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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nejdůležitější_kritéria_vzniku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nejdůležitější_kritéria_vzniku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nejdůležitější kritéria vzniku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nejdůležitější_kritéria_vzniku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rozdělení" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rozdělení"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rozdělení</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rozdělení-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germánské jazyky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 140 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Агерман бызшәақәа – abcházština" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агерман бызшәақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abcházština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_tale" title="Germaanse tale – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Germaanse tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Sprachen" title="Germanische Sprachen – němčina (Švýcarsko)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Germanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="němčina (Švýcarsko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች – amharština" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመናዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_chermanicas" title="Luengas chermanicas – aragonština" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas chermanicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisca_spr%C7%A3ca" title="Germanisca sprǣca – staroangličtina" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Germanisca sprǣca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="staroangličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات جرمانية – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات جرمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغات چيرمانيه – arabština (egyptská)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغات چيرمانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabština (egyptská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_xerm%C3%A1niques" title="Llingües xermániques – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües xermániques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dill%C9%99ri" title="German dilləri – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="German dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ژرمن دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژرمن دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Sprochn" title="Germanische Sprochn – bavorština" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Germanische Sprochn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavorština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Германскія мовы – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Германскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Германскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungkun_basa_J%C3%A8rmanik" title="Rungkun basa Jèrmanik – batavština" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Rungkun basa Jèrmanik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="batavština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германски езици – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_germanek" title="Yezhoù germanek – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù germanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanski_jezici" title="Germanski jezici – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Germanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües germàniques – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües germàniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمانە جێرمەنییەکان – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانە جێرمەنییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Germanaidd" title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd – velština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Germanaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanske_sprog" title="Germanske sprog – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germanske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanische_Sprachen" title="Germanische Sprachen – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Cermenki" title="Zıwanê Cermenki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Cermenki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Germaniske rěcy – dolnolužická srbština" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Germaniske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="dolnolužická srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γερμανικές γλώσσες – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cermana_lingvaro" title="Ĝermana lingvaro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝermana lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_germ%C3%A1nicas" title="Lenguas germánicas – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas germánicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaani_keeled" title="Germaani keeled – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germaani keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniar_hizkuntzak" title="Germaniar hizkuntzak – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germaniar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های ژرمنی – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های ژرمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaaniset_kielet" title="Germaaniset kielet – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germaaniset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaani_keeleq" title="Germaani keeleq – võruština" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Germaani keeleq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germansk_m%C3%A1l" title="Germansk mál – faerština" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Germansk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faerština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_germaniques" title="Langues germaniques – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues germaniques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoues_g%C3%A8rmaniques" title="Lengoues gèrmaniques – franko-provensálština" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lengoues gèrmaniques" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="franko-provensálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaans_spriaken" title="Germaans spriaken – fríština (severní)" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Germaans spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="fríština (severní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghis_gjermanichis" title="Lenghis gjermanichis – furlanština" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghis gjermanichis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanske_talen" title="Germaanske talen – fríština (západní)" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Germaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fríština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teangacha_Gearm%C3%A1inice" title="Teangacha Gearmáinice – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teangacha Gearmáinice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼語族 – čínština (dialekty