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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Pleistocene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleistocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocene_(present-day)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocene_(present-day)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Holocene (present-day)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocene_(present-day)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration:_1682–1853" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration:_1682–1853"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European exploration: 1682–1853</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_exploration:_1682–1853-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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<span>Toggle 1854–1867 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1854–1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Territorial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Land changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Capital changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1867–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1867–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1867–1900</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1867–1900-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1867–1900 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1867–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Statehood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Railroads</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Railroads subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Land sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Populism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progressive_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Progressive Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Land use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Retail stores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulation_of_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_of_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Regulation of industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_of_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Women subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farm_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farm_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Farm life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farm_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Teachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Social and economic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Geography and environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Homesteader_NE_1866.png/350px-Homesteader_NE_1866.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Homesteader_NE_1866.png/525px-Homesteader_NE_1866.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Homesteader_NE_1866.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteaders</a> in central Nebraska in 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></b> dates back to its formation as a <a href="/wiki/Organized_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized territory">territory</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> on May 30, 1854. The <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska Territory</a> was settled extensively under the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act of 1862</a> during the 1860s, and in 1867 was admitted to the Union as the 37th U.S. state. The Plains Indians are the descendants of a long line of succeeding cultures of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">indigenous peoples in Nebraska</a> who occupied the area for thousands of years before European arrival and continue to do so today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_ne_creighton_ashfallshp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/USA_ne_creighton_ashfallshp.jpg/200px-USA_ne_creighton_ashfallshp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/USA_ne_creighton_ashfallshp.jpg/300px-USA_ne_creighton_ashfallshp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/USA_ne_creighton_ashfallshp.jpg/400px-USA_ne_creighton_ashfallshp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Dinohippus" title="Dinohippus">Dinohippus</a></i> fossil horse from the late <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Ashfall_Fossil_Beds" title="Ashfall Fossil Beds">Ashfall State Historical Park</a> near <a href="/wiki/Royal,_Nebraska" title="Royal, Nebraska">Royal</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mesozoic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, between 66 million to 99 million years ago, three-quarters of Nebraska was covered by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway" title="Western Interior Seaway">Western Interior Seaway</a>, a large body of water that covered one-third of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sea was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Mosasaur" title="Mosasaur">mosasaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaurs</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Squalicorax" title="Squalicorax">Squalicorax</a></i>, and fish such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pachyrhizodus" title="Pachyrhizodus">Pachyrhizodus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Enchodus" title="Enchodus">Enchodus</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Xiphactinus" title="Xiphactinus">Xiphactinus</a></i>, a fish larger than any modern bony fish, occupied the sea. Other sea life included <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonites">ammonites</a>, squid-like <a href="/wiki/Belemnite" class="mw-redirect" title="Belemnite">belemnites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a> of these animals and period plants were embedded in mud that hardened into rock and became the limestone that appears today on the sides of ravines and along the streams of Nebraska. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cenozoic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pliocene">Pliocene</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pliocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the sea bottom slowly rose, <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> appeared. After thousands of years the land became drier, and trees of all kinds grew, including <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>. Fossil leaves from ancient trees are found today in the state's red sandstone rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Nebraska_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Nebraska-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals occupying the state during this period included <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinos</a>. The state also had a variety of <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of the Horse">horses</a> native to its lands.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pleistocene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oglala_National_Grassland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Oglala_National_Grassland.jpg/200px-Oglala_National_Grassland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Oglala_National_Grassland.jpg/300px-Oglala_National_Grassland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Oglala_National_Grassland.jpg/400px-Oglala_National_Grassland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oglala_National_Grassland" title="Oglala National Grassland">Oglala National Grassland</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron, Nebraska</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, continental ice sheets repeatedly covered eastern Nebraska. The exact timing that these glaciations occurred remain uncertain. Likely, they occurred between two million to 600,000 years ago. During the last two million years, the climate alternated between <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation#Land-based_chronology" title="Timeline of glaciation">cold and warm phases</a>, respectively called "<a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a>" periods instead of a continuous ice age.<sup id="cite_ref-RichmondOther1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RichmondOther1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clayey</a> tills and large <a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulders</a>, called "<a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">glacial erratics</a>", were left on the hillsides during the period when ice sheets covered eastern Nebraska two or three times. During various periods of the remainder of the Pleistocene and into the Holocene, the glacial drift was buried by silty, wind-blown sediment called "<a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Holocene_(present-day)"><span id="Holocene_.28present-day.29"></span>Holocene (present-day)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holocene (present-day)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the climate became drier <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">grassy plains</a> appeared, rivers began to cut their present valleys, and present Nebraska topography was formed. Animals appearing during this period remain in the state to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Nebraska_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Nebraska-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_exploration:_1682–1853"><span id="European_exploration:_1682.E2.80.931853"></span>European exploration: 1682–1853</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European exploration: 1682–1853"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Nebraska" title="French people in Nebraska">French people in Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana (New Spain)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1801)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)">Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Louisiana" title="District of Louisiana">District of Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrowDogHorse1898_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CrowDogHorse1898_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-CrowDogHorse1898_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CrowDogHorse1898_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-CrowDogHorse1898_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CrowDogHorse1898_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-CrowDogHorse1898_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>"Crow Dog", a <a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Brulé</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> in 1898.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several explorers from across Europe explored the lands that became Nebraska. In 1682, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> claimed the area first when he named all the territory drained by the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and its tributaries for France, naming it the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a>. In 1714, <a href="/wiki/Etienne_de_Bourgmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne de Bourgmont">Etienne de Bourgmont</a> traveled from the mouth of the Missouri River in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte River</a>, which he called the Nebraskier River, becoming the first person to approximate the state's name. </p><p>In 1720, Spaniard <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Villasur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Villasur (page does not exist)">Pedro de Villasur</a> led an <a href="/wiki/Villasur_expedition" title="Villasur expedition">overland expedition</a> that followed an Indian trail from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> to Nebraska. In a battle with the <a href="/wiki/Otoe" title="Otoe">Oto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a>, Villasur and 34 members of his party were killed near the juncture of the <a href="/wiki/Loup_River" title="Loup River">Loup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte Rivers</a> just south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Nebraska" title="Columbus, Nebraska">Columbus, Nebraska</a>. The survivors included twelve or thirteen Spanish soldiers and more than fifty Pueblo and Apache allies. Spanish influence over the region would never recover. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the goal of reaching Santa Fe by water, a pair of <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Canadian">French-Canadian</a> explorers named Pierre and Paul Mallet reached the mouth of what they named the Platte River in 1739. They ended up following the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">south fork</a> of the Platte into <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. </p><p>In 1762, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> after France's defeat by Great Britain in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, France ceded its lands west of the Mississippi River to Spain, causing the future Nebraska to fall under the rule of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, based in Mexico and the Southwest. In 1795 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_D%27Eglise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques D'Eglise (page does not exist)">Jacques D'Eglise</a> traveled the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River_Valley" title="Missouri River Valley">Missouri River Valley</a> on behalf of the Spanish crown. Searching for the elusive <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>, D'Eglise did not go any further than central <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_European_settlements">Early European settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early European settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of St. Louis merchants, collectively known as the Missouri Company, funded a series of trading expeditions along the Missouri river. In 1794, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Truteau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Truteau (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Truteau</a> established a trading post 30 miles up the <a href="/wiki/Niobrara_River" title="Niobrara River">Niobrara River</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Scotsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotsman">Scotsman</a> named John McKay established a trading post on the west bank of the Missouri River in 1795. The post called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Charles_(Nebraska)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Charles (Nebraska) (page does not exist)">Fort Charles</a> was located south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Dakota_City,_Nebraska" title="Dakota City, Nebraska">Dakota City, Nebraska</a>. </p><p>In 1803, the United States purchased the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana Territory</a> from France for $15,000,000. What became Nebraska was under the "rule" of the United States for the first time. In 1812, President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> signed a bill creating the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a>, including the present-day state of Nebraska. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lisa" title="Manuel Lisa">Manuel Lisa</a>, a Spanish fur trader from New Orleans, built a trading post called <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lisa_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Lisa (Nebraska)">Fort Lisa</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponca_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponca Hills (page does not exist)">Ponca Hills</a> in 1812. His effort befriending local tribes is credited with thwarting British influence in the area during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. </p><p>The U.S. Army established <a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a> near today's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Calhoun,_Nebraska" title="Fort Calhoun, Nebraska">Fort Calhoun</a> in 1820, in order to protect the area's burgeoning fur trade industry. In 1822, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Fur_Company" title="Missouri Fur Company">Missouri Fur Company</a> built a headquarters and trading post about nine miles north of the mouth of the Platte River and called it <a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Nebraska" title="Bellevue, Nebraska">Bellevue</a>, establishing the first town in Nebraska. In 1824, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Cabann%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Cabanné (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Cabanné</a> established <a href="/wiki/Cabanne%27s_Trading_Post" title="Cabanne's Trading Post">Cabanne's Trading Post</a> for <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Fur_Company" title="American Fur Company">American Fur Company</a> near Fort Lisa at the confluence of Ponca Creek and the Missouri River. It became a well-known post in the region. </p><p>In 1833, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_P._Merill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses P. Merill (page does not exist)">Moses P. Merill</a> established a mission among the Otoe Indians. The <a href="/wiki/Moses_Merill_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Merill Mission">Moses Merill Mission</a> was sponsored by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baptist_Missionary_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baptist Missionary Union (page does not exist)">Baptist Missionary Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Dunbar_(missionary)" title="John Dunbar (missionary)">John Dunbar</a> built a settlement by the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee Indian's</a> main village in 1841 by modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Nebraska" title="Fremont, Nebraska">Fremont, Nebraska</a>. The settlement grew quickly as government-financed teachers, blacksmiths and farmers joined the Pawnees and Dunbar, but the settlement disappeared practically overnight when <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> raids scared the gathered whites off the plains.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> completed his exploration of the Platte River country with <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a> in Bellevue. He sold his mules and government wagons at auction in there. On this mapping trip, Frémont used the Otoe word <i>Nebrathka</i> to designate the Platte River. Platte is from the French word for "flat", the translation of Ne-brath-ka, meaning "land of flat waters."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1854–1867"><span id="1854.E2.80.931867"></span>1854–1867</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1854–1867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_period">Territorial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Territorial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska Territory</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territorial_Legislature" title="Nebraska Territorial Legislature">Nebraska Territorial Legislature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1859_nebraska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/1859_nebraska.jpg/220px-1859_nebraska.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/1859_nebraska.jpg/330px-1859_nebraska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/1859_nebraska.jpg/440px-1859_nebraska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2898" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>1859 map of route from Sioux City, Iowa, through Nebraska, to gold fields of Wyoming, partially following old Mormon trails.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> of 1854 established the <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40th parallel north</a> as the dividing line between the territories of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and Nebraska. As such, the original territorial boundaries of Nebraska were much larger than today; the territory was bounded on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> between the Pacific and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> Oceans; on the north by the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel north</a> (the boundary between the United States and Canada), and on the east by the <a href="/wiki/White_Earth_River_(North_Dakota)" title="White Earth River (North Dakota)">White Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a> rivers. However, the creation of new territories by acts of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> progressively reduced the size of Nebraska. </p><p>Most settlers were farmers, but another major economic activity involved support for travelers using the Platte River trails. After gold was discovered in Wyoming in 1859, a rush of speculators followed overland trails through the interior of Nebraska. The Missouri River towns became important terminals of an overland freighting business that carried goods brought up the river in steamboats over the plains to trading posts and Army forts in the mountains. Stagecoaches provided passenger, mail, and express service, and for a few months in 1860–1861 the famous <a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a> provided mail service. </p><p>Many wagon trains trekked through Nebraska on the way west. They were assisted by soldiers at Ft. Kearny and other Army forts guarding the Platte River Road between 1846 and 1869. Fort commanders assisted destitute civilians by providing them with food and other supplies while those who could afford it purchased supplies from post sutlers. Travelers also received medical care, had access to blacksmithing and carpentry services for a fee, and could rely on fort commanders to act as law enforcement officials. Fort Kearny also provided mail services and, by 1861, telegraph services. Moreover, soldiers facilitated travel by making improvements on roads, bridges, and ferries. The forts additionally gave rise to towns along the Platte River route.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wagon trains gave way to railroad traffic as the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>—the eastern half of the first transcontinental railroad—was constructed west from Omaha through the Platte Valley. It opened service to California in 1869. In 1867 Colorado was split off and Nebraska, reduced in size to its modern boundaries, was admitted to the Union. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_changes">Land changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Land changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 28, 1861, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a> took portions of the territory south of 41° N and west of 102°03' W (25° W of Washington, DC).<sup id="cite_ref-ColoradoTerritory_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColoradoTerritory-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 2, 1861, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> took all of the portions of Nebraska Territory north of 43° N (the present-day Nebraska–<a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> border), along with the portion of present-day Nebraska between the <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43rd parallel north</a> and the Keya Paha and Niobrara rivers (this land would be returned to Nebraska in 1882). The act creating the Dakota Territory also included provisions granting Nebraska small portions of <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>—present-day southwestern <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, bounded by the <a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41st parallel north</a>, the <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43rd parallel north</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a>. On March 3, 1863, <a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a> took everything west of 104°03' W (27° W of Washington, DC). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneers_Crossing_the_Plains_of_Nebraska_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wagon train headed to California"><img alt="Wagon train headed to California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pioneers_Crossing_the_Plains_of_Nebraska_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png/350px-Pioneers_Crossing_the_Plains_of_Nebraska_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pioneers_Crossing_the_Plains_of_Nebraska_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png/525px-Pioneers_Crossing_the_Plains_of_Nebraska_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Pioneers_Crossing_the_Plains_of_Nebraska_by_C.C.A._Christensen.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Wagon train headed to California</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska in the American Civil War">Nebraska in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Saunders" title="Alvin Saunders">Alvin Saunders</a> guided the territory during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), as well as the first two years of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">postbellum</a> era. He worked with the territorial legislature to help define the borders of Nebraska, as well as to raise troops to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. No battles were fought in the territory, but Nebraska raised three regiments of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> to help the war effort, and more than 3,000 Nebraskans served in the military. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_changes">Capital changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Capital changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> of the Nebraska Territory was at <a href="/wiki/Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha">Omaha</a>. During the 1850s there were numerous unsuccessful attempts to move the capital to other locations, including <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Nebraska" title="Florence, Nebraska">Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska" title="Plattsmouth, Nebraska">Plattsmouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Scriptown" title="Scriptown">Scriptown</a> corruption scheme, ruled illegal by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Morton" title="Baker v. Morton">Baker v. Morton</a></i>, local businessmen tried to secure land in the Omaha area to give away to legislators. The capital remained at Omaha until 1867 when Nebraska gained statehood, at which time the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a>, which was called Lancaster at that point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1867–1900"><span id="1867.E2.80.931900"></span>1867–1900</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1867–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statehood">Statehood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> <p>A constitution for Nebraska was drawn up in 1866. There was some controversy over Nebraska's admission as a state, in view of a provision in the 1866 constitution restricting <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> to <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> voters; eventually, on February 8, 1867, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> voted to admit Nebraska as a state provided that suffrage was not denied to non-white voters. The bill admitting Nebraska as a state was vetoed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, but the veto was overridden by a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> in both Houses of Congress. Nebraska became the first–and to this day the only–state to be <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted to the Union</a> by means of a veto override.<sup id="cite_ref-NebraskaStatehood_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NebraskaStatehood-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All land north of the <a href="/wiki/Keya_Paha_River" title="Keya Paha River">Keya Paha River</a> (which includes most of <a href="/wiki/Boyd_County,_Nebraska" title="Boyd County, Nebraska">Boyd County</a> and a smaller portion of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Keya_Paha_County,_Nebraska" title="Keya Paha County, Nebraska">Keya Paha County</a>) was not originally part of Nebraska at the time of statehood, but was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> in 1882. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Nebraska" title="History of slavery in Nebraska">History of slavery in Nebraska</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Railroads">Railroads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_sales">Land sales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Land sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Railroads played a central role in the settlement of Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land was good for farms and ranches, but without transportation would be impossible to raise commercial crops. The railroad companies had been given large land grants that were used to back the borrowings from New York and London that financed construction. They were anxious to locate settlers upon the land as soon as possible, ensuring there would be a steady outflow of farm products and a steady inflow of manufactured items purchased by the farmers. Railroads like Union Pacific also built towns that were needed to service the railroad itself, with dining halls for passengers, construction crews, repair shops and housing for train crews. These towns attracted cattle drives and cowboys.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1870s and 1880s Civil War veterans and immigrants from Europe came by the thousands to take up land in Nebraska, with this migratory influx helping to rapidly extend westward the frontier line of settlement despite severe droughts, grasshopper plagues, economic distress, and other harsh conditions confronting the new settlers. Most of the great cattle ranches that had grown up near the ends of the trails from Texas gave way to farms, although the Sand Hills remained essentially a ranching country. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iowa_and_Nebraska_lands10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iowa_and_Nebraska_lands10.jpg/280px-Iowa_and_Nebraska_lands10.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iowa_and_Nebraska_lands10.jpg/420px-Iowa_and_Nebraska_lands10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iowa_and_Nebraska_lands10.jpg/560px-Iowa_and_Nebraska_lands10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>A land offer from the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad, 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="History of the Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific</a> (UP) land grant gave it ownership of 12,800 acres per mile of finished track. The federal government kept every other section of land, rendering a surplus of 12,800 acres to sell or give away to homesteaders. The UP's goal was not to make a profit, but rather to build up a permanent clientele of farmers and townspeople who would form a solid basis for routine sales and purchases. The UP, like other major lines, opened sales offices in the East and in Europe to advertise their lands heavily far away and abroad,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering attractive package rates for migrant farmers to sell out and moved their entire family and necessary agricultural tools to the new destination. In 1870 the UP sold rich Nebraska farmland at five dollars an acre, with one fourth down and the remainder in three annual installments. It gave a 10 percent discount for cash.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers could also homestead land, getting it free from the federal government after five years, or even sooner by paying $1.50 an acre. Sales were improved by offering large blocks to ethnic colonies of European immigrants. Germans and Scandinavians, for example, could sell out their small farm back home and buy much larger farms for the same money. European ethnics comprised half of the population of Nebraska in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Married couples were usually the homesteaders, but single women were also eligible on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A typical development program was that undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Burlington_and_Missouri_River_Railroad" title="Burlington and Missouri River Railroad">Burlington and Missouri River Railroad</a> to promote settlement in southeastern Nebraska during 1870–80. The company participated enthusiastically in the boosterism campaigns that drew optimistic settlers to the state. The railroad offered farmers the opportunity to purchase land grant parcels on easy credit terms. <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">Soil quality</a>, topography, and distance from the railroad line generally determined railroad land prices. Immigrants and native-born migrants sometimes clustered in ethnic-based communities, but mostly the settlement of railroad land was by diverse mixtures of migrants. By deliberate campaigns, land sales, and a vast transportation network, the railroads facilitated and accelerated the peopling and development of the Great Plains, with railroads and water key to the potential for success in the Plains environment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populism">Populism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Populism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party (United States)</a></div> <p>Populism was a farmers' movement of the early 1890s that emerged in a period of simultaneous crises in agriculture and politics. Farmers who attempted to raise corn and hogs in the dry regions of Nebraska faced economic disaster when drought unexpectedly occurred. When they sought relief through political means, they found the Republican Party complacent, resting on its past achievement of prosperity. The Democratic Party, meanwhile, was preoccupied with the prohibition issue. The farmers turn to radical politicians leading the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist party</a>, but it became so enmeshed in vehement battles that it accomplished little for the farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omaha was the location of the 1892 convention that formed the Populist Party, with its aptly titled <i><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Platform" title="Omaha Platform">Omaha Platform</a></i> written by "radical farmers" from throughout the Midwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_Era">Progressive Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Progressive Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1900 Populism faded and the Republicans regained power in the state. In 1907 they enacted a number of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Movement">progressive reform measures</a>, including a direct primary law and a child labor act, in what was one of the most significant legislative sessions in Nebraska's history. Prohibition was of central importance in progressive politics before World War I. Many British-stock and Scandinavian Protestants advocated prohibition as a solution to social problems, while Catholics and German Lutherans attacked prohibition as a menace to their social customs and personal liberty. Prohibitionists supported direct democracy to enable voters to bypass the state legislature in lawmaking. The Republican Party championed the interests of the prohibitionists, while the Democratic Party represented ethnic group interests. After 1914 the issue shifted to the Germans' opposition to Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy. Then both Republicans and Democrats joined in reducing direct democracy in order to reduce German influence in state politics.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political leader of the state's progressive movement was <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a> (1861 – 1944). He served five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican from 1903 until 1913 and five terms in the U.S. Senate from 1913 until 1943, four terms as a Republican and the final term as an independent. In the 1930s he supported President Franklin Roosevelt, a Democrat, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. Norris was defeated for reelection in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use">Land use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Land use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1870 the average size of farms has steadily increased, whereas number of farms rapidly increased until about 1900, remained stable until about 1930, then rapidly decreased, as farmers bought out their neighbors and consolidated their holdings. Total area of cropland in Nebraska increased until the 1930s, but then showed long-term stability with large short-term fluctuations. Crop diversity was highest during 1955–1965, then slowly decreased; corn was always a dominant crop, but sorghum and oats were increasingly replaced by soybeans after the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">Land-use changes</a> were affected by farm policies and programs attempting to stabilize commodity supply and demand, reduce erosion, and reduce impacts to wildlife and ecological systems; technological advances (e.g., mechanization, seeds, pesticides, fertilizers); and population growth and redistribution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 450 miles of the Lincoln Highway in Nebraska followed the route of the Platte River Valley, along the narrow corridor where pioneer trails, the Pony Express, and the main line of the Union Pacific Railroad ran. Construction began in 1913, as the road was promoted by a network of state and local boosters until it became U.S. Highway 30 and part of the nation's numbered highway system, with federal highway standards and subsidies. Before 1929 only sixty of its miles were hard surface in Nebraska. Its route was altered repeatedly, most importantly when Omaha was bypassed in 1930. The final section of the roadway was paved west of North Platte, Nebraska, in November 1935. The Lincoln Highway was planned as the most direct route across the country, but such a transcontinental highway was not realized until the 1970s, when Interstate 80 was built parallel to U.S. 30, giving the Lincoln Highway over to local traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail_stores">Retail stores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Retail stores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the rural areas farmers and ranchers depended on general stores that had a limited stock and slow turnover; they made enough profit to stay in operation by selling at high prices. Prices were not marked on each item; instead the customer negotiated a price. Men did most of the shopping, since the main criterion was credit rather than quality of goods. Indeed, most customers shopped on credit, paying off the bill when crops or cattle were later sold; the owner's ability to judge credit worthiness was vital to his success.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the cities consumers had much more choice, and bought their dry goods and supplies at locally owned department stores. They had a much wider selection of goods than in the country general stores; price tags that gave the actual selling price. The department stores provided a very limited credit, and set up attractive displays and, after 1900, window displays as well. Their clerks were experienced salesmen whose knowledge of the products appealed to the better educated middle-class housewives who did most of the shopping. The keys to success were a large variety of high-quality brand-name merchandise, high turnover, reasonable prices, and frequent special sales. The larger stores sent their buyers to Denver, Minneapolis, and Chicago once or twice a year to evaluate the newest trends in merchandising and stock up on the latest fashions. By the 1920s and 1930s, large mail-order houses such as Sears, Roebuck & Co. and Montgomery Ward provided serious competition, so the department stores relied even more on salesmanship, and close integration with the community.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many entrepreneurs built stores, shops, and offices along Main Street. The most handsome ones used pre-formed, sheet iron facades, especially those manufactured by the Mesker Brothers of St. Louis. These neoclassical, stylized facades added sophistication to brick or wood-frame buildings throughout the state.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senator Norris campaigned for the abolition of the bicameral system in the state legislature, arguing it was outdated, inefficient and unnecessarily expensive, and was based on the "inherently undemocratic" British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. In 1934, a state constitutional amendment was passed mandating a single-house legislature, and also introducing <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-partisan">non-partisan</a> elections (where members do not stand as members of political parties).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government was heavily dominated by men, but there were a few niche roles for women. For example, Nellie Newmark (1888–1978) was the clerk of the District Court at Lincoln for a half-century, 1907–56. She gained a reputation for assisting judges and new attorneys assigned to the court.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_of_industry">Regulation of industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Regulation of industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With no cohesive federal protective legislation, Nebraska's Live Stock Sanitary Commission was created in 1885 to safeguard the public interest of Nebraska citizens through the regulation of the livestock industry. In 1887 the commission was reorganized into the Board of Live Stock Agents; it increased its collaborative efforts with the federal Bureau of Animal Industry. The Nebraska leadership led to more federal involvement in the livestock industry, including passage of the federal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meat_Inspection_Act_of_1906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (page does not exist)">Meat Inspection Act of 1906</a>. The Nebraska initiative exemplified the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Movement">Progressive Movement</a> in the quest to impose scientific standards especially in areas related to public health.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farm_life">Farm life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Farm life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nebraska, very few single men attempted to operate a farm or ranch; farmers clearly understood the need for a hard-working wife, and numerous children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and, especially after the 1930s, handling the paperwork and financial details.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early years of settlement in the late 19th century, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After a generation or so, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement, promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents, as well as county fairs which featured achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women in the farm papers, and home economics courses in the schools.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasizes the isolation of the lonely farmer and farm life, in reality rural Nebraskans created a rich social life for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food, and entertainment such as <a href="/wiki/Barn_raising" title="Barn raising">barn raisings</a>, corn huskings, quilting bees,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grange meeting, church activities, and school functions. The womenfolk organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachers">Teachers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were few jobs available for young women awaiting marriage. Prairie schoolwomen, or teachers, played a vital role in modernizing the state. Some were from local families, perhaps with their father on the school board, and they took a job that kept money in the community. Others were well educated and more cosmopolitan, and looked at teaching as a career. They believed in universal education and social reform and were generally accepted as members of the community and as extended members of local families. Teachers were deeply involved in social and community activities. In the rural one-room schools, qualifications of the teachers were minimal and salaries were low: male teachers were paid about as much as a hired hand; women were paid less, about the same as those of a domestic servant. In the towns and especially in the cities, the teachers had some college experience, and were better paid. Those farm families that value the education of their children highly, often moved to town or bought a farm close to town, so their children could attend schools. Those few farm youth who attended high school often boarded in town.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Depression">Great Depression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> hit Nebraska hard, as grain and livestock prices fell in half, and unemployment was widespread in the cities. The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">collapse of the stock market in October 1929</a> did not result in great personal fortunes being lost. The greatest effect the crash had on Nebraska was the fall of farm prices because the state's economy was greatly dependent on their crop. Crop prices began to drop in the final quarter of the year and continued until December 1932 where they reached their lowest in state history.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">Charles W. Bryan</a>, a Democrat, was at first unwilling to request aid from the national government, but when the Federal Emergency Relief Act became law in 1933 Nebraska took part. Rowland Haynes, the state's emergency relief director, was the major force in implementing such national <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> relief programs as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a> (FERA) and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Cochran" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert L. Cochran">Robert L. Cochran</a>, a Democrat who became governor in 1935, sought federal assistance and placed Nebraska among the first American states to adopt a social security law. The enduring impact of FERA and social security in Nebraska was to shift responsibility for social welfare from counties to the state, which henceforth accepted federal funding and guidelines. The change in state and national relations may have been the most important legacy of these New Deal programs in Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nebraska fully mobilized its labor and economic resources when the federal call to action came at America's entrance into World War II. Besides many young Nebraskan men serving overseas during the war, food production was expanded and munitions plants, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Ordnance_Plant" title="Nebraska Ordnance Plant">Nebraska Ordnance Plant</a>, were built. The <a href="/wiki/Cornhusker_Ordnance_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornhusker Ordnance Plant">Cornhusker Ordnance Plant</a> (COP) in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska" title="Grand Island, Nebraska">Grand Island</a>, produced its first bombs in November 1942. At its peak it employed 4,200 workers, over 40% of whom were "Women Ordnance Workers" or "WOW's." The WOW's were a major reason that the <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Oats_Company" title="Quaker Oats Company">Quaker Oats Company</a>, which managed the plant, started one of the nation's earliest corporate child care programs. For Grand Island, the plant brought good wages, high retail sales, severe housing shortages, and an end to Depression-level unemployment. The plant became a major social force, demonstrated by its sponsoring of such wide-ranging community groups as local sporting teams and Boy Scouts troops. The city adjusted to the plant's closing in August 1945 with surprising ease. During the Korean and Vietnam conflicts COP resumed production, the ordnance plant finally shutting down in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> Nebraska was home to several <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> camps. Scottsbluff, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camp_Atlanta" title="Camp Atlanta">Camp Atlanta</a> (outside Holdrege) were the main camps. There were many smaller satellite camps at Alma, Bayard, Bertrand, Bridgeport, Elwood, Fort Crook, Franklin, Grand Island, Hastings, Hebron, Indianola, Kearney, Lexington, Lyman, Mitchell, Morrill, Ogallala, Palisade, Sidney, and Weeping Water. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Omaha" title="Fort Omaha">Fort Omaha</a> housed Italian POWs. Altogether there were 23 large and small camps scattered across the state.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, several U.S. Army Airfields were constructed at various locations across the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar">Postwar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, conservative Republicans held most of the state major offices. A progressive breakthrough came during the administration of Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Tiemann" title="Norbert Tiemann">Norbert Tiemann</a> (1967–1971) who successfully pushed for a number of major changes. A new revenue act included a sales tax and an income tax, replacing the state property tax and other taxes. The Municipal University of Omaha joined the state <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska">University of Nebraska</a> system as the University of Nebraska, Omaha. A new department of economic development was created as well as a state personnel office. State economic initiatives paved the way for the bond indebted financing of highway and sewage treatment plant construction projects. Improvement of state mental health facilities and fair housing practices were also enacted, along with the first minimum wage law and new of open-housing legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nationwide farm crisis of the 1980s hit the state hard with a wave of farm foreclosures. On the positive side, Omaha's geographic centrality in the American <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a> and large well-educated population made the city an attractive place for many small manufacturing concerns to set up shop. By the early 1990s, Omaha had become a major center of the telecommunications industry, which surpassed meat-packing in terms of employment. After 2000, however, Omaha's call centers faced stiff competition from outsourced foreign operators in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and other developing nations. </p><p>On December 5, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Westroads_Mall_shooting" title="Westroads Mall shooting">state's deadliest mass shooting occurred</a> at Westroads Mall in Omaha.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine people died and five were injured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and especially after the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a> projects flourished in Nebraska. During this period existing orchestras were expanded and new ones chartered while local museums and art galleries sprung up in communities across the state, this renaissance occurring in no small part due to the energetic support of Nebraska's higher education institutions and the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> funded <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Arts_Council" title="Nebraska Arts Council">Nebraska Arts Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Humanities_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska Humanities Council">Nebraska Humanities Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanics">Hispanics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hispanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic Americans">Hispanic Americans</a> have lived in the region since before <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> became a state in 1867, but large scale migration didn't began until the 1980s and 1990s. In 1972, Nebraska was the first state to establish a statutory agency devoted to the needs of Hispanics, a group which then numbered about 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexicans generally entered low skilled, low-wage occupations in the hospitality, manufacturing, food processing, and agricultural industries.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example was the small city of <a href="/wiki/Schuyler,_Nebraska" title="Schuyler, Nebraska">Schuyler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colfax_County,_Nebraska" title="Colfax County, Nebraska">Colfax County</a>, an area previously dominated by <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czech_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech American">Czech</a> ethnics who settled there around the turn of the last century.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another case study is <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Nebraska" title="Lexington, Nebraska">Lexington</a>, seat of Dawson County. The Hispanic population soared tenfold between 1990 and 2000, from just over 400 to about 4,000, and the city's overall population grew from 6,600 to over 10,000. The positive economic trends in the 1990s contrasted sharply with the 1980s, when Dawson County's population and overall employment rate declined rapidly. Fears that immigration would depress wages and raise unemployment rates across the state were unfounded. Indeed, just the reverse happened. The Hispanic migration wave increased both labor supply and demand, businessmen discovering that they could profitably expand their operations in Douglas County with a fresh supply of willing labor. The net result of the growing Hispanic population in <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> was an upsurge in employment, average wages, and economic prosperity for all sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_outline_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical outline of Nebraska">Historical outline of Nebraska</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_African_Americans_in_Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of African Americans in Nebraska (page does not exist)">History of African Americans in Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="History of Lincoln, Nebraska">History of Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Omaha">History of Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="History of North Omaha">History of North Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Midwestern United States">History of the Midwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forts_in_Nebraska" title="Forts in Nebraska">Forts in Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_bridges_in_Nebraska" title="List of historic bridges in Nebraska">List of historic bridges in Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_the_Nebraska_Territory" title="Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory">Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Nebraska" title="Native American tribes in Nebraska">Native American tribes in Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County_Historical_Society" title="Douglas County Historical Society">Douglas County Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County_Historical_Association" title="Washington County Historical Association">Washington County Historical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska State Historical Society">Nebraska State Historical Society</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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(2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalstar.com/articles/2005/11/08/local/doc436fe9088322a451284873.txt"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Tower Of Time' pays tribute to animals, people of Missouri River"</a> <i>Lincoln Journal Star</i>. November 8, 2005. Retrieved August 30, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Nebraska-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Nebraska_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Nebraska_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdne.org/HistoryofNE.htm">"History of Nebraska"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070905090602/http://www.tcdne.org/HistoryofNE.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Twin Cities Development Corporation. Retrieved 8/30/07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1962) "Nebraska's Prehistoric Horses" University of Nebraska State Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RichmondOther1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RichmondOther1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richmond, G.M. and D.S. Fullerton, 1986, <i>Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America</i>, Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 183–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bilgri, Benjamin J., "Ambushed at Dawn: An Archeological Analysis of the Catastrophic Defeat of the 1720 Villasur Expedition" (2012). Anthropology Department Theses and Dissertations. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthrotheses/21">https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/anthrotheses/21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nebraska.gov/publications/missionaries-indians">"Missionaries to the Indians"</a>. <i>Nebraska State Historical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+State+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Missionaries+to+the+Indians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nebraska.gov%2Fpublications%2Fmissionaries-indians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nebraska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omahahistory.org/History%20at%20a%20Glance%209-2007.pdf">"History at a glance"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029122148/http://www.omahahistory.org/History%20at%20a%20Glance%209-2007.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Douglas County Historical Society. Retrieved February 2, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael L. Tate, "Civilization's Guardian: Army Aid to Emigrants on the Platte River Road, 1846–1869", <i>Annals of Wyoming</i>, January 1997, Vol. 69 Issue 1, pp. 2–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ColoradoTerritory-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColoradoTerritory_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/territory.pdf">"An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-sixth United States Congress">Thirty-sixth United States Congress</a>. February 28, 1861<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Act+to+provide+a+temporary+Government+for+the+Territory+of+Colorado&rft.pub=Thirty-sixth+United+States+Congress&rft.date=1861-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.gov%2Fdpa%2Fdoit%2Farchives%2Fterritory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nebraska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(nd) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.com/~neresour/andreas/douglas/douglas-p4.html">History of Douglas County</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050115210329/http://www.rootsweb.com/~neresour/andreas/douglas/douglas-p4.html">Archived</a> 2005-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Andreas' History of the State of Nebraska. Retrieved July 13, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NebraskaStatehood-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NebraskaStatehood_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe2015" class="citation journal cs1">McCabe, Mike (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223132320/http://www.csgmidwest.org/policyresearch/documents/1015-slmw_000.pdf">"How Nebraska won admission to the union, despite a presidential veto"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stateline Midwest</i>. <b>24</b> (10). The Council of State Governments Midwest: 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csgmidwest.org/policyresearch/documents/1015-slmw_000.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stateline+Midwest&rft.atitle=How+Nebraska+won+admission+to+the+union%2C+despite+a+presidential+veto&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2015-10&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csgmidwest.org%2Fpolicyresearch%2Fdocuments%2F1015-slmw_000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nebraska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030510105408/http://www.kancoll.org/books/andreas_ne/territory/territory-p8.html#veto">Part 8</a>, Andreas' History of the State of Nebraska.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert G. Athearn, <i>Union Pacific Country</i> (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F Halass, <i>Hell on Wheels: Wicked Towns Along the Union Pacific Railroad</i> (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Hudson, "Towns of the western railroads." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> 2#1 (1982): 41-54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2671&context=greatplainsquarterly">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlyne Berens and Nancy Mitchell, "Parallel Tracks, Same Terminus: The Role of Nineteenth-Century Newspapers and Railroads in the Settlement of Nebraska." <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i> (2009): 287-300. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2235&context=greatplainsquarterly">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert C. Fite, <i>The Farmers' Frontier, 1865-1900</i> (1966) pp 16-17, 31-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick C. Luebke, "Ethnic group settlement on the Great Plains." <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i> 8#4 (1977): 405-430. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/967339">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheryll Patterson-Black, "Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier." <i>Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</i> (1976): 67-88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346070">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt E. Kinbacher, and William G. Thoms III, "Shaping Nebraska", <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>, Summer 2008, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp. 191–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Trask, et al. " Nebraska Populism as a Response to Environmental and Political Problems", <i>Great Plains: Environment and Culture</i>, 1979, pp. 61–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton W. Folsom, Jr., "Tinkerers, Tipplers, and Traitors: Ethnicity and Democratic Reform in Nebraska during the Progressive Era", <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>, February 1981, Vol. 50 Issue 1, pp. 53–75 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3639338">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lowitt, "George W Norris: A Reflective View," <i>Nebraska History</i> 70 (1989): 297-302. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140420005858/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH1989NorrisReflect.pdf">online</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim L. Hiller, et al. "Long-Term Agricultural Land-Use Trends in Nebraska, 1866–2007", <i>Great Plains Research</i>, Fall 2009, Vol. 19 Issue 2, pp. 225–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Ahlgren, and David Anthone, "The Lincoln Highway in Nebraska: The Pioneer Trail of the Automotive Age", <i>Nebraska History</i>, Dec 1992, Vol. 73 Issue 4, pp. 173–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis E. Atherton, <i>The Frontier Merchant in Mid-America</i> (University of Missouri Press, 1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry C. Klassen, "T.C. Power & Bro.: The Rise of a Small Western Department Store, 1870–1902", <i>Business History Review</i>, (1992) 66#4 pp 671+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3116844">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William R. Leach, "Transformations in a Culture of Consumption: Women and Department Stores, 1890–1925", <i>Journal of American History</i> 71 (Sept. 1984): 319–42 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1901758">in JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur A. Hart, "Sheet Iron Elegance: Mail Order Architecture in Montana", <i>Montana</i> Dec 1990, Vol. 40 Issue 4, pp. 26–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov:8080/web/public/history">History of the Nebraska Legislature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927104955/http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov:8080/web/public/history">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Nebraska Legislature official site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlyne Berens, <i>One House: The Unicameral's Progressive Vision for Nebraska</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nellie Newmark of Lincoln, Nebraska", <i>Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly</i>, 1979, Vol. 11 Issue 2, pp. 114–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lee Amstutz, " Nebraska's Live Stock Sanitary Commission and the Rise of American Progressivism", <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>, Fall 2008, Vol. 28 Issue 4, pp. 259–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah Fink, <i>Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880–1940</i> (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chad Montrie, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Men Alone Cannot Settle a Country:' Domesticating Nature in the Kansas-Nebraska Grasslands", <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>, Fall 2005, Vol. 25 Issue 4, pp. 245–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Ronning, "Quilting in Webster County, Nebraska, 1880–1920", <i>Uncoverings</i>, 1992, Vol. 13, pp. 169–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathan B. Sanderson, "More Than a Potluck", <i>Nebraska History</i>, Fall 2008, Vol. 89 Issue 3, pp. 120–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Hurlbut Cordier, "Prairie Schoolwomen, Mid-1850s to 1920s, in Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska", <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>, March 1988, Vol. 8 Issue 2, pp. 102–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary H. Cordier, ed. <i>Schoolwomen of the Prairies and Plains: Personal Narratives from Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska, 1860s to 1920s</i> (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonNaugle1997" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James C.; Naugle, Ronald C. (1997). <i>History of Nebraska</i>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3559-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3559-3"><bdi>0-8032-3559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Nebraska&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8032-3559-3&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft.au=Naugle%2C+Ronald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nebraska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Cochran Grimes, "From Emergency Relief to Social Security in Nebraska", <i>Nebraska History</i>, September 1990, Vol. 71 Issue 3, pp. 126–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracy Lyn Wit, "The Social and Economic Impact of World War II Munitions Manufacture on Grand Island, Nebraska", <i>Nebraska History</i>, September 1990, Vol. 71 Issue 3, pp. 151–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(nd) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0800/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0800/stories/0801_0143.html">"POWs Far from the Battleground"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307172640/http://nebraskastudies.org/0800/frameset_reset.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskastudies.org%2F0800%2Fstories%2F0801_0143.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NebraskaStudies.org. Retrieved July 6, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick C Luebke, "Tiemann, Taxes, and the Centennial Legislature of 1967: Beginning Nebraska's Second Century", <i>Nebraska History Quarterly</i> 71 (1990): 106–120 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218092714/http://nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/1990-Tiemann_Taxes.pdf">online</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna22116784">"Teen's downward spiral ends in gunfire, death"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 5 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Teen%27s+downward+spiral+ends+in+gunfire%2C+death&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna22116784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nebraska" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin S. Tryloff, "The Role of State Arts Agencies in the Promotion and Development of the Arts on the Plains", <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>, March 1989, Vol. 9 Issue 2, pp. 119–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nebraskahumanities.org/">NHC website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722002218/http://www.nebraskahumanities.org/">Archived</a> 2010-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger P. Davis, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Service Not Power': The Early Years of the Nebraska Commission on Mexican-Americans, 1971–1975", <i>Nebraska History</i>, Summer 2008, Vol. 89 Issue 2, pp. 67–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger P. Davis, "Latinos along the Platte: The Hispanic Experience in Central Nebraska", <i>Great Plains Research</i>, March 2002, Vol. 12 Issue 1, pp. 27–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Potter, "A Case Study of the Impact of Population Influx on a Small Community in Nebraska, <i>Great Plains Research</i>, September 2004, Vol. 14 Issue 2, pp. 219–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Örn Bodvarsson, and Hendrik VandenBerg, "The Impact of Immigration on a Local Economy: The Case of Dawson County, Nebraska", <i>Great Plains Research</i>, September 2003, Vol. 13 Issue 2, pp. 291–309.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andreas, Alfred T. <i>History of the State of Nebraska</i> (1882), a rich mine of information <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021102054428/http://www.kancoll.org/books/andreas_ne/">online edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreigh1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Weyer_Creigh" title="Dorothy Weyer Creigh">Creigh, Dorothy Weyer</a> (1977). <i>Nebraska : a Bicentennial history</i>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05598-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05598-1"><bdi>0-393-05598-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2896255">2896255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nebraska+%3A+a+Bicentennial+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2896255&rft.isbn=0-393-05598-1&rft.aulast=Creigh&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Weyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nebraska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickeyWunderWunder2007" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Donald R.; Wunder, Susan A.; Wunder, John R. (2007). <i>Nebraska Moments</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1572-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1572-6"><bdi>978-0-8032-1572-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182559816">182559816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nebraska+Moments&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182559816&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1572-6&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft.au=Wunder%2C+Susan+A.&rft.au=Wunder%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nebraska" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Luebke, Frederick C. <i>Nebraska: An Illustrated History</i> (1995)</li> <li>Morton, J. Sterling, ed. <i>Illustrated History of Nebraska: A History of Nebraska from the Earliest Explorations of the Trans-Mississippi Region.</i> 3 vols. (1905–13) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924092232747/page/n10">online free vol 1</a></li> <li>Naugle, Ronald C., John J. Montag, and James C. Olson. <i>History of Nebraska</i> (4th ed. U of Nebraska Press, 2015). 568 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/726864/summary">online review</a> <ul><li>older editions: Olson, James C, and Ronald C. Naugle. <i>History of Nebraska</i> (3rd ed. University of Nebraska Press, 1997) 506pp<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li>Sheldon, Addison Erwin. <i>Nebraska: The Land and the People</i>. (3 vols. 1931). old detailed narrative, with biographies</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wishart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wishart (page does not exist)">Wishart, David J.</a> <i>Encyclopedia of the Great Plains</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smile.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Great-Plains-David-Wishart/dp/0803247877/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnhart John D. "Rainfall and the Populist Party in Nebraska." <i>American Political Science Review</i> 19 (1925): 527–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2939131">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Berens; Charlyne. <i>Chuck Hagel: Moving Forward</i> (U. of Nebraska Press, 2006) GOP senator 1997–2008</li> <li>Cherny, Robert W. <i>Populism, Progressivism and the Transformation of Nebraska Politics, 1885–1915</i> (University of Nebraska Press, 1981)</li> <li>Folsom, Burton W. "Tinkerers, tipplers, and traitors: ethnicity and democratic reform in Nebraska during the Progressive era." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 50.1 (1981): 53–75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3639338">online</a></li> <li>Folsom, Burton W Jr. <i>No More Free Markets or Free Beer: The Progressive Era in Nebraska, 1900–1924</i> (1999).</li> <li>Lowitt Richard. <i>George W. Norris</i> (3 vols. 1963–75), emphasis on national role</li> <li>Luebke Frederick C. <i>Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900</i> (University of Nebraska Press, 1969).</li> <li>Olson James C. <i>J. Sterling Morton</i> (U. of Nebraska Press, 1942).</li> <li>Parsons Stanley B Jr. <i>The Populist Context: Rural versus Urban Power on a Great Plains Frontier</i> (Greenwood Press, 1973).</li> <li>Pederson James F, and Kenneth D. Wald. <i>Shall the People Rule? A History of the Democratic Party in Nebraska Politics, 1854–1972</i> (Lincoln: Jacob North, 1972).</li> <li>Potter, James E. <i>Standing Firmly by the Flag: Nebraska Territory and the Civil War, 1861–1867</i> (University of Nebraska Press, 2012) 375 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_economic_history">Social and economic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Social and economic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bogue, Allen G. <i>Money at Interest: The Farm Mortgage on the Middle Border</i> (Cornell University Press, 1955)</li> <li>Brunner Edmund de S. <i>Immigrant Farmers and Their Children</i> (1929), sociological study.</li> <li>Combs, Barry B. "The Union Pacific Railroad and the Early Settlement of Nebraska." <i>Nebraska History</i> 50#1 (1969): 1-26.</li> <li>Dick, Everett. <i>The Sod-House Frontier: 1854–1890</i> (1937), on town and farm life before 1900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sodhousefrontier00dick">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Dick, Everett. <i>Vanguards of the frontier : a social history of the northern plains and Rocky Mountains from the fur traders to the sod busters</i> (1941) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vanguardsoffront0000dick">online free to borrow</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Fink, Deborah. <i>Agrarian Women: Wives and Mothers in Rural Nebraska, 1880–1940</i> (1992)</li> <li>Hurt, R. Douglas. <i>The Great Plains During World War II</i> (2008), 524pp</li> <li>Meyering; Sheryl L. <i>Understanding O Pioneers! and My Antonia: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents</i> (Greenwood Press, 2002) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Pound, Louise. <i>Nebraska Folklore</i> (1913) (reprint University of Nebraska Press, 2006)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Geography and environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Archer, J. Clark, et al. <i>Atlas of Nebraska. </i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2017). Pp. xxii+ 214, color maps, illustrations, photographs, charts, graphs, bibliography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/723758/summary">online review</a></li> <li>Aucoin; James. <i>Water in Nebraska: Use, Politics, Policies</i> (University of Nebraska Press, 1984)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lavin, Stephen J. et al. <i>Atlas of the Great Plains</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/nebraska/9780803215368/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Lonsdale, Richard E. <i>Economic Atlas of Nebraska</i> (1977)</li> <li>Williams, James H, and Doug Murfield. <i>Agricultural Atlas of Nebraska</i> (1977)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nebraska&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610072440/http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/index.shtml">Scholarly articles from <i>Nebraska History Quarterly</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nebraskastudies.org"><i>Nebraska Studies</i>: Archival photos, documents, letters, video segments, maps, and more ─ capturing the life and history of Nebraska from pre-1500 to present</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocal_History_&_Genealogy_Reference_Services" class="citation cs2">Local History & Genealogy Reference Services, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/genealogy/bib_guid/states/ne/ne.html">"Nebraska"</a>, <i>Resources for Local History and Genealogy by State</i>, Bibliographies & Guides, Washington DC: Library of Congress</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources+for+Local+History+and+Genealogy+by+State&rft.atitle=Nebraska&rft.au=Local+History+%26+Genealogy+Reference+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fgenealogy%2Fbib_guid%2Fstates%2Fne%2Fne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nebraska" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Nebraska" title="Template:Nebraska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nebraska" title="Template talk:Nebraska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nebraska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nebraska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Nebraska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nebraska" title="Outline of Nebraska">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nebraska-related_articles" title="Index of Nebraska-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska#Geography" title="Nebraska">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nebraska" title="Government of Nebraska">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Nebraska" title="List of governors of Nebraska">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nebraska">Lt. governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature" title="Nebraska Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Nebraska_Legislature" title="List of speakers of the Nebraska Legislature">Speakers of the Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nebraska_state_senators" title="List of Nebraska state senators">State senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Supreme_Court" title="Nebraska Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Nebraska_Supreme_Court" title="List of justices of the Nebraska Supreme Court">Supreme Court justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska%27s_congressional_districts" title="Nebraska's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nebraska" title="Music of Nebraska">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Nebraska" title="List of people from Nebraska">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nebraska_state_symbols" title="List of Nebraska state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Nebraska" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Nebraska">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nebraska" title="Abortion in Nebraska">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nebraska" title="Cannabis in Nebraska">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nebraska" title="Climate change in Nebraska">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nebraska" title="Crime in Nebraska">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nebraska_culture" title="Category:Nebraska culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Nebraska">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Nebraska">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Nebraska">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nebraska" title="Elections in Nebraska">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Nebraska" title="Gun laws in Nebraska">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Nebraska">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nebraska">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Nebraska">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Nebraska" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Alps" title="Bohemian Alps">Bohemian Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissected_Till_Plains" title="Dissected Till Plains">Dissected Till Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Island metropolitan area">Grand Island metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearney_Micropolitan_Statistical_Area" title="Kearney Micropolitan Statistical Area">Kearney Micropolitan Statistical Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska_metropolitan_area" title="Lincoln, Nebraska metropolitan area">Lincoln metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Council_Bluffs_metropolitan_area" title="Omaha–Council Bluffs metropolitan area">Omaha metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Outback" title="Nebraska Outback">Outback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska Panhandle">Panhandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_(region)" title="Pine Ridge (region)">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_Basin" title="Rainwater Basin">Rainwater Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhills_(Nebraska)" title="Sandhills (Nebraska)">Sandhills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouxland" title="Siouxland">Siouxland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_Hills" title="Wildcat Hills">Wildcat Hills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Nebraska">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance,_Nebraska" title="Alliance, Nebraska">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice,_Nebraska" title="Beatrice, Nebraska">Beatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Nebraska" title="Bellevue, Nebraska">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Nebraska" title="Columbus, Nebraska">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Nebraska" title="Fremont, Nebraska">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gering,_Nebraska" title="Gering, Nebraska">Gering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska" title="Grand Island, Nebraska">Grand Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings,_Nebraska" title="Hastings, Nebraska">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearney,_Nebraska" title="Kearney, Nebraska">Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vista,_Nebraska" title="La Vista, Nebraska">La Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Nebraska" title="Lexington, Nebraska">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCook,_Nebraska" title="McCook, Nebraska">McCook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Nebraska" title="Norfolk, Nebraska">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Platte,_Nebraska" title="North Platte, Nebraska">North Platte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillion,_Nebraska" title="Papillion, Nebraska">Papillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsbluff,_Nebraska" title="Scottsbluff, Nebraska">Scottsbluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sioux_City,_Nebraska" title="South Sioux City, Nebraska">South Sioux City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York,_Nebraska" title="York, Nebraska">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Nebraska" title="List of counties in Nebraska">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Nebraska" title="Adams County, Nebraska">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_County,_Nebraska" title="Antelope County, Nebraska">Antelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_County,_Nebraska" title="Arthur County, Nebraska">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_County,_Nebraska" title="Banner County, Nebraska">Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_County,_Nebraska" title="Blaine County, Nebraska">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone_County,_Nebraska" title="Boone County, Nebraska">Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_Butte_County,_Nebraska" title="Box Butte County, Nebraska">Box Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_County,_Nebraska" title="Boyd County, Nebraska">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Nebraska" title="Brown County, Nebraska">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_County,_Nebraska" title="Buffalo County, Nebraska">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_County,_Nebraska" title="Burt County, Nebraska">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Nebraska" title="Butler County, Nebraska">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_County,_Nebraska" title="Cass County, Nebraska">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_County,_Nebraska" title="Cedar County, Nebraska">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_County,_Nebraska" title="Chase County, Nebraska">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_County,_Nebraska" title="Cherry County, Nebraska">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_County,_Nebraska" title="Cheyenne County, Nebraska">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Nebraska" title="Clay County, Nebraska">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_County,_Nebraska" title="Colfax County, Nebraska">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuming_County,_Nebraska" title="Cuming County, Nebraska">Cuming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Nebraska" title="Custer County, Nebraska">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_County,_Nebraska" title="Dakota County, Nebraska">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_County,_Nebraska" title="Dawes County, Nebraska">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_County,_Nebraska" title="Dawson County, Nebraska">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuel_County,_Nebraska" title="Deuel County, Nebraska">Deuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_County,_Nebraska" title="Dixon County, Nebraska">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_County,_Nebraska" title="Dodge County, Nebraska">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Nebraska" title="Douglas County, Nebraska">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County,_Nebraska" title="Dundy County, Nebraska">Dundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillmore_County,_Nebraska" title="Fillmore County, Nebraska">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Nebraska" title="Franklin County, Nebraska">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_County,_Nebraska" title="Frontier County, Nebraska">Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnas_County,_Nebraska" title="Furnas County, Nebraska">Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gage_County,_Nebraska" title="Gage County, Nebraska">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_County,_Nebraska" title="Garden County, Nebraska">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_County,_Nebraska" title="Garfield County, Nebraska">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosper_County,_Nebraska" title="Gosper County, Nebraska">Gosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Nebraska" title="Grant County, Nebraska">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeley_County,_Nebraska" title="Greeley County, Nebraska">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_County,_Nebraska" title="Hall County, Nebraska">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Nebraska" title="Hamilton County, Nebraska">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_County,_Nebraska" title="Harlan County, Nebraska">Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayes_County,_Nebraska" title="Hayes County, Nebraska">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchcock_County,_Nebraska" title="Hitchcock County, Nebraska">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_County,_Nebraska" title="Holt County, Nebraska">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooker_County,_Nebraska" title="Hooker County, Nebraska">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_County,_Nebraska" title="Howard County, Nebraska">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Nebraska" title="Jefferson County, Nebraska">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Nebraska" title="Johnson County, Nebraska">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearney_County,_Nebraska" title="Kearney County, Nebraska">Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_County,_Nebraska" title="Keith County, Nebraska">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keya_Paha_County,_Nebraska" title="Keya Paha County, Nebraska">Keya Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_County,_Nebraska" title="Kimball County, Nebraska">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Nebraska" title="Knox County, Nebraska">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Nebraska" title="Lancaster County, Nebraska">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln County, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Nebraska" title="Logan County, Nebraska">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loup_County,_Nebraska" title="Loup County, Nebraska">Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Nebraska" title="Madison County, Nebraska">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McPherson_County,_Nebraska" title="McPherson County, Nebraska">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_County,_Nebraska" title="Merrick County, Nebraska">Merrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrill_County,_Nebraska" title="Morrill County, Nebraska">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nance_County,_Nebraska" title="Nance County, Nebraska">Nance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemaha_County,_Nebraska" title="Nemaha County, Nebraska">Nemaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuckolls_County,_Nebraska" title="Nuckolls County, Nebraska">Nuckolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe_County,_Nebraska" title="Otoe County, Nebraska">Otoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_County,_Nebraska" title="Pawnee County, Nebraska">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkins_County,_Nebraska" title="Perkins County, Nebraska">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_County,_Nebraska" title="Phelps County, Nebraska">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Nebraska" title="Pierce County, Nebraska">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platte_County,_Nebraska" title="Platte County, Nebraska">Platte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Nebraska" title="Polk County, Nebraska">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Willow_County,_Nebraska" title="Red Willow County, Nebraska">Red Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_County,_Nebraska" title="Richardson County, Nebraska">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_County,_Nebraska" title="Rock County, Nebraska">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saline_County,_Nebraska" title="Saline County, Nebraska">Saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpy_County,_Nebraska" title="Sarpy County, Nebraska">Sarpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders_County,_Nebraska" title="Saunders County, Nebraska">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Bluff_County,_Nebraska" title="Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska">Scotts Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_County,_Nebraska" title="Seward County, Nebraska">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_County,_Nebraska" title="Sheridan County, Nebraska">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_County,_Nebraska" title="Sherman County, Nebraska">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_County,_Nebraska" title="Sioux County, Nebraska">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_County,_Nebraska" title="Stanton County, Nebraska">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thayer_County,_Nebraska" title="Thayer County, Nebraska">Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_County,_Nebraska" title="Thomas County, Nebraska">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurston_County,_Nebraska" title="Thurston County, Nebraska">Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_County,_Nebraska" title="Valley County, Nebraska">Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Nebraska" title="Washington County, Nebraska">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Nebraska" title="Wayne County, Nebraska">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webster_County,_Nebraska" title="Webster County, Nebraska">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_County,_Nebraska" title="Wheeler County, Nebraska">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_County,_Nebraska" title="York County, Nebraska">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nebraska" title="Portal:Nebraska">Nebraska portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9004166#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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