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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Dünamünde actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dünamünde_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Historiographical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Personal accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_trials_and_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_trials_and_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>War crimes trials and evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_trials_and_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&params=56_58_04_N_24_12_47_E_region:LV"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°58′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°12′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.96778°N 24.21306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.96778; 24.21306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1942 Nazi operation in Latvia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #f4e9c5;">Dünamünde Action</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dünamünde Action is located in Latvia"><img alt="Dünamünde Action is located in Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg/240px-Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg/360px-Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg/480px-Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="756" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.074%;left:45.84%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dünamünde Action"><img alt="Dünamünde Action" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Dünamünde Action within Latvia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Also known as</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Operation Dünamünde, Aktion Dünamünde</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Biķernieki forest, now -North-East area of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&params=56_58_04_N_24_12_47_E_region:LV"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°58′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">24°12′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.96778°N 24.21306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.96778; 24.21306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incident type</th><td class="infobox-data">Mass shootings</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Krause_(SS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Krause (SS) (page does not exist)">Kurt Krause</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Roschmann" title="Eduard Roschmann">Eduard Roschmann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Maywald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Maywald (page does not exist)">Gerhard Maywald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organizations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">About 3,740 German, Czech, and Austrian Jews</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dünamünde Action (Aktion Dünamünde)</b> was an operation launched by the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> occupying force and local collaborationists in Biķernieki forest,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. Its objective was to execute Jews who had recently been deported to Latvia from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>. These murders are sometimes separated into the First Dünamünde Action, occurring on March 15, 1942, and the Second Dünamünde Action on March 26, 1942. About 1,900 people were killed in the first action and 1,840 in the second. The victims were lured to their deaths by a false promise that they would receive easier work at a (non-existent) resettlement facility near a former neighbourhood in Latvia called <a href="/wiki/Daugavgr%C4%ABva" title="Daugavgrīva">Daugavgrīva (Dünamünde)</a>. Rather than being transported to a new facility, they were trucked to woods north of Riga, shot, and buried in previously dug mass graves. The elderly, the sick and children predominated among the victims. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga Ghetto</a></div> <p>As of February 10, 1942, the approximate ghetto and concentration camp populations of German Jews in Riga and the vicinity were: <a href="/wiki/Jungfernhof_concentration_camp" title="Jungfernhof concentration camp">Jungfernhof concentration camp</a>, 2,500; the German ghetto: 11,000; Salaspils: 1,300. Of the Latvian Jews, about 3,500 men and 300 women were in the Latvian ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_26_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT_26-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1941, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Krause_(SS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Krause (SS) (page does not exist)">Kurt Krause</a>, whom the author Max Kauffman describes as the "man-eater", became the German commandant of the Riga ghettos. Krause was a former Berlin police detective. His assistant was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Gymnich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Gymnich (page does not exist)">Max Gymnich</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> man from <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann_39&43_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann_39&43-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krause and Gymnich used dogs to help enforce their commands. A Latvian Jewish survivor called Joseph Berman, is recorded as stating the following about Gymnich: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gymnich personally selected the victims for deportation which meant certain death. Hence the name "Himmelsfahrtskommando -- Ascension Commando." He knew that they would never reach their alleged destination of Dünamünde or the fish tinning factory at Bolderaa. Gymnich was Obersturmführer Krause's and later Untersturmführer Roschmann's driver.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_01_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman_01-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Altogether 20,057 Jews from the Reich were deported to Riga. By February 10, 1942, only 15,000 remained alive. Many had been simply murdered upon arrival; how this had occurred was not known to the people arriving on later transports. According to German ghetto survivor Gertrude Schneider, the inhabitants of the ghetto did not realize how many German Jews had been killed following deportation. They remained under the impression that deportation and forced labor were the worst things that were going to happen: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even from a historical perspective, the odds for the survivors did not seem too bad. As for the inmates of the German ghetto, they did not know that one-fourth of their number had already been exterminated. To them it was clear that they had been "resettled" as forced laborers, and they were able to live with that idea. Accordingly, they hoped that their strength would last until the war was over; they settled down in the ghetto and began to regard it as their home.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_26_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT_26-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Dünamünde_actions"><span id="The_D.C3.BCnam.C3.BCnde_actions"></span>The Dünamünde actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Dünamünde actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1942, the Nazi authorities in Riga decided the German ghetto was getting too crowded and organized a massacre which has come to be called the "Dünamünde Action". (The word "action" was a euphemism employed by the Germans to describe mass shootings and later this was picked up by the ghetto inmates themselves.) The Nazis ordered each of the groups in the German ghetto to prepare a list of between 60 and 120 people for further "resettlement", with the Berlin group required to name 600. The Nazis informed the Judenrat that the people, who were mostly unable to work, being either elderly, infirm, or mothers with young children, would go to a supposed town called Dünamünde to work at fish processing. This was a ruse put together by <a href="/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmführer">Obersturmführer</a> Gerhard Maywald. There was no longer a town called Dünamünde, there had not been one for several decades. The ruse succeeded, many people were anxious to go. Despite the Germans only calling for 1,500 to be selected, Sunday March 15, 1942, saw about 1,900 Jews assembled in the streets of the ghetto, including, as with the <a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula massacre</a>, many parents with small children. There was to be no resettlement of any kind. Instead the people were taken by motor transport to Biķernieki forest on the north side of Riga, where they were shot and buried in common unmarked graves.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaufmann_47_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann_47-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JT_34_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT_34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 26, 1942, the same ruse was perpetrated at <a href="/wiki/Jungfernhof_concentration_camp" title="Jungfernhof concentration camp">Jungfernhof concentration camp</a> against the older German Jews. The camp commander, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Seck" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Seck">Rudolf Seck</a>, refused young people of working age permission to go with their parents. A total of 1,840 people were "resettled" from Jungfernhof that day, again to Biķernieki forest where they were also shot like the 1,900 German Jews from the ghetto 11 days earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_34_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT_34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method employed had been designed by the infamous mass murderer <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a> and was called "sardine packing" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language"><small>German:</small></a> <i>Sardinenpackung</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ezer_359_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ezer_359-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historians Richard L. Rubenstein and John K. Roth describe Jeckeln's system: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the western Ukraine, SS General Friedrich Jeckeln notices that the haphazard arrangement of the corpses meant an inefficient use of burial space. More graves would have to be dug than absolutely necessary. Jeckeln solved the problem. He told a colleague at one of the Ukrainian killing sites, 'Today we'll stack them like sardines.' Jeckeln called his solution <i>Sardinenpackung</i> (sardine packing). When this method was employed, the victims climbed into the grave and lay down on the bottom. Cross fire from above dispatched them. Then another batch of victims was ordered into the grave, positioning themselves on top of the corpses in a head-to-foot configuration. They too were killed by cross-fire from above. The procedure continued until the grave was full."<sup id="cite_ref-Rubenstein_179_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubenstein_179-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The killers forced the victims to lie face down on the trench floor, or more often, on the bodies of the people who had just been shot. The people were not sprayed with bullets. Rather, to save ammunition, each person was shot just once, in the back of the head. Anyone not killed outright was simply buried alive when the pit was covered up.<sup id="cite_ref-Einsatzgruppen_trial_444_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einsatzgruppen_trial_444-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, when a number of the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> commanders were placed on trial before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal in the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppen case">Einsatzgruppen case</a>, the tribunal found that "one defendant did not exclude the possibility that an executee could only seem to be dead because of shock or temporary unconsciousness. In such cases it was inevitable he would be buried alive."<sup id="cite_ref-Einsatzgruppen_trial_444_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einsatzgruppen_trial_444-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bikernieki_Memorial" title="Bikernieki Memorial">Bikernieki Memorial</a></div> <p>What had happened to the Jews from the ghetto became known when on March 16 and 17, several vans returned to the ghetto carrying the personal property of the people who had been murdered. The clothing bore mudstains and signs of having been hastily removed. For example, stockings were still attached to garters. A detail was assigned to sort and clean these items, many of the items were recognized by name tags and other indicia of ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-JT_34_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JT_34-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/1156244/Biķernieki-Forest">Biķernieki Forest (Riga)</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimapia" title="Wikimapia">Wikimapia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JT_26-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JT_26_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JT_26_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider, <i>Journey into Terror</i>, pages 26 and 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann_39&43-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_39&43_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufmann, <i>The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia</i>, pages 39 and 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman_01-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_01_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statement of Joseph Berman, 1 December 1947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Angrick and Klein, <i>Die "Endlösung" in Riga</i>, pages 338 to 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann_47-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_47_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufmann, <i>The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia</i>, page 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JT_34-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JT_34_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JT_34_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JT_34_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider, <i>Journey into Terror</i>, pages 34 to 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ezer_359-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ezer_359_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ezergailis, <i>The Holocaust in Latvia</i>, pages 359 to 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubenstein_179-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubenstein_179_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubenstein and Roth, <i>Approaches to Auschwitz, page 179.