CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//js-agent.newrelic.com/"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//assets.adobedtm.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//platform.hbr.org"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//buy.tinypass.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//connect.facebook.net"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//geoip-js.com"/><script id="new-relic" data-testid="new-relic"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"858143",trustKey:"858143",agentID:"1835023127",licenseKey:"e93df31780",applicationID:"1835023127"}; ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"e93df31780",applicationID:"1835023127",sa:1}; (()=>{var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>m,Mt:()=>b,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>A,OP:()=>N,lF:()=>j,Yu:()=>E,Dg:()=>v,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>x,sU:()=>R});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f="[data-nr-mask]",h=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:50,error_sampling_rate:50,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided. '*' will be used.",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},p={},g="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error(g);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(g);p[e]=(0,i.D)(t,h());const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(g);var r=m(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const y={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},w={};function A(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!w[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return w[e]}function x(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");w[e]=(0,i.D)(t,y);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=w[e])}const E=(0,n.mF)().o;var _=r(385),T=r(6818);const S={buildEnv:T.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:T.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(_._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||_._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+_._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof _._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:T.q4,denyList:void 0},D={};function N(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!D[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return D[e]}function R(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");D[e]=(0,i.D)(t,S);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.runtime=D[e])}function j(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,lF:()=>a,q4:()=>n});const n="1.249.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="2.0.0-alpha.11"},385:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{FN:()=>c,IF:()=>l,LW:()=>a,Nk:()=>h,Tt:()=>u,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>p,iS:()=>s,il:()=>n,ux:()=>d,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>f});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a="complete"===o?.document?.readyState,s=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),c=""+o?.location,u=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),d=u&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=(()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),f=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),h=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,p=Math.floor(o?.performance?.timeOrigin||o?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),a(r)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var h={on:g,addEventListener:g,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),c=m(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([h,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:m,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const r=b();if(t=t||"feature",h.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return h;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function g(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(h,t)}function b(){return h.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,++i).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{e:()=>i});var n=r(385);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n._A?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n._A?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},50:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>l});var n=r(8325),i=r(5546),o=r(3325),a=r(385);const s="newrelic";const c={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]},u=new Set;function d(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(u.has(t)||(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;c[t]?c[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),l[t]=Boolean(n)})),Object.keys(c).forEach((e=>{void 0===l[e]&&(c[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),l[e]=!1)})),u.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{a._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(s,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}const l={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{KB:()=>a,b2:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>o,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{em:()=>b,u5:()=>D,QU:()=>j,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>H,Lg:()=>L,BV:()=>G,Kf:()=>Y});var n=r(8325),i=r(3117);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.a);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}var l=r(2210),f=r(385);const h={},p=f._A.XMLHttpRequest,g="addEventListener",m="removeEventListener",v="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.A);function b(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(h[t.debugId]++)return t;h[t.debugId]=1;var r=c(t,!0);function i(e){r.inPlace(e,[g,m],"-",o)}function o(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(f.il&&y(document,i),y(f._A,i),y(p.prototype,i)),t.on(g+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,l.X)(n,v,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(m+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function y(e,t){let r=e;for(;"object"==typeof r&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,g);)r=Object.getPrototypeOf(r);for(var n=arguments.length,i=new Array(n>2?n-2:0),o=2;o<n;o++)i[o-2]=arguments[o];r&&t(r,...i)}var w="fetch-",A=w+"body-",x=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],E=f._A.Request,_=f._A.Response,T="prototype";const S={};function D(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(E&&_&&f._A.fetch))return t;if(S[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,i){var o=e[r];"function"==typeof o&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],a={};t.emit(i+"before-start",[r],a),a[n.A]&&a[n.A].dt&&(e=a[n.A].dt);var s=o.apply(this,r);return t.emit(i+"start",[r,e],s),s.then((function(e){return t.emit(i+"end",[null,e],s),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(i+"end",[e],s),e}))})}return S[t.debugId]=1,x.forEach((e=>{r(E[T],e,A),r(_[T],e,A)})),r(f._A,"fetch",w),t.on(w+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(w+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(w+"done",[e],n)})),t}const N={},R=["pushState","replaceState"];function j(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!f.il||N[t.debugId]++||(N[t.debugId]=1,c(t).inPlace(window.history,R,"-")),t}var C=r(3239);const O={},P=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!f.il||O[t.debugId])return t;O[t.debugId]=!0;var r=c(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function s(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(a),n=r[1];return s(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,P,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,c=a.match(i),c?c[1]:null);var a,c;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:s(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,C.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,C.m$)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,C.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,C.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,C.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,C.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const k={};function H(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!f.il||k[t.debugId])return t;k[t.debugId]=!0;var r=c(t),i=f._A.MutationObserver;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const M={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(M[t.debugId])return t;M[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,i=c(t),a=f._A.Promise;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),o=i(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[o],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}f._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,o=r(e);o.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c<a;c++)s[c]=arguments[c];s[0]=i(s[0],"cb-",o,null,!1),s[1]=i(s[1],"cb-",o,null,!1);const u=n.apply(this,s);return o.nextPromise=u,t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],u,!1,!1),u},a.prototype.then[o]=n,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=i(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=i(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const z={},B="setTimeout",F="setInterval",U="clearTimeout",Z="-start",V="-",q=[B,"setImmediate",F,U,"clearImmediate"];function G(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(z[t.debugId]++)return t;z[t.debugId]=1;var r=c(t);return r.inPlace(f._A,q.slice(0,2),B+V),r.inPlace(f._A,q.slice(2,3),F+V),r.inPlace(f._A,q.slice(3),U+V),t.on(F+Z,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(B+Z,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}var W=r(50);const X={},K=["open","send"];function Y(e){var t=e||n.ee;const r=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("xhr")}(t);if(X[r.debugId]++)return r;X[r.debugId]=1,b(t);var i=c(r),o=f._A.XMLHttpRequest,a=f._A.MutationObserver,s=f._A.Promise,u=f._A.setInterval,d="readystatechange",l=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],h=[],p=f._A.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){const t=new o(e),n=r.context(t);try{r.emit("new-xhr",[t],n),t.addEventListener(d,(a=n,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!a.resolved&&(a.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,l,"fn-",A)}),(0,C.m$)(!1))}catch(e){(0,W.Z)("An error occurred while intercepting XHR",e);try{r.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}var a;return t};function g(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",A)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,K,"-xhr-",A),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){g(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(m?m.then(w):u?u(w):(v=-v,y.data=v))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",g),a){var m=s&&s.resolve();if(!u&&!s){var v=1,y=document.createTextNode(v);new a(w).observe(y,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||w()}));function w(){for(var e=0;e<h.length;e++)g(0,h[e]);h.length&&(h=[])}function A(e,t){return t}return r}},7825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors},3081:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},7144:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.sessionReplay},3614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BODY:()=>x,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>A,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>T,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>g,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>f,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>p,JS_TIME:()=>_,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>l,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(234);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",A="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+A,_="jsTime",T="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),l=r(50),f=r(3081),h=r(8632);function p(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var g=r(2825);const m=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let v=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:w,info:A,loader_config:x,runtime:E={loaderType:b},exposed:_=!0}=t;const T=(0,h.gG)();A||(w=T.init,A=T.info,x=T.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,w||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),A.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(A.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,A);const S=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[A.beacon,A.errorBeacon];v||(S.proxy.assets&&(m(S.proxy.assets),D.push(S.proxy.assets)),S.proxy.beacon&&D.push(S.proxy.beacon),p(),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",g.T)),E.denyList=[...S.ajax.deny_list||[],...S.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,E),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var p=a.ee.get(e),g=p.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),A(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{h[e]=A(m,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=A(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=A(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,A(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},h.