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<li id="toc-The_height_of_silent_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_height_of_silent_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The height of silent cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_height_of_silent_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_crisis_of_sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_crisis_of_sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The crisis of sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_crisis_of_sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Civil_War_and_its_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Civil_War_and_its_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Civil War and its aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The new Spanish cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_new_Spanish_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_cinema_of_the_democratic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cinema_of_the_democratic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The cinema of the democratic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cinema_of_the_democratic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Film Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Film Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_Spanish_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_Spanish_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>English-language Spanish films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language_Spanish_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Box_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Box office</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Box_office-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Box office subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Box_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highest-grossing_films_of_all-time_in_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest-grossing_films_of_all-time_in_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Highest-grossing films of all-time in Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest-grossing_films_of_all-time_in_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سينما إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينما إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_espanyol" title="Cine espanyol – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cine espanyol" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_espanyol" title="Cinema espanyol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema espanyol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanisches_Kino" title="Spanisches Kino – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanisches Kino" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Cine español – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine español" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiako_zinema" title="Espainiako zinema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiako zinema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سینمای اسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای اسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_espagnol" title="Cinéma espagnol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma espagnol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Cinema de España – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinema de España" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="스페인 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolska_kinematografija" title="Španjolska kinematografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolska kinematografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema_Spanyol" title="Sinema Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinema Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_spagnolo" title="Cinema spagnolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema spagnolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="スペインの映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペインの映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematografia_hiszpa%C5%84ska" title="Kinematografia hiszpańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kinematografia hiszpańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_da_Espanha" title="Cinema da Espanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema da Espanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Кинематограф Испании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинематограф Испании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سینەمای ئیسپانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینەمای ئیسپانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_film" title="Spansk film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spansk film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="西班牙電影 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西班牙電影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1200406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cinema+of+Spain%22">"Cinema of Spain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cinema+of+Spain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cinema+of+Spain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cinema+of+Spain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cinema+of+Spain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cinema+of+Spain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spanish movie" redirects here. For the 2009 film, see <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Movie" title="Spanish Movie">Spanish Movie</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cinema of Spain</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_film_clapperboard.svg/220px-Spain_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_film_clapperboard.svg/330px-Spain_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_film_clapperboard.svg/440px-Spain_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Projection_screen" title="Projection screen">screens</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,618 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-datcin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datcin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">9.7 per 100,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-screens_uis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-screens_uis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main distributors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> E. España, S.L. 16.0%<br /><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a> Spain 13.0%<br /><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a> 12.0%<sup id="cite_ref-distributors_uis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distributors_uis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Produced feature films (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-production_uis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production_uis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">199</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fictional</th><td class="infobox-data">122 (61.3%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animated</th><td class="infobox-data">9 (4.5%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Documentary</th><td class="infobox-data">68 (34.2%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Number of admissions (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-datcin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datcin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">99,803,801</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National films</th><td class="infobox-data">17,353,734 (17.39%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Gross box office (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-datcin_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datcin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€591 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National films</th><td class="infobox-data">€103 million (17.41%)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The art of motion-picture making within <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> or by Spanish filmmakers abroad is collectively known as <b>Spanish Cinema</b>. </p><p>Only a small portion of box office sales in Spain are generated by domestic films. The different Spanish governments have therefore implemented measures aimed at supporting local film production and the movie theaters, which currently include the assurance of funding from the main television broadcasters. Nowadays, the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_la_Cinematograf%C3%ADa_y_de_las_Artes_Audiovisuales" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales">Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales</a> (ICAA) is the State agency in charge of regulating the allocation of public funds to the domestic film industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotelel%C3%A9ctrico2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hotelel%C3%A9ctrico2.jpg/220px-Hotelel%C3%A9ctrico2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hotelel%C3%A9ctrico2.jpg/330px-Hotelel%C3%A9ctrico2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hotelel%C3%A9ctrico2.jpg/440px-Hotelel%C3%A9ctrico2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt from <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Hôtel électrique">El hotel eléctrico</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Segundo_de_Chom%C3%B3n" title="Segundo de Chomón">Segundo de Chomón</a>, 1908).</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Spanish film exhibition took place on 5 May 1895, in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. Exhibitions of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière</a> films were screened in Madrid, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> and Barcelona in May and December 1896, respectively. </p><p>The matter of which Spanish film came first is in dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was either <i><a href="/wiki/Salida_de_la_misa_de_doce_de_la_Iglesia_del_Pilar_de_Zaragoza" title="Salida de la misa de doce de la Iglesia del Pilar de Zaragoza">Salida de la misa de doce de la Iglesia del Pilar de Zaragoza</a></i> –<i>Exit of the Twelve O'Clock Mass from the Church of El Pilar of Zaragoza</i>– (<a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Jimeno" title="Eduardo Jimeno">Eduardo Jimeno Peromarta</a>), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaza_del_puerto_en_Barcelona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaza del puerto en Barcelona (page does not exist)">Plaza del puerto en Barcelona</a></i> –<i>Plaza of the Port of Barcelona</i>– (<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Promio" title="Alexandre Promio">Alexandre Promio</a>) or <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Llegada_de_un_tren_de_Teruel_a_Segorbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llegada de un tren de Teruel a Segorbe (page does not exist)">Llegada de un tren de Teruel a Segorbe</a></i> –<i>Arrival of a Train from Teruel in Segorbe</i>– (anonymous). It is also possible that the first film was <i><a href="/wiki/Ri%C3%B1a_en_un_caf%C3%A9" title="Riña en un café">Riña en un café</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fructu%C3%B3s_Gelabert" title="Fructuós Gelabert">Fructuós Gelabert</a>). These films were all released in 1897. </p><p>The first Spanish film director to achieve great success internationally was <a href="/wiki/Segundo_de_Chom%C3%B3n" title="Segundo de Chomón">Segundo de Chomón</a>, who worked in France and Italy but made several famous fantasy films in Spain, such as <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Hôtel électrique">El hotel eléctrico</a></i> (1908). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_height_of_silent_cinema">The height of silent cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The height of silent cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuisBu%C3%B1uel1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/LuisBu%C3%B1uel1929.jpg/170px-LuisBu%C3%B1uel1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/LuisBu%C3%B1uel1929.jpg/255px-LuisBu%C3%B1uel1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/LuisBu%C3%B1uel1929.jpg/340px-LuisBu%C3%B1uel1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> pioneering Spanish filmmaker, is renowned for his <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surreal</a> and provocative cinematic works.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1914, Barcelona was the center of the nation's film industry. The <i>españoladas</i> (historical Spanish <a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">epics</a>) predominated until the 1960s. Prominent among these were the films of <a href="/wiki/Flori%C3%A1n_Rey" title="Florián Rey">Florián Rey</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Imperio_Argentina" title="Imperio Argentina">Imperio Argentina</a>, and the first version of <i>Nobleza Baturra</i> (Juan Vila Vilamala, 1925). Historical dramas such as <i>Vida de Cristóbal Colón y su Descubrimiento de América</i> –<i>The Life of Christopher Columbus and His Discovery of America</i>– (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Bourgeois" title="Gérard Bourgeois">Gérard Bourgeois</a>, 1917), adaptations of newspaper <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serials</a> such as <i>Los misterios de Barcelona</i> –<i>The Mysteries of Barcelona</i>– (starring Joan Maria Codina, 1916), and of stage plays such as <i>Don Juan Tenorio</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_de_Ba%C3%B1os&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo de Baños (page does not exist)">Ricardo de Baños</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_de_Ba%C3%B1os" class="extiw" title="es:Ricardo de Baños">es</a>]</span>, 1922) and <i>zarzuelas</i> (comedic <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>), were also produced. Even the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning playwright <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a>, who said that "in film they pay me the scraps," would shoot film versions of his theatrical works. </p><p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Ernesto Giménez Caballero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> founded the first <a href="/wiki/Film_society" title="Film society">cine-club</a>, in Madrid. By that point, Madrid was already the primary center of the industry; forty-four of the fifty-eight films released up until that point had been produced there. </p><p>The rural drama <i>La aldea maldita</i> –<i>The Cursed Village</i>– (Florian Rey, 1929) was a hit in Paris, where, at the same time, Buñuel and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> premiered <i><a href="/wiki/Un_chien_andalou" class="mw-redirect" title="Un chien andalou">Un chien andalou</a></i>. <i>Un chien andalou</i> has become one of the most well-known <i><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a></i> films of that era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_crisis_of_sound">The crisis of sound</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The crisis of sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1931, the introduction of foreign <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a> had hurt the Spanish film industry to the point where only a single title was released that year. </p><p>In 1935, Manuel Casanova founded the <a href="/wiki/Cifesa" title="Cifesa">Compañía Industrial Film Española S.A.</a> (Cifesa) and introduced sound to Spanish film-making. Cifesa would grow to become the biggest production company to ever exist in Spain. Sometimes criticized as an instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Right_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right wing">right wing</a>, it nevertheless supported young filmmakers such as Buñuel and his <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">pseudo-documentary</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Hurdes:_Tierra_Sin_Pan" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Hurdes: Tierra Sin Pan">Las Hurdes: Tierra Sin Pan</a></i> (1933). In 1933 it was responsible for filming seventeen motion pictures and in 1934, twenty-one. The most notable success was <i><a href="/wiki/Paloma_Fair" title="Paloma Fair">Paloma Fair</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Benito_Perojo" title="Benito Perojo">Benito Perojo</a>, 1935). They were also responsible for <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote_de_la_Mancha_(1947_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Quixote de la Mancha (1947 film)">Don Quijote de la Mancha</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rafael_Gil" title="Rafael Gil">Rafael Gil</a>, 1947), the most elaborate version of the Cervantes classic up to that time. By 1935 production had risen to thirty-seven films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Civil_War_and_its_aftermath">The Civil War and its aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Civil War and its aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sara_Montiel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sara_Montiel.jpg/170px-Sara_Montiel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Sara_Montiel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sara_Montiel" title="Sara Montiel">Sara Montiel</a> captivated audiences worldwide during the 1950s and 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a> devastated the silent film era: only ten per cent of all silent films made before 1936 survived the war. Films were also destroyed for their celluloid content and made into goods.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1936, both sides of the Civil War began to use cinema as a means of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>. A typical example of this is <i><a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_1936_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="España 1936 (film)">España 1936</a></i> (Buñuel, 1937), which also contains much rare newsreel footage. The pro-<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> side founded the National Department of Cinematography, causing many actors to go into exile. </p><p>The new regime then began to impose <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Francoist_Spain#Film" title="Censorship in Francoist Spain">censorship</a> and the obligatory dubbing to Spanish to all films released. Highlights in this era are <i>El difunto es un vivo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ignacio_F._Iquino" title="Ignacio F. Iquino">Ignacio F. Iquino</a>, 1941), <i><a href="/wiki/Traces_of_Light" title="Traces of Light">Traces of Light</a></i> (Rafael Gil, 1941), <i><a href="/wiki/Madness_for_Love" title="Madness for Love">Madness for Love</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ordu%C3%B1a" title="Juan de Orduña">Juan de Orduña</a>, 1948), <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Stand_in_the_Philippines" title="Last Stand in the Philippines">Last Stand in the Philippines</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rom%C3%A1n" title="Antonio Román">Antonio Román</a>, 1945), <i><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_S%C3%A1enz_de_Heredia" title="José Luis Sáenz de Heredia">José Luis Sáenz de Heredia</a> with screenplay by Franco himself, 1942), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_the_Seven_Hunchbacks_(film)" title="The Tower of the Seven Hunchbacks (film)">The Tower of the Seven Hunchbacks</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Edgar_Neville" title="Edgar Neville">Edgar Neville</a>, 1944). Cifesa produced <i><a href="/wiki/Ella,_%C3%A9l_y_sus_millones" title="Ella, él y sus millones">Ella, él y sus millones</a></i> (de Orduña, 1944) as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Fedra_(film)" title="Fedra (film)">Fedra</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mur_Oti" title="Manuel Mur Oti">Manuel Mur Oti</a>, 1956). </p><p>A policy of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> tried to keep foreign currency in the country and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">establish a domestic</a> film industry. If the distributors wanted licences to import and dub foreign films (audiences preferred <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">American films</a>), they would have to acquire them from producers of local films. The number of licences depended on the merits (artistic, moral, cultural, political) acknowledged by the government to each local film. The American distributors of the <a href="/wiki/MPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="MPAA">MPAA</a> tried to open the market removing the local producers. To that end, they embargoed Spain since May 1951. The embargo goes into 1952 due to complications with American studios outside MPAA and reorganizations within the Spanish government. Spanish producers, lacking the income from the dubbing licences and with an uncertain future, greatly diminished their production as well. An agreement between Spain and the United States was finally reached.<sup id="cite_ref-Adaptacion_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adaptacion-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudy_Carrellshow_,_het_Spaanse_filmsterretje_Marisol_(kop),_Bestanddeelnr_914-4259.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rudy_Carrellshow_%2C_het_Spaanse_filmsterretje_Marisol_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-4259.jpg/175px-Rudy_Carrellshow_%2C_het_Spaanse_filmsterretje_Marisol_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-4259.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rudy_Carrellshow_%2C_het_Spaanse_filmsterretje_Marisol_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-4259.jpg/263px-Rudy_Carrellshow_%2C_het_Spaanse_filmsterretje_Marisol_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-4259.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Rudy_Carrellshow_%2C_het_Spaanse_filmsterretje_Marisol_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-4259.jpg/350px-Rudy_Carrellshow_%2C_het_Spaanse_filmsterretje_Marisol_%28kop%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_914-4259.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="3688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marisol_(actress)" title="Marisol (actress)">Marisol</a> was a popular <i>wunderkind</i> during Francoism.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On the other hand, <i><a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Marcelino" title="Miracle of Marcelino">Miracle of Marcelino</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ladislao_Vajda" title="Ladislao Vajda">Ladislao Vajda</a>, 1955) is the first Spanish film to obtain worldwide recognition from critics and public, winning the Silver Bear award at the <a href="/wiki/5th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="5th Berlin International Film Festival">5th Berlin International Film Festival</a>. This film would trigger a trend of child actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Jim%C3%A9nez_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="José Jiménez Fernández">Joselito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marisol_(actress)" title="Marisol (actress)">Marisol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roc%C3%ADo_D%C3%BArcal" title="Rocío Dúrcal">Rocío Dúrcal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pili_and_Mili" title="Pili and Mili">Pili y Mili</a> starring in popular musical films. </p><p>In 1951, the regime instituted the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Information and Tourism">Ministry of Information and Tourism</a> to safeguard and develop the Spanish brand, the <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(sociology)" title="Imaginary (sociology)">social imagery</a> and the public image under the slogan "Spain is different" which was launched in the 1920s and then internationally spread in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-10.13138/2039-2362/1432_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.13138/2039-2362/1432-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main purpose was to promote the Spanish tourist industry and a massive inflow of people who came from all the Europe towards the <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, looking for what they saw in the Spanish films: sun and sea, comfortable transports and hotels, good ethnic cuisine, passion and adventure, and the so called <i>españoladas</i> (bulls, <a href="/wiki/Castanets" title="Castanets">castanets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitano</a> culture and folklore).<sup id="cite_ref-10.13138/2039-2362/1432_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.13138/2039-2362/1432-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fog_and_Sun" title="Fog and Sun">Fog and Sun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Forqu%C3%A9" title="José María Forqué">José María Forqué</a>, 1951) was the first movies belonging to the genre of the "touristic cinema". It was followed by <i>Veraneo en España</i> (Miguel Iglesias, 1958) and by <i><a href="/wiki/Spain_Again" title="Spain Again">Spain Again</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jaime_Camino" title="Jaime Camino">Jaime Camino</a>, 1969).<sup id="cite_ref-10.13138/2039-2362/1432_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.13138/2039-2362/1432-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musical films <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Torch_Song" title="The Last Torch Song">The Last Torch Song</a></i> (de Orduña, 1957) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Violet_Seller" title="The Violet Seller">The Violet Seller</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Luis_C%C3%A9sar_Amadori" title="Luis César Amadori">Luis César Amadori</a>, 1958), both starring <a href="/wiki/Sara_Montiel" title="Sara Montiel">Sara Montiel</a>, were huge international commercial successes, making Montiel the first worldwide famous film star –and the highest paid– of Spanish cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_criticism">Social criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">neorealism</a> became evident in the works of a number of rather young film directors, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Furrows_(film)" title="Furrows (film)">Furrows</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Nieves_Conde" title="José Antonio Nieves Conde">José Antonio Nieves Conde</a>, 1951), <i><a href="/wiki/Reckless_(1951_film)" title="Reckless (1951 film)">Reckless</a></i> (Nieves Conde, 1951), <i><a href="/wiki/We%27re_All_Necessary" title="We're All Necessary">We're All Necessary</a></i> (Nieves Conde, 1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_(1955_film)" title="Pride (1955 film)">Pride</a></i> (Mur Oti, 1955), <i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Cyclist" title="Death of a Cyclist">Death of a Cyclist</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Bardem" title="Juan Antonio Bardem">Juan Antonio Bardem</a>, 1955), <i><a href="/wiki/Calle_Mayor_(film)" title="Calle Mayor (film)">Calle Mayor</a></i> (Bardem, 1956), <i><a href="/wiki/El_pisito" class="mw-redirect" title="El pisito">El pisito</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Marco_Ferreri" title="Marco Ferreri">Marco Ferreri</a>, 1959), <i><a href="/wiki/El_cochecito" class="mw-redirect" title="El cochecito">El cochecito</a></i> (Ferreri, 1960), <i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_Mr._Marshall!" title="Welcome Mr. Marshall!">Welcome Mr. Marshall!</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Berlanga" title="Luis García Berlanga">Luis García Berlanga</a>, 1953), or <i><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_(film)" title="Plácido (film)">Plácido</a></i> (García Berlanga, 1961), ranged from <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a> to <a href="/wiki/Esperpento" title="Esperpento">esperpento</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">black comedy</a>, but all of them showed a strong social criticism, unexpected under a political <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, like the one featured by Franco`s regime. From the amorality and selfishness of the upper middle class or the ridiculousness and mediocrity of the small town people to the hopelessness of the impoverished working class, every social stratum of the contemporary Spain was shown up. </p><p>Luis Buñuel in turn returned to Spain to film the shocking <i><a href="/wiki/Viridiana" title="Viridiana">Viridiana</a></i> (1961) and <i><a href="/wiki/Tristana_(film)" title="Tristana (film)">Tristana</a></i> (1970). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-productions_and_foreign_productions">Co-productions and foreign productions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Co-productions and foreign productions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torneo1C.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Torneo1C.JPG/220px-Torneo1C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Torneo1C.JPG/330px-Torneo1C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Torneo1C.JPG/440px-Torneo1C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2799" /></a><figcaption>Several international blockbusters were shot in Spain in the 1950s and 1960s. An example is the Italian-American <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bronston" title="Samuel Bronston">Samuel Bronston</a>-produced epic historical drama <i><a href="/wiki/El_Cid_(film)" title="El Cid (film)">El Cid</a></i>. In the image, shooting of the film in the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Belmonte_(Cuenca)" title="Castle of Belmonte (Cuenca)">Castle of Belmonte</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 1954 report by Eduardo Moya from the Ministry of Trade remarked that the Spanish cinema industry had to become competitive at home and abroad. Co-productions with <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a> could bring the equipment and skills needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Adaptacion_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adaptacion-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Coproduction_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coproduction (film)">co-productions</a> with France and, most of all, Italy along the 1950s–1970s invigorated Spanish cinema both industrially and artistically. Actually the just mentioned Buñuel's movies were co-productions: <i><a href="/wiki/Viridiana" title="Viridiana">Viridiana</a></i> (1961) was Spanish-Mexican, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tristana_(film)" title="Tristana (film)">Tristana</a></i> (1970) Spanish-French-Italian. Also, the hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti-western" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaghetti-western">Spaghetti-westerns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and sandal">sword and sandal</a> films shot in southern Spain by mixed Spanish-Italian teams were co-productions. </p><p>Under the Spanish-American agreements, part of the foreign profits locked in Spain since the war were invested in <a href="/wiki/Runaway_production" title="Runaway production">runaway productions</a> to be distributed abroad. Several American <a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">epic</a>-scale superproductions or <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbusters</a> were shot in Spain, produced either by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bronston" title="Samuel Bronston">Samuel Bronston</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings_(1961_film)" title="King of Kings (1961 film)">King of Kings</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Nicholas Ray</a>, 1961), <i><a href="/wiki/El_Cid_(film)" title="El Cid (film)">El Cid</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mann" title="Anthony Mann">Anthony Mann</a>, 1961), <i><a href="/wiki/55_Days_at_Peking" title="55 Days at Peking">55 Days at Peking</a></i> (Ray, 1963), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire_(film)" title="The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)">The Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i> (Mann, 1964), and <i><a href="/wiki/Circus_World_(film)" title="Circus World (film)">Circus World</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Hathaway" title="Henry Hathaway">Henry Hathaway</a>, 1964); or by others, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_(1956_film)" title="Alexander the Great (1956 film)">Alexander the Great</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Rossen" title="Robert Rossen">Robert Rossen</a>, 1956), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pride_and_the_Passion" title="The Pride and the Passion">The Pride and the Passion</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kramer" title="Stanley Kramer">Stanley Kramer</a>, 1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_and_Sheba" title="Solomon and Sheba">Solomon and Sheba</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a>, 1959), <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>, 1962), <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(film)" title="Doctor Zhivago (film)">Doctor Zhivago</a></i> (Lean, 1965), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women_(film)" title="The Trojan Women (film)">The Trojan Women</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Cacoyannis" title="Michael Cacoyannis">Michael Cacoyannis</a>, 1971). These movies employed many Spanish technical professionals, and as a byproduct caused that some film stars, like <a href="/wiki/Ava_Gardner" title="Ava Gardner">Ava Gardner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> lived in Spain for years. Actually Welles, with <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Arkadin" title="Mr. Arkadin">Mr. Arkadin</a></i> (1955), in fact a French-Spanish-Swiss co-production, was one of the first American filmmakers to devise Spain as location for his shootings, and he did it again for <i><a href="/wiki/Chimes_at_Midnight" title="Chimes at Midnight">Chimes at Midnight</a></i> (1966), this time a Spanish-Swiss co-production. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Almodovar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pedro_Almodovar.jpg/220px-Pedro_Almodovar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pedro_Almodovar.jpg/330px-Pedro_Almodovar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Pedro_Almodovar.jpg/440px-Pedro_Almodovar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3607" data-file-height="2455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> in 1988. The filmmaker, is known for his vibrant and daring storytelling.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a>, an American studio had opened its local headquarters in Spain in the early 1970s under the name of <i>Warner Española S.A.</i> Warner Española, alongside releasing Warner Bros. films (as well as films by <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> theatrically in the late 1980s-90s) is also involved in distribution of Spanish films such as <i>Ensalada Baudelaire</i> (1978), <i>Adios Pequeña</i> (1986) and most of 1990s Pedro Almodóvar's films such as <i><a href="/wiki/High_Heels_(1991_film)" title="High Heels (1991 film)">High Heels</a></i> (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Kika_(film)" title="Kika (film)">Kika</a></i> (1993), and <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Flesh_(film)" title="Live Flesh (film)">Live Flesh</a></i> (1997). </p><p>Many international actors starred in Spanish films: Italians <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_de_Sica" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio de Sica">Vittorio de Sica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman" title="Vittorio Gassman">Vittorio Gassman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rossano_Brazzi" title="Rossano Brazzi">Rossano Brazzi</a> with Mexican <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix" title="María Félix">María Félix</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Crown_(film)" title="The Black Crown (film)">The Black Crown</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Luis_Saslavsky" title="Luis Saslavsky">Luis Saslavsky</a>, 1951); Italian couple <a href="/wiki/Raf_Vallone" title="Raf Vallone">Raf Vallone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Varzi" title="Elena Varzi">Elena Varzi</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eyes_Leave_a_Trace" title="The Eyes Leave a Trace">The Eyes Leave a Trace</a></i> (Sáenz de Heredia, 1952), Mexican <a href="/wiki/Arturo_de_C%C3%B3rdova" title="Arturo de Córdova">Arturo de Córdova</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Fish" title="The Red Fish">The Red Fish</a></i> (Nieves Conde, 1955), Americans <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Blair" title="Betsy Blair">Betsy Blair</a> in <i>Calle Mayor</i> (Bardem, 1956); <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gwenn" title="Edmund Gwenn">Edmund Gwenn</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Calabuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabuch">Calabuch</a></i> (García Berlanga, 1956), or <a href="/wiki/Richard_Basehart" title="Richard Basehart">Richard Basehart</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Thursday" title="Miracles of Thursday">Miracles of Thursday</a></i> (García Berlanga, 1957) among many others. All the foreign actors were <a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbed</a> into Spanish. Mexican actor <a href="/wiki/Gael_Garc%C3%ADa_Bernal" title="Gael García Bernal">Gael García Bernal</a> has also recently received international notoriety in films by Spanish directors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_new_Spanish_cinema">The new Spanish cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The new Spanish cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_caza_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La_caza_1966.jpg/300px-La_caza_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La_caza_1966.jpg/450px-La_caza_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/La_caza_1966.jpg/600px-La_caza_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_(1966_film)" title="The Hunt (1966 film)">The Hunt</a> (1966) by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saura" title="Carlos Saura">Carlos Saura</a>. "The Hunt" delves into the consequences of false accusations and mob mentality, emphasizing the vulnerability of innocence.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1962, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Escudero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María García Escudero (page does not exist)">José María García Escudero</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Escudero" class="extiw" title="es:José María García Escudero">es</a>]</span> became the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Cinematography_and_Theatre" title="Directorate General of Cinematography and Theatre">Director General of Cinematography and Theatre</a>, propelling forward state efforts and the Official Cinema School, from which emerged the majority of new directors, generally from the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> and those opposed to the Franco government. Among these were <a href="/wiki/Mario_Camus" title="Mario Camus">Mario Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Picazo" title="Miguel Picazo">Miguel Picazo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Regueiro" title="Francisco Regueiro">Francisco Regueiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Summers" title="Manuel Summers">Manuel Summers</a>, and, above all, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saura" title="Carlos Saura">Carlos Saura</a>. Apart from this line of directors, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1n_G%C3%B3mez" title="Fernando Fernán Gómez">Fernando Fernán Gómez</a> made <i><a href="/wiki/El_extra%C3%B1o_viaje" title="El extraño viaje">El extraño viaje</a></i> (1964)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Life_Goes_On_(1965_film)" title="Life Goes On (1965 film)">Life Goes On</a></i> (1965),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Erice" title="Víctor Erice">Víctor Erice</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_the_Beehive" title="The Spirit of the Beehive">The Spirit of the Beehive</a></i> (1973), and <a href="/wiki/Jaime_de_Armi%C3%B1an" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaime de Armiñan">Jaime de Armiñan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/My_Dearest_Senorita" title="My Dearest Senorita">My Dearest Senorita</a></i> (1971). </p><p>From the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_School_of_Film" title="Barcelona School of Film">Escuela de Barcelona</a></i>, originally more experimentalist and cosmopolitan, come <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Esteva_Grewe" title="Jacinto Esteva Grewe">Jacinto Esteva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pere_Portabella" title="Pere Portabella">Pere Portabella</a>, Joaquin Jordan, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aranda" title="Vicente Aranda">Vicente Aranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Camino" title="Jaime Camino">Jaime Camino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_(director)" title="Gonzalo Suárez (director)">Gonzalo Suárez</a>, who made their master works in the 1980s. </p><p>In the Basque country the directors Fernando Larruquert, <a href="/wiki/Nestor_Basterretxea" title="Nestor Basterretxea">Nestor Basterretxea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Zabalza" title="José María Zabalza">José María Zabalza</a> and the producer <a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Querejeta" title="Elías Querejeta">Elías Querejeta</a> stood out. </p><p>The 1968–1980 period saw the golden age of Spanish B-Movie horror, underpinning the term <a href="/wiki/Fantaterror" title="Fantaterror">fantaterror</a> to convey the set of films blending supernatural and horror themes that originated as an answer to European and American exploitation titles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s (and 1970s), a new sort of <i>españolada</i> different from the previous one brought the formulation of an "Iberian" model of masculininity associated to <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casticismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casticismo (page does not exist)">casticismo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casticismo" class="extiw" title="es:Casticismo">es</a>]</span></i>, represented by a male star system consisting of the likes of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_L%C3%B3pez_V%C3%A1zquez" title="José Luis López Vázquez">José Luis López Vázquez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Landa" title="Alfredo Landa">Alfredo Landa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pajares" title="Andrés Pajares">Andrés Pajares</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Esteso" title="Fernando Esteso">Fernando Esteso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new wave of popular and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> mainstream comedy films came to be collectively known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landismo (page does not exist)">landismo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landismo" class="extiw" title="es:Landismo">es</a>]</span></i> –after Alfredo Landa, a recurring appearance in many of those films playing foreign-women-preying "Latin lover" types–,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a cultural phenomenon in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_cinema_of_the_democratic_era">The cinema of the democratic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The cinema of the democratic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1978._Juan_Molina,_Quique_San_Francisco,_Polo_Aledo,_Enrique_Viciano_y_Oscar_Ladoire.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1978._Juan_Molina%2C_Quique_San_Francisco%2C_Polo_Aledo%2C_Enrique_Viciano_y_Oscar_Ladoire.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-1978._Juan_Molina%2C_Quique_San_Francisco%2C_Polo_Aledo%2C_Enrique_Viciano_y_Oscar_Ladoire.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1978._Juan_Molina%2C_Quique_San_Francisco%2C_Polo_Aledo%2C_Enrique_Viciano_y_Oscar_Ladoire.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-1978._Juan_Molina%2C_Quique_San_Francisco%2C_Polo_Aledo%2C_Enrique_Viciano_y_Oscar_Ladoire.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1978._Juan_Molina%2C_Quique_San_Francisco%2C_Polo_Aledo%2C_Enrique_Viciano_y_Oscar_Ladoire.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-1978._Juan_Molina%2C_Quique_San_Francisco%2C_Polo_Aledo%2C_Enrique_Viciano_y_Oscar_Ladoire.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>Juan Molina, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_San_Francisco" title="Enrique San Francisco">Quique San Francisco</a> (a prominent <i>cine quinqui</i> actor), Polo Aledo, Enrique Viciano and Óscar Ladoire in 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>With the end of dictatorship in the mid 1970s, censorship was greatly loosened and cultural works were permitted in other languages spoken in Spain besides Spanish, resulting in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Galego_de_Artes_da_Imaxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Galego de Artes da Imaxe">Centro Galego de Artes da Imaxe</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_del_Cinema_Catal%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut del Cinema Català (page does not exist)">Institut del Cinema Català</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_del_Cinema_Catal%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="ca:Institut del Cinema Català">ca</a>]</span>, among others. Also with the end of censorship and repression, a commercial cinema –of low quality and minimal cost– with a high erotic content and gratuitous nudity –mostly feminine– appeared, which was called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cine_de_destape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cine de destape (page does not exist)">cine de destape</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_destape" class="extiw" title="es:Cine de destape">es</a>]</span></i> and which lasted until the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodaje_de_Alatriste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rodaje_de_Alatriste.jpg/220px-Rodaje_de_Alatriste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rodaje_de_Alatriste.jpg/330px-Rodaje_de_Alatriste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Rodaje_de_Alatriste.jpg/440px-Rodaje_de_Alatriste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Shooting of <i><a href="/wiki/Alatriste" title="Alatriste">Alatriste</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_D%C3%ADaz_Yanes" title="Agustín Díaz Yanes">Agustín Díaz Yanes</a>, 2005) in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>. At the time of its release, <i>Alatriste</i> became the most expensive Spanish film ever.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Transition">Transition</a>, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Quinqui_(film_genre)" title="Quinqui (film genre)">cine quinqui</a></i> –of which <a href="/wiki/Eloy_de_la_Iglesia" title="Eloy de la Iglesia">Eloy de la Iglesia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_de_la_Loma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Antonio de la Loma (page does not exist)">José Antonio de la Loma</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_de_la_Loma" class="extiw" title="es:José Antonio de la Loma">es</a>]</span> were prominent representatives–, particularly popular from 1977 to 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelló_Segarra2018115_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelló_Segarra2018115-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approached <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> issues from a <a href="/wiki/Sensationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensationalist">sensationalist</a> angle, criminalizing the <a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">lumpenproletariat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelló_Segarra2018122,_125_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelló_Segarra2018122,_125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These films (whose lead performers sometimes were delinquent themselves)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also ended up contributing to the promotion of an imaginary of symbolic violence associated to the naturalization of the punitive and non-rehabilitating function of the prison system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the view of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germ%C3%A1n_Labrador_M%C3%A9ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germán Labrador Méndez (page does not exist)">Germán Labrador Méndez</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Labrador_M%C3%A9ndez" class="extiw" title="es:Germán Labrador Méndez">es</a>]</span>, many of the quinqui films underpinned a true allegory of the Transition, conveying "the mythical domestication of the non-consensual socio-political forces embodied by the quinquis, as children of the working class and, above all, as young people".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, a whole new series of directors base their films either on controversial topics or on revising the country's history. <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Ch%C3%A1varri" title="Jaime Chávarri">Jaime Chávarri</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Erice" title="Víctor Erice">Víctor Erice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Garci" title="José Luis Garci">José Luis Garci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón">Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eloy_de_la_Iglesia" title="Eloy de la Iglesia">Eloy de la Iglesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilar_Mir%C3%B3" title="Pilar Miró">Pilar Miró</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Olea" title="Pedro Olea">Pedro Olea</a> were some of these who directed great films. <a href="/wiki/Montxo_Armend%C3%A1riz" title="Montxo Armendáriz">Montxo Armendáriz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Juanma_Bajo_Ulloa" title="Juanma Bajo Ulloa">Juanma Bajo Ulloa</a>'s "new Basque cinema" has also been outstanding; another prominent Basque director is <a href="/wiki/Julio_M%C3%A9dem" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio Médem">Julio Médem</a>. </p><p>The Spanish cinema, however, depends on the great hits of the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Comedia_madrile%C3%B1a" title="Comedia madrileña">comedia madrileña</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Colomo" title="Fernando Colomo">Fernando Colomo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Trueba" title="Fernando Trueba">Fernando Trueba</a>, the sophisticated melodramas by Pedro Almodóvar, <a href="/wiki/Alex_de_la_Iglesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alex de la Iglesia">Alex de la Iglesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Segura" title="Santiago Segura">Santiago Segura</a>'s black humour or Alejandro Amenábar's works, in such a manner that, according to producer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_F%C3%A9lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Antonio Félez (page does not exist)">José Antonio Félez</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_F%C3%A9lez" class="extiw" title="es:José Antonio Félez">es</a>]</span>, "fifty per cent of total box office revenues comes from five titles, and between eight and ten films give eighty per cent of the total" during the year 2004. </p><p>Foreign films often dominate box offices in Spain, with average monthly receipts of €35–50 million, making Spain the tenth largest country in the world for international theatrical release, with a total gross of USD 193,304,925 in 2020, thus giving Spain a worldwide market share of 1.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-David_Zannoni_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Zannoni-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_Festivals">Film Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Carmen_Maura)_Entrega_de_la_Medalla_internacional_de_las_Artes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid_a_Carmen_Maura_(33552184358)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%28Carmen_Maura%29_Entrega_de_la_Medalla_internacional_de_las_Artes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid_a_Carmen_Maura_%2833552184358%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-%28Carmen_Maura%29_Entrega_de_la_Medalla_internacional_de_las_Artes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid_a_Carmen_Maura_%2833552184358%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%28Carmen_Maura%29_Entrega_de_la_Medalla_internacional_de_las_Artes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid_a_Carmen_Maura_%2833552184358%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-%28Carmen_Maura%29_Entrega_de_la_Medalla_internacional_de_las_Artes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid_a_Carmen_Maura_%2833552184358%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%28Carmen_Maura%29_Entrega_de_la_Medalla_internacional_de_las_Artes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid_a_Carmen_Maura_%2833552184358%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-%28Carmen_Maura%29_Entrega_de_la_Medalla_internacional_de_las_Artes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid_a_Carmen_Maura_%2833552184358%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Maura" title="Carmen Maura">Carmen Maura</a> holds record for most <a href="/wiki/Goya_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Goya Award for Best Actress">Goya Awards for Best Leading Actress</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Sebastian_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="San Sebastian International Film Festival">San Sebastian International Film Festival</a> is a major film festival supervised by the <a href="/wiki/FIAPF" title="FIAPF">FIAPF</a>. It was started in 1953, and it takes place in <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a> every year. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Hepburn" title="Audrey Hepburn">Audrey Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> are some of the stars that have participated in this festival, the most important in Spain. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sitges_Film_Festival" title="Sitges Film Festival">Sitges Film Festival</a>, now known as the Sitges International Fantastic Film Festival of Catalonia, was started in 1967. It is considered one of the best cinematographic contests in Europe, and is the best in the specialty of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction film</a>. </p><p>There are several other film festivals with important prizes for the industry such as the <a href="/wiki/Valladolid_International_Film_Festival" title="Valladolid International Film Festival">Valladolid International Film Festival</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seville_European_Film_Festival" title="Seville European Film Festival">Seville European Film Festival</a> from September to November, –Autumn has become the season par excellence for the debut of Spanish films in the domestic commercial circuit–.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_Film_Festival" title="Málaga Film Festival">Málaga Film Festival</a>, focused on Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero-American</a> films, is generally held in early <a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_Awards">Film Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Film Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recepci%C3%B3n_a_los_nominados_a_los_Premios_Goya_2018_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Recepci%C3%B3n_a_los_nominados_a_los_Premios_Goya_2018_03.jpg/220px-Recepci%C3%B3n_a_los_nominados_a_los_Premios_Goya_2018_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Recepci%C3%B3n_a_los_nominados_a_los_Premios_Goya_2018_03.jpg/330px-Recepci%C3%B3n_a_los_nominados_a_los_Premios_Goya_2018_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Recepci%C3%B3n_a_los_nominados_a_los_Premios_Goya_2018_03.jpg/440px-Recepci%C3%B3n_a_los_nominados_a_los_Premios_Goya_2018_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2882" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of nominees to the <a href="/wiki/32nd_Goya_Awards" title="32nd Goya Awards">32nd Goya Awards</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Goya_Awards" title="Goya Awards">Goya Awards</a> are the main film awards in Spain. They were established in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a year after the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Cinematographic_Arts_and_Sciences_of_Spain" title="Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences of Spain">Academy of Cinematographic Arts and Sciences of Spain</a>, and recognize excellence in many aspects of Spanish motion picture making such as acting, directing and screenwriting. The first ceremony took place on 16 March 1987 at the <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega_Theatre_(Madrid)" title="Lope de Vega Theatre (Madrid)">Lope de Vega Theatre</a>, Madrid. The ceremony continues to take place annually around the end of January, and awards are given to films produced during the previous year. The award itself is a small bronze bust of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Goya" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Goya">Francisco de Goya</a> created by the sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Luis Fernández (sculptor) (page does not exist)">José Luis Fernández</a>. </p><p>In 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Feroz_Awards" title="Feroz Awards">Feroz Awards</a> were established as the Spanish counterpart of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a>. </p><p>Awards recognising the excellence in the regional cinema (and/or wider audiovisual industry) include the <a href="/wiki/Mestre_Mateo_Awards" title="Mestre Mateo Awards">Mestre Mateo Awards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">from Galicia</a>; presented by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academia_Galega_do_Audiovisual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academia Galega do Audiovisual (page does not exist)">Academia Galega do Audiovisual</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Galega_do_Audiovisual" class="extiw" title="gl:Academia Galega do Audiovisual">gl</a>]</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Gaud%C3%AD_Awards" title="Gaudí Awards">Gaudí Awards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">from Catalonia</a>; presented by the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Film_Academy" title="Catalan Film Academy">Catalan Film Academy</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Berlanga_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlanga Awards">Berlanga Awards</a> (from the Valencian Community, presented by the <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Institut Valencià de Cultura</i></span> and the <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Acadèmia Valenciana de l'Audiovisual</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Carmen Awards (from Andalusia, presented by the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Academia de Cine de Andalucía</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English-language_Spanish_films">English-language Spanish films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: English-language Spanish films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Javier_Bardem_%26_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_at_Goya_Awards_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Javier_Bardem_%26_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_at_Goya_Awards_2018.jpg/150px-Javier_Bardem_%26_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_at_Goya_Awards_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Javier_Bardem_%26_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_at_Goya_Awards_2018.jpg/225px-Javier_Bardem_%26_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_at_Goya_Awards_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Javier_Bardem_%26_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_at_Goya_Awards_2018.jpg/300px-Javier_Bardem_%26_Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz_at_Goya_Awards_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javier_Bardem" title="Javier Bardem">Javier Bardem</a> at the 32nd Goya Awards in 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>English-language films produced by Spanish companies include <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Much" title="Two Much">Two Much</a></i> (Fernando Trueba, 1995), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Others_(2001_film)" title="The Others (2001 film)">The Others</a></i> (Alejandro Amenábar, 2001), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinist" title="The Machinist">The Machinist</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Brad_Anderson_(director)" title="Brad Anderson (director)">Brad Anderson</a>, 2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Instinct_2" title="Basic Instinct 2">Basic Instinct 2</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Caton-Jones" title="Michael Caton-Jones">Michael Caton-Jones</a>, 2006, produced by KanZaman Spain), <i><a href="/wiki/Goya%27s_Ghosts" title="Goya's Ghosts">Goya's Ghosts</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a>, 2006, produced by Xuxa Produciones), <i><a href="/wiki/Buried_(film)" title="Buried (film)">Buried</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Rodrigo Cortés">Rodrigo Cortés</a>, 2010, produced by Versus Entertainment) or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_(2012_film)" title="The Impossible (2012 film)">The Impossible</a></i> (Juan Antonio Bayona, 2012, produced by Apaches Entertainment and <a href="/wiki/Telecinco_Cinema" title="Telecinco Cinema">Telecinco Cinema</a>). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Sexy_Beast" title="Sexy Beast">Sexy Beast</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Glazer" title="Jonathan Glazer">Jonathan Glazer</a>, 2000, co-produced by KanZaman –Spain– and Recorded Picture Company –UK–). Films co-produced by KanZaman include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reckoning_(2003_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reckoning (2003 film)">The Reckoning</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paul_McGuigan_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul McGuigan (filmmaker)">Paul McGuigan</a>, 2003), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey_(2004_film)" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey (2004 film)">The Bridge of San Luis Rey</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mary_McGuckian" title="Mary McGuckian">Mary McGuckian</a>, 2004) –based on the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitzer prize">Pulitzer prize</a> winning <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey">novel of the same name</a> and featuring an <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_cast" title="Ensemble cast">ensemble cast</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Keitel" title="Harvey Keitel">Harvey Keitel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Bates" title="Kathy Bates">Kathy Bates</a> and Spanish actress <a href="/wiki/Pilar_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" title="Pilar López de Ayala">Pilar López de Ayala</a>–, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Woman_(film)" title="A Good Woman (film)">A Good Woman</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mike_Barker_(film_director)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Barker (film director)">Mike Barker</a>, 2004), and <i><a href="/wiki/Sahara_(2005_film)" title="Sahara (2005 film)">Sahara</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Breck_Eisner" title="Breck Eisner">Breck Eisner</a>, 2005). In 2004, KanZaman co-produced <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a>'s epic film <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Heaven_(film)" title="Kingdom of Heaven (film)">Kingdom of Heaven</a></i>, making it the biggest production in the history of Spanish cinema. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Banderas_June07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Antonio_Banderas_June07.jpg/200px-Antonio_Banderas_June07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Antonio_Banderas_June07.jpg/300px-Antonio_Banderas_June07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Antonio_Banderas_June07.jpg/400px-Antonio_Banderas_June07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a> in 2007. Captivates with his charisma and talent.</figcaption></figure> <p>A large part of the funding of Spanish-produced films is covered in advance of the theatrical window by pre-sales to public (<a href="/wiki/RTVE" title="RTVE">RTVE</a>) or private (<a href="/wiki/Atresmedia" title="Atresmedia">Atresmedia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mediaset_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Mediaset España">Mediaset</a>) broadcasters, subsidies (from <a href="/wiki/ICAA_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAA (Spain)">ICAA</a>, from regional or provincial administrations, or from <a href="/wiki/Tax_rebate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax rebate">tax rebates</a>) and from pre-sales to <a href="/wiki/Streaming_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming platform">streaming platforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cano_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cano-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-sales may cover up to a 60–70% of the budget of a film with an average budget of <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>2.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-cano_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cano-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system, which favours the attempt to approach the <a href="/wiki/Break-even_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Break-even (economics)">break-even point</a> before the first window of theatrical exhibition, has received criticism from within the industry because it might discourage the pursuit of "commercial success".<sup id="cite_ref-cano_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cano-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AIE (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">agrupación de interés económico</i></span>; <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> 'economic interest grouping'</span>) legal form is used as a tax vehicle to take advantage of rebates.<sup id="cite_ref-cano_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cano-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Box_office">Box office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Box office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highest-grossing_films_of_all-time_in_Spain">Highest-grossing films of all-time in Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Highest-grossing films of all-time in Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Spain" title="List of highest-grossing films in Spain">List of highest-grossing films in Spain</a></div> <p>The ten highest-grossing Spanish films of all time (1965–2023)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by domestic box office <a href="/wiki/Gross_revenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross revenue">gross revenue</a> are listed as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Highest-grossing films of all time in Spain </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Domestic gross<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>(million <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1 </th> <td align="center">2014</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Affair_(2014_film)" title="Spanish Affair (2014 film)">Spanish Affair</a></i> </td> <td align="right">56.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">2 </th> <td align="center">2012</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_(2012_film)" title="The Impossible (2012 film)">The Impossible</a></i> </td> <td align="right">42.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">3 </th> <td align="center">2015</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Affair_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Affair 2">Spanish Affair 2</a></i> </td> <td align="right">36.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">4 </th> <td align="center">2001</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Others_(2001_film)" title="The Others (2001 film)">The Others</a></i> </td> <td align="right">27.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">5 </th> <td align="center">2016</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Monster_Calls_(film)" title="A Monster Calls (film)">A Monster Calls</a></i> </td> <td align="right">26.5 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">6 </th> <td align="center">2007</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphanage_(2007_film)" title="The Orphanage (2007 film)">The Orphanage</a></i> </td> <td align="right">25.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">7 </th> <td align="center">2003</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mortadelo_%26_Filemon:_The_Big_Adventure" title="Mortadelo & Filemon: The Big Adventure">Mortadelo & Filemon: The Big Adventure</a></i> </td> <td align="right">22.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">8 </th> <td align="center">2001</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Torrente_2:_Mission_in_Marbella" title="Torrente 2: Mission in Marbella">Torrente 2: Mission in Marbella</a></i> </td> <td align="right">22.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">9 </th> <td align="center">2009</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Agora_(2009_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agora (2009 film)">Agora</a></i> </td> <td align="right">21.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">10 </th> <td align="center">2017</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_(2017_film)" title="Perfect Strangers (2017 film)">Perfect Strangers</a></i> </td> <td align="right">21.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Spanish_films" title="Lists of Spanish films">Lists of Spanish films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spanish animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Spain">Media of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Spanish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Literature">Spanish Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalan cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Cinema of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Jordi_Awards" title="Sant Jordi Awards">Sant Jordi Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the world">Cinema of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees" title="List of Spanish Academy Award winners and nominees">List of Spanish Academy Award winners and nominees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was not made mandatory to officially communicate the number of tickets sold until 1 January 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that, box office grosses were a secret kept by exhibitors for tax reasons. The only guide to estimate them was the length of the first-run and the capacity of the venue.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-datcin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-datcin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-datcin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-datcin_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mecd.gob.es/dam/jcr:40ea0295-732e-4a7e-b812-13e8f50aaaf0/2-datos-cinematograficos-generales.pdf">"Datos cinematográficos del mercado español"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Datos+cinematogr%C3%A1ficos+del+mercado+espa%C3%B1ol&rft.pub=Ministerio+de+Educaci%C3%B3n%2C+Cultura+y+Deporte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mecd.gob.es%2Fdam%2Fjcr%3A40ea0295-732e-4a7e-b812-13e8f50aaaf0%2F2-datos-cinematograficos-generales.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-screens_uis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-screens_uis_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225516/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5542">"Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5542">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+8%3A+Cinema+Infrastructure+-+Capacity&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D5542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distributors_uis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-distributors_uis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225508/http://data.uis.unesco.org/">"Table 6: Share of Top 3 distributors (Excel)"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 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Also mirrored on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307809866_Cinema_paesaggio_e_turismo_andaluzadas_la_Spagna_andalusizzata_patrimonio_retroproiettato">researchgate.net</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variety214-1959-05/page/n83/mode/2up/search/violetera">"Spain's Sarita Montiel Global Allure Makes Her Trading Item With Yanks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. 13 May 1959. p. 21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+Sarita+Montiel+Global+Allure+Makes+Her+Trading+Item+With+Yanks&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1959-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariety214-1959-05%2Fpage%2Fn83%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fvioletera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsh, Steven. “The Pueblo Travestied in Fernán Gómez’s El Extraño Viaje (1964).” <i>Hispanic Research Journal</i> 4, no. 2 (2003): 133–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Film_Institute." class="citation web cs1"><i>British Film Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/pedro-almodovar-13-great-spanish-films-influenced-me">"Pedro Almodóvar: 13 great Spanish films that inspire me"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pedro+Almod%C3%B3var%3A+13+great+Spanish+films+that+inspire+me&rft.au=%27%27British+Film+Institute%27%27.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fpedro-almodovar-13-great-spanish-films-influenced-me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally_Faulkner2017" class="citation web cs1">Sally Faulkner (9 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/bhs.2017.51">"Delayed Cinema and Feminist Discourse in Fernando Fernán-Gómez's El mundo sigue (1963/1965/2015)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delayed+Cinema+and+Feminist+Discourse+in+Fernando+Fern%C3%A1n-G%C3%B3mez%E2%80%99s+El+mundo+sigue+%281963%2F1965%2F2015%29&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.au=Sally+Faulkner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%2Fdoi%2F10.3828%2Fbhs.2017.51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldana_Reyes2018" class="citation book cs1">Aldana Reyes, Xavier (2018). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.atitle=ORDER+of+December+22%2C+1964+establishing+the+control+system+of+the+performance+of+the+films+that+are+exhibited+in+Spain&rft.date=1964-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1964%2F12%2F30%2Fpdfs%2FA17486-17487.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2019" class="citation web cs1">González, Yolanda (2 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/economia/20190202/peliculas-espanolas-taquilleras-tiempos/373213413_0.html">"Las películas españolas más taquilleras de todos los tiempos"</a>. <i>Invertia</i> – via <a href="/wiki/El_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="El Español">El Español</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invertia&rft.atitle=Las+pel%C3%ADculas+espa%C3%B1olas+m%C3%A1s+taquilleras+de+todos+los+tiempos&rft.date=2019-02-02&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Yolanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespanol.com%2Finvertia%2Feconomia%2F20190202%2Fpeliculas-espanolas-taquilleras-tiempos%2F373213413_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotogramas.es/noticias-cine/g39950716/peliculas-espanolas-taquilleras/">"Las 30 películas españolas más taquilleras de la historia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fotogramas" title="Fotogramas">Fotogramas</a></i>. 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fotogramas&rft.atitle=Las+30+pel%C3%ADculas+espa%C3%B1olas+m%C3%A1s+taquilleras+de+la+historia&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotogramas.es%2Fnoticias-cine%2Fg39950716%2Fpeliculas-espanolas-taquilleras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Spain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marsha Kinder: <i>Blood Cinema: The Reconstruction of National Identity in Spain</i>, University of California Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08157-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08157-9">0-520-08157-9</a></li> <li>Marvin D'Lugo: <i>Guide to the Cinema of Spain</i> (Reference Guides to the World's Cinema), Greenwood Pub Group, 1997</li> <li>Nuria Triana-Toribio: <i>Spanish National Cinema</i> (National Cinemas Series), Routledge 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22060-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22060-2">0-415-22060-2</a></li> <li><i>The Cinema of Spain and Portugal</i> (24 Frames (Paper), ed. by Alberto Mira, Wallflower Press 2005 – 24 films are analyzed</li> <li>Ronald Schwartz: <i>Great Spanish Films Since 1950</i>, Scarecrow Press, 2008</li> <li>Tatjana Pavlovic: <i>100 Years of Spanish Cinema</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2008</li> <li>Juan Antonio Gavilán Sánchez y Manuel Lamarca Rosales: <i>Conversaciones con cineastas españoles</i>, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788478016112" title="Special:BookSources/9788478016112">9788478016112</a>.</li> <li>Manuel Lamarca y Juan Ignacio Valenzuela: <i>Cómo crear una película. Anatomía de una profesión</i>, T&B Editores, Madrid, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496576766" title="Special:BookSources/9788496576766">9788496576766</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Spain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iberoamericanmovies.com/spain/top-10-movies-from-spain/">Top 10 movies from Spain according to IMDB.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702052852/http://www.subtitledonline.com/special-features/top-10-films-in-spanish-cinema">Discussion of 10 key films in Spanish cinema</a> at subtitledonline.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219013605/http://www.mcu.es/jsp/plantilla_wai.jsp?id=1&area=cine">Ministry of Culture of Spain, Cinema Web</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivapedro.com">Official website of Viva Pedro series celebrating the films of Pedro Almodovar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishprofessor.org/hispanic-culture/best-spanish-movies-for-class.htm">Spanish movie reviews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202104733/http://silver-screen-spain.com/">Silver Screen Spain</a>. Information about shooting locations around Spain of English-language movies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanishfilmreviewclub.com/">Spanish film reviews in English</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Spanish_films" title="Lists of Spanish films">Films by year</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_films" title="Category:Spanish films">Films (A–Z)</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_before_1930" title="List of Spanish films before 1930">pre-1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_the_1930s" title="List of Spanish films of the 1930s">1930s</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_films_produced_in_the_Spanish_Revolution" title="List of films produced in the Spanish Revolution">Spanish Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_the_1940s" title="List of Spanish films of the 1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1950" title="List of Spanish films of 1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1951" title="List of Spanish films of 1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1952" title="List of Spanish films of 1952">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1953" title="List of Spanish films of 1953">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1954" title="List of Spanish films of 1954">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1955" title="List of Spanish films of 1955">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1956" title="List of Spanish films of 1956">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1957" title="List of Spanish films of 1957">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1958" title="List of Spanish films of 1958">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1959" title="List of Spanish films of 1959">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1960" title="List of Spanish films of 1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1961" title="List of Spanish films of 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1962" title="List of Spanish films of 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1963" title="List of Spanish films of 1963">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1964" title="List of Spanish films of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1965" title="List of Spanish films of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1966" title="List of Spanish films of 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1967" title="List of Spanish films of 1967">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1968" title="List of Spanish films of 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1969" title="List of Spanish films of 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1970" title="List of Spanish films of 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1971" title="List of Spanish films of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1972" title="List of Spanish films of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1973" title="List of Spanish films of 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1974" title="List of Spanish films of 1974">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1975" title="List of Spanish films of 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1976" title="List of Spanish films of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1977" title="List of Spanish films of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1978" title="List of Spanish films of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1979" title="List of Spanish films of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1980" title="List of Spanish films of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1981" title="List of Spanish films of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1982" title="List of Spanish films of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1983" title="List of Spanish films of 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1984" title="List of Spanish films of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1985" title="List of Spanish films of 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1986" title="List of Spanish films of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1987" title="List of Spanish films of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1988" title="List of Spanish films of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1989" title="List of Spanish films of 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1990" title="List of Spanish films of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1991" title="List of Spanish films of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1992" title="List of Spanish films of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1993" title="List of Spanish films of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1994" title="List of Spanish films of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1995" title="List of Spanish films of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1996" title="List of Spanish films of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1997" title="List of Spanish films of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1998" title="List of Spanish films of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_1999" title="List of Spanish films of 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2000" title="List of Spanish films of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2001" title="List of Spanish films of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2002" title="List of Spanish films of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2003" title="List of Spanish films of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2004" title="List of Spanish films of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2005" title="List of Spanish films of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2006" title="List of Spanish films of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2007" title="List of Spanish films of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2008" title="List of Spanish films of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2009" title="List of Spanish films of 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2010" title="List of Spanish films of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2011" title="List of Spanish films of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2012" title="List of Spanish films of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2013" title="List of Spanish films of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2014" title="List of Spanish films of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2015" title="List of Spanish films of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2016" title="List of Spanish films of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2017" title="List of Spanish films of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2018" title="List of Spanish films of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2019" title="List of Spanish films of 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2020" title="List of Spanish films of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2021" title="List of Spanish films of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2022" title="List of Spanish films of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2023" title="List of Spanish films of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2024" title="List of Spanish films of 2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_films_of_2025" title="List of Spanish films of 2025">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_film_clapperboard.svg/40px-Spain_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_film_clapperboard.svg/60px-Spain_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Spain_film_clapperboard.svg/80px-Spain_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_film_awards" title="Category:Spanish film awards">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actors_and_Actresses_Union_Awards" title="Actors and Actresses Union Awards">Actors and Actresses Union Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolo_Awards" title="Apolo Awards">Apolo Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlanga_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlanga Awards">Berlanga Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Awards" title="Carmen Awards">Carmen Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEC_Awards" title="CEC Awards">CEC Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forqu%C3%A9_Awards" title="Forqué Awards">Forqué Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotogramas_de_Plata" title="Fotogramas de Plata">Fotogramas de Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaud%C3%AD_Awards" title="Gaudí Awards">Gaudí Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goya_Awards" title="Goya Awards">Goya Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestre_Mateo_Awards" title="Mestre Mateo Awards">Mestre Mateo Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premios_Ondas" title="Premios Ondas">Premios Ondas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Jordi_Awards" title="Sant Jordi Awards">Sant Jordi Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel and studios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_film_actors" title="Category:Spanish film actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_film_directors" title="Category:Spanish film directors">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_cinematographers" title="Category:Spanish cinematographers">Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_film_editors" title="Category:Spanish film editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_film_score_composers" title="Category:Spanish film score composers">Score composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_film_producers" title="Category:Spanish film producers">Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_screenwriters" title="Category:Spanish screenwriters">Screenwriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_production_companies_of_Spain" title="Category:Film production companies of Spain">Production companies and studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Animation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comedia_madrile%C3%B1a" title="Comedia madrileña">Comedia madrileña</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy film</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinqui_(film_genre)" title="Quinqui (film genre)">Cine quinqui</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian cinema">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galician</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_archives_in_Spain" title="Category:Film archives in Spain">Film archives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Galego_de_Artes_da_Imaxe" class="mw-redirect" title="Centro Galego de Artes da Imaxe">Centro Galego de Artes da Imaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmoteca_de_Catalunya" title="Filmoteca de Catalunya">Filmoteca de Catalunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmoteca_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Filmoteca Española">Filmoteca Española</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_cinema" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_cinema" title="Template:World cinema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_cinema" title="Template talk:World cinema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World cinema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_cinema" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_cinema" title="National cinema">National cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of West Asia">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish cinema">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_films" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maltese_films" title="List of Maltese films">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-German_cinema" title="Turkish-German cinema">German Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cinema of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jamaica" title="Cinema of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Iquitos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Suriname" title="Cinema of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental<br />& transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cinema" title="Balochi cinema">Balochi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cinema" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malta" title="Cinema of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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