Gan)" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="日耳曼語族" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Gan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0nain_Ghearmaineach" title="Cànain Ghearmaineach – skotská gaelština" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cànain Ghearmaineach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotská gaelština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xerm%C3%A1nicas" title="Linguas xermánicas – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas xermánicas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جرمني زوانان – gilačtina" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="جرمني زوانان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Germaanagh" title="Çhengaghyn Germaanagh – manština" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Germaanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Ng%C3%AE-chhu%CC%8Dk" title="German Ngî-chhu̍k – čínština (dialekty Hakka)" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="German Ngî-chhu̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Hakka)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות גרמאניות – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות גרמאניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="जर्मैनी भाषा परिवार – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मैनी भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_bhasa" title="Germanic bhasa – hindština (Fidži)" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germanic bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindština (Fidži)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanski_jezici" title="Germanski jezici – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Germanske rěče – hornolužická srbština" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Germanske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="hornolužická srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_nyelvek" title="Germán nyelvek – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Germán nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գերմանական լեզուներ – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_germanic" title="Linguas germanic – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas germanic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Jermanik" title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Jermanik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanala_lingui" title="Germanala lingui – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germanala lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%B6nsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Germönsk tungumál – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Germönsk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_germaniche" title="Lingue germaniche – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue germaniche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="ゲルマン語派 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマン語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermanik_languij" title="Joermanik languij – jamajská kreolština" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermanik languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamajská kreolština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიკული ენები – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიკული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Герман тілдері – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Герман тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿಕ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="게르만어파 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르만어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermanische_Sprooch" title="Jermanische Sprooch – kolínština" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Jermanische Sprooch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kolínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_german%C3%AE" title="Zimanên germanî – kurdština" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên germanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yethow_germanek" title="Yethow germanek – kornština" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yethow germanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Герман тилдери – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Герман тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Germanicae" title="Linguae Germanicae – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Germanicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanesch_Sproochen" title="Germanesch Sproochen – lucemburština" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Germanesch Sproochen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lucemburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_germanica" title="Linguas germanica – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas germanica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_taole" title="Germaanse taole – limburština" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Germaanse taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujenedes_germaniches" title="Rujenedes germaniches – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rujenedes germaniches" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguv_germanich" title="Lenguv germanich – lombardština" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguv germanich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Germanų kalbos – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanu_vol%C5%ABdys" title="Germanu volūdys – latgalština" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Germanu volūdys" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="latgalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2erm%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas" title="Ģermāņu valodas – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģermāņu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampam-piteny_jermanika" title="Sampam-piteny jermanika – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sampam-piteny jermanika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Tiamani" title="Take Tiamani – maorština" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Take Tiamani" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германски јазици – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="जर्मेनिक भाषासमूह – maráthština" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मेनिक भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa-bahasa Jerman – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_%C4%A0ermani%C4%8Bi" title="Lingwi Ġermaniċi – maltština" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Ġermaniċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9nguas_germ%C3%A1nicas" title="Lhénguas germánicas – mirandština" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhénguas germánicas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="ژرمنی زوونون – mázandaránština" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ژرمنی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mázandaránština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaansche_Spraken" title="Germaansche Spraken – dolnoněmčina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Germaansche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="dolnoněmčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_taelen" title="Germaanse taelen – dolnosaština" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Germaanse taelen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="dolnosaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanse_talen" title="Germaanse talen – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Germaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Germanske språk – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Germanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Germanske språk – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Germanske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani_lingues" title="Germani lingues – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germani lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langue_g%C3%A8rmannique" title="Langue gèrmannique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Langue gèrmannique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_germanicas" title="Lengas germanicas – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas germanicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Гермайнаг æвзæгтæ – osetština" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гермайнаг æвзæгтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenganan_germ%C3%A1niko" title="Lenganan germániko – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Lenganan germániko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues_germannikes" title="Lingues germannikes – picardština" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lingues germannikes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picardština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitsche_Schprooche" title="Deitsche Schprooche – němčina (pensylvánská)" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitsche Schprooche" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="němčina (pensylvánská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_germa%C5%84skie" title="Języki germańskie – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki germańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_germ%C3%A0niche" title="Lenghe germàniche – piemonština" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe germàniche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جرمینی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمینی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_germ%C3%A2nicas" title="Línguas germânicas – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas germânicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qirmanu_simikuna" title="Qirmanu simikuna – kečuánština" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qirmanu simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_germanice" title="Limbi germanice – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi germanice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Германские языки – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Ґерманьскы языкы – rusínština" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґерманьскы языкы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – santálština" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_germ%C3%A0nicas" title="Limbas germànicas – sardština" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas germànicas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingui_girm%C3%A0nichi" title="Lingui girmànichi – sicilština" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingui girmànichi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_leids" title="Germanic leids – skotština" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germanic leids" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Germánalaš gielat – sámština (severní)" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Germánalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sámština (severní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanski_jezici" title="Germanski jezici – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germanic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nske_jazyky" title="Germánske jazyky – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Germánske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="جرمنیہ زباناں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنیہ زباناں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanski_jeziki" title="Germanski jeziki – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Germanski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanl%C3%A2%C5%A1_kielah" title="Germaanlâš kielah – sámština (inarijská)" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Germaanlâš kielah" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sámština (inarijská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_gjermanike" title="Gjuhët gjermanike – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët gjermanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Германски језици – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Германски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniske_Sproaken" title="Germaniske Sproaken – fríština (saterlandská)" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Germaniske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="fríština (saterlandská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Germanska språk – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Germanska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijerumaniki" title="Kijerumaniki – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijerumaniki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="செருமானிய மொழிகள் – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செருமானிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои олмонӣ – tádžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои олмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tádžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิก – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาเจอร์แมนิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almani_zyvonon" title="Almani zyvonon – talyština" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almani zyvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_tok_Siamanik" title="Ol tok Siamanik – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol tok Siamanik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cermen_dilleri" title="Cermen dilleri – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cermen dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Германські мови – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Германські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="جرمن زبانیں – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمن زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_tillari" title="German tillari – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="German tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BB%99c_German" title="Ngữ tộc German – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ tộc German" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaansche_toaln" title="Germaansche toaln – vlámština (západní)" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Germaansche toaln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="vlámština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日耳曼语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_on%C3%ADj%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Àwọn èdè oníjẹ́mánì – jorubština" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè oníjẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaonse_taelen" title="Germaonse taelen – zélandština" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Germaonse taelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼语族 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日耳曼语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_g%C3%AD-cho%CC%8Dk" title="German gí-cho̍k – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="German gí-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼語族 – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日耳曼語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21200#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuse:Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuse ke stránce (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit 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href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=history" title="Starší verze této stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akce </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=history"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Obecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Co_odkazuje_na/Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Seznam všech wikistránek, které sem odkazují [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny/Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" rel="nofollow" title="Nedávné změny stránek, na které je odkazováno [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Související změny</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cs" title="Nahrát obrázky či jiná multimédia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Načíst soubor</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_str%C3%A1nky" title="Seznam všech speciálních stránek [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciální stránky</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&oldid=22863445" title="Trvalý odkaz na současnou verzi této stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=info" title="Více informací o této stránce"><span>Informace o stránce</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Citovat&page=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&id=22863445&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informace o tom, jak citovat tuto stránku"><span>Citovat stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGerm%25C3%25A1nsk%25C3%25A9_jazyky"><span>Získat zkrácené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGerm%25C3%25A1nsk%25C3%25A9_jazyky"><span>Stáhnout QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tisk/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Kniha&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9+jazyky"><span>Vytvořit knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:DownloadAsPdf&page=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stáhnout jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&printable=yes" title="Tato stránka v podobě vhodné k tisku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verze k tisku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na jiných projektech </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germanic_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21200" title="Odkaz na propojenou položku datového úložiště [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/220px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/330px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png/440px-Germanic_languages_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>Dnešní rozšíření v Evropě: <b>Severogermánské jazyky</b> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #00FFFF"><span style="background-color:#00FFFF"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Island%C5%A1tina" title="Islandština">islandština</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #00CED1"><span style="background-color:#00CED1"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Faer%C5%A1tina" title="Faerština">faerština</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #007ffe"><span style="background-color:#007ffe"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Nor%C5%A1tina" title="Norština">norština</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #003f7f"><span style="background-color:#003f7f"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9d%C5%A1tina" title="Švédština">švédština</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #0000FF"><span style="background-color:#0000FF"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Dánština">dánština</a></span></div> <b>Západogermánské jazyky</b> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #D2691E"><span style="background-color:#D2691E"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Skot%C5%A1tina" title="Skotština">skotština</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #ffa500"><span style="background-color:#ffa500"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Angli%C4%8Dtina" title="Angličtina">angličtina</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #E2BD00"><span style="background-color:#E2BD00"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%AD%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Fríština">fríština</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #FFF435"><span style="background-color:#FFF435"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina" title="Nizozemština">nizozemština</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #ADFF2F"><span style="background-color:#ADFF2F"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/Dolnon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Dolnoněmčina">dolnoněmčina</a></span></div> <div style="padding:0 0 0 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><span style="border:1px solid #008000"><span style="background-color:#008000"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">    </span></span></span> <span title="zvýrazněno" style="background-color: ;"><a href="/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina">němčina</a></span></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Germánské jazyky</b> představují jednu z větví <a href="/wiki/Indoevropsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indoevropské jazyky">indoevropských jazyků</a>. Mluví jimi přes 450 miliónů osob a jsou i zeměpisně jedny z nejrozšířenějších. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Historie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lingvistika" title="Lingvistika">Lingvisté</a> se domnívají, že se větev germánských jazyků začala osamostatňovat již kolem roku 2000 př. n. l. Nejsou však žádné důkazy o tom, zdali někdy existoval germánský <a href="/wiki/Prajazyk" title="Prajazyk">prajazyk</a>, z něhož se postupem času odčlenily jednotlivé germánské jazyky, jak to známe u <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Románské jazyky">románských jazyků</a>, jejichž původní jazyk <a href="/wiki/Latina" title="Latina">latina</a> je nám dobře známá, což též platí o způsobu a historických okolnostech vývoje jednotlivých románských jazyků. Někteří vědci dokonce popírají existenci germánského prajazyka. Vycházejí spíš z toho, že se některé jazyky sblížily a navzájem se ovlivňovaly. </p><p>Nejstarším souvislým germánským textem a zároveň jediným dokladem východogermánského jazyka jsou fragmenty gótského překladu <i><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></i>, pořízené biskupem <a href="/wiki/Wulfila" title="Wulfila">Wulfilou</a> ve <a href="/wiki/4._stolet%C3%AD" title="4. století">4. století</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nejdůležitější_kritéria_vzniku"><span id="Nejd.C5.AFle.C5.BEit.C4.9Bj.C5.A1.C3.AD_krit.C3.A9ria_vzniku"></span>Nejdůležitější kritéria vzniku</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Nejdůležitější kritéria vzniku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Nejdůležitější kritéria vzniku"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>ustálení přízvuku na první slabice;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_posouv%C3%A1n%C3%AD_hl%C3%A1sek" class="mw-redirect" title="První posouvání hlásek">první posouvání hlásek</a>: <ul><li>p, t, k > f, þ, χ</li> <li>b, d, g > p, t, k</li> <li>bh, dh, gh > b, d, g;</li></ul></li> <li>Přestavba <a href="/wiki/Gramatika" title="Gramatika">gramatiky</a>: <ul><li>redukce původních osmi pádů na čtyři;</li> <li>vznik „slabých“ adjektivních tvarů zakončujících na <i>-n</i> (např. něm.: <i>dem schöne<b>n</b> Mädchen</i> '[tomu] hezkému děvčeti');</li> <li>zánik většiny slovesných časů, mimo <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADtomn%C3%BD_%C4%8Das" title="Přítomný čas">přítomný čas</a> a <a href="/wiki/Minul%C3%BD_%C4%8Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Minulý čas">minulý čas</a>;</li> <li>vznik slabých sloves s dentální příponou, např.: <ul><li>angl. <i>ask-ed</i>,</li> <li>něm. <i>frag-t-e</i>,</li> <li>švéd.: <i>fråga-d-e</i>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rozdělení"><span id="Rozd.C4.9Blen.C3.AD"></span>Rozdělení</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Rozdělení" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rozdělení"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1padogerm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Západogermánské jazyky">západogermánské jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornon%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hornoněmecké jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">hornoněmecké jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina">němčina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St%C5%99edon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Středoněmčina (stránka neexistuje)">středoněmčina</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_st%C5%99edon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Západní středoněmčina (stránka neexistuje)">západní středoněmčina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fal%C4%8Dtina" title="Falčtina">falčtina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucembur%C5%A1tina" title="Lucemburština">lucemburština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensylv%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_n%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Pensylvánská němčina">pensylvánská němčina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_st%C5%99edon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Východní středoněmčina (stránka neexistuje)">východní středoněmčina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hornoněmčina (stránka neexistuje)">hornoněmčina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemánština">alemánština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavor%C5%A1tina" title="Bavorština">bavorština</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Severohornon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severohornoněmčina (stránka neexistuje)">severohornoněmčina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidi%C5%A1" title="Jidiš">jidiš</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilamov%C5%A1tina" title="Vilamovština">vilamovština</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolnon%C4%9Bmecko-dolnofranck%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolnoněmecko-dolnofrancké jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">dolnoněmecko-dolnofrancké jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolnofranck%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolnofrancké jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">dolnofrancké jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizozem%C5%A1tina" title="Nizozemština">nizozemština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrik%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Afrikánština">afrikánština</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolnon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Dolnoněmčina">dolnoněmčina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglofr%C3%ADsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglofríské jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">anglofríské jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglick%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglické jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">anglické jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angli%C4%8Dtina" title="Angličtina">angličtina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skot%C5%A1tina" title="Skotština">skotština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%A1tina" title="Yolština">yolština</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Fríské jazyky">fríština</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severogerm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Severogermánské jazyky">severogermánské jazyky</a> (skandinávské jazyky) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_severogerm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Východní severogermánské jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">východní severogermánské jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%A9d%C5%A1tina" title="Švédština">švédština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Dánština">dánština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvdal%C5%A1tina" title="Elvdalština">elvdalština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotland%C5%A1tina" title="Gotlandština">gotlandština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogotland%C5%A1tina" title="Starogotlandština">starogotlandština</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_severogerm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Západní severogermánské jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">západní severogermánské jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nor%C5%A1tina" title="Norština">norština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">russenorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faer%C5%A1tina" title="Faerština">faerština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island%C5%A1tina" title="Islandština">islandština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norn%C5%A1tina" title="Nornština">nornština</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mrtv%C3%BD_jazyk" title="Mrtvý jazyk">mrtvý jazyk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%BDchodogerm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Východogermánské jazyky">východogermánské jazyky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgund%C5%A1tina_(germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_jazyk)" title="Burgundština (germánský jazyk)">burgundština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3t%C5%A1tina" title="Gótština">gótština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymsk%C3%A1_g%C3%B3t%C5%A1tina" title="Krymská gótština">krymská gótština</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandal%C5%A1tina" title="Vandalština">vandalština</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seznam_jazyk%C5%AF" title="Seznam jazyků">Seznam jazyků</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seznam_p%C3%ADsem" title="Seznam písem">Seznam písem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germanic_languages" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Germanic languages">germánské jazyky</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bethge, Richard: <i>Konjugation des Urgermanischen</i>, in Ferdinand Dieter, <i>Laut- und Formenlehre der altgermanischen Dialekte</i>, Leipzig 1900, 361.