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,p);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},h.recordReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("recordReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},h.pauseReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("pauseReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,p),function(){if(g.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw g.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{g.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function A(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,p),r?void 0:this}}function x(){r.e(111).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=A(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b2)((()=>x()),!0):x(),h}(e.agentIdentifier,y)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=_),v=!0}},1926:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({111:"nr-spa",164:"nr-spa-compressor",433:"nr-spa-recorder"}[e]+"-1.249.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.249.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={111:"sha512-rcwC3TQKAe2v/8lLef/QtCPf7aXHaINQK4rrQfRSqEniSzjfHKp2puNRiDg83LlvldPaSMD6aDSwKPMP36tEEg==",433:"sha512-JeWgZm97pm4zAk+MvNNodtuNUNFe082xN5Zj2RU/N/yCAq3qZMnaiENIF3swHo/Ae+Ju06jx3VeGAH/rqoAEoA==",164:"sha512-yrd1XMobAelLE0xAoM/hP3axL+jcB+V8KhqdTQItU7063qODLZOtgHB/y5KPY0H0Cev/2f7LVwp1KY0//grUmg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={801:0,92:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.249.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.249.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(1926);var e=i(50);class t{#e(e){return"Call to agent api ".concat(e," failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}addPageAction(t,r){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("addPageAction"))}setPageViewName(t,r){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("setPageViewName"))}setCustomAttribute(t,r,n){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("setCustomAttribute"))}noticeError(t,r){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("noticeError"))}setUserId(t){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("setUserId"))}setApplicationVersion(t){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("setApplicationVersion"))}setErrorHandler(t){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("setErrorHandler"))}finished(t){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("finished"))}addRelease(t,r){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("addRelease"))}start(t){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("start"))}recordReplay(){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("recordReplay"))}pauseReplay(){(0,e.Z)(this.#e("pauseReplay"))}}var r=i(3325),n=i(234);const o=Object.values(r.D);function a(e){const t={};return o.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const r=l.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let o;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{o=e}));const a=async()=>{let n;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(111).then(i.bind(i,3228));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,n))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void o(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(111).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:r}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),o(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),o(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b2)((()=>a()),!0):a()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==r.D.sessionReplay||!!n.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var h=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=h.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,h.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var g=i(1117),m=i(1284);class v extends g.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,m.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=b(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,m.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=b(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=b(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=w(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function w(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,m.D)(e,A)}function A(e,t){return t}var x=i(8632),E=i(4402),_=i(4351);var T=i(5546),S=i(7956),D=i(3239),N=i(7894),R=i(9251);class j extends f{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,r),l.il&&((0,S.N)((()=>(0,T.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,D.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,T.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var C=i(3081);class O extends f{static featureName=C.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,C.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var P=i(6660);class I{constructor(e,t,r,n){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message=e,this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n}}class k extends f{static featureName=P.t;#t=new Set;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t,n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("fn-err",((e,t,n)=>{this.abortHandler&&!this.#t.has(n)&&(this.#t.add(n),(0,T.p)("err",[this.#r(n),(0,N.z)()],void 0,r.D.jserrors,this.ee))})),this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,T.p)("ierr",[this.#r(e),(0,N.z)(),!0],void 0,r.D.jserrors,this.ee)})),l._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,T.p)("err",[this.#n(e),(0,N.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,r.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,D.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),l._A.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(this.#t.has(e.error)?this.#t.delete(e.error):(0,T.p)("err",[this.#i(e),(0,N.z)()],void 0,r.D.jserrors,this.ee))}),(0,D.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#o,this.importAggregator()}#o(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.#t.clear(),this.abortHandler=void 0}#r(e){return e instanceof Error?e:void 0!==e?.message?new I(e.message,e.filename||e.sourceURL,e.lineno||e.line,e.colno||e.col):new I("string"==typeof e?e:(0,_.P)(e))}#n(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e?.reason instanceof Error)try{return e.reason.message=t+e.reason.message,e.reason}catch(t){return e.reason}if(void 0===e.reason)return new I(t);const r=this.#r(e.reason);return r.message=t+r.message,r}#i(e){return e.error instanceof Error?e.error:new I(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno)}}var H=i(2210);let M=1;const L="nr@id";function z(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===l._A?0:(0,H.X)(e,L,(function(){return M++}))}function B(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,_.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(1214),U=i(7243);class Z{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var r=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!r||!i)return null;var a=(0,E.M)(),s=(0,E.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,r,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,r,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof l._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,_.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i<r.allowed_origins.length;i++){var o=(0,U.e)(r.allowed_origins[i]);if(e.hostname===o.hostname&&e.protocol===o.protocol&&e.port===o.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var V=i(7825),q=["load","error","abort","timeout"],G=q.length,W=n.Yu.REQ,X=n.Yu.XHR;class K extends f{static featureName=V.t;constructor(e,t){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(e,t,V.t,i),(0,n.OP)(e).xhrWrappable){this.dt=new Z(e),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,T.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};l._A?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const n={status:t.responseStatus},i={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};Y(n,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[n,i,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,r.D.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}(0,F.u5)(this.ee),(0,F.Kf)(this.ee),function(e,t,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=x,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,D.m$)(!1)),l.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,D.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},Y(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function c(t,r){var i=(0,n.DL)(e);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function u(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=B(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,N.z)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<G;s++)r.addEventListener(q[s],this.listener,(0,D.m$)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function f(e,t){var r=""+z(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function h(e,t){var r=""+z(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function p(){this.endTime=(0,N.z)()}function g(e,r){r instanceof X&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,r){r instanceof X&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function v(e,t,r){t instanceof X&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,N.z)()))}function b(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,N.z)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function y(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&l.il&&(t=""+l._A.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:l._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,U.e)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var n=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(n&&(n.newrelicHeader||n.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);else{var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(i.headers,n)&&(this.dt=n),e.length>1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function w(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,N.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof W?r=i.url:l._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),Y(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof W&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=B(n.body)||0}function A(e,t){var n;this.endTime=(0,N.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,N.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,r.D.ajax)}function x(e){var t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o<G;o++)e.removeEventListener(q[o],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(n.duration=(0,N.z)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,i("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,r.D.ajax))}}function E(e,t){e.params.status=t.status;var r=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?B(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?B(e.responseText):void 0}(t,e.lastSize);if(r&&(e.metrics.rxSize=r),e.sameOrigin){var n=t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");n&&(e.params.cat=n.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",a),t.on("open-xhr-start",s),t.on("open-xhr-end",c),t.on("send-xhr-start",u),t.on("xhr-cb-time",d),t.on("xhr-load-added",f),t.on("xhr-load-removed",h),t.on("xhr-resolved",p),t.on("addEventListener-end",g),t.on("removeEventListener-end",m),t.on("fn-end",b),t.on("fetch-before-start",y),t.on("fetch-start",w),t.on("fn-start",v),t.on("fetch-done",A)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator()}}}function Y(e,t){var r=(0,U.e)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}var J=i(3614);const{BST_RESOURCE:Q,RESOURCE:ee,START:te,END:re,FEATURE_NAME:ne,FN_END:ie,FN_START:oe,PUSH_STATE:ae}=J;var se=i(7144);class ce extends f{static featureName=se.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,se.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var ue=i(7836);const{FEATURE_NAME:de,START:le,END:fe,BODY:he,CB_END:pe,JS_TIME:ge,FETCH:me,FN_START:ve,CB_START:be,FN_END:ye}=ue;var we=i(4649);class Ae extends f{static featureName=we.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,E.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new v({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,x.h5)(r,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),(0,s.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){try{const t=a(this.agentIdentifier),n=[...this.desiredFeatures];n.sort(((e,t)=>r.p[e.featureName]-r.p[t.featureName])),n.forEach((n=>{if(t[n.featureName]||n.featureName===r.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case r.D.ajax:return[r.D.jserrors];case r.D.sessionTrace:return[r.D.ajax,r.D.pageViewEvent];case r.D.sessionReplay:return[r.D.sessionTrace];case r.D.pageViewTiming:return[r.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(n.featureName);i.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(n.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,_.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[n.featureName]=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,x.