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<li id="toc-1895–1918_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1895–1918_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1895–1918 German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1895–1918_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918–1933_Weimar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918–1933_Weimar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1918–1933 Weimar Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918–1933_Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1933–1945_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1933–1945_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1933–1945 Nazi Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933–1945_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1989_East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1989_East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1945–1989 East Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1989_East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1989_West_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1989_West_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1945–1989 West Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1989_West_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1945–1960_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1960_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>1945–1960 Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1960_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–1970_cinema_in_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1970_cinema_in_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>1960–1970 cinema in crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1970_cinema_in_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–1980_New_German_Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1980_New_German_Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>1960–1980 New German Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1980_New_German_Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980–1989_popular_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980–1989_popular_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>1980–1989 popular productions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980–1989_popular_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–Modern_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–Modern_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1990–Modern Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–Modern_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Film funding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Film_funding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Film funding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Film_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_funding_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_funding_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Film funding institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_funding_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Regional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Film_Academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Film_Academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>German Film Academy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-German_Film_Academy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle German Film Academy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-German_Film_Academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Film schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinema of Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سينما ألمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سينما ألمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_kinosu" title="Almaniya kinosu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya kinosu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Германско кино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германско кино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_d%27Alemanya" title="Cinema d'Alemanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinema d'Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Film" title="Deutscher Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutscher Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γερμανικός κινηματογράφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανικός κινηματογράφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_de_Alemania" title="Cine de Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cine de Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سینمای آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینمای آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_allemand" title="Cinéma allemand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cinéma allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_de_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Cinema de Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinema de Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="독일 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կինեմատոգրաֆիան Գերմանիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կինեմատոգրաֆիան Գերմանիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema_Jerman" title="Sinema Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinema Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_tedesco" title="Cinema tedesco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cinema tedesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קולנוע גרמני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולנוע גרמני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinema_alman" title="Sinema alman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sinema alman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitse_cinema" title="Duitse cinema – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitse cinema" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E3%81%AE%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="ドイツの映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツの映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk_film" title="Tysk film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tysk film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematografia_niemiecka" title="Kinematografia niemiecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kinematografia niemiecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_da_Alemanha" title="Cinema da Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinema da Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Кинематограф Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кинематограф Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سینەمای ئەڵمانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سینەمای ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_i_Tyskland" title="Film i Tyskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Film i Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_sinemas%C4%B1" title="Alman sineması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alman sineması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Cinema of Germany</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Schreck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Schreck.jpg/220px-Schreck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Schreck.jpg/330px-Schreck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/08/Schreck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Max_Schreck" title="Max Schreck">Max Schreck</a> as <a href="/wiki/Count_Orlok" title="Count Orlok">Count Orlok</a> in the 1922 film <i><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a></i>. Critic and historian <a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Kim Newman</a> declared it as a film that set the template for the genre of horror film.