbn=978-0-648-05981-3&rft.aulast=Ham&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DweuitAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc_punk_girls-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abc_punk_girls_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/doublej/music-reads/features/punk-girls-taking-fetishism-out-of-the-subculture/10269774">"Punk Girls: taking fetishism out of the subculture"</a>. <i>Australian Broadcasting Company</i>. 10 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818023839/https://www.abc.net.au/doublej/music-reads/features/punk-girls-taking-fetishism-out-of-the-subculture/10269774">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Broadcasting+Company&rft.atitle=Punk+Girls%3A+taking+fetishism+out+of+the+subculture&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fdoublej%2Fmusic-reads%2Ffeatures%2Fpunk-girls-taking-fetishism-out-of-the-subculture%2F10269774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaultart_book_review-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vaultart_book_review_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubler" class="citation magazine cs1">Kubler, Alison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaultart.com.au/ISS21/ham.php">"Liz Ham Punk Girls"</a>. <i>Vault Australasian Art & Culture</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181217014857/http://vaultart.com.au/ISS21/ham.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vault+Australasian+Art+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Liz+Ham+Punk+Girls&rft.aulast=Kubler&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaultart.com.au%2FISS21%2Fham.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ennis2004-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ennis2004_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnis2004" class="citation book cs1">Ennis, Helen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3JOXGqriCEC&pg=PA246"><i>Intersections: Photography, History and the National Library of Australia</i></a>. National Library Australia. pp. 246–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-10792-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-10792-3"><bdi>978-0-642-10792-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406043200/https://books.google.com/books?id=k3JOXGqriCEC&pg=PA246">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intersections%3A+Photography%2C+History+and+the+National+Library+of+Australia&rft.pages=246-&rft.pub=National+Library+Australia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-642-10792-3&rft.aulast=Ennis&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3JOXGqriCEC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogan2006" class="citation book cs1">Cogan, Brian (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of punk music and culture</i>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33340-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+punk+music+and+culture&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33340-8&rft.aulast=Cogan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1993" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Jack (1993). <i>Skinheads shaved for battle : a cultural history of American skinheads</i>. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-583-9"><bdi>978-0-87972-583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skinheads+shaved+for+battle+%3A+a+cultural+history+of+American+skinheads&rft.place=Bowling+Green%2C+OH&rft.pub=Bowling+Green+State+University+Popular+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-583-9&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaksman2009" class="citation book cs1">Waksman, Steve Waksman (February 2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisaintsummerof0000waks"><i>This Ain't the Summer of Love</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25717-7"><bdi>978-0-520-25717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Ain%27t+the+Summer+of+Love&rft.date=2009-02&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25717-7&rft.aulast=Waksman&rft.aufirst=Steve+Waksman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisaintsummerof0000waks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman1996–1997" class="citation journal cs1">Grossman, Perry (1996–1997). "Identity Crisis: The Dialectics of Rock, Punk, and Grunge". <i>Berkeley Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>41</b>: 19–40. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41035517">41035517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Identity+Crisis%3A+The+Dialectics+of+Rock%2C+Punk%2C+and+Grunge&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=19-40&rft.date=1996%2F1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41035517%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimbaud1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Penny_Rimbaud" title="Penny Rimbaud">Rimbaud, Penny</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/britain/sp001297.txt"><i>The Last of the Hippies – An Hysterical Romance</i></a>. Crass. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103034339/http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/britain/sp001297.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+Hippies+%E2%80%93+An+Hysterical+Romance&rft.pub=Crass&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Rimbaud&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spunk.org%2Ftexts%2Fplaces%2Fbritain%2Fsp001297.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041203/http://www.tyed.net/hippie/encyclopedia.htm">"Hippie Information"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyed.net/hippie/encyclopedia.htm">the original</a> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hippie+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyed.net%2Fhippie%2Fencyclopedia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/power-pop-ma0000002793">"Power Pop | Significant Albums, Artists and Songs"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140420205025/http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/power-pop-ma0000002793">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Power+Pop+%26%23124%3B+Significant+Albums%2C+Artists+and+Songs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsubgenre%2Fpower-pop-ma0000002793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangerousminds.net/comments/earnest_northern_irish_power_pop_are_you_hip_to_protex">"Sham Rock: Protex's earnest Northern Irish power pop punk"</a>. Dangerous Minds. 3 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140829074535/http://dangerousminds.net/comments/earnest_northern_irish_power_pop_are_you_hip_to_protex">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sham+Rock%3A+Protex%27s+earnest+Northern+Irish+power+pop+punk&rft.pub=Dangerous+Minds&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdangerousminds.net%2Fcomments%2Fearnest_northern_irish_power_pop_are_you_hip_to_protex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Dennis2011" class="citation book cs1">Mike Dennis, Norman LaPorte (2011). "Sub-cultures: Punks, Goths, and Heavy Metallers". <i>State and Minorities in Communist East Germany</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8"><bdi>978-0-857-45-195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sub-cultures%3A+Punks%2C+Goths%2C+and+Heavy+Metallers&rft.btitle=State+and+Minorities+in+Communist+East+Germany&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8&rft.aulast=Mike+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Norman+LaPorte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Dennis2011" class="citation book cs1">Mike Dennis, Norman LaPorte (2011). "Sub-cultures: Punks, Goths, and Heavy Metallers". <i>State and Minorities in Communist East Germany</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8"><bdi>978-0-857-45-195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sub-cultures%3A+Punks%2C+Goths%2C+and+Heavy+Metallers&rft.btitle=State+and+Minorities+in+Communist+East+Germany&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8&rft.aulast=Mike+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Norman+LaPorte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Dennis2011" class="citation book cs1">Mike Dennis, Norman LaPorte (2011). "Sub-cultures: Punks, Goths, and Heavy Metallers". <i>State and Minorities in Communist East Germany</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8"><bdi>978-0-857-45-195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sub-cultures%3A+Punks%2C+Goths%2C+and+Heavy+Metallers&rft.btitle=State+and+Minorities+in+Communist+East+Germany&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8&rft.aulast=Mike+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Norman+LaPorte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Dennis2011" class="citation book cs1">Mike Dennis, Norman LaPorte (2011). <i>State and Minorities in Communist East Germany</i>. Berghahn Books. pp. 8–9, 164–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8"><bdi>978-0-857-45-195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Minorities+in+Communist+East+Germany&rft.pages=8-9%2C+164-167&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8&rft.aulast=Mike+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Norman+LaPorte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berghahn_Books-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berghahn_Books_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berghahn_Books_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Dennis2011" class="citation book cs1">Mike Dennis, Norman LaPorte (2011). "Sub-cultures: Punks, Goths, and Heavy Metallers". <i>State and Minorities in Communist East Germany</i>. Berghahn Books. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8"><bdi>978-0-857-45-195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sub-cultures%3A+Punks%2C+Goths%2C+and+Heavy+Metallers&rft.btitle=State+and+Minorities+in+Communist+East+Germany&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8&rft.aulast=Mike+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Norman+LaPorte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Dennis2011" class="citation book cs1">Mike Dennis, Norman LaPorte (2011). "Sub-cultures: Punks, Goths, and Heavy Metallers". <i>State and Minorities in Communist East Germany</i>. Berghahn Books. pp. 153–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-45-195-8"><bdi>978-0-857-45-195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sub-cultures%3A+Punks%2C+Goths%2C+and+Heavy+Metallers&rft.btitle=State+and+Minorities+in+Communist+East+Germany&rft.pages=153-170&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-857-45-195-8&rft.aulast=Mike+Dennis&rft.aufirst=Norman+LaPorte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huq-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huq_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuq2006" class="citation book cs1">Huq, Rupa (2006). "Euoprean youth cultures in a post-colonial world: British Asian underground and French hip-hop music scenes". In Pam Nilan and Carles Feixa (ed.). <i>Global Youth?: Hybrid identities, plural worlds</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistaumanizales.cinde.org.co/index.php/Revista-Latinoamericana/article/view/842">the original</a> on 13 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Latinoamericana+de+Ciencias+Sociales&rft.atitle=La+m%C3%BAsica+punk+como+un+espacio+identitario+y+de+formaci%C3%B3n+en+j%C3%B3venes+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=186&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Cabello&rft.aufirst=Arcelia+Salome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistaumanizales.cinde.org.co%2Findex.php%2FRevista-Latinoamericana%2Farticle%2Fview%2F842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connor-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_115-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2003" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Alan (2003). "Punk Subculture in Mexico and the Anti-globalization Movement: A Report from the Front". <i>New Political Science</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0739314032000071226">10.1080/0739314032000071226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146508100">146508100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Punk+Subculture+in+Mexico+and+the+Anti-globalization+Movement%3A+A+Report+from+the+Front&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0739314032000071226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146508100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feixa-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feixa_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeixa2006" class="citation book cs1">Feixa, Carles (2006). "Being a punk in Catalonia and Mexico". In Pam Nilan and Carles Feixa (ed.). <i>Global Youth?: Hybrid identities, plural worlds</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 159–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415370707" title="Special:BookSources/9780415370707"><bdi>9780415370707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Being+a+punk+in+Catalonia+and+Mexico&rft.btitle=Global+Youth%3F%3A+Hybrid+identities%2C+plural+worlds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159-60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415370707&rft.aulast=Feixa&rft.aufirst=Carles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_117-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2012" class="citation web cs1">Hopkins, Curt (20 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://readwrite.com/2012/02/20/punk_in_africa_three_chords_three_countries_one_re">"Punk in Africa: 3 Chords, 3 Countries, 1 Revolution... and a Facebook Page"</a>. <i>ReadWrite</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206033708/http://readwrite.com/2012/02/20/punk_in_africa_three_chords_three_countries_one_re">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReadWrite&rft.atitle=Punk+in+Africa%3A+3+Chords%2C+3+Countries%2C+1+Revolution...+and+a+Facebook+Page&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freadwrite.com%2F2012%2F02%2F20%2Fpunk_in_africa_three_chords_three_countries_one_re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRI-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRI_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRI_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRI_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Radio_International2013" class="citation journal cs1">Public Radio International (30 January 2013). 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"Punk identities in post-apartheid South Africa". <i>South African Review of Sociology</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 70–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21528586.2007.10419167">10.1080/21528586.2007.10419167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144403743">144403743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Punk+identities+in+post-apartheid+South+Africa&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-84&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21528586.2007.10419167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144403743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Basson&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latininsight-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Latininsight_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkj2013" class="citation news cs1">kj (11 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latininsight.com/the-big-punk-rock-lie-and-the-peruvian-truth">"The Big Punk Rock Lie and the Peruvian Truth"</a>. <i>Latininsight</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627211220/http://www.latininsight.com/the-big-punk-rock-lie-and-the-peruvian-truth">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latininsight&rft.atitle=The+Big+Punk+Rock+Lie+and+the+Peruvian+Truth&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft.au=kj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latininsight.com%2Fthe-big-punk-rock-lie-and-the-peruvian-truth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los_Saicos-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Los_Saicos_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lossaicos.com/">"Los Saicos- Official Page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606232333/http://lossaicos.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC.es&rft.atitle=Per%C3%BA%2C+cuna+del+punk&rft.date=2010-11-21&rft.aulast=Serrano&rft.aufirst=Ignacio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2F20101021%2Fcultura-musica%2Fperu-punk-rock-201010211054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2012" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, Shane (December 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=Why+a+Community+of+Punks+Chose+to+Infect+Themselves+with+HIV+in+Castro%27s+Cuba&rft.date=2017-02&rft.aulast=Saeed&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fqkzvxm%2Fwhy-a-community-of-punks-chose-to-infect-themselves-with-hiv-in-castros-cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Third_Coast_Festival-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Third_Coast_Festival_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Third_Coast_Festival_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Tim Howard, Luis Trelles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirdcoastfestival.org/feature/los-frikis"><i>Los Frikis</i></a> (Audio). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323200704/https://www.thirdcoastfestival.org/feature/los-frikis">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Frikis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirdcoastfestival.org%2Ffeature%2Flos-frikis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/fr/article/exv5yz/los-frikis-ces-punks-cubains-qui-sinoculaient-le-virus-du-sida-pour-vivre-dans-des-sanatoriums">"Los Frikis, ces punks cubains qui s'inoculaient le virus du sida pour vivre dans des sanatoriums"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">Vice Media</a></i>. 7 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323185722/https://www.vice.com/fr/article/exv5yz/los-frikis-ces-punks-cubains-qui-sinoculaient-le-virus-du-sida-pour-vivre-dans-des-sanatoriums">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice+Media&rft.atitle=Los+Frikis%2C+ces+punks+cubains+qui+s%27inoculaient+le+virus+du+sida+pour+vivre+dans+des+sanatoriums&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fexv5yz%2Flos-frikis-ces-punks-cubains-qui-sinoculaient-le-virus-du-sida-pour-vivre-dans-des-sanatoriums&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPR-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PPR_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBRIDGES2015" class="citation web cs1">BRIDGES, MEGAN (15 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennpoliticalreview.org/2015/04/spotlight-on-cuba-death-is-a-door-hivaids-freedom-the-cuban-punk-rock-scene/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Spotlight on Cuba" – "Death is a door": HIV/AIDS, Freedom, & the Cuban Punk Rock Scene"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323144237/https://pennpoliticalreview.org/2015/04/spotlight-on-cuba-death-is-a-door-hivaids-freedom-the-cuban-punk-rock-scene/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=%22Spotlight+on+Cuba%22+%E2%80%93+%22Death+is+a+door%22%3A+HIV%2FAIDS%2C+Freedom%2C+%26+the+Cuban+Punk+Rock+Scene&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.aulast=BRIDGES&rft.aufirst=MEGAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennpoliticalreview.org%2F2015%2F04%2Fspotlight-on-cuba-death-is-a-door-hivaids-freedom-the-cuban-punk-rock-scene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDOWNS" class="citation web cs1">DOWNS, RAY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/los-frikis-documentary-tells-story-of-cuban-punks-who-got-aids-on-purpose-6926386">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Los Frikis" Documentary Tells Story of Cuban Punks Who Got AIDS on Purpose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Times_Broward-Palm_Beach" title="New Times Broward-Palm Beach">New Times Broward-Palm Beach</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323163304/https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/los-frikis-documentary-tells-story-of-cuban-punks-who-got-aids-on-purpose-6926386">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Times+Broward-Palm+Beach&rft.atitle=%22Los+Frikis%22+Documentary+Tells+Story+of+Cuban+Punks+Who+Got+AIDS+on+Purpose&rft.aulast=DOWNS&rft.aufirst=RAY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.browardpalmbeach.com%2Fnews%2Flos-frikis-documentary-tells-story-of-cuban-punks-who-got-aids-on-purpose-6926386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>The Survivors</i> (Audio) (in Spanish). Radio Ambulante.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Survivors&rft.pub=Radio+Ambulante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBLISTEIN2019" class="citation web cs1">BLISTEIN, JON (5 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/los-ultimos-frikis-zeus-documentary-trailer-908328/">"Cuban Metal Heroes Zeus Confront an Uncertain Future in New Doc Trailer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323173346/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/los-ultimos-frikis-zeus-documentary-trailer-908328/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=Cuban+Metal+Heroes+Zeus+Confront+an+Uncertain+Future+in+New+Doc+Trailer&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft.aulast=BLISTEIN&rft.aufirst=JON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Flos-ultimos-frikis-zeus-documentary-trailer-908328%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenJenkins2003" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Mark; Jenkins, Mark (2003). <i>Dance of Days: Two Decades of Punk in the Nation's Capital</i>. Akashic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888451-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-888451-44-0"><bdi>1-888451-44-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+of+Days%3A+Two+Decades+of+Punk+in+the+Nation%27s+Capital&rft.pub=Akashic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-888451-44-0&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogan2008" class="citation book cs1">Cogan, Brian (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of Punk</i>. New York: Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5960-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-5960-4"><bdi>978-1-4027-5960-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Punk&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-5960-4&rft.aulast=Cogan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaenfler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haenfler, Ross (August 2004). "Rethinking subcultural resistance". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Ethnography" title="Journal of Contemporary Ethnography">Journal of Contemporary Ethnography</a></i>. <b>33</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>: 406–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891241603259809">10.1177/0891241603259809</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145602862">145602862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Ethnography&rft.atitle=Rethinking+subcultural+resistance&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=406-436&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0891241603259809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145602862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haenfler&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaenfler2006" class="citation book cs1">Haenfler, Ross (2006). <i>Straight Edge: Hardcore Punk, Clean Living Youth, and Social Change</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3851-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3851-3"><bdi>0-8135-3851-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straight+Edge%3A+Hardcore+Punk%2C+Clean+Living+Youth%2C+and+Social+Change&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8135-3851-3&rft.aulast=Haenfler&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2010" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Gabriel (2010). <i>Sober Living for the Revolution: Hardcore Punk, Straight Edge, and Radical Politics</i>. PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-051-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-051-1"><bdi>978-1-60486-051-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sober+Living+for+the+Revolution%3A+Hardcore+Punk%2C+Straight+Edge%2C+and+Radical+Politics&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60486-051-1&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsitsos1999" class="citation journal cs1">Tsitsos, William (October 1999). "Rules of rebellion: slamdancing, moshing, and the American alternative scene". <i>Popular Music</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 397–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0261143000008941">10.1017/S0261143000008941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159966036">159966036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=Rules+of+rebellion%3A+slamdancing%2C+moshing%2C+and+the+American+alternative+scene&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=397-414&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0261143000008941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159966036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tsitsos&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Robert T. (1999). "Nailed to the X: A Lyrical History of Straightedge". <i>Journal of Youth Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 133–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13676261.1999.10593032">10.1080/13676261.1999.10593032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Youth+Studies&rft.atitle=Nailed+to+the+X%3A+A+Lyrical+History+of+Straightedge&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-151&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13676261.1999.10593032&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara1999" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Craig (1999). <i>The Philosophy of Punk</i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873176-16-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873176-16-0"><bdi>978-1-873176-16-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Punk&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-873176-16-0&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunk+subculture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Savage, Jon. <i>England's Dreaming: The Sex Pistols and Punk Rock</i>. <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-28822-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-28822-0">0-312-28822-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Punk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Punk">Punk</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Punk_rock" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Punk" title="Template:Punk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punk" title="Template talk:Punk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Punk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Punk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Punk_rock" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-punk" title="Proto-punk">Proto-punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres and <br />fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-punk" title="Afro-punk">Afro-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crack_rock_steady" title="Crust punk">Crack rock steady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk#Crustcore" title="Crust punk">Crustcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-beat" title="D-beat">D-beat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpunk" title="Cowpunk">Cowpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cabaret" title="Dark cabaret">Dark cabaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_punk" title="Egg punk">Egg punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_pop" title="Emo pop">Emo pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_punk" title="Gypsy punk">Gypsy punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_punk_(fusion_genre)" title="Garage punk (fusion genre)">Garage punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_punk" title="Glam punk">Glam punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">Hardcore punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_hardcore" title="Digital hardcore">Digital hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnacore" title="Krishnacore">Krishnacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_hardcore" title="Melodic hardcore">Melodic hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic metalcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive metalcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queercore" title="Queercore">Queercore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwacore" title="Taqwacore">Taqwacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrashcore" title="Thrashcore">Thrashcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_punk" title="Latino punk">Latino punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_punk" title="Nazi punk">Nazi punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi!" title="Oi!">Oi!</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">Post-hardcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_revival" title="Emo revival">Emo revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music#Progressive_punk" title="Progressive music">Progressive punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychobilly" title="Psychobilly">Psychobilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_funk" title="Punk funk">Punk funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_subgenres#Punk_metal" title="Punk rock subgenres">Punk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_pathetique" title="Punk pathetique">Punk pathetique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae_punk" title="Reggae punk">Reggae punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_wave_ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Third wave ska">Third wave ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_punk" title="Street punk">Street punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_punk_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Surf punk (music genre)">Surf punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock#Synth-punk" title="Electronic rock">Synth-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_(subculture)" title="Scene (subculture)">Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Australia" title="Punk rock in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Brazil" title="Punk in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_punk_rock" title="Canadian punk rock">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_punk" title="Estonian punk">Estonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Estonian_punk_bands" title="List of Estonian punk bands">List of bands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_punk" title="French punk">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_punk" title="Greek punk">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Punk" title="Dutch Punk">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Spain" title="Punk rock in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Radical_Rock" title="Basque Radical Rock">Basque Radical Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_in_Sweden" title="Punk in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nsrock" title="Könsrock">Könsrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trallpunk" title="Trallpunk">Trallpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_bands_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of punk bands from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_punk" title="Scottish Gaelic punk">Scottish Gaelic punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States#Rock,_metal,_and_punk" title="Music of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_1970s_punk_rock_musicians" title="List of 1970s punk rock musicians">First wave punk musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musicians_in_the_second_wave_of_punk_rock" title="List of musicians in the second wave of punk rock">Second wave punk musicians</a></li> <li>List of punk bands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_0%E2%80%93K" title="List of punk rock bands, 0–K">#–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_bands,_L%E2%80%93Z" title="List of punk rock bands, L–Z">L–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_filmmakers" title="List of punk filmmakers">Punk filmmakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Women in punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_compilation_albums" title="List of punk rock compilation albums">List of punk compilation albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_rock_festivals" title="List of punk rock festivals">List of punk rock festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Punk" title="Conservative Punk">Conservative Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Deneke" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Brian Deneke">Death of Brian Deneke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk visual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_literature" title="Punk literature">Punk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_zine" title="Punk zine">Punk zine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntala-rock" title="Puntala-rock">Puntala-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk film">Punk films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_punk_films" title="List of punk films">List of punk films</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_punk_rock" title="Timeline of punk rock">Timeline of punk rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Goth_subculture" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:black; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Goth_subculture" title="Template talk:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Goth_subculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Goth subculture"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Goth_subculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture"><span style="color:white">Goth subculture</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Associated music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_country" title="Gothic country">Gothic country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereal_wave" title="Ethereal wave">Ethereal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave_(music)" title="Cold wave (music)">Cold wave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cure" title="The Cure">The Cure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Death" title="Christian Death">Christian Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_(band)" title="Bauhaus (band)">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees" title="Siouxsie and the Banshees">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Division" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_Mercy" title="The Sisters of Mercy">The Sisters of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Damned_(band)" title="The Damned (band)">The Damned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Sex_Fiend" title="Alien Sex Fiend">Alien Sex Fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Can_Dance" title="Dead Can Dance">Dead Can Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocteau_Twins" title="Cocteau Twins">Cocteau Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_of_the_Nephilim" title="Fields of the Nephilim">Fields of the Nephilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_rock_artists" title="List of gothic rock artists">List of gothic rock artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)" title="Robert Smith (musician)">Robert Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Murphy_(musician)" title="Peter Murphy (musician)">Peter Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Curtis" title="Ian Curtis">Ian Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Eldritch" title="Andrew Eldritch">Andrew Eldritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson" title="Cassandra Peterson">Cassandra Peterson/Elvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_O" title="Eva O">Eva O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinah_Cancer" title="Dinah Cancer">Dinah Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Richards" title="Monica Richards">Monica Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hammer" title="Lisa Hammer">Lisa Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozz_Williams" title="Rozz Williams">Rozz Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitane_DeMone" title="Gitane DeMone">Gitane DeMone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Morrison" title="Patricia Morrison">Patricia Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_McCoy" title="Carl McCoy">Carl McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fraser" title="Elizabeth Fraser">Elizabeth Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Hammer" title="Doc Hammer">Doc Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Gerrard" title="Lisa Gerrard">Lisa Gerrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Perry" title="Brendan Perry">Brendan Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Black" title="Bethany Black">Bethany Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesday_Mourning" title="Wednesday Mourning">Wednesday Mourning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(nightclub)" title="Neo (nightclub)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Theater" title="Phantasy Theater">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Dark_Alternative_Movement" title="Singapore Dark Alternative Movement">Singapore Dark Alternative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_goth_scene" title="Toronto goth scene">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable club nights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F_Club" title="F Club">F Club (1977–1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Phonographique" title="Le Phonographique">Le Phonographique (1979–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batcave_(club)" title="Batcave (club)">Batcave (1982–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrowerkz#Slimelight" title="Electrowerkz">Slimelight (1987–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Guild" title="Death Guild">Death Guild (1993–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmortis" title="Xmortis">Xmortis (2004–)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27era_Luna_Festival" title="M'era Luna Festival">M'era Luna Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Dead_Festival" title="Drop Dead Festival">Drop Dead Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumous_Gothic_Festival" title="Lumous Gothic Festival">Lumous Gothic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitby_Goth_Weekend" title="Whitby Goth Weekend">Whitby Goth Weekend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_(goth_festival)" title="Convergence (goth festival)">Convergence (goth festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bats_Day_in_the_Fun_Park" title="Bats Day in the Fun Park">Bats Day in the Fun Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Goth_Day" title="World Goth Day">World Goth Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">List of gothic festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Art and fashion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Gothic" title="New Gothic">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Goth" title="Health Goth">Health Goth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Bernstein" title="Drew Bernstein">Lip Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Beauty" title="Gothic Beauty">Gothic Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mortem" title="Rose Mortem">Rose Mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gorey" title="Edward Gorey">Edward Gorey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_hair" title="Big hair">Big hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Deathhawk">Deathhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backcombing" title="Backcombing">Backcombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winklepickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Winklepickers">Winklepickers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">Film and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family" title="The Addams Family">The Addams Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triana_Orpheus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triana Orpheus">Triana Orpheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crow" title="The Crow">The Crow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodbye_Family" title="The Goodbye Family">The Goodbye Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sandman_(comic_book)" title="The Sandman (comic book)">The Sandman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Craft_(film)" title="The Craft (film)">The Craft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_83" title="Gypsy 83">Gypsy 83</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:black; color:white;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Shades of black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_music_subcultures" title="Suicide in music subcultures">Suicide in music subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_culture" title="Dark culture">Dark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mall_goth" title="Mall goth">Mall goth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153946#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1084152/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047851-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Punk culture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109126">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121040686">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121040686">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="punk (hnutí)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124835&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Punk (Movimiento)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5350523">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550911605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&oldid=1258325379#Film">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punk_subculture&oldid=1258325379#Film</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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