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}addToTrace(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addToTrace failed. The session trace feature is not currently initialized.")}setCurrentRouteName(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCurrentRouteName failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}interaction(){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api interaction failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}}({features:[K,p,j,class extends f{static featureName=ne;constructor(e,t){if(super(e,t,ne,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!l.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,F.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,F.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(oe,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,N.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ie,(function(e,t){(0,T.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,N.z)()],void 0,r.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ae+te,(function(e){this.time=(0,N.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ae+re,(function(e){(0,T.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,r.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,T.p)(Q,[t],void 0,r.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:ee,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},ce,O,Ae,k,class extends f{static featureName=de;constructor(e,t){if(super(e,t,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!l.il)return;if(!(0,n.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,F._L)(this.ee),s=(0,F.Lg)(this.ee),c=(0,F.BV)(this.ee),u=(0,F.Kf)(this.ee),d=this.ee.get("events"),f=(0,F.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,F.QU)(this.ee),p=(0,F.Gm)(this.ee);function g(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function m(){i++,r=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,N.z)()}function v(){i--,window.location.hash!==r&&g(0,!0);var e=(0,N.z)();this[ge]=~~this[ge]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function b(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,N.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,m),s.on(be,m),a.on(be,m),this.ee.on(ye,v),s.on(pe,v),a.on(pe,v),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve],this.featureName),c.buffer(["setTimeout"+fe,"clearTimeout"+le,ve],this.featureName),u.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+le],this.featureName),f.buffer([me+le,me+"-done",me+he+le,me+he+fe],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),p.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,pe,"executor-err","resolve"+le],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),b(f,me+le),b(f,me+"-done"),b(a,"new-jsonp"),b(a,"jsonp-end"),b(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",g),h.on("replaceState-end",g),window.addEventListener("hashchange",g,(0,D.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",g,(0,D.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){g(0,i>1)}),(0,D.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#o,this.importAggregator()}#o(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})()})(); </script><script src="//assets.adobedtm.com/c0857d0b892a/7e3e4b83f0c5/launch-67dbffcc16ef.min.js"></script><script id="GPT-targeting" data-testid="adscript"> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; window.adEventHandlers = window.adEventHandlers || {}; const getTopicAffinity = (index) => { const match = document.cookie.match(new RegExp('(^| )' + 'analytics_TopicAffinity' + '=([^;]+)')) return match ? match[2].split('|')[index] ?? '' : '' } const getTopicsFollowed = (topics) => { return topics?.length > 0 ? topics?.map((topic) => { const topicName = topic.name.toLowerCase(); return ( topicName.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + topicName.slice(1) ); }).join('|') : '' }; const getNewsletterNames = (newsletters) => { return newsletters.length > 0 ? newsletters.map((newsletter) => newsletter.name).join('|') : ''; }; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('subscribed-enls', getNewsletterNames([])); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('pid', '300'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('iid', 'tag:blogs.harvardbusiness.org,2007-03-31:999.396351'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('page-type', 'ITEM'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('ox-group', '537063787'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('industry', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('job-title', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('company-size', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sub_access', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('topics_followed', getTopicsFollowed([])); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('topic_affinity', getTopicAffinity(0)); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('second_affinity', getTopicAffinity(1)); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('third_affinity', getTopicAffinity(2)); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('fourth_affinity', getTopicAffinity(3)); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('fifth_affinity', getTopicAffinity(4)); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sub_status', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('title', '8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('url', window.location.pathname); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('dev', '0'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('hostname', window.location.hostname); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sub_only', 'false'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('category', 'Operations and supply chain management'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('cid', ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('item', '8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('item-name', '8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('article-type', 'Digital Article'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('author', ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('type', ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('Government_visitors', ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('F100_visitors', ''); window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_970x90', [[970,90],[728,90],[1940,180],[300,50],[320,50],[600,100]], 'library-header-ad') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '1').setTargeting('inventory', 'ATF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_300x250_WelcomeAd', [[300,250]], 'library-interstitial-mobile-ad') .addService(googletag.pubads()) window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_640x480_WelcomeAd', [[640,480]], 'library-interstitial-desktop-ad') .addService(googletag.pubads()) window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_460x460', [[230,230],[460,460]], 'library-partnercenter-ad-first') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '11').setTargeting('inventory', 'BTF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_460x460', [[230,230],[460,460]], 'library-partnercenter-ad-second') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '12').setTargeting('inventory', 'BTF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_460x460', [[230,230],[460,460]], 'library-partnercenter-ad-third') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '13').setTargeting('inventory', 'BTF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_460x460', [[230,230],[460,460]], 'library-partnercenter-ad-fourth') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '14').setTargeting('inventory', 'BTF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_970x250', [[300,250],[600,500],[970,250],[728,90],[1940,500]], 'primary-ad-slot') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '1').setTargeting('inventory', 'ATF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_300x600', [[300,600],[300,250],[600,1200],[600,500]], 'right-ad') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '2').setTargeting('inventory', 'ATF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_300x600', [[300,600],[300,250],[600,1200],[600,500]], 'mobile-ad') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '3').setTargeting('inventory', 'BTF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_970x250', [[300,250],[600,500],[970,250],[728,90],[1940,500]], 'DFP_IC_pos7') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '7').setTargeting('inventory', 'BTF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_970x250', [[300,250],[600,500],[970,250],[728,90],[1940,500]], 'DFP_IC_pos8') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '8').setTargeting('inventory', 'BTF') window.googletag .defineSlot('/34363400/HBR_970x250', [[300,250],[600,500],[970,250],[728,90],[1940,500]], 'DFP_IC_pos9') .addService(googletag.pubads()) .setTargeting('position', '9').setTargeting('inventory', 'BTF') googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", (event) => { const slotId = event.slot.getSlotElementId(); const handler = window.adEventHandlers[slotId] if (handler) { handler(event); }; }); }) </script><link rel="preload" href="/assets/mfe-core/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Bold.449f1ad7.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous" data-testid="preload-link"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/mfe-core/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Light.0f59caef.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous" data-testid="preload-link"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/mfe-core/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Regular.ee9c3d0d.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous" data-testid="preload-link"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/mfe-core/fonts/tiempos-headline-semibold.978ff30b.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous" data-testid="preload-link"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/mfe-core/fonts/tiempos-text-regular.95ed0e7c.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous" data-testid="preload-link"/><title>8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now</title><link rel="preload" as="image" href="/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg" imageSrcSet="/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg 1200w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-300x169.jpg 300w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-768x432.jpg 768w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-500x281.jpg 500w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-383x215.jpg 383w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-700x394.jpg 700w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-850x478.jpg 850w" imageSizes="(min-width: 64em) 84vw, 100vw"/><meta name="test" content="rollback"/><meta name="msapplication-config" content="none" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="ox-group" content="537063787" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="page-type" content="ITEM" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@harvardbiz" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@harvardbiz" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1, width=device-width" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="uid" content="28FA1DC59350BA3EDC440C9249BDD7BE" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="article-type" content="" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="article-content-type" content="Digital Article" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="description" content="In a new era of globalization marked by geopolitical rivalries, supply chain vulnerabilities, and nationalist politics, Western companies must rethink their strategies. Answering eight questions will help managers address vulnerabilities and consider how their companies should regionalize production, reduce the scale necessary to achieve efficient production, hone their core differentiation strategies, and more. Despite the challenges, maintaining a presence in China will remain crucial." data-testid="meta"/><meta name="item-name" content="8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="page-category-name" content="Operations and supply chain management" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="shopper-attributes" content="state:guest" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="article:section" content="Operations and supply chain management" data-testid="meta"/><meta name="item-id" content="tag:blogs.harvardbusiness.org,2007-03-31:999.396351" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/HBR" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Harvard Business Review" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="og:type" content="article" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="og:description" content="In a new era of globalization marked by geopolitical rivalries, supply chain vulnerabilities, and nationalist politics, Western companies must rethink their