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of <a href="/wiki/Projection_screen" title="Projection screen">screens</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,803 (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-ffa_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ffa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">6.2 per 100,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-screens_uis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-screens_uis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main distributors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner</a> (19.5%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney</a> (11.5%)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures</a> (11.1%)<sup id="cite_ref-distributors_uis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distributors_uis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Produced feature films (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-production_uis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production_uis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fictional</th><td class="infobox-data">128 (60.4%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animated</th><td class="infobox-data">5 (2.4%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Documentary</th><td class="infobox-data">79 (37.3%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Number of admissions (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-ffa_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ffa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">122,305,182</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">1.48 (2017)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National films</th><td class="infobox-data">28,300,000 (23.1%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Gross box office (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-ffa_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ffa-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€1.06 billion</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> in Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century. <b>German cinema</b> made major technical and artistic contributions to early film, broadcasting and television technology. <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg</a> became a household synonym for the early 20th century film industry in Europe, similar to Hollywood later. <a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">Early German and German-speaking filmmakers and actors</a> heavily contributed to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Hollywood">early Hollywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees" title="List of German Academy Award winners and nominees">German movies and German artists earned 230 Oscar nominations and 54 Oscar wins</a>. </p><p>Germany witnessed major changes to its identity during the 20th and 21st century. Those changes determined the periodisation of national cinema into a succession of distinct eras and movements.<sup id="cite_ref-tbk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tbk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1895–1918_German_Empire"><span id="1895.E2.80.931918_German_Empire"></span>1895–1918 German Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1895–1918 German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-035-15,_Berlin,_Wintergarten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-035-15%2C_Berlin%2C_Wintergarten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-035-15%2C_Berlin%2C_Wintergarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-035-15%2C_Berlin%2C_Wintergarten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-035-15%2C_Berlin%2C_Wintergarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-035-15%2C_Berlin%2C_Wintergarten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-035-15%2C_Berlin%2C_Wintergarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wintergarten_theatre" title="Berlin Wintergarten theatre">Berlin Wintergarten theatre</a>, here in 1940, was the site of the first cinema screening ever, with 8 short films presented by the <a href="/wiki/Max_Skladanowsky" title="Max Skladanowsky">Skladanowsky brothers</a> on 1 November 1895.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of cinema in Germany can be traced back to the years of the medium's birth. <a href="/wiki/Ottomar_Ansch%C3%BCtz" title="Ottomar Anschütz">Ottomar Anschütz</a> held the first showing of life sized pictures in motion on 25 November 1894 at the <a href="/wiki/Postfuhramt" title="Postfuhramt">Postfuhramt</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 November 1895, <a href="/wiki/Max_Skladanowsky" title="Max Skladanowsky">Max Skladanowsky</a> and his brother Emil demonstrated their self-invented <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">film projector</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bioscop" title="Bioscop">Bioscop</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wintergarten_theatre" title="Berlin Wintergarten theatre">Wintergarten</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music hall</a> in Berlin. A 15-minute series of eight short films were shown – the first screening of films to a paying audience.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This performance pre-dated the first paying public display of the <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumière brothers">Lumière brothers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Cinematographe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinematographe">Cinematographe</a> in Paris on 28 December of the same year, a performance that Max Skladanowsky attended and at which he was able to ascertain that the Cinematographe was technically superior to his Bioscop. Other German film pioneers included the Berliners <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Messter" title="Oskar Messter">Oskar Messter</a> and Max Gliewe, two of several individuals who independently in 1896 first used a <a href="/wiki/Geneva_drive" title="Geneva drive">Geneva drive</a> (which allows the film to be advanced intermittently one frame at a time) in a projector, and the <a href="/wiki/Cinematographer" title="Cinematographer">cinematographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Guido_Seeber" title="Guido Seeber">Guido Seeber</a>. </p><p>In its earliest days, the cinematograph was perceived as an attraction for upper class audiences, but the novelty of moving pictures did not last long. Soon, trivial short films were being shown as fairground attractions aimed at the working class and lower-middle class. The booths in which these films were shown were known in Germany somewhat disparagingly as <i>Kintopps</i>. Film-makers with an artistic bent attempted to counter this view of cinema with longer films based on literary models, and the first German "artistic" films began to be produced from around 1910, an example being the <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">adaptation</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Student_of_Prague_(1913_film)" title="The Student of Prague (1913 film)"><i>The Student of Prague</i></a> (1913) which was co-directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wegener" title="Paul Wegener">Paul Wegener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stellan_Rye" title="Stellan Rye">Stellan Rye</a>, photographed by Guido Seeber and starring actors from <a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a>'s company. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/220px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/330px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/440px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a> near <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> was the first large-scale film studio in the world (founded 1912) and the forerunner to <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>. It still produces global blockbusters every year.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early film theorists in Germany began to write about the significance of <i>Schaulust</i>, or "visual pleasure", for the audience, including the <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> movement writer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Serner" title="Walter Serner">Walter Serner</a>: "If one looks to where cinema receives its ultimate power, into these strangely flickering eyes that point far back into human history, suddenly it stands there in all its massiveness: visual pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visually striking sets and makeup were key to the style of the <a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">expressionist</a> films that were produced shortly after the First World War. </p><p>Cinemas themselves began to be established landmarks in the years immediately before World War I. Before this, German filmmakers would tour with their works, travelling from fairground to fairground. The earliest ongoing cinemas were set up in cafes and pubs by owners who saw a way of attracting more customers. The storefront cinema was called a <i>Kientopp</i>, and this is where films were viewed for the most part before the First World War broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockmann_2010_18_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockmann_2010_18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first standalone, dedicated cinema in Germany was opened in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> in 1906, and by 1910, there were over 1000 cinemas operating in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Brockmann_2010_18_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockmann_2010_18-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henny_Porten" title="Henny Porten">Henny Porten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asta_Nielsen" title="Asta Nielsen">Asta Nielsen</a> (the latter originally from Denmark) were the first major film stars in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1914, however, many foreign films were imported. In the era of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> there were no language boundaries and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italian films</a> were particularly popular in Germany. The public's desire to see more films with particular actors led to the development in Germany, as elsewhere, of the phenomenon of the film star; the actress <a href="/wiki/Henny_Porten" title="Henny Porten">Henny Porten</a> was one of the earliest German stars. Public desire to see popular film stories being continued encouraged the production of <a href="/wiki/Film_serial" class="mw-redirect" title="Film serial">film serials</a>, especially in the genre of <a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">mystery films</a>, which is where the director <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> began his illustrious career. </p><p>The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the subsequent boycott of, for example, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">French films</a> left a noticeable gap in the market. By 1916, there already existed some 2000 fixed venues for movie performances and initially film screenings were supplemented or even replaced by variety turns. In 1917 a process of concentration and partial nationalisation of the German film industry began with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum Film AG">Universum Film AG</a> (UFA), which was partly a reaction to the very effective use that the Allied Powers had found for the new medium for the purpose of propaganda. Under the aegis of the military, so-called <i>Vaterland</i> films were produced, which equalled the Allies' films in the matter of propaganda and disparagement of the enemy. Audiences however did not care to swallow the patriotic medicine without the accompanying sugar of the light-entertainment films which, consequently, Ufa also promoted. The German film industry soon became the largest in Europe. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1895%E2%80%931918" title="List of German films of 1895–1918">List of German films of 1895–1918</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918–1933_Weimar_Republic"><span id="1918.E2.80.931933_Weimar_Republic"></span>1918–1933 Weimar Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1918–1933 Weimar Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502,_Berlin,_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum Film AG">UFA Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Tempelhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Tempelhof">Berlin-Tempelhof</a>, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The German film industry, which was protected during the war by the ban on foreign films import, became exposed at the end of the war to the international film industry while having to face an embargo, this time on its own films. Many countries banned the import of German films and audiences themselves were resisting anything that was "German".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the ban imposed on German films involved commercial considerations as well – as an American president of one of the film companies was quoted, "an influx of such films in the United States would throw thousands of our own... out of work, because it would be absolutely impossible for the American producers to compete with the German producers".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At home, the German film industry confronted an unstable economic situation and the devaluation of the currency made it difficult for the smaller production companies to function. Film industry financing was a fragile business and expensive productions occasionally led to bankruptcy. In 1925 UFA itself was forced to go into a disadvantageous partnership called <a href="/wiki/Parufamet" title="Parufamet">Parufamet</a> with the American studios <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a> and <a href="/wiki/MGM" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM">MGM</a>, before being taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> industrialist and newspaper owner <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metropolis_(German_three-sheet_poster).