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einsatzgruppen_trial_444-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Einsatzgruppen_trial_444_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Einsatzgruppen_trial_444_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Einsatzgruppen trial, page 444</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiographical">Historiographical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historiographical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Angrick, Andrej, and Klein, Peter, <i>Die "Endlösung" in Riga. Ausbeutung und Vernichtung 1941 - 1944</i>, Darmstadt 2006. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-19149-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-534-19149-8">3-534-19149-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ezergailis" title="Andrew Ezergailis">Ezergailis, Andrew</a>, <i>The Holocaust in Latvia 1941-1944—The Missing Center</i>, Historical Institute of Latvia (in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) Riga 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9984-9054-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/9984-9054-3-8">9984-9054-3-8</a></li> <li>Kaufmann, Max, <i>Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands</i> (<i>The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia</i>), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207131230/http://www.jewsoflatvia.com/">Churbn Lettland -- The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia</a> (all references in this article are to page numbers in the on-line edition)</li> <li>Rubenstein, Richard L., and Roth, John K., <i>Approaches to Auschwitz</i>, Louisville, Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22353-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22353-2">0-664-22353-2</a></li> <li>Schneider, Gertrude, <i>Journey into terror: story of the Riga Ghetto</i>, (2d Ed.) Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97050-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97050-7">0-275-97050-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_accounts">Personal accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abstract: Berman, Joseph, <i>"Ascension Commando"; testimony against Max Gymnich</i>, 1 Dec 1947, provided to the former Association of Baltic Jews, full statement available on line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlemea.com/testaments/en/t3h.asp?view=norm&cmd=nav&imageCount=5&number=2&xpage=/SANdata/Testaments/xml/Reel57/057-ea-1222.xml&DocId=1557&HitCount=1&hits=4df+&bhcp=1">Weiner Library, Document 057-EA-1222</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes_trials_and_evidence">War crimes trials and evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War crimes trials and evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/NTs_war-criminals.html"><i>Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946 - April 1949</i>, Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case")</a> also available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mazal.org/NMT-HOME.htm">Mazel library</a> (well indexed HTML version)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Riga_synagogues" title="Burning of the Riga synagogues">Burning of the Riga synagogues</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dünamünde Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelgava_massacres" title="Jelgava massacres">Jelgava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils_Ghetto" title="Daugavpils Ghetto">Pogulianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_massacres" title="Liepāja massacres">Liepāja (Šķēde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Jewish people of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carlebach" title="Joseph Carlebach">Joseph Carlebach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dubnow" title="Simon Dubnow">Simon Dubnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Hirsch" title="Else Hirsch">Else Hirsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Batz" title="Rudolf Batz">Rudolf Batz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Dietrich_(Nazi)" title="Fritz Dietrich (Nazi)">Fritz Dietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto-Heinrich_Drechsler" title="Otto-Heinrich Drechsler">Otto-Heinrich Drechsler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ehrlinger" title="Erich Ehrlinger">Erich Ehrlinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_J%C3%A4ger" title="Karl Jäger">Karl Jäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Jost" title="Heinz Jost">Heinz Jost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konr%C4%81ds_Kal%C4%93js" title="Konrāds Kalējs">Konrāds Kalējs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%BCgler" title="Wolfgang Kügler">Wolfgang Kügler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Lange" title="Rudolf Lange">Rudolf Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Lohse" title="Hinrich Lohse">Hinrich Lohse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Panzinger" title="Friedrich Panzinger">Friedrich Panzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Roschmann" title="Eduard Roschmann">Eduard Roschmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sandberger" title="Martin Sandberger">Martin Sandberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sauer" title="Albert Sauer">Albert Sauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Walther Schröder">Walther Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Joachim_Seck" title="Rudolf Joachim Seck">Rudolf Joachim Seck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Walter_Stahlecker" title="Franz Walter Stahlecker">Franz Walter Stahlecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Strauch" title="Eduard Strauch">Eduard Strauch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi occupation and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#Latvia" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Individuals</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Ar%C4%81js" title="Viktors Arājs">Viktors Arājs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Lobe" title="Kārlis Lobe">Kārlis Lobe</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Organizations</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos and camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils_Ghetto" title="Daugavpils Ghetto">Daugavpils Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungfernhof_concentration_camp" title="Jungfernhof concentration camp">Jungfernhof concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaspils_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaspils concentration camp">Salaspils concentration camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_Report" title="Jäger Report">Jäger Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes investigations and trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_trial" title="Einsatzgruppen trial">Einsatzgruppen trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Lipke" title="Jānis Lipke">Jānis Lipke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Schiemann" title="Paul Schiemann">Paul Schiemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Seduls_and_Johanna_Sedule" title="Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule">Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikernieki_Memorial" title="Bikernieki Memorial">Bikernieki Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mover" title="The Mover">The Mover</a></li> <li><a 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