strategies. Answering eight questions will help managers address vulnerabilities and consider how their companies should regionalize production, reduce the scale necessary to achieve efficient production, hone their core differentiation strategies, and more. Despite the challenges, maintaining a presence in China will remain crucial." data-testid="meta"/><meta property="og:image" content="/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="og:title" content="8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-19T13:05:12.000+00:00" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="page-id" content="300" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-20T20:04:29Z" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="page-category-id" content="391534" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="intromercial" content="false" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="primary-editor" content="57" data-testid="meta"/><meta property="article:tag" content="Global strategy" data-testid="meta"/><script>window.digitalData = {"pageInstanceID":"8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now:production","siteID":"hbrprod","page":{"pageInfo":{"language":"en","contentType":"Digital Article","pageName":"8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now","pageType":"Article","pageCategoryID":"391534","pageCategoryName":"Operations and supply chain management","pageDescription":"In a new era of globalization marked by geopolitical rivalries, supply chain vulnerabilities, and nationalist politics, Western companies must rethink their strategies. Answering eight questions will help managers address vulnerabilities and consider how their companies should regionalize production, reduce the scale necessary to achieve efficient production, hone their core differentiation strategies, and more. Despite the challenges, maintaining a presence in China will remain crucial.","date":"11-27-2024","time":"09:20 AM","deviceType":"Desktop","pageURL":"https://hbr.org/2024/11/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now","referringURL":"","sysEnv":"Desktop"},"attributes":{"articleEditorialDistinction":null,"articleContentType":"Digital Article","articleType":"Digital Article","articleAuthor":[{"authorName":"Willy C. Shih"}],"articleID":"tag:blogs.harvardbusiness.org,2007-03-31:999.396351","articleTitle":"8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now","articlePrimaryTopic":"Operations and supply chain management","articlePublishDate":"2024-11-19","articlePostingDate":"November - 2024","primaryAuthor":"Willy C. Shih","articleSubTopics":[{"subTopicName":"Operations and supply chain management"},{"subTopicName":"Global strategy"}],"articlePrimaryEditor":"57","articleTags":"Digital Article","configSubscriberOnly":false,"configNoIntromercial":false,"configExemptFromPaywall":false,"editorTags":[],"articleFindingMethod":"External","giftedArticle":false,"noaPlayerDisplayed":"True"}},"version":"2.2","users":[{"profile":{"accountID":"dad7ef40fa8312d1931502fb51b9278f","dateLastVisit":"2024-11-27","quota":{"limit":2,"remaining":1},"userState":"Guest","secondsSinceLastVisit":0,"daysSinceLastVisit":"Less than one day","guid":"dad7ef40fa8312d1931502fb51b9278f"}}]}</script><meta name="next-head-count" content="22"/><script async="" src="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script async="" src="//buy.tinypass.com/api/tinypass.min.js"></script><script async="" defer="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js#version=v19.2&appId=1761258887507575&xfbml=false&status=true"></script><link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" href="/resources/images/apple-touch-icon.png" sizes="152x152"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/resources/images/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/resources/images/android-chrome-512x512.png" sizes="512x512"/><script id="structured-data" data-testid="script" type="application/ld+json" data-nscript="beforeInteractive">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now","description":"Donald Trump鈥檚 victory in the U.S. presidential election is just the latest reason to rethink your approach.","abstract":"In a new era of globalization marked by geopolitical rivalries, supply chain vulnerabilities, and nationalist politics, Western companies must rethink their strategies. Answering eight questions will help managers address vulnerabilities and consider how their companies should regionalize production, reduce the scale necessary to achieve efficient production, hone their core differentiation strategies, and more. Despite the challenges, maintaining a presence in China will remain crucial.","image":"https://hbr.org/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg","datePublished":"2024-11-19T13:05:12.000+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-20T20:04:29Z","url":"https://hbr.org/2024/11/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now","isAccessibleForFree":false,"publisher":{"name":"Harvard Business Review","url":"https://hbr.org/"}}</script><link rel="preload" href="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/css/8269b3cc823d35cf.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/css/8269b3cc823d35cf.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/css/3dd34cd4baa187bb.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/css/3dd34cd4baa187bb.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-78c92fac7aa8fdd8.js"></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/webpack-169d65a6244d1f4b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/framework-75a00daf4fe4eee6.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/main-c6da13d8fd726dc5.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-fe535dc12d4be0a0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/413057b3-219bda5554472f61.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/e893f787-d17aeb5a3dbb32c0.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/732-2b91bf4b99c18281.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/122-0f9da69845e6c644.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5Byear%5D/%5Bmonth%5D/%5Bslug%5D-7a400d3f24ff7834.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/hfamOuYyVxL2T1bOF6gnA/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/hfamOuYyVxL2T1bOF6gnA/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next"><a href="#main" class="SkipLink_skip-link__u3yKj">SKIP TO CONTENT</a><div class="Standard_top-container__xM5D_"><div class="Standard_primary-ad-container__woctl"><div class="PrimaryAd_ad-container__YHDwJ" data-testid="ad-container"><div data-testid="ad" id="primary-ad-slot" class=""></div></div></div><div class="Standard_header-container__f5S6V"><div class="Header-module_resize__--1Z3"></div><header class="Header-module_header__qxHtx"><div class="Header-module_main-content__pEOjn"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Header-module_logo-link__XfxPZ" href="/"><svg class="Header-module_big-logo__0VZGX" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 130 148" aria-labelledby="logo:R55orm:" role="img"><title id="logo:R55orm:">Harvard Business Review Logo</title><path d="M21.3729 54.332V50.78C21.3729 49.2013 20.5031 47.9022 19.0534 47.3102L18.8546 47.228L19.0534 47.154C20.4037 46.6689 21.2072 45.3862 21.2072 43.7171V40.6667C21.2072 37.3531 19.3434 35.6758 15.6736 35.6758H9.05469V59.3229H15.8392C19.509 59.3229 21.3729 57.6456 21.3729 54.332ZM13.9671 39.7869H15.1682C15.8807 39.7869 16.2866 40.2884 16.2866 41.16V43.75C16.2866 44.6216 15.8807 45.1231 15.1682 45.1231H13.9671V39.7869ZM13.9671 55.2036V49.1684H15.1351C15.9884 49.1684 16.4191 49.6618 16.4191 50.6402V53.8222C16.4191 54.7102 16.0132 55.1953 15.2676 55.1953H13.9671V55.2036Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M34.8668 35.6758H29.8882V54.036C29.8882 54.9487 29.4823 55.4749 28.7698 55.4749C28.0574 55.4749 27.6184 54.9322 27.6184 54.036V35.6758H22.6729V54.1676C22.6729 57.4647 25.0669 59.5942 28.7698 59.5942C32.4728 59.5942 34.8668 57.4647 34.8668 54.1676V35.6758Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M41.908 59.5859C45.6109 59.5859 48.005 57.4563 48.005 54.1592V51.0759C48.005 49.0779 47.392 47.9267 45.7352 46.8332L41.8252 44.0787C41.2287 43.6347 41.0216 43.199 41.0216 42.385V40.9625C41.0216 39.7703 41.6098 39.5236 42.1068 39.5236C42.7861 39.5236 43.1589 40.0334 43.1589 40.9625V43.7827H47.9719V40.831C47.9719 37.4352 45.7766 35.4043 42.1068 35.4043C38.437 35.4043 36.043 37.5339 36.043 40.831V43.3881C36.043 45.3861 36.656 46.5372 38.3128 47.6307L42.2228 50.4181C42.753 50.8127 43.0263 51.1827 43.0263 52.1119V54.0359C43.0263 54.965 42.6536 55.4747 41.9743 55.4747C41.4772 55.4747 40.8891 55.2281 40.8891 54.0359V50.7881H36.043V54.1674C36.043 57.5632 38.2382 59.5941 41.908 59.5941V59.5859Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M54.334 35.6758H49.3223V59.3229H54.334V35.6758Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M64.3746 59.3229H68.7568V35.6758H64.2752V41.8589L64.3497 47.0142H63.9024L61.2681 35.6758H56.2811V59.3229H60.7628V51.446L60.6965 46.488H61.1355L64.3746 59.3229Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M80.1721 40.05V35.6758H70.7118V59.3229H80.1721V54.9404H75.591V49.3082H79.6005V44.9258H75.591V40.05H80.1721Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M92.9786 51.0846C92.9786 49.0866 92.3656 47.9355 90.7088 46.842L86.7988 44.0875C86.2024 43.6435 85.9952 43.2078 85.9952 42.3938V40.9713C85.9952 39.7791 86.5834 39.5324 87.0805 39.5324C87.7597 39.5324 88.1325 40.0422 88.1325 40.9713V43.7915H92.9455V40.8398C92.9455 37.444 90.7502 35.4131 87.0805 35.4131C83.4107 35.4131 81.0166 37.5426 81.0166 40.8398V43.3969C81.0166 45.3949 81.6296 46.546 83.2864 47.6395L87.1964 50.4269C87.7266 50.8215 88 51.1915 88 52.1206V54.0446C88 54.9738 87.6272 55.4835 86.9479 55.4835C86.4509 55.4835 85.8627 55.2369 85.8627 54.0446V50.7969H81.0166V54.1762C81.0166 57.572 83.2118 59.6029 86.8816 59.6029C90.5514 59.6029 92.9786 57.4733 92.9786 54.1762V51.0846Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M106.076 51.0846C106.076 49.0866 105.463 47.9355 103.806 46.842L99.8965 44.0875C99.3 43.6435 99.0929 43.2078 99.0929 42.3938V40.9713C99.0929 39.7791 99.6811 39.5324 100.178 39.5324C100.857 39.5324 101.23 40.0422 101.23 40.9713V43.7915H106.043V40.8398C106.043 37.444 103.848 35.4131 100.178 35.4131C96.5083 35.4131 94.1143 37.5426 94.1143 40.8398V43.3969C94.1143 45.3949 94.7273 46.546 96.3841 47.6395L100.294 50.4269C100.824 50.8215 101.098 51.1915 101.098 52.1206V54.0446C101.098 54.9738 100.725 55.4835 100.046 55.4835C99.5485 55.4835 98.9604 55.2369 98.9604 54.0446V50.7969H94.1143V54.1762C94.1143 57.572 96.3095 59.6029 99.9793 59.6029C103.649 59.6029 106.076 57.4733 106.076 54.1762V51.0846Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M21.696 32.6417V8.98633H16.7091V18.2446H14.0748V8.98633H9.05469V32.6417H14.0748V22.6188H16.7091V32.6417H21.696Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M30.8663 27.8651L31.3634 32.6422H36.2095L32.987 8.99512H25.7137L22.5244 32.6422H27.2048L27.6687 27.8651H30.8663ZM28.3977 19.8813L28.8782 15.3345H29.6238L30.1456 19.8813L30.6344 23.9513H27.909L28.3977 19.8813Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M49.7285 32.6418C49.4386 31.7785 49.3972 30.5945 49.3972 29.542V24.4032C49.3972 22.6847 48.6599 21.4514 47.3096 20.9334L47.1025 20.8512L47.3096 20.7772C48.6599 20.292 49.4635 19.0094 49.4635 17.3403V13.9938C49.4635 10.6803 47.5996 9.00293 43.9298 9.00293H37.1121V32.65H42.0576V23.03H43.1925C43.7641 23.03 44.4434 23.2849 44.4434 24.5018V29.7065C44.4434 30.652 44.4848 31.8278 44.783 32.6418H49.7285ZM43.3665 18.812H42.0659V13.2127H43.3665C44.0706 13.2127 44.4848 13.7307 44.4848 14.5858V17.4389C44.4848 18.3105 44.0789 18.812 43.3665 18.812Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M58.5261 8.9873L57.4989 19.7913L57.0598 25.0782H56.538L56.0989 19.7913L55.0303 8.9873H49.9688L53.5143 32.6426H59.8101L63.3971 8.9873H58.5261Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M84.5049 32.6428H89.4422C89.1522 31.7795 89.1108 30.5955 89.1108 29.543V24.4041C89.1108 22.6857 88.3735 21.4524 87.0232 20.9343L86.8244 20.8521L87.0315 20.7781C88.3818 20.293 89.1854 19.0104 89.1854 17.3412V13.9948C89.1854 10.6812 87.3215 9.00391 83.6517 9.00391H76.834V32.651H81.7795V23.031H82.9144C83.486 23.031 84.1653 23.2859 84.1653 24.5028V29.7075C84.1653 30.653 84.2067 31.8288 84.5049 32.6428ZM83.0801 18.813H81.7795V13.2137H83.0801C83.7842 13.2137 84.1984 13.7317 84.1984 14.5868V17.4399C84.1984 18.3115 83.7925 18.813 83.0801 18.813Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M103.276 14.414C103.276 11.0675 100.973 8.9873 97.2784 8.9873H90.9246V32.6344H97.2784C100.981 32.6344 103.276 30.5542 103.276 27.2077V14.4057V14.414ZM98.2973 27.0515C98.2973 27.9149 97.8831 28.4246 97.179 28.4246H95.8784V13.2053H97.179C97.8831 13.2053 98.2973 13.7233 98.2973 14.5784V27.0515Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M70.6041 27.8651L71.1094 32.6422H75.9555L72.7331 8.99511H65.4598L62.2704 32.6422H66.9509L67.4148 27.8651H70.6041ZM68.1355 19.8813L68.616 15.3344H69.3615L69.8834 19.8813L70.3721 23.9513H67.6467L68.1355 19.8813Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M16.7336 86.0129H21.6708C21.3809 85.1496 