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Metropolis_%28German_three-sheet_poster%29.jpg/130px-Metropolis_%28German_three-sheet_poster%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Metropolis_%28German_three-sheet_poster%29.jpg/195px-Metropolis_%28German_three-sheet_poster%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Metropolis_%28German_three-sheet_poster%29.jpg/260px-Metropolis_%28German_three-sheet_poster%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (1927), directed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>, first film to be inscribed on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Register</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nevertheless, the German film industry enjoyed an unprecedented development – during the 14 years which comprise the Weimar period, an average of 250 film were being produced each year, a total of 3,500 full-feature films.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from UFA, about 230 film companies were active in Berlin alone. This industry was attracting producers and directors from all over Europe. The fact that the films were silent and language was not a factor, enabled even foreign actors, like the Danish film star <a href="/wiki/Asta_Nielsen" title="Asta Nielsen">Asta Nielsen</a> or the American <a href="/wiki/Louise_Brooks" title="Louise Brooks">Louise Brooks</a>, to be hired even for leading roles. This period can also be noted for new technological developments in film making and experimentation in set design and lighting, led by UFA. <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a>, which was incorporated into UFA, expanded massively and gave the German film industry a highly developed infrastructure. Babelsberg remained the centre of German filmmaking for many years, became the largest film studio in Europe and produced most of the films in this "golden era" of German cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence it was "the German equivalent to Hollywood".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Films about an exaggerated version of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a> that included "<a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">geishas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a>" were popular in Germany during this era.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the unstable economic condition and in an attempt to deal with modest production budgets, filmmakers were trying to reach the largest audience possible and in that, to maximize their revenues. This led to films being made in a vast array of genres and styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-poster.jpg/130px-CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-poster.jpg/195px-CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-poster.jpg/260px-CABINETOFDRCALIGARI-poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> (1920), directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a>, a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main film genres associated with the Weimar Republic cinema is <a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionism</a> which was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionist</a> movement in art. Expressionist movies relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a> and artistic <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">imagery</a> rather than stark <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> to tell their stories. Given the grim mood in post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it was not surprising that these films focused heavily on crime and horror. The film usually credited with sparking the popularity of expressionism is <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari_(1920_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920 film)">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> (1920), produced by <a href="/wiki/Erich_Pommer" title="Erich Pommer">Erich Pommer</a>. The film tells the story of a demented <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnotist</a> who is using a sleepwalker to perform a series of murders. The film featured a dark and twisted visual style – the set was unrealistic with geometric images painted on the floor and shapes in light and shadow cast on walls, the acting was exaggerated and the costumes bizarre. These stylistic elements became trademarks of this cinematic movement. Other notable works of Expressionism are <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau">Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nosferatu" title="Nosferatu">Nosferatu</a></i> (1922), a classic period-piece horror film that remains the first feature-length film adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Bram Stoker's Dracula</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Boese" title="Carl Boese">Carl Boese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wegener" title="Paul Wegener">Paul Wegener</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golem:_How_He_Came_Into_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golem: How He Came Into the World">The Golem: How He Came Into the World</a></i> (1920), a Gothic retelling of the Jewish folktale, and <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (1927), a legendary <a href="/wiki/Science-fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-fiction">science-fiction</a> epic directed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>. The Expressionist movement began to wane during the mid-1920s, but perhaps the fact that its main creators moved to <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood, California</a>, allowed this style to remain influential in world cinema for years to come, particularly in American <a href="/wiki/Horror_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror films">horror films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> and in the works of European directors such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its significance, expressionist cinema was not the dominant genre of this era.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other genres such as period dramas, melodramas, romantic comedies, and films of social and political nature, were much more prevalent and definitely more popular. </p><p>The "master" of period-dramas was undoubtedly <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a>. His most notable films of this genre were <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_DuBarry_(1919_film)" title="Madame DuBarry (1919 film)">Madame DuBarry</a></i> (1919) which portrayed the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> through the eyes of the King of France's mistress, and the film <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Boleyn_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Boleyn (film)">Anna Boleyn</a></i> (1920) on the tragic end of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">King Henry VIII</a>'s second wife. In these films, Lubitsch presented prominent historic personalities who are caught up by their weaknesses and petty urges and thus, ironically, become responsible for huge historical events. Despite modest budgets, his films included extravagant scenes which were meant to appeal to a wide audience and insure a wide international distribution. </p><p>As the genre of expressionism began to diminish, the genre of the <a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Objectivity (film)">New Objectivity</a> (die neue Sachlichkeit) began to take its place. It was influenced by new issues which occupied the public in those years, as the rampant inflation caused deterioration in the economic status of the middle class. These films, often called "street films" or "asphalt films", tried to reflect reality in all its complexity and ugliness. They focused on objects surrounding the characters and cynically symbolized the despair felt by the German people, whose lives were shattered after the war. The most prominent film maker who is associated with this genre is <a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Georg Wilhelm Pabst</a> in his films such as: <i><a href="/wiki/Joyless_Street" title="Joyless Street">Joyless Street</a></i> (1925), <i><a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_Box_(1929_film)" title="Pandora's Box (1929 film)">Pandora's Box</a></i> (1929), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Loves_of_Jeanne_Ney" class="mw-redirect" title="The Loves of Jeanne Ney">The Loves of Jeanne Ney</a></i> (1927). Pabst is also credited with innovations in film editing, such as reversing the angle of the camera or cutting between two camera angles, which enhanced film continuity and later became standards of the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pabst is also identified with another genre which branched from the New Objectivity – that of social and political films. These filmmakers dared to confront sensitive and controversial social issues which engaged the public in those days; such as <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitism</a>, prostitution and homosexuality. To a large extent, Weimar cinema was playing a vibrant and important role by leading public debate on those issues.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pabst, in his film <i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Lost_Girl" title="Diary of a Lost Girl">Diary of a Lost Girl</a></i> (1929), tells the story of a young woman who has a child out of wedlock, is thrown out into the street by her family and has to resort to prostitution to survive. As early as 1919, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oswald" title="Richard Oswald">Richard Oswald</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Different_from_the_Others" title="Different from the Others">Different from the Others</a></i> portrayed a man torn between his homosexual tendencies and the moral and social conventions. It is considered to be the first German film to deal with homosexuality and some researchers even believe it to be the first in the world to examine this issue explicitly.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_Murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual Murder">Ritual Murder</a></i> (1919) by Jewish film producer <a href="/wiki/Max_Nivelli" title="Max Nivelli">Max Nivelli</a> came to the screen. This film was the first to make the German public aware of the consequences of anti-Semitism and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>. It portrayed a "<a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>" which is carried out against the Jewish inhabitants of a village in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist Russia</a>. In the background, a love story also evolves between a young Russian student and the daughter of the leader of the Jewish community, something that was considered a <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> at the time. Later on, in an attempt to reflect the rapidly growing anti-Semitic atmosphere, Oswald confronted the same issue with his film <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_(1930_film)" title="Dreyfus (1930 film)"><i>Dreyfus</i></a> (1930), which portrayed the 1894 political scandal of the "<a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>", which until today remains one of the most striking examples of miscarriage of justice and blatant anti-Semitism. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlene_Dietrich_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marlene_Dietrich_02.jpg/170px-Marlene_Dietrich_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marlene_Dietrich_02.jpg/255px-Marlene_Dietrich_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marlene_Dietrich_02.jpg/340px-Marlene_Dietrich_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>, one of the biggest stars in German cinema history, was also a vocal figure in terms of politics.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The polarised politics of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar period</a> were also reflected in some of its films. A series of patriotic films about <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> history, starring <a href="/wiki/Otto_Geb%C3%BChr" title="Otto Gebühr">Otto Gebühr</a> as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> were produced throughout the 1920s and were popular with the nationalist right-wing, who strongly criticised the "asphalt" films' decadence. Another dark chapter of the Weimar period was reflected in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Delmont" title="Joseph Delmont">Joseph Delmont</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Humanity_Unleashed" title="Humanity Unleashed">Humanity Unleashed</a></i> (1920). The film was an adaptation of a novel by the same name, written by <a href="/wiki/Max_Glass" title="Max Glass">Max Glass</a> and published in 1919. The novel described a dark world consumed by disease and war. The filmmakers decided to take the story to a more contemporary context by reflecting the growing fear among the German public of political <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalization</a>. They produced what was to become the first fictional account of the events of January 1919 in Berlin, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Spartacist_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist Uprising">Spartacist Uprising</a>". This film is also considered one of the anti-<a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> films of that era.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important film genre of the Weimar years was the <a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspiel</a> or "chamber drama", which was borrowed from the theater and developed by stage director, who would later become a film producer and director himself, <a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a>. This style was in many ways a reaction against the spectacle of expressionism and thus tended to revolve around ordinary people from the lower-middle-class. Films of this genre were often called "instinct" films because they emphasized the impulses and intimate psychology of the characters. The sets were kept to a minimum and there was abundant use of camera movements to add complexity to the rather intimate and simple spaces. Associated with this particular style is also screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Carl_Mayer" title="Carl Mayer">Carl Mayer</a> and films such as Murnau's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Laugh_(1924_film)" title="The Last Laugh (1924 film)">Last Laugh</a> (1924).</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Abenteuer_des_Prinzen_Achmed_(screenshot).