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Cercignani" title="Fausto Cercignani">Cercignani, Fausto</a>: <i>Indo-European ē in Germanic</i>, in <i>Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung</i>, 86/1, 1972, 104–110.</li> <li>Harbert, Wayne: <i>The Germanic Languages</i>, Cambridge 2007, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-521-01511-0" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-521-01511-0"><span class="ISBN">978-0-521-01511-0</span></a></span>.</li> <li>Haugen, Einar: Die skandinavischen Sprachen. Hamburg 1984, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/3-87118-551-5" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/3-87118-551-5"><span class="ISBN">3-87118-551-5</span></a></span>.</li> <li>Hutterer, Claus-Jürgen: Die germanischen Sprachen. VMA-Verlag, Wiesbaden 4. vyd. 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/3-928127-57-8" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/3-928127-57-8"><span class="ISBN">3-928127-57-8</span></a></span>.</li> <li>Robinson, Orrin W.: <i>Old English and Its Closest Relatives. A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages</i>, Stanford (Calif) 1992, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/0-8047-1454-1" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/0-8047-1454-1"><span class="ISBN">0-8047-1454-1</span></a></span>.</li> <li>Schmidt, Wilhelm: Geschichte der deutschen Sprache. Stuttgart/ Leipzig 6. vyd. 1993, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/3-7776-0501-8" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/3-7776-0501-8"><span class="ISBN">3-7776-0501-8</span></a></span>.</li> <li>Schumacher, Stefan: '<i>Langvokalische Perfekta' in indogermanischen Einzelsprachen und ihr grundsprachlicher Hintergrund</i>, in Gerhard Meiser und Olav Hackstein, <i>Sprachkontakt und Sprachwandel</i>, Wiesbaden 2005, 603f.</li> <li>Wessén, Elias: Die nordischen Sprachen. Berlin 1968.</li></ul> <div class="navbox noprint" title="Indoevropské jazyky"><table title="" class="navbox-navbox mw-collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks noprint" cellspacing="0" data-collapsetext="skrýt" data-expandtext="zobrazit"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17064757">.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal}</style><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <span class="navbox-titletext"><a href="/wiki/Indoevropsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indoevropské jazyky">Indoevropská rodina jazyků</a></span> </th> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2"> <div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo%C3%ADr%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Indoíránské jazyky">indoíránské</a> <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/%C5%98e%C4%8Dtina" title="Řečtina">řečtina</a> <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Italick%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Italické jazyky">italické</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Románské jazyky">románské</a>) <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Keltsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Keltské jazyky">keltské</a> <b>•</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">germánské</a> <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9n%C5%A1tina" title="Arménština">arménština</a> <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Balto-slovansk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Balto-slovanské jazyky">balto-slovanské</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Baltské jazyky">baltské</a> <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Slovansk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Slovanské jazyky">slovanské</a>) <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Alb%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Albánština">albánština</a> </p> </div></div> </td> </tr><tr class="navbox-padding"><td></td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group">mrtvé jazyky</td> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anatolsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Anatolské jazyky">anatolské</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrsk%C3%A9_jazyky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illyrské jazyky (stránka neexistuje)">illyrské</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ven%C3%A9t%C5%A1tina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venétština (stránka neexistuje)">venétština</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liburn%C5%A1tina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liburnština (stránka neexistuje)">liburnština</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Messap%C5%A1tina" title="Messapština">messapština</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fry%C5%BE%C5%A1tina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fryžština (stránka neexistuje)">frygijština</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paion%C5%A1tina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paionština (stránka neexistuje)">paionština</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Thr%C3%A1%C4%8Dtina" title="Thráčtina">thráčtina</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1%C4%8Dtina" title="Dáčtina">dáčtina</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Antick%C3%A1_makedon%C5%A1tina" title="Antická makedonština">antická makedonština</a>† <b>•</b> <a href="/wiki/Ligur%C5%A1tina" title="Ligurština">ligurština</a>† <b>•</b> 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dir="ltr" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germánské_jazyky&oldid=22863445">https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germánské_jazyky&oldid=22863445</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Kategorie" title="Nápověda:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Germ%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Kategorie:Germánské jazyky">Germánské jazyky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Klasick%C3%A9_indoevropsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Kategorie:Klasické indoevropské jazyky">Klasické indoevropské jazyky</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_NKC" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NKC">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_PSH" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem PSH">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem PSH</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_BNE" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem BNE">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_BNF" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem BNF">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_GND" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem GND">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_LCCN" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN</a></li><li><a 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