21.3394 83.9656 21.3394 82.9131V77.7742C21.3394 76.0558 20.6022 74.8225 19.2519 74.3045L19.0531 74.2222L19.2602 74.1482C20.6105 73.6631 21.414 72.3805 21.414 70.7114V67.3649C21.414 64.0514 19.5501 62.374 15.8803 62.374H9.06264V86.0211H14.0082V76.4011H15.1431C15.7146 76.4011 16.3939 76.656 16.3939 77.8729V83.0776C16.3939 84.0231 16.4354 85.1989 16.7336 86.0129ZM15.3087 72.1831H14.0082V66.5838H15.3087C16.0129 66.5838 16.4271 67.1018 16.4271 67.9569V70.81C16.4271 71.6816 16.0212 72.1831 15.3087 72.1831Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M32.5472 66.7399V62.3574H23.0869V86.0128H32.5472V81.6303H27.9662V75.9899H31.9756V71.6156H27.9662V66.7399H32.5472Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M52.3956 62.3574H47.3838V86.0045H52.3956V62.3574Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M63.7367 66.7398V62.3573H54.2764V86.0127H63.7367V81.6302H59.1557V75.9898H63.1651V71.6156H59.1557V66.7398H63.7367Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M78.9626 62.3573L77.9851 76.0227H77.2395L77.2313 75.9487L76.3035 62.3573H72.2609L71.3911 76.0227H70.6372L70.2562 71.1058L69.6266 62.3573H64.4491L67.1497 86.0127H72.8408L73.7768 73.3093H74.4478L75.3508 86.0127H81.0419L83.7424 62.3573H78.9626Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M41.7842 62.3573L40.757 73.1613L40.3097 78.4482H39.7961L39.3488 73.1613L38.2884 62.3573H33.2186L36.7724 86.0127H43.0682L46.6469 62.3573H41.7842Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M64.9959 148L64.0929 147.556C39.1499 135.387 22.9548 124.509 13.1218 113.319C4.05085 103 0 92.1464 0 78.1276V0H130V78.1276C130 92.1464 125.957 103 116.878 113.319C107.045 124.509 90.8418 135.387 65.9071 147.556L65.0042 148H64.9959ZM4.10884 4.07822V78.1276C4.10884 91.0858 7.8449 101.117 16.2117 110.638C25.5643 121.27 41.0801 131.712 64.9959 143.453C88.9116 131.712 104.436 121.27 113.78 110.638C122.155 101.117 125.883 91.094 125.883 78.1276V4.07822H4.10055H4.10884Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path></svg><svg class="Header-module_compact-logo__1sOi0" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 47 54" aria-labelledby="logo:R95orm:" role="img"><title id="logo:R95orm:">Harvard Business Review Logo</title><path d="M29.5562 15.7316V22.5566H25.9894V5.68164H30.8008C33.4388 5.68164 34.7206 6.90039 34.7206 9.28164V11.6629C34.7206 12.7879 34.2005 13.7816 33.1787 14.1566C34.2562 14.5879 34.6649 15.5629 34.6649 16.6691V20.3066C34.6649 21.2066 34.7206 21.9941 34.925 22.5566H31.3582C31.1538 22.0129 31.0981 21.2441 31.0981 20.4191V16.7254C31.0981 16.0879 30.838 15.7316 30.2807 15.7316H29.5376H29.5562ZM30.4107 8.77539H29.5562V12.6379H30.4107C30.8752 12.6379 31.1352 12.3004 31.1352 11.7191V9.69414C31.1352 9.13164 30.8752 8.77539 30.4107 8.77539Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M20.6949 5.66211C23.3328 5.66211 24.6146 6.88086 24.6146 9.26211V11.4184C24.6146 12.5434 24.0945 13.5371 23.0727 13.9121C24.1502 14.3621 24.7261 15.3184 24.7261 16.4246V18.9371C24.7261 21.3184 23.4443 22.5371 20.8063 22.5371H16.0134V5.66211H20.6949ZM20.3605 8.69961H19.5802V12.3746H20.3605C20.8249 12.3746 21.085 12.0371 21.085 11.4559V9.61836C21.085 9.03711 20.8249 8.69961 20.3605 8.69961ZM20.3419 15.3559H19.5802V19.5184H20.4348C20.9178 19.5184 21.1779 19.1809 21.1779 18.5996V16.3496C21.1779 15.7121 20.9178 15.3559 20.3419 15.3559Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M14.5272 5.66211V22.5371H10.9419V15.4309H9.21418V22.5371H5.61023V5.66211H9.21418V12.2246H10.9419V5.66211H14.5272Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M23.5 54L22.9427 53.7188C14.0628 49.3125 8.30395 45.375 4.77431 41.2875C1.48617 37.4813 0 33.4688 0 28.2938V0H47V28.2938C47 33.4688 45.5324 37.4813 42.2257 41.2875C38.696 45.3563 32.9372 49.3125 24.0573 53.7188L23.5 54ZM2.56364 2.5875V28.2938C2.56364 36.075 6.00039 42.3375 23.5 51.1125C40.981 42.3375 44.4364 36.0938 44.4364 28.2938V2.5875H2.56364Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path></svg></a><div class="Header-module_content__DV-in"><div class="Header-module_upper-section__Ugvec"><button type="button" aria-label="Toggle the main menu" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Header-module_hamburger__RBx4F Button-module_text__dcWb-"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" class="SVGIcon-module_icon__jWzmK Header-module_hamburger-icon__wrwur" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24 3.5H0v1.1h3.37V21h17.25V4.6H24zm-4.47 16.4H4.47v-15h15.06z"></path><path d="M7.5 8.07h9v1.1h-9zM7.5 15.57h9v1.1h-9zM7.5 11.82h9v1.1h-9z"></path></svg></button><div class="Header-module_consumer-content-container__45xTU"><div class="StandardHeadline_content-container___V29A"><span class="StandardHeadline_headline-topic__2KoXi"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem StandardHeadline_headline-topic-anchor__NZ3Ff" href="/topic/subject/operations-and-supply-chain-management">Operations and supply chain management</a></span><span class="StandardHeadline_headline-separator__sRMpZ">|</span><span class="StandardHeadline_headline-title__Ms2NZ">8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now</span></div></div><div class="Header-module_subscribe-sign-in__hGJny"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Header-module_subscribe-button__mGvj9" href="/subscriptions?ab=topbar-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.topbar-subtout" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Subscribe</a><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Header-module_sign-in__voGP5 Button-module_text__dcWb-" id="sign-in-button-header">Sign In</button></div><button type="button" aria-label="Search hbr.org" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Header-module_search__LDIn2 Button-module_text__dcWb-"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" class="SVGIcon-module_icon__jWzmK" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24.06 23.22l-6.38-6.38a10.11 10.11 0 10-.85.85l6.37 6.37zM1.2 10.13A8.93 8.93 0 1110.13 19a8.94 8.94 0 01-8.93-8.87z"></path></svg></button></div><nav class="Header-module_navbar__oNJdL" aria-label="Quick Menu"><ul class="NavBar-module_list__kScWs"><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/the-latest">Latest</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/magazine">Magazine</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/store">Store</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li></ul></nav></div></div><div class="MegaMenu-module_overlay__Ol58y"></div><nav class="MegaMenu-module_mega-menu__Eu7KC MegaMenu-module_menu-close__KCgUx" aria-label="Main Menu"><button type="button" aria-label="Close the main menu" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK MegaMenu-module_btn-close__dZ-lc Button-module_text__dcWb-"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" class="SVGIcon-module_icon__jWzmK SVGIcon-module_x__czr2H" aria-hidden="true"><line x1="5" y1="5" x2="19" y2="19"></line><line x1="19" y1="5" x2="5" y2="19"></line></svg></button><div class="MegaMenu-module_content-container__2BfcA"><div><form class="SearchForm-module_search-form__vTTDN MegaMenu-module_search__R2Jdp" role="search" action="/search" autoComplete="off"><div class="SearchForm-module_input-container__raxqf"><div class="TextInput-module_container__ZQmdd"><label class="SearchForm-module_search-field-label__xqtLB TextInput-module_label__zSFLb" for="text-input:Raqdorm:">Search hbr.org</label><div class="TextInput-module_input-container__jJXwT"><input class="SearchForm-module_search-field__e6XeP TextInput-module_input__bLrqx" type="search" name="term" id="text-input:Raqdorm:" placeholder="Search hbr.org" value=""/></div></div></div><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK SearchForm-module_btn-clear-search__eX40c SearchForm-module_hide__G7yU3 Button-module_text__dcWb-">CLEAR</button><button type="submit" aria-label="Search hbr.org" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK SearchForm-module_btn-search__ik9Kt Button-module_text__dcWb-"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" class="SVGIcon-module_icon__jWzmK" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24.06 23.22l-6.38-6.38a10.11 10.11 0 10-.85.85l6.37 6.37zM1.2 10.13A8.93 8.93 0 1110.13 19a8.94 8.94 0 01-8.93-8.87z"></path></svg></button></form></div><ul class="MegaMenu-module_short-links-list__KmWZt"><div class="MegaMenu-module_subscribe-container__gga0J"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_subscribe-button__EjJ2M" href="/subscriptions?ab=leftnav-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.leftnav-subtout" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Subscribe</a></div><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/the-latest">Latest</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/magazine">The Magazine</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/store">Store</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topics">All Topics</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library">My Library</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/settings">Account Settings</a></li><li><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH Button-module_text__dcWb-" data-qa="mega-menu-sign-in-button">Sign In</button></li></ul><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-lists-container__tF8hq" data-testid="long-lists-container"><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-list-container__bZFox MegaMenu-module_long-list-container-1__h7B1p"><p role="doc-subtitle" class="MegaMenu-module_list-title__Vixb6">Explore HBR</p><ul class="MegaMenu-module_list__-9bHO"><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/the-latest">Latest</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/magazine">The Magazine</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/store">Store</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li></ul></div><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-list-container__bZFox MegaMenu-module_long-list-container-2__f04eC"><p role="doc-subtitle" class="MegaMenu-module_list-title__Vixb6">Popular Topics</p><ul class="MegaMenu-module_list__-9bHO"><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/managing-yourself">Managing Yourself</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/leadership">Leadership</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/strategy">Strategy</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/managing-people">Managing Teams</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/gender">Gender</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/innovation">Innovation</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/work-life-balance">Work-life Balance</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topics">All Topics</a></li></ul></div><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-list-container__bZFox MegaMenu-module_long-list-container-3__RLdNV"><p role="doc-subtitle" class="MegaMenu-module_list-title__Vixb6">For Subscribers</p><ul class="MegaMenu-module_list__-9bHO"><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-red__R2K01" href="/subscriptions?ab=leftnav-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.leftnav-subtout" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Subscribe</a></li></ul></div><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-list-container__bZFox MegaMenu-module_long-list-container-4__CNRqg"><p role="doc-subtitle" class="MegaMenu-module_list-title__Vixb6">My Account</p><ul class="MegaMenu-module_list__-9bHO"><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library">My Library</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/topics">Topic Feeds</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/orders">Orders</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/settings">Account Settings</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/preferences">Email Preferences</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH Button-module_text__dcWb-" data-qa="mega-menu-sign-in-button">Sign In</button></li></ul></div><ul class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list__HvTFL"><li class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list-item__kYnRr"><a aria-label="HBR on Twitter" class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e" href="//twitter.com/HarvardBiz" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL FontIcon-module_twitter__bQXzy" role="presentation"></span></a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list-item__kYnRr"><a aria-label="HBR on Facebook" class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e" href="//www.facebook.com/HBR" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL FontIcon-module_facebook__S9ltf" role="presentation"></span></a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list-item__kYnRr"><a aria-label="HBR on LinkedIn" class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e" href="//www.linkedin.com/company/harvard-business-review?trk=biz-companies-cym" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL FontIcon-module_linkedin__pU2s2" role="presentation"></span></a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list-item__kYnRr"><a aria-label="HBR on Instagram" class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e" href="//www.instagram.com/harvard_business_review/?hl=en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL FontIcon-module_instagram__fAjdS" role="presentation"></span></a></li></ul></div></div></nav></header></div></div><article class="ArticleWrapper_wrapper__yWBsB" id="main"><div class="Standard_container__GtzAz"><div class="Standard_article-header__JsRH2"><div class="MainTopicLink_container__L7tHy MainTopicLink_standard__WcK3Y"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MainTopicLink_topic__UaGQ9" href="/topic/subject/operations-and-supply-chain-management">Operations and supply chain management</a></div><div class="Title_headline-container__ZDPib Title_standard__x_GEq"><h1 class="Title_title__MZ67h Title_standard__x_GEq">8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now</h1></div><div class="DekBylineContainer_dek-byline-container__fr_dQ DekBylineContainer_standard__Lox1c"><p class="DekBylineContainer_dek-byline-content__jety2 DekBylineContainer_standard__Lox1c"><span class="Byline_byline__Fsu0D"> by <a href="/search?term=Willy C. Shih" class="Byline_author__SdVEf">Willy C. Shih</a></span></p></div><div class="PublicationDate_standard__rpflO PublicationDate_non-magazine-date-container__Ln4Wl"><span class="PublicationDate_non-magazine-date___Oz7L">November 19, 2024</span></div></div><div class="Standard_hero-image__pLYMe"><div class="Hero_standard__7wZzF"><img class="Hero_img__EpkVw" src="/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg" sizes="(min-width: 64em) 84vw, 100vw" srcSet="/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg 1200w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-300x169.jpg 300w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-768x432.jpg 768w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-500x281.jpg 500w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-383x215.jpg 383w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-700x394.jpg 700w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-850x478.jpg 850w" alt="" role="presentation"/><div class="Hero_container-caption-credits__w3p3u Hero_standard__7wZzF"><span class="Hero_credits__Ll8_0">David Sacks/Getty Images</span></div></div></div><div class="Standard_top-utils__v8vF1"><ul class="PageUtils_container-top__pyYDD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt"><a class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?&original_referer=&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&related=twitterapi%2Ctwitter&tw_p=tweetbutton&url=" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-analytics="share-on-x"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Twitter.7ac71c2c.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Post</span></a></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="share-on-facebook"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Facebook.f94faecd.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Post</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="share-on-linkedin"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/LinkedIn.c9a4114a.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Share</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="open-save-flyout"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Save.635e3a71.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Save</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" href="/product/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now/H08HTR-PDF-ENG" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-analytics="buy-reprint-link"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/BuyCopy.088ae0cd.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Buy Copies</span></a></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="print-article"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Print.61d005bb.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Print</span></button></li></ul></div><div class="Standard_summary__XfVno"><section class="Summary_container__LHBTn Summary_standard__FY82u Summary_initial-layout__EtsKc"><h2 class="Summary_summary-header__NtM4x">Summary.聽聽聽</h2><span class="Summary_summary-text__eMqXD"><span class="Summary_summary-text__eMqXD">In a new era of globalization marked by geopolitical rivalries, supply chain vulnerabilities, and nationalist politics, Western companies must rethink their strategies. Answering eight questions will help managers address vulnerabilities and consider how their companies should regionalize production, reduce the scale necessary to achieve efficient production, hone their core differentiation strategies, and more. Despite the challenges, maintaining a presence in China will remain crucial.</span></span></section><div class="TranslateMessage_translate-message__iUF3m"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem TranslateMessage_link__KubhN TranslateMessage_translate__mUd5F" href="/2024/11/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now?language=es" data-analytics="lang-es">Leer en espa帽ol</a><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem TranslateMessage_link__KubhN TranslateMessage_translate__mUd5F" href="/2024/11/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now?language=pt" data-analytics="lang-pt">Ler em portugu锚s</a></div></div><div class="Standard_left-rail__qnsPO"><ul class="PageUtils_container-left__whOYQ PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_vertical__SqN7k"><a class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?&original_referer=&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&related=twitterapi%2Ctwitter&tw_p=tweetbutton&url=" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-analytics="share-on-x"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Twitter.7ac71c2c.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Post</span></a></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_vertical__SqN7k"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="share-on-facebook"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Facebook.f94faecd.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Post</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_vertical__SqN7k"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="share-on-linkedin"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/LinkedIn.c9a4114a.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Share</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_vertical__SqN7k"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="open-save-flyout"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Save.635e3a71.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Save</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_vertical__SqN7k PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" href="/product/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now/H08HTR-PDF-ENG" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-analytics="buy-reprint-link"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/BuyCopy.088ae0cd.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Buy Copies</span></a></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_vertical__SqN7k PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="print-article"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Print.61d005bb.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Print</span></button></li></ul></div><div class="Standard_content__mghDk"><p class="Paragraph_text__yGFNO" data-first-paragraph="true">Companies around the world are confronting a new era of globalization. The combination of geopolitical rivalries, sweeping supply-chain vulnerabilities exposed by the Covid-19 pandemic, and the rise of nationalist-centered politics foreshadows a much more challenging global trading environment. In addition, the recent U.S. election of Donald Trump as president points toward a more transactional approach to foreign relations and trade.</p><iframe title="Article audio player" class="NOAPlayer_player__CEZEV" src="https://embed-player.newsoveraudio.com/v1?key=uir3z2&id=tag:blogs.harvardbusiness.org%2C2007-03-31%3A999.396351&bgColor=F5F5F5&color=282828&simplified=true&quot;"></iframe></div><div class="Standard_right-rail__tTaUI"><div class="Standard_right-rail-content__Y1Qwu"><div data-testid="ad-container"><div data-testid="ad" id="right-ad" class=""></div></div><div class="right-rail-piano-container advertising PianoAd_ad__m1O2b" data-testid="piano-ad-container"></div><div class="ecommerce-module"><div data-analytics="placement-right_rail3" data-testid="container"></div><div class="RelatedTopics_container__2Nkb4 RelatedTopics_standard__UaUNv"><span class="RelatedTopics_related-topics__zEjID RelatedTopics_standard__UaUNv">Read more on <a href="/topic/subject/operations-and-supply-chain-management?ab=articlepage-topic" class="RelatedTopics_topic-link__u_bsi"><strong>Operations and supply chain management</strong></a> or related topic <a href="/topic/subject/global-strategy?ab=articlepage-topic" class="RelatedTopics_topic-link__u_bsi"><strong>Global strategy</strong></a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="Standard_author__Ke782"><div data-analytics="end-of-article" data-testid="container"></div><aside class="AuthorBioList_container__qBo_1 AuthorBioList_standard__9lH5w"><div class="AuthorBio_author-info-item__0G_0z AuthorBio_standard___hh_q"><div class="AuthorBio_image-container___c3yQ"><img src="/resources/images/article_assets/2009/10/110-willy-shih.jpg" alt="" class="AuthorBio_author-picture__2ElG9" role="presentation"/></div><div class="AuthorBio_author-bio-container__u5vHF"><a class="AuthorBio_author-name__VPl47" href="/search?term=Willy%20C.%20Shih&amp;search_type=search-all">Willy C. Shih </a><span class="AuthorBio_biography__CPmNZ"> is the Robert & Jane Cizik Baker Foundation Professor of Management Practice at Harvard Business School.</span></div></div></aside></div><div class="Standard_bottom-utils__JNmpq"><ul class="PageUtils_container-bottom__NBym_ PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt"><a class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?&original_referer=&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&related=twitterapi%2Ctwitter&tw_p=tweetbutton&url=" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-analytics="share-on-x"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Twitter.7ac71c2c.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Post</span></a></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="share-on-facebook"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Facebook.f94faecd.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Post</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="share-on-linkedin"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/LinkedIn.c9a4114a.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Share</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="open-save-flyout"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Save.635e3a71.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Save</span></button></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_hidden-horizontal-utility__MhV2Z PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" href="/product/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now/H08HTR-PDF-ENG" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" data-analytics="buy-reprint-link"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/BuyCopy.088ae0cd.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Buy Copies</span></a></li><li class="PageUtils_list-item__HK3pt PageUtils_hidden-horizontal-utility__MhV2Z PageUtils_standard__FTgtj"><button class="PageUtils_item-button__UHILB" type="button" data-analytics="print-article"><img src="/assets-mfe-articles/_next/static/media/Print.61d005bb.svg" aria-hidden="true" alt="" width="24" height="24"/><span class="PageUtils_utility-name__y5qBD PageUtils_standard__FTgtj">Print</span></button></li></ul></div><div class="Standard_bottom-related-topics__i6afu"><div class="RelatedTopics_container__2Nkb4 RelatedTopics_standard__UaUNv"><span class="RelatedTopics_related-topics__zEjID RelatedTopics_standard__UaUNv">Read more on <a href="/topic/subject/operations-and-supply-chain-management?ab=articlepage-topic" class="RelatedTopics_topic-link__u_bsi"><strong>Operations and supply chain management</strong></a> or related topic <a href="/topic/subject/global-strategy?ab=articlepage-topic" class="RelatedTopics_topic-link__u_bsi"><strong>Global strategy</strong></a></span></div></div><div class="Standard_recommended__GhgTa"><div class="content-rec-wrapper RecommendedForYou_container__icYLj RecommendedForYou_standard__tIiRH" data-testid="recommended-for-you-container"><div data-analytics="placement-recommended-for-you" data-testid="container"></div></div></div></div></article><div id="paywall-creative-container" class="PianoPaywall_paywall__SCdXD PianoPaywall_hidden__X49tI" data-testid="piano"></div><section class="LimitCounter_container__gBgkp"><div class="persistent-banner deactivated LimitCounter_not-visible__oVRIF" aria-label="Article count" aria-live="polite" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div></section><section class="PartnerCenter-module_container__w6Ige"><h2 class="PartnerCenter-module_partner-center-title__EMvh6 Heading-module_level-2__cI8dj">Partner Center</h2><div class="PartnerCenter-module_ad-container__B1ZB2"><div data-testid="ad" id="library-partnercenter-ad-first" class="PartnerCenter-module_ad-slot__mVfwV"></div><div data-testid="ad" id="library-partnercenter-ad-second" class="PartnerCenter-module_ad-slot__mVfwV"></div><div data-testid="ad" id="library-partnercenter-ad-third" class="PartnerCenter-module_ad-slot__mVfwV"></div><div data-testid="ad" id="library-partnercenter-ad-fourth" class="PartnerCenter-module_ad-slot__mVfwV"></div></div></section><footer class="Footer-module_footer__smP7p"><div class="Footer-module_container__1wqNg"><div class="Footer-module_top-content__WOP4t"><div class="Footer-module_subscribe-link-container__Wgulz"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS Footer-module_subscribe-link__lW6yW" href="/subscriptions?ab=footer-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.footer-subtout">Start my subscription!</a></div></div><nav class="Footer-module_nav__Omdgl" aria-label="Comprehensive Menu"><details data-testid="container" class="Footer-module_accordion__8VmFB Accordion-module_container__6rGl0"><summary class="Accordion-module_title__-9-np">Explore HBR<span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Accordion-module_title-icon__lc6tR FontIcon-module_caret-right__vpaQH" role="presentation"></span></summary><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/the-latest">The Latest</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/topics">All Topics</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/magazine">Magazine Archive</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/my-library">My Library</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbrpress">HBR Press</a></li></ul></details><details data-testid="container" class="Footer-module_accordion__8VmFB Accordion-module_container__6rGl0"><summary class="Accordion-module_title__-9-np">HBR Store<span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Accordion-module_title-icon__lc6tR FontIcon-module_caret-right__vpaQH" role="presentation"></span></summary><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/articles">Article Reprints</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/books">Books</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/case-studies">Cases</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/collections">Collections</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/magazine-issues">Magazine Issues</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/guides">HBR Guide Series</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/20-minute-managers">HBR 20-Minute Managers</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/emotional-intelligence-series">HBR Emotional Intelligence Series</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/mustreads">HBR Must Reads</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/tools">Tools</a></li></ul></details><details data-testid="container" class="Footer-module_accordion__8VmFB Accordion-module_container__6rGl0"><summary class="Accordion-module_title__-9-np">About HBR<span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Accordion-module_title-icon__lc6tR FontIcon-module_caret-right__vpaQH" role="presentation"></span></summary><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbr-advertising-sales">Advertise with Us</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/booksellers-retailers">Information for Booksellers/Retailers</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/about-hbr">Masthead</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/global-editions">Global Editions</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/media-inquiries">Media Inquiries</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/guidelines-for-authors-web">Guidelines for Authors</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbr-analytic-services">HBR Analytic Services</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/permissions">Copyright Permissions</a></li></ul></details><details data-testid="container" class="Footer-module_accordion__8VmFB Accordion-module_container__6rGl0"><summary class="Accordion-module_title__-9-np">Manage My Account<span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Accordion-module_title-icon__lc6tR FontIcon-module_caret-right__vpaQH" role="presentation"></span></summary><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">My Library</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Topic Feeds</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Orders</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Account Settings</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Email Preferences</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/subscriber-help">Account FAQ</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://hbphelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us">Help Center</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/subscriber-help#contact-customer-service">Contact Customer Service</a></li></ul></details><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">Explore HBR</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/the-latest">The Latest</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/topics">All Topics</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/magazine">Magazine Archive</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/my-library">My Library</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbrpress">HBR Press</a></li></ul></div><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">HBR Store</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/articles">Article Reprints</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/books">Books</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/case-studies">Cases</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/collections">Collections</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/magazine-issues">Magazine Issues</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/guides">HBR Guide Series</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/20-minute-managers">HBR 20-Minute Managers</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/emotional-intelligence-series">HBR Emotional Intelligence Series</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/mustreads">HBR Must Reads</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/tools">Tools</a></li></ul></div><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">About HBR</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbr-advertising-sales">Advertise with Us</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/booksellers-retailers">Information for Booksellers/Retailers</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/about-hbr">Masthead</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/global-editions">Global Editions</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/media-inquiries">Media Inquiries</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/guidelines-for-authors-web">Guidelines for Authors</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbr-analytic-services">HBR Analytic Services</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/permissions">Copyright Permissions</a></li></ul></div><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">Manage My Account</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">My Library</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Topic Feeds</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Orders</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Account Settings</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Email Preferences</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/subscriber-help">Account FAQ</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://hbphelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us">Help Center</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/subscriber-help#contact-customer-service">Contact Customer Service</a></li></ul></div><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ Footer-module_follow-list__qgAgd"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">Follow HBR</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_facebook__S9ltf" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://www.facebook.com/HBR">Facebook</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_twitter__bQXzy" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="http://twitter.com/HarvardBiz">X Corp.</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_linkedin__pU2s2" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/harvard-business-review?trk=biz-companies-cym">LinkedIn</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_instagram__fAjdS" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://www.instagram.com/harvard_business_review/?hl=en">Instagram</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_rss__CQubR" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="http://feeds.harvardbusiness.org/harvardbusiness/">Your Newsreader</a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="FinePrint-module_container__DHZfu" data-testid="container"><div class="FinePrint-module_logo-container__Fy1ZM"><svg class="FinePrint-module_logo__J-mNb" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 130 148" aria-labelledby="logo:R1rdm:" role="img"><title id="logo:R1rdm:">Harvard Business Review Logo</title><path d="M21.3729 54.332V50.78C21.3729 49.2013 20.5031 47.9022 19.0534 47.3102L18.8546 47.228L19.0534 47.154C20.4037 46.6689 21.2072 45.3862 21.2072 43.7171V40.6667C21.2072 37.3531 19.3434 35.6758 15.6736 35.6758H9.05469V59.3229H15.8392C19.509 59.3229 21.3729 57.6456 21.3729 54.332ZM13.9671 39.7869H15.1682C15.8807 39.7869 16.2866 40.2884 16.2866 41.16V43.75C16.2866 44.6216 15.8807 45.1231 15.1682 45.1231H13.9671V39.7869ZM13.9671 55.2036V49.1684H15.1351C15.9884 49.1684 16.4191 49.6618 16.4191 50.6402V53.8222C16.4191 54.7102 16.0132 55.1953 15.2676 55.1953H13.9671V55.2036Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M34.8668 35.6758H29.8882V54.036C29.8882 54.9487 29.4823 55.4749 28.7698 55.4749C28.0574 55.4749 27.6184 54.9322 27.6184 54.036V35.6758H22.6729V54.1676C22.6729 57.4647 25.0669 59.5942 28.7698 59.5942C32.4728 59.5942 34.8668 57.4647 34.8668 54.1676V35.6758Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M41.908 59.5859C45.6109 59.5859 48.005 57.4563 48.005 54.1592V51.0759C48.005 49.0779 47.392 47.9267 45.7352 46.8332L41.8252 44.0787C41.2287 43.6347 41.0216 43.199 41.0216 42.385V40.9625C41.0216 39.7703 41.6098 39.5236 42.1068 39.5236C42.7861 39.5236 43.1589 40.0334 43.1589 40.9625V43.7827H47.9719V40.831C47.9719 37.4352 45.7766 35.4043 42.1068 35.4043C38.437 35.4043 36.043 37.5339 36.043 40.831V43.3881C36.043 45.3861 36.656 46.5372 38.3128 47.6307L42.2228 50.4181C42.753 50.8127 43.0263 51.1827 43.0263 52.1119V54.0359C43.0263 54.965 42.6536 55.4747 41.9743 55.4747C41.4772 55.4747 40.8891 55.2281 40.8891 54.0359V50.7881H36.043V54.1674C36.043 57.5632 38.2382 59.5941 41.908 59.5941V59.5859Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M54.334 35.6758H49.3223V59.3229H54.334V35.6758Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M64.3746 59.3229H68.7568V35.6758H64.2752V41.8589L64.3497 47.0142H63.9024L61.2681 35.6758H56.2811V59.3229H60.7628V51.446L60.6965 46.488H61.1355L64.3746 59.3229Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M80.1721 40.05V35.6758H70.7118V59.3229H80.1721V54.9404H75.591V49.3082H79.6005V44.9258H75.591V40.05H80.1721Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M92.9786 51.0846C92.9786 49.0866 92.3656 47.9355 90.7088 46.842L86.7988 44.0875C86.2024 43.6435 85.9952 43.2078 85.9952 42.3938V40.9713C85.9952 39.7791 86.5834 39.5324 87.0805 39.5324C87.7597 39.5324 88.1325 40.0422 88.1325 40.9713V43.7915H92.9455V40.8398C92.9455 37.444 90.7502 35.4131 87.0805 35.4131C83.4107 35.4131 81.0166 37.5426 81.0166 40.8398V43.3969C81.0166 45.3949 81.6296 46.546 83.2864 47.6395L87.1964 50.4269C87.7266 50.8215 88 51.1915 88 52.1206V54.0446C88 54.9738 87.6272 55.4835 86.9479 55.4835C86.4509 55.4835 85.8627 55.2369 85.8627 54.0446V50.7969H81.0166V54.1762C81.0166 57.572 83.2118 59.6029 86.8816 59.6029C90.5514 59.6029 92.9786 57.4733 92.9786 54.1762V51.0846Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M106.076 51.0846C106.076 49.0866 105.463 47.9355 103.806 46.842L99.8965 44.0875C99.3 43.6435 99.0929 43.2078 99.0929 42.3938V40.9713C99.0929 39.7791 99.6811 39.5324 100.178 39.5324C100.857 39.5324 101.23 40.0422 101.23 40.9713V43.7915H106.043V40.8398C106.043 37.444 103.848 35.4131 100.178 35.4131C96.5083 35.4131 94.1143 37.5426 94.1143 40.8398V43.3969C94.1143 45.3949 94.7273 46.546 96.3841 47.6395L100.294 50.4269C100.824 50.8215 101.098 51.1915 101.098 52.1206V54.0446C101.098 54.9738 100.725 55.4835 100.046 55.4835C99.5485 55.4835 98.9604 55.2369 98.9604 54.0446V50.7969H94.1143V54.1762C94.1143 57.572 96.3095 59.6029 99.9793 59.6029C103.649 59.6029 106.076 57.4733 106.076 54.1762V51.0846Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M21.696 32.6417V8.98633H16.7091V18.2446H14.0748V8.98633H9.05469V32.6417H14.0748V22.6188H16.7091V32.6417H21.696Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M30.8663 27.8651L31.3634 32.6422H36.2095L32.987 8.99512H25.7137L22.5244 32.6422H27.2048L27.6687 27.8651H30.8663ZM28.3977 19.8813L28.8782 15.3345H29.6238L30.1456 19.8813L30.6344 23.9513H27.909L28.3977 19.8813Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M49.7285 32.6418C49.4386 31.7785 49.3972 30.5945 49.3972 29.542V24.4032C49.3972 22.6847 48.6599 21.4514 47.3096 20.9334L47.1025 20.8512L47.3096 20.7772C48.6599 20.292 49.4635 19.0094 49.4635 17.3403V13.9938C49.4635 10.6803 47.5996 9.00293 43.9298 9.00293H37.1121V32.65H42.0576V23.03H43.1925C43.7641 23.03 44.4434 23.2849 44.4434 24.5018V29.7065C44.4434 30.652 44.4848 31.8278 44.783 32.6418H49.7285ZM43.3665 18.812H42.0659V13.2127H43.3665C44.0706 13.2127 44.4848 13.7307 44.4848 14.5858V17.4389C44.4848 18.3105 44.0789 18.812 43.3665 18.812Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M58.5261 8.9873L57.4989 19.7913L57.0598 25.0782H56.538L56.0989 19.7913L55.0303 8.9873H49.9688L53.5143 32.6426H59.8101L63.3971 8.9873H58.5261Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M84.5049 32.6428H89.4422C89.1522 31.7795 89.1108 30.5955 89.1108 29.543V24.4041C89.1108 22.6857 88.3735 21.4524 87.0232 20.9343L86.8244 20.8521L87.0315 20.7781C88.3818 20.293 89.1854 19.0104 89.1854 17.3412V13.9948C89.1854 10.6812 87.3215 9.00391 83.6517 9.00391H76.834V32.651H81.7795V23.031H82.9144C83.486 23.031 84.1653 23.2859 84.1653 24.5028V29.7075C84.1653 30.653 84.2067 31.8288 84.5049 32.6428ZM83.0801 18.813H81.7795V13.2137H83.0801C83.7842 13.2137 84.1984 13.7317 84.1984 14.5868V17.4399C84.1984 18.3115 83.7925 18.813 83.0801 18.813Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M103.276 14.414C103.276 11.0675 100.973 8.9873 97.2784 8.9873H90.9246V32.6344H97.2784C100.981 32.6344 103.276 30.5542 103.276 27.2077V14.4057V14.414ZM98.2973 27.0515C98.2973 27.9149 97.8831 28.4246 97.179 28.4246H95.8784V13.2053H97.179C97.8831 13.2053 98.2973 13.7233 98.2973 14.5784V27.0515Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M70.6041 27.8651L71.1094 32.6422H75.9555L72.7331 8.99511H65.4598L62.2704 32.6422H66.9509L67.4148 27.8651H70.6041ZM68.1355 19.8813L68.616 15.3344H69.3615L69.8834 19.8813L70.3721 23.9513H67.6467L68.1355 19.8813Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M16.7336 86.0129H21.6708C21.3809 85.1496 21.3394 83.9656 21.3394 82.9131V77.7742C21.3394 76.0558 20.6022 74.8225 19.2519 74.3045L19.0531 74.2222L19.2602 74.1482C20.6105 73.6631 21.414 72.3805 21.414 70.7114V67.3649C21.414 64.0514 19.5501 62.374 15.8803 62.374H9.06264V86.0211H14.0082V76.4011H15.1431C15.7146 76.4011 16.3939 76.656 16.3939 77.8729V83.0776C16.3939 84.0231 16.4354 85.1989 16.7336 86.0129ZM15.3087 72.1831H14.0082V66.5838H15.3087C16.0129 66.5838 16.4271 67.1018 16.4271 67.9569V70.81C16.4271 71.6816 16.0212 72.1831 15.3087 72.1831Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M32.5472 66.7399V62.3574H23.0869V86.0128H32.5472V81.6303H27.9662V75.9899H31.9756V71.6156H27.9662V66.7399H32.5472Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M52.3956 62.3574H47.3838V86.0045H52.3956V62.3574Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M63.7367 66.7398V62.3573H54.2764V86.0127H63.7367V81.6302H59.1557V75.9898H63.1651V71.6156H59.1557V66.7398H63.7367Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M78.9626 62.3573L77.9851 76.0227H77.2395L77.2313 75.9487L76.3035 62.3573H72.2609L71.3911 76.0227H70.6372L70.2562 71.1058L69.6266 62.3573H64.4491L67.1497 86.0127H72.8408L73.7768 73.3093H74.4478L75.3508 86.0127H81.0419L83.7424 62.3573H78.9626Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M41.7842 62.3573L40.757 73.1613L40.3097 78.4482H39.7961L39.3488 73.1613L38.2884 62.3573H33.2186L36.7724 86.0127H43.0682L46.6469 62.3573H41.7842Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path><path d="M64.9959 148L64.0929 147.556C39.1499 135.387 22.9548 124.509 13.1218 113.319C4.05085 103 0 92.1464 0 78.1276V0H130V78.1276C130 92.1464 125.957 103 116.878 113.319C107.045 124.509 90.8418 135.387 65.9071 147.556L65.0042 148H64.9959ZM4.10884 4.07822V78.1276C4.10884 91.0858 7.8449 101.117 16.2117 110.638C25.5643 121.27 41.0801 131.712 64.9959 143.453C88.9116 131.712 104.436 121.27 113.78 110.638C122.155 101.117 125.883 91.094 125.883 78.1276V4.07822H4.10055H4.10884Z" class="Logo-module_charcoal-hbr__BNFAK"></path></svg></div><div class="FinePrint-module_links-container__LObO-"><ul class="FinePrint-module_inline-nav-list__P7Mqc"><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/corporate/about">About Us</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/corporate/careers">Careers</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/corporate/cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/corporate/copyright">Copyright Information</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="http://trademark.harvard.edu/pages/trademark-notice">Trademark Policy</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li></ul><div class="FinePrint-module_business-links__VyCoy"><p class="FinePrint-module_business-links-title__ZiorU">Harvard Business Publishing:</p><ul class="FinePrint-module_inline-nav-list__P7Mqc FinePrint-module_nav-list-title__xHwwl"><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="https://hbsp.harvard.edu/">Higher Education</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="https://www.harvardbusiness.org/">Corporate Learning</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="https://hbr.org/">Harvard Business Review</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="http://www.hbs.edu/">Harvard Business School</a></li></ul></div><p class="FinePrint-module_copyright__-7Kyx">Copyright 漏2024 Harvard Business School Publishing. All rights reserved. Harvard Business Publishing is an affiliate of Harvard Business School.</p></div></div></div></footer></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"profile":{"guid":"dad7ef40fa8312d1931502fb51b9278f","firstName":"Guest","lastName":"User","displayName":"Guest User","accountLocked":false,"emailAddress":"anonymousUser","loggedIn":false,"lastVisitDate":"2024-11-27T14:20:01.357+00:00","linkedAccounts":[],"jobTitle":"","companySize":"","industry":"","folders":[],"newsletters":[],"marketingCampaigns":[],"topics":[],"subscriptions":[],"isGdprDeleted":false,"tiers":[],"pianoRegistered":false,"state":"Anonymous","status":"Anonymous","username":"ANONYMOUSUSER","customAttributes":[],"quota":{"count":1,"limit":2,"remaining":1,"ascend":false}},"article":{"title":"8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now","type":"standard","tag":"blogs.harvardbusiness.org,2007-03-31:999.396351","dek":"Donald Trump\u0026#8217;s victory in the U.S. presidential election is just the latest reason to rethink your approach.","summary":"\u003cp\u003eIn a new era of globalization marked by geopolitical rivalries, supply chain vulnerabilities, and nationalist politics, Western companies must rethink their strategies. Answering eight questions will help managers address vulnerabilities and consider how their companies should regionalize production, reduce the scale necessary to achieve efficient production, hone their core differentiation strategies, and more. Despite the challenges, maintaining a presence in China will remain crucial.\u003c/p\u003e","topics":["Operations and supply chain management","Global strategy"],"primaryTopic":"Operations and supply chain management","content":"\u003cp\u003eCompanies around the world are confronting a new era of globalization. The combination of geopolitical rivalries, sweeping supply-chain vulnerabilities exposed by the Covid-19 pandemic, and the rise of nationalist-centered politics foreshadows a much more challenging global trading environment. In addition, the recent U.S. election of Donald Trump as president points toward a more transactional approach to foreign relations and trade.\u003c/p\u003e","authors":[{"name":"Willy C. Shih","image":"/resources/images/article_assets/2009/10/110-willy-shih.jpg","bio":"Willy C. Shih is the Robert \u0026#38; Jane Cizik Baker Foundation Professor of Management Practice at Harvard Business School."}],"published":"2024-11-19T13:05:12.000+00:00","hasAudio":true,"hasDropCap":false,"paywallEligible":true,"giftedArticle":false,"contentKey":"2E3b/wjlA4oP4ydUQfgv2jxNLe0g1dBWaQAVSznm6idNB/3As1U5X3CVksSV6ZeJYj7Q5u2rjIN9z6ATCddgYDsO3W4+oCQKQ8cbHuAditWSCs4gCjQ+s05Z7bP5wVHZNxIgoHkZej1icbexm9ybT5AAqwgNaCAYbfpk5BI/ruU=","productLink":"/product/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now/H08HTR-PDF-ENG","metaTags":{"page-id":"300","article:modified_time":"2024-11-20T20:04:29Z","primary-editor":"57","page-category-id":"391534","article-content-type":"Digital Article"},"stylesOverride":["audio-available"],"configurations":{"configExemptFromPaywall":false,"configNoIntromercial":false,"configSubscriberOnly":false},"pianoConfigurations":{"pianoContentType":"standard"},"userProfile":{"guid":"dad7ef40fa8312d1931502fb51b9278f","firstName":"Guest","lastName":"User","displayName":"Guest User","accountLocked":false,"emailAddress":"anonymousUser","loggedIn":false,"lastVisitDate":"2024-11-27T14:20:01.357+00:00","linkedAccounts":[],"jobTitle":"","companySize":"","industry":"","folders":[],"newsletters":[],"marketingCampaigns":[],"topics":[],"subscriptions":[],"isGdprDeleted":false,"tiers":[],"pianoRegistered":false,"state":"Anonymous","status":"Anonymous","username":"ANONYMOUSUSER","customAttributes":[],"quota":{"count":1,"limit":2,"remaining":1,"ascend":false}},"hero":{"image":{"defaultSrc":"/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg","sizes":"(min-width: 48em) 55.7291667vw, 97.3924381vw","srcset":"/resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001.jpg 1200w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-300x169.jpg 300w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-1024x576.jpg 1024w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-768x432.jpg 768w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-500x281.jpg 500w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-383x215.jpg 383w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-700x394.jpg 700w, /resources/images/article_assets/2024/11/Nov24_19_200146376-001-850x478.jpg 850w"},"credits":"David Sacks/Getty Images"}},"initialDataLayer":{"pageInstanceID":"8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now:production","siteID":"hbrprod","page":{"pageInfo":{"language":"en","contentType":"Digital Article","pageName":"8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now","pageType":"Article","pageCategoryID":"391534","pageCategoryName":"Operations and supply chain management","pageDescription":"In a new era of globalization marked by geopolitical rivalries, supply chain vulnerabilities, and nationalist politics, Western companies must rethink their strategies. Answering eight questions will help managers address vulnerabilities and consider how their companies should regionalize production, reduce the scale necessary to achieve efficient production, hone their core differentiation strategies, and more. Despite the challenges, maintaining a presence in China will remain crucial.","date":"11-27-2024","time":"09:20 AM","deviceType":"Desktop","pageURL":"https://hbr.org/2024/11/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now","referringURL":"","sysEnv":"Desktop"},"attributes":{"articleEditorialDistinction":null,"articleContentType":"Digital Article","articleType":"Digital Article","articleAuthor":[{"authorName":"Willy C. Shih"}],"articleID":"tag:blogs.harvardbusiness.org,2007-03-31:999.396351","articleTitle":"8 Questions to Ask About Your Globalization Strategy Right Now","articlePrimaryTopic":"Operations and supply chain management","articlePublishDate":"2024-11-19","articlePostingDate":"November - 2024","primaryAuthor":"Willy C. Shih","articleSubTopics":[{"subTopicName":"Operations and supply chain management"},{"subTopicName":"Global strategy"}],"articlePrimaryEditor":"57","articleTags":"Digital Article","configSubscriberOnly":false,"configNoIntromercial":false,"configExemptFromPaywall":false,"editorTags":[],"articleFindingMethod":"External","giftedArticle":false,"noaPlayerDisplayed":"True"}},"version":"2.2","users":[{"profile":{"accountID":"dad7ef40fa8312d1931502fb51b9278f","dateLastVisit":"2024-11-27","quota":{"limit":2,"remaining":1},"userState":"Guest","secondsSinceLastVisit":0,"daysSinceLastVisit":"Less than one day","guid":"dad7ef40fa8312d1931502fb51b9278f"}}]},"apiOrigin":"https://platform.hbr.org","storeDomain":"https://store.hbr.org","pageURL":"https://hbr.org/2024/11/8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now","pianoParams":{"setDebug":"false","setAid":"mbs77qtzUz","setEndpoint":"https://buy.tinypass.com/api/v3","setUseTinypassAccounts":false,"setUsePianoIdUserProvider":false,"setCxenseSiteId":"1141964769885092441"}},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/[year]/[month]/[slug]","query":{"year":"2024","month":"11","slug":"8-questions-to-ask-about-your-globalization-strategy-right-now"},"buildId":"hfamOuYyVxL2T1bOF6gnA","assetPrefix":"/assets-mfe-articles","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>