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Die_Abenteuer_des_Prinzen_Achmed_%28screenshot%29.jpg/220px-Die_Abenteuer_des_Prinzen_Achmed_%28screenshot%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Die_Abenteuer_des_Prinzen_Achmed_%28screenshot%29.jpg/330px-Die_Abenteuer_des_Prinzen_Achmed_%28screenshot%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/Die_Abenteuer_des_Prinzen_Achmed_%28screenshot%29.jpg/440px-Die_Abenteuer_des_Prinzen_Achmed_%28screenshot%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Prince_Achmed" title="The Adventures of Prince Achmed">The Adventures of Prince Achmed</a></i> (1926), directed by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Reiniger" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Reiniger">Charlotte Reiniger</a>, the oldest surviving animated feature film and first use of a <a href="/wiki/Multiplane_camera" title="Multiplane camera">multiplane camera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nature films, a genre referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Bergfilm</a>,</i> also became popular. Most known in this category are the films by director <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Fanck" title="Arnold Fanck">Arnold Fanck</a>, in which individuals were shown battling against nature in the mountains. Animators and directors of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental films</a> such as; <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Reiniger" title="Lotte Reiniger">Lotte Reiniger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Fischinger" title="Oskar Fischinger">Oskar Fischinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ruttmann" title="Walter Ruttmann">Walter Ruttmann</a>, were also very active in Germany in the 1920s. Ruttman's experimental documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Berlin:_Symphony_of_a_Metropolis" title="Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis">Berlin: Symphony of a Metropolis</a></i> (1927) epitomised the energy of 1920s Berlin. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Lang_(1969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fritz_Lang_%281969%29.jpg/170px-Fritz_Lang_%281969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fritz_Lang_%281969%29.jpg/255px-Fritz_Lang_%281969%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Fritz_Lang_%281969%29.jpg/340px-Fritz_Lang_%281969%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Fritz Lang, director of important German expressionist films like <i><a href="/wiki/M_(1931_film)" title="M (1931 film)">M</a></i> from 1931, an indispensable influence on modern crime and thriller fiction<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of sound at the very end of the 1920s, produced a final artistic flourish of German film before the collapse of the Weimar Republic in 1933. As early as 1918, three inventors came up with the <a href="/wiki/Tri-Ergon" title="Tri-Ergon">Tri-Ergon</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> system and tried to introduce it to the industry between 1922 and 1926. <a href="/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum Film AG">UFA</a> showed an interest, but possibly due to financial difficulties, never made a sound film.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the late 1920s, sound production and distribution were starting to be adopted by the German film industry and by 1932 Germany had 3,800 cinemas equipped to play sound films. The first filmmakers who experimented with the new technology often shot the film in several versions, using several soundtracks in different languages. The film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Angel" title="The Blue Angel">The Blue Angel</a></i> (1930), directed by the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Josef von Sternberg</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Erich_Pommer" title="Erich Pommer">Erich Pommer</a>, was also shot in two versions – German and English, with a different supporting cast in each version. It is considered to be Germany's first "<a href="/wiki/Talkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkie">talkie</a>" and will always be remembered as the film that made an international superstar of its lead actress <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>. Other notable early sound films, all from 1931, include <a href="/wiki/Phil_Jutzi" title="Phil Jutzi">Jutzi's</a> adaptation to Alfred Döblin's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Berlin-Alexanderplatz_(1931_film)" title="Berlin-Alexanderplatz (1931 film)">Berlin Alexanderplatz</a></i>, Pabst's <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera_(1931_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Threepenny Opera (1931 film)">The Threepenny Opera</a></i> and Lang's <i><a href="/wiki/M_(1931_film)" title="M (1931 film)">M</a>,</i> as well as <a href="/wiki/Werner_Hochbaum" title="Werner Hochbaum">Hochbaum's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Raid_in_St._Pauli" title="Raid in St. Pauli">Raid in St. Pauli</a></i> (1932). Brecht was also one of the creators of the explicitly <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Kuhle_Wampe" title="Kuhle Wampe">Kuhle Wampe</a></i> (1932), which was banned soon after its release. </p><p>In addition to developments in the industry itself, the Weimar period saw the birth of <a href="/wiki/Film_criticism" title="Film criticism">film criticism</a> as a serious discipline whose practitioners included <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Arnheim" title="Rudolf Arnheim">Rudolf Arnheim</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Weltb%C3%BChne" title="Die Weltbühne">Die Weltbühne</a></i> and in <i>Film als Kunst</i> (1932), <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Béla Balázs</a> in <i>Der Sichtbare Mensch</i> (1924), <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Zeitung">Frankfurter Zeitung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lotte_H._Eisner" title="Lotte H. Eisner">Lotte H. Eisner</a> in the <i>Filmkurier</i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_1919%E2%80%931933" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German films 1919–1933">List of German films 1919–1933</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933–1945_Nazi_Germany"><span id="1933.E2.80.931945_Nazi_Germany"></span>1933–1945 Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1933–1945 Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Nazi_Germany"></span> </p><p>The uncertain economic and political situation in Weimar Germany had already led to a number of film-makers and performers leaving the country, primarily for the United States; Ernst Lubitsch moved to Hollywood as early as 1923, the Hungarian-born <a href="/wiki/Michael_Curtiz" title="Michael Curtiz">Michael Curtiz</a> in 1926. Some 1,500 directors, producers, actors and other film professionals <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigrated</a> in the years after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a> came to power. Among them were such key figures as the producer <a href="/wiki/Erich_Pommer" title="Erich Pommer">Erich Pommer</a>, the studio head of Ufa, stars Marlene Dietrich and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a>, and director <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>. Lang's exodus to America is legendary; it is said that <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> so greatly impressed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> that he asked Lang to become the head of his propaganda film unit. