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<ul id="toc-Mission_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Spacecraft design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scientific instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</li> <li id="toc-Encounter_with_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encounter_with_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Encounter with Mars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encounter_with_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause_of_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause_of_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cause of failure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause_of_failure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cause of failure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cause_of_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Project_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Project costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مارس كلايمت أوربتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارس كلايمت أوربتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Марс Клаймат Орбитър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марс Клаймат Орбитър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مدارگرد اقلیمی مریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدارگرد اقلیمی مریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%84%B1_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EA%B6%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%84%A0" title="화성 기후 궤도선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화성 기후 궤도선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="मंगल क्लाइमेट आर्बिटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंगल क्लाइमेट आर्बिटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מקפת האקלים של מאדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקפת האקלים של מאדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="マーズ・クライメイト・オービター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーズ・クライメイト・オービター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Марсов климатски орбитер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марсов климатски орбитер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mars Climate Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E6%8E%A2%E6%B8%AC%E8%80%85%E8%99%9F" title="火星氣候探測者號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火星氣候探測者號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q574464#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Failed NASA mission to Mars (1998–1999)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_2.jpg/300px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_2.jpg/450px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_2.jpg/600px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's conception of the <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Mars Surveyor '98 <i>Orbiter</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> orbiter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-073A">1998-073A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574464#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">25571</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-climate-orbiter/">science.nasa.gov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">286 days<br /><small>Mission failure</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Martin Space Systems">Lockheed Martin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">638 kilograms (<span style="white-space: nowrap">1<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">407</span></span> lb)<sup id="cite_ref-launch_prep_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launch_prep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">500 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 11, 1998, 18:45:51<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1998-12-11UTC18:45:51Z</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7425<br />D-264</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">CCAFS</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17">SLC-17A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Destroyed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1999 09:06:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1999-09-23UTC09:07Z</span>)</span> UTC<br /><small>Unintentionally deorbited</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Areocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Planned</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M98patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/M98patch.png/180px-M98patch.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/M98patch.png/270px-M98patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/M98patch.png/360px-M98patch.png 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span><br /><i>Mars Surveyor 98</i> mission logo <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">MPL</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Mars Climate Orbiter</b></i> (formerly the <b>Mars Surveyor '98 Orbiter</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic</a> space probe launched by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> on December 11, 1998, to study the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Martian climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmosphere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">surface changes</a> and to act as the communications relay in the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a> program for <a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a>. However, on September 23, 1999, communication with the spacecraft was permanently lost as it went into <a href="/wiki/Orbit_insertion" title="Orbit insertion">orbital insertion</a>. The spacecraft encountered Mars on a trajectory that brought it too close to the planet, and it was either destroyed in the atmosphere or escaped the planet's vicinity and entered an orbit around the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-MCO_report_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCO_report-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An investigation attributed the failure to a measurement mismatch between two measurement systems: <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a> (metric) by NASA and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary</a> units by spacecraft builder <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_lost_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_lost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_background">Mission background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the loss of <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i> and the onset of the rising costs associated with the future <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> began seeking less expensive, smaller probes for scientific interplanetary missions. In 1994, the Panel on Small Spacecraft Technology was established to set guidelines for future miniature spacecraft. The panel determined that the new line of miniature spacecraft should be under <span style="white-space: nowrap">1<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">000</span></span> kg (<span style="white-space: nowrap">2<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">200</span></span> pounds) with highly focused instrumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Panel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, a new Mars Surveyor program began as a set of missions designed with limited objectives, low costs, and frequent launches. The first mission in the new program was <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a>, launched in 1996 to map Mars and provide geologic data using instruments intended for <i>Mars Observer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_Missions_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small_Missions-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Mars Global Surveyor, <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> carried two instruments, one originally intended for Mars Observer, to study the climate and weather of Mars. </p><p>The primary science objectives of the mission included:<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_Press_Kit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival_Press_Kit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>determine the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water on Mars</a></li> <li>monitor the daily weather and atmospheric conditions</li> <li>record changes on the Martian surface due to wind and other atmospheric effects</li> <li>determine temperature profiles of the atmosphere</li> <li>monitor the water vapor and dust content of the atmosphere</li> <li>look for evidence of past climate change.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_design">Spacecraft design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spacecraft design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> bus measured 2.1 meters (6 feet 11 inches) tall, 1.6 meters (5 feet 3 inches) wide and 2 meters (6 feet 7 inches) deep. The internal structure was largely constructed with graphite composite/aluminum honeycomb supports, a design found in many commercial <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>. With the exception of the scientific instruments, battery and main engine, the spacecraft included dual redundancy on the most important systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_Press_Kit_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival_Press_Kit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mco_cost_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mco_cost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft weighed 638-kilogram (1,407 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-launch_prep_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launch_prep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft was <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">3-axis stabilized</a> and included eight <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant_rocket" title="Monopropellant rocket">monopropellant</a> thrusters: four 22 N (4.9 lb<sub>f</sub>) thrusters to perform trajectory corrections and four 0.9 N (3.2 ozf) thrusters to <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">control attitude</a>. Orientation of the spacecraft was determined by a <a href="/wiki/Star_tracker" title="Star tracker">star tracker</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Sun_sensor" title="Sun sensor">Sun sensors</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">inertial measurement units</a>. Orientation was controlled by firing the thrusters or using three <a href="/wiki/Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">reaction wheels</a>. To perform the Mars orbital insertion maneuver, the spacecraft also included a <a href="/wiki/LEROS" title="LEROS">LEROS</a> 1B main engine rocket,<sup id="cite_ref-leros-1b_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leros-1b-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing 640 N (140 lb<sub>f</sub>) of thrust by burning <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> fuel with <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide#Use_as_a_rocket_propellant" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">nitrogen tetroxide</a> (NTO) oxidizer.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_Press_Kit_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival_Press_Kit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mco_cost_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mco_cost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft included a 1.3-meter (4-foot-3-inch) <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">high-gain antenna</a> to transceive data with the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> over the <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">x band</a>. The radio transponder designed for the <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> mission was used as a cost-saving measure. It also included a two-way <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> radio frequency system to relay communications with <a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a> upon an expected landing on December 3, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_Press_Kit_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival_Press_Kit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mco_cost_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mco_cost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Launch_Press_Kit_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launch_Press_Kit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The space probe was powered with a <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">3-panel solar array</a>, providing an average of 500 W (0.67 hp) at Mars. Deployed, the solar array measured 5.5 meters (18 ft 1 in) in length. Power was stored in 12-cell, 16-amp-hour <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">nickel-hydrogen batteries</a>. The batteries were intended to be recharged when the solar array received sunlight and power the spacecraft as it passed into the shadow of Mars. When entering into orbit around Mars, the solar array was to be utilized in the <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> maneuver, to slow the spacecraft until a circular orbit was achieved. The design was largely adapted from guidelines from the Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative outlined in the book, <i>Technology for Small Spacecraft</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_Press_Kit_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival_Press_Kit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mco_cost_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mco_cost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Panel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an effort to simplify previous implementations of computers on spacecraft, <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> featured a single computer using an IBM <a href="/wiki/RAD6000" class="mw-redirect" title="RAD6000">RAD6000</a> processor utilizing a <a href="/wiki/POWER1" title="POWER1">POWER1 ISA</a> capable of 5, 10 or 20 MHz operation. Data storage was to be maintained on 128 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM) and 18 MB of <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>. The flash memory was intended to be used for highly important data, including triplicate copies of the flight system software.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_Press_Kit_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival_Press_Kit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_instruments">Scientific instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Pressure Modulated Infrared Radiometer (PMIRR)</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Observer_-_PMIRR_Diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mars_Observer_-_PMIRR_Diagram.png/220px-Mars_Observer_-_PMIRR_Diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mars_Observer_-_PMIRR_Diagram.png/330px-Mars_Observer_-_PMIRR_Diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mars_Observer_-_PMIRR_Diagram.png/440px-Mars_Observer_-_PMIRR_Diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>PMIRR diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pressure Modulated Infrared Radiometer (PMIRR) uses narrow-band radiometric channels and two pressure modulation cells to measure atmospheric and surface emissions in the thermal infrared and a visible channel to measure dust particles and condensates in the atmosphere and on the surface at varying longitudes and seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-NSSDCPMIRR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSSDCPMIRR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its principal investigator was Daniel McCleese at JPL/CALTECH. Similar objectives were later achieved with <i>Mars Climate Sounder</i> on board <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>. Its objectives:<sup id="cite_ref-MOObjectives_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOObjectives-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Map the three-dimensional and time-varying thermal structure of the atmosphere from the surface to 80 km altitude.</li> <li>Map the atmospheric dust loading and its global, vertical and temporal variation.</li> <li>Map the seasonal and spatial variation of the vertical distribution of atmospheric water vapor to an altitude of at least 35 km.</li> <li>Distinguish between atmospheric condensates and map their spatial and temporal variation.</li> <li>Map the seasonal and spatial variability of atmospheric pressure.</li> <li>Monitor the polar radiation balance.</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Mars_Color_Imager" title="Mars Color Imager">Mars Color Imager</a> (MARCI)</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mco_marci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mco_marci.jpg/220px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mco_marci.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mco_marci.jpg/330px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mco_marci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mco_marci.jpg/440px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mco_marci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>MARCI camera</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mars Color Imager (MARCI) is a two-camera (medium-angle/wide-angle) imaging system designed to obtain pictures of the Martian surface and atmosphere. Under proper conditions, resolutions up to 1 kilometer (<span style="white-space: nowrap">3<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">300</span></span> ft) are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-MARCI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARCI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSSDCMARCI_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSSDCMARCI-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal investigator on this project was Michael Malin at <a href="/wiki/Malin_Space_Science_Systems" title="Malin Space Science Systems">Malin Space Science Systems</a> and the project was reincorporated on <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>. </p><p>Its objectives:<sup id="cite_ref-MARCI_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARCI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Observe Martian atmospheric processes at global scale and synoptically.</li> <li>Study details of the interaction of the atmosphere with the surface at a variety of scales in both space and time.</li> <li>Examine surface features characteristic of the evolution of the Martian climate over time.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_spacecraft_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of Mars Climate Orbiter"><img alt="Diagram of Mars Climate Orbiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_spacecraft_diagram.png/140px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_spacecraft_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_spacecraft_diagram.png/210px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_spacecraft_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_spacecraft_diagram.png/280px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_spacecraft_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of Mars Climate Orbiter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Climate Orbiter during assembly"><img alt="Mars Climate Orbiter during assembly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_1.jpg/142px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_1.jpg/213px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_1.jpg/284px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mars Climate Orbiter during assembly</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_during_tests.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Climate Orbiter undergoing acoustic testing"><img alt="Mars Climate Orbiter undergoing acoustic testing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_during_tests.jpg/138px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_during_tests.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_during_tests.jpg/207px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_during_tests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_during_tests.jpg/275px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_during_tests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2446" data-file-height="3196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mars Climate Orbiter undergoing acoustic testing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_orbiter_-_awaiting_spin_test_-_mco9811165.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Climate Orbiter awaiting a spin test in November 1998"><img alt="Mars Climate Orbiter awaiting a spin test in November 1998" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_Climate_orbiter_-_awaiting_spin_test_-_mco9811165.jpg/270px-Mars_Climate_orbiter_-_awaiting_spin_test_-_mco9811165.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_Climate_orbiter_-_awaiting_spin_test_-_mco9811165.jpg/405px-Mars_Climate_orbiter_-_awaiting_spin_test_-_mco9811165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_Climate_orbiter_-_awaiting_spin_test_-_mco9811165.jpg/540px-Mars_Climate_orbiter_-_awaiting_spin_test_-_mco9811165.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mars Climate Orbiter awaiting a spin test in November 1998</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profile">Mission profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mission profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Timeline of travel </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Date</th> <th scope="col">Time<br />(UTC)</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 20em;">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Dec 11<br />1998</td> <td>18:45:51</td> <td>Spacecraft launched </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" align="center">Sep 23<br />1999</td> <td>08:41:00</td> <td>Insertion begins. Orbiter stows solar array. </td></tr> <tr> <td>08:50:00</td> <td>Orbiter turns to correct orientation to begin main engine burn. </td></tr> <tr> <td>08:56:00</td> <td>Orbiter fires pyrotechnic devices which open valves to begin pressurizing the fuel and oxidizer tanks. </td></tr> <tr> <td>09:00:46</td> <td>Main engine burn starts; expected to fire for 16 minutes 23 seconds. </td></tr> <tr> <td>09:04:52</td> <td>Communication with spacecraft lost </td></tr> <tr> <td>09:06:00</td> <td>Orbiter expected to enter Mars <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a>, out of radio contact with Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-t_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>09:27:00</td> <td>Expected to exit Mars occultation.<sup id="cite_ref-t_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Sep 25<br />1999</td> <td></td> <td>Mission declared a loss. Reason for loss known. No further attempts to contact. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_trajectory">Launch and trajectory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Launch and trajectory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> probe was launched on December 11, 1998, at 18:45:51 UTC by NASA from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17">Space Launch Complex 17A</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Station">Cape Canaveral Air Station</a> in Florida, aboard a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II 7425</a> launch vehicle. The complete burn sequence lasted 42 minutes bringing the spacecraft into a <a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer orbit</a>, sending the probe into a 9.5-month, 669 million km (416 million mi) trajectory.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrival_Press_Kit_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrival_Press_Kit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Launch_Press_Kit_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launch_Press_Kit-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At launch, <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> weighed 638 kg (<span style="white-space: nowrap">1<span style="margin-left: 0.25em">407</span></span> lb) including propellant.<sup id="cite_ref-launch_prep_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launch_prep-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch_configuration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Exploded diagram of Delta II launch vehicle with Mars Climate Orbiter"><img alt="Wireframe diagram of the rocket and orbiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch_configuration.png/120px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch_configuration.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch_configuration.png/180px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch_configuration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch_configuration.png/240px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch_configuration.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exploded diagram of Delta II launch vehicle with <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Launch of Mars Climate Orbiter by NASA on a Delta II 7425 launch vehicle"><img alt="Rocket during launch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch.jpg/79px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch.jpg/118px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch.jpg/158px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Launch of <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> by NASA on a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7425 launch vehicle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Interplanetary trajectory of Mars Climate Orbiter"><img alt="Diagram of the interplanetary trajectory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png/120px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png/180px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png/240px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interplanetary trajectory of <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_aerobraking.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerobraking procedure to place Mars Climate Orbiter into orbit around Mars"><img alt="Diagram of aerobraking approach with periods of 2, 5, 9, and 15 hours" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_aerobraking.png/120px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_aerobraking.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_aerobraking.png/180px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_aerobraking.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_aerobraking.png/240px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_aerobraking.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aerobraking procedure to place <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> into orbit around Mars</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encounter_with_Mars">Encounter with Mars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Encounter with Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_Mars_encounter_-_PIA02330.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This image of Mars on September 7, 1999, is the only image acquired by the Orbiter."><img alt=""Half moon" image of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_Mars_encounter_-_PIA02330.jpg/120px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_Mars_encounter_-_PIA02330.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_Mars_encounter_-_PIA02330.jpg/180px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_Mars_encounter_-_PIA02330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_Mars_encounter_-_PIA02330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This image of Mars on September 7, 1999, is the only image acquired by the <i>Orbiter</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mishap_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram comparing the intended and actual trajectories of the Orbiter"><img alt="Comparative diagram of the two trajectories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mishap_diagram.png/120px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mishap_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mishap_diagram.png/180px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mishap_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mishap_diagram.png/240px-Mars_Climate_Orbiter_-_mishap_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram comparing the intended and actual trajectories of the <i>Orbiter</i></div> </li> </ul> <p><i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> began the planned orbital insertion maneuver on September 23, 1999, at 09:00:46 UTC. <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> went out of radio contact when the spacecraft passed behind Mars at 09:04:52 UTC, 49 seconds earlier than expected, and communication was never reestablished. Due to complications arising from <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a>, the spacecraft encountered Mars at a lower-than-anticipated altitude and it was either destroyed in the atmosphere or re-entered heliocentric space after leaving Mars' atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-MCO_report_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCO_report-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> has since completed most of the intended objectives for this mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause_of_failure">Cause of failure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cause of failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The problem here was not the error; it was the failure of NASA's systems engineering, and the checks and balances in our processes, to detect the error. That's why we lost the spacecraft. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Edward Weiler, NASA associate administrator for space science<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>On November 10, 1999, the <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> Mishap Investigation Board released a Phase I report, detailing the suspected issues encountered with the loss of the spacecraft. </p><p>Previously, on September 8, 1999, Trajectory Correction Maneuver-4 (TCM-4) was computed, and was then executed on September 15, 1999. It was intended to place the spacecraft at an optimal position for an orbital insertion maneuver that would bring the spacecraft around Mars at an altitude of 226 km (140 miles) on September 23, 1999. </p><p>However, during the week between TCM-4 and the orbital insertion maneuver, the navigation team reported that it appeared the insertion altitude could be much lower than planned, at about 150 to 170 km (93 to 106 miles). Twenty-four hours prior to orbital insertion, calculations placed the orbiter at an altitude of 110 km (68 miles). 80 km (50 miles) was the minimum altitude that <i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> was thought to be capable of surviving during this maneuver. </p><p>During insertion, the orbiter was intended to skim through Mars' upper atmosphere, gradually <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> for weeks, but post-failure calculations showed that the spacecraft's trajectory would have taken it within 57 km (35 miles) of the surface. At this altitude, the spacecraft would likely have skipped violently off the denser-than-expected atmosphere,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and it was either destroyed in the atmosphere, or re-entered heliocentric space.<sup id="cite_ref-MCO_report_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCO_report-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary cause of this discrepancy was that one piece of ground software supplied by <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> produced results in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary unit</a>, contrary to its Software Interface Specification (SIS), while a second system, supplied by NASA, expected those results to be in <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI units</a>, in accordance with the SIS. Specifically, software that calculated the total <a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">impulse</a> produced by thruster firings produced results in <a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">pound-force seconds</a>. The trajectory calculation software then used these results – expected to be in <a href="/wiki/Newton-second" title="Newton-second">newton-seconds</a> (incorrect by a factor of 4.45)<sup id="cite_ref-MCO_report_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCO_report-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – to update the predicted position of the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-MCO_report_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCO_report-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, NASA does not place the responsibility on Lockheed for the mission loss; instead, various officials at NASA have stated that NASA itself was at fault for failing to make the appropriate checks and tests that would have caught the discrepancy.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discrepancy between calculated and measured position, resulting in the discrepancy between desired and actual orbit insertion altitude, had been noticed earlier by at least two navigators, whose concerns were dismissed because they "did not follow the rules about filling out [the] form to document their concerns". A meeting of trajectory software engineers, trajectory software operators (navigators), propulsion engineers, and managers was convened to consider the possibility of executing Trajectory Correction Maneuver-5, which was in the schedule. Attendees of the meeting recall an agreement to conduct TCM-5, but it was ultimately not done.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_costs">Project costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Project costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to NASA, the cost of the mission was $327.6 million ($571.41 million in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> total for the orbiter and lander, comprising $193.1 million ($336.81 million in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for spacecraft development, $91.7 million ($159.95 million in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for launching it, and $42.8 million ($74.65 million in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for mission operations.<sup id="cite_ref-mco_cost_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mco_cost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_bugs#Space" title="List of software bugs">List of software bugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-t-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-t_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Planned but unaccounted for event.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991008135656/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/98/98orbitershipped.html">"1998 MARS CLIMATE ORBITER ARRIVES AT NASA'S KENNEDY SPACE CENTER FOR FINAL LAUNCH PREPARATIONS"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. September 14, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/98/98orbitershipped.html">the original</a> on October 8, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1998+MARS+CLIMATE+ORBITER+ARRIVES+AT+NASA%27S+KENNEDY+SPACE+CENTER+FOR+FINAL+LAUNCH+PREPARATIONS&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Freleases%2F98%2F98orbitershipped.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Climate+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCO_report-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCO_report_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCO_report_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCO_report_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCO_report_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCO_report_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_G._StephensonLia_S._LaPianaDaniel_R._MulvillePeter_J._Rutledge1999" class="citation conference cs1">Arthur G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Metric+mishap+caused+loss+of+NASA+orbiter&rft.date=1999-09-30&rft.au=Robin+Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F9909%2F30%2Fmars.metric.02%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Climate+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanel_on_Small_Spacecraft_Technology,_National_Research_Council1994" class="citation book cs1">Panel on Small Spacecraft Technology, National Research Council (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2351"><i>Technology for Small Spacecraft</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Mars+Color+Imager+%28MARCI%29+on+the+Mars+Climate+Orbiter&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=E8&rft.pages=17%2C+651-17%2C+672&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999JE001145&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001JGR...10617651M&rft.au=M.+C.+Malin&rft.au=J.+F.+Bell%2C+III&rft.au=W.+M.+Calvin&rft.au=M.+A.+Caplinger&rft.au=R.+T.+Clancy&rft.au=R.+M.+Harberle&rft.au=P.+B.+James&rft.au=S.+W.+Lee&rft.au=M.+A.+Ravine&rft.au=P.+Thomas&rft.au=M.+J.+Wolff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msss.com%2Fmro%2Fmarci%2Freferences%2F1999JE001145.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Climate+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSSDCMARCI-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSSDCMARCI_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1998-073A-01">"Mars Color Imager (MARCI)"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200414205438/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1998-073A-01">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Mars+Color+Imager+%28MARCI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fexperiment%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1998-073A-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Climate+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Oberg1999" class="citation web cs1">James Oberg (December 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-the-mars-probe-went-off-course">"Why the Mars Probe went off course"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205173051/https://spectrum.ieee.org/why-the-mars-probe-went-off-course">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=Why+the+Mars+Probe+went+off+course&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft.au=James+Oberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fwhy-the-mars-probe-went-off-course&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Climate+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliamson2023" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Climate+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> series. </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/mcoarrivehq.pdf"><i>Mars Climate Orbiter</i> arrival at Mars press kit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070802044958/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=MCO">Mars Climate Orbiter Mission Profile</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov">NASA's Solar System Exploration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-073A">NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://llis.nasa.gov/llis_lib/pdf/1009464main1_0641-mr.pdf">Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board Phase I Report - November 10, 1999</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Orbiter</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRISM" class="mw-redirect" title="CRISM">CRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHARAD" title="SHARAD">SHARAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Color_Imager" title="Mars Color Imager">MARCI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Timeline of MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiWish_program" title="HiWish program">HiWish program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_water_on_Mars_found_by_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Evidence of water on Mars found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Evidence of water on Mars found by MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Deep_Space_Transponder" title="Small Deep Space Transponder">Small Deep Space Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link 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href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1997Orbital_launches_in_19981999_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1998" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1998"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1998" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1998"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1998" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1998"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1997Orbital_launches_in_19981999_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1997_in_spaceflight" title="1997 in spaceflight">← 1997</a></div><a href="/wiki/1998_in_spaceflight" title="1998 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1998</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1999_in_spaceflight" title="1999 in spaceflight">1999 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_4D" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynet 4D">Skynet 4D</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofek-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofek-4">Ofek-4</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-89" title="STS-89">STS-89</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">Soyuz TM-27</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-137&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-137 (page does not exist)">USA-137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasilsat_B3" title="Brasilsat B3">Brasilsat B3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmarsat-3_F5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmarsat-3 F5 (page does not exist)">Inmarsat-3 F5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM3 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM4 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geosat_Follow_On&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geosat Follow On (page does not exist)">GFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestis" title="Celestis">Ad Astra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 1 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 2 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 3 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 4 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2349&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2349 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2349</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 50 (page does not exist)">Iridium 50</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 52 (page does not exist)">Iridium 52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 53 (page does not exist)">Iridium 53</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_54&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 54 (page does not exist)">Iridium 54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 56 (page does not exist)">Iridium 56</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakehashi_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakehashi (satellite) (page does not exist)">Kakehashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNOE" class="mw-redirect" title="SNOE">SNOE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teledesic_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teledesic 1 (page does not exist)">Teledesic 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_16B" title="Eutelsat 16B">Hot Bird 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_806" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 806">Intelsat 806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-38" title="Progress M-38">Progress M-38</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=VDU_(Mir)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VDU (Mir) (page does not exist)">VDU-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-138&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-138 (page does not exist)">USA-138</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPOT_4" class="mw-redirect" title="SPOT 4">SPOT 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 51 (page does not exist)">Iridium 51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 61 (page does not exist)">Iridium 61</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 55 (page does not exist)">Iridium 55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_57&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 57 (page does not exist)">Iridium 57</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_58&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 58 (page does not exist)">Iridium 58</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 59 (page does not exist)">Iridium 59</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 60 (page does not exist)">Iridium 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_62&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 62 (page does not exist)">Iridium 62</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_63&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 63 (page does not exist)">Iridium 63</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_64&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 64 (page does not exist)">Iridium 64</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 65 (page does not exist)">Iridium 65</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 66 (page does not exist)">Iridium 66</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_67&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 67 (page does not exist)">Iridium 67</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_68&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 68 (page does not exist)">Iridium 68</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-90" title="STS-90">STS-90</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 6 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 8 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 14 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 15 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilesat_101" title="Nilesat 101">Nilesat 101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BSat-1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BSat-1B (page does not exist)">BSat-1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2350" title="Kosmos 2350">Kosmos 2350</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 69 (page does not exist)">Iridium 69</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 71 (page does not exist)">Iridium 71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2351" title="Kosmos 2351">Kosmos 2351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar_IV" title="EchoStar IV">EchoStar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-139&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-139 (page does not exist)">USA-139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-15" title="NOAA-15">NOAA-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-39" title="Progress M-39">Progress M-39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 70 (page does not exist)">Iridium 70</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_72&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 72 (page does not exist)">Iridium 72</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 73 (page does not exist)">Iridium 73</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_74&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 74 (page does not exist)">Iridium 74</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_75&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 75 (page does not exist)">Iridium 75</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongwei_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongwei 1 (page does not exist)">Zhongwei 1</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-91" title="STS-91">STS-91</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(satellite)" title="Thor (satellite)">Thor 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2352&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2352 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2352</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2353&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2353 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2353</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2354&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2354 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2354</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2355&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2355 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2355</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2356&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2356 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2356</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2357&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2357 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2357</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_805" title="Intelsat 805">Intelsat 805</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2358&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2358 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2358</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2359&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2359 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2359</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_3-49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 3-49 (page does not exist)">Molniya 3-49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtil-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtil-1">Shtil-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubsat-N" title="Tubsat-N">Tubsat-N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubsat-N1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubsat-N1 (page does not exist)">Tubsat-N1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-O1_No.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-O1 No.4 (page does not exist)">Resurs-O1 #4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasat-Bravo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasat-Bravo (page does not exist)">Fasat-Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TMSAT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TMSAT (page does not exist)">TMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gurwin_Techsat_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gurwin Techsat 1B (page does not exist)">Gurwin Techsat 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WESTPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WESTPAC (page does not exist)">WESTPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAFIR-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAFIR-2 (page does not exist)">SAFIR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosat-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinosat-1">Sinosat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2360 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2360</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM13 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM14 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM15 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM16 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM17 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM18 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM19 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM20 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM20</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_3_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury 3 (satellite) (page does not exist)">Mercury 3</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-28" title="Soyuz TM-28">Soyuz TM-28</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 3 (page does not exist)">Iridium 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_76&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 76 (page does not exist)">Iridium 76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST-1" title="ST-1">ST-1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaxy_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaxy 10 (page does not exist)">Galaxy 10</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_2A" title="Astra 2A">Astra 2A</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-1" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1">Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_79&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 79 (page does not exist)">Iridium 79</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 80 (page does not exist)">Iridium 80</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 81 (page does not exist)">Iridium 81</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 82 (page does not exist)">Iridium 82</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 5 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 7 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 7</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 9 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 9</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 10 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 11 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 12 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 13 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 13</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 16 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 16</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 17 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 17</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 18 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 18</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 20 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 20</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 21 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 21</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_7" title="Intelsat 7">PAS-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM21 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM22 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM23 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM24 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM25 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM26 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM27 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM28 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1T_No.99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1T No.99 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1T #99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEX" title="STEX">STEX</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-141&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-141 (page does not exist)">USA-141</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_W2" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutelsat W2">Eutelsat W2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius 3">Sirius 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badr 2 (page does not exist)">Hot Bird 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-140&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-140 (page does not exist)">USA-140</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqsat_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqsat 3 (page does not exist)">Maqsat 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEDSAT-1" title="SEDSAT-1">SEDSAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-40" title="Progress M-40">Progress M-40</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AfriStar" title="AfriStar">AfriStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC-5" title="AMC-5">GE-5</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARTAN-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARTAN-201 (page does not exist)">SPARTAN-201</a>, <a href="/wiki/PANSAT" title="PANSAT">PANSAT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_8" title="Intelsat 8">PAS-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 2 (page does not exist)">Iridium 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 83 (page does not exist)">Iridium 83</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 84 (page does not exist)">Iridium 84</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 85 (page does not exist)">Iridium 85</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 86 (page does not exist)">Iridium 86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonum_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonum 1">Bonum 1</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-88" title="STS-88">STS-88</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Unity_(ISS_module)" title="Unity (ISS module)">Unity</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMA-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PMA-1">PMA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMA-2" class="mw-redirect" title="PMA-2">PMA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAC-A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAC-A (page does not exist)">SAC-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MightySat-1" title="MightySat-1">MightySat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satmex_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satmex 5 (page does not exist)">Satmex 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">SWAS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadezhda_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadezhda 5 (page does not exist)">Nadezhda 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrid_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrid 2 (page does not exist)">Astrid 2</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 11 (page does not exist)">Iridium 11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 20 (page does not exist)">Iridium 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_6B" title="Intelsat 6B">PAS-6B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2361&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2361 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2361</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2362&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2362 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2362</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2363&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2363 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2363</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2364&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2364 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2364</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&oldid=1248652445">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Climate_Orbiter&oldid=1248652445</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_of_Mars" title="Category:Climate of Mars">Climate of Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_Mars" title="Category:Missions to Mars">Missions to Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_accidents_and_incidents_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Space accidents and incidents in the United States">Space accidents and incidents in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NASA_space_probes" title="Category:NASA space probes">NASA space probes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lockheed_Martin_satellites_and_probes" title="Category:Lockheed Martin satellites and probes">Lockheed Martin satellites and probes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Destroyed_space_probes" title="Category:Destroyed space probes">Destroyed space probes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Metrication in the United States">Metrication in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1998" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1998">Spacecraft launched in 1998</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Delta_II_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets">Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from May 2020">Use mdy dates from May 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 September 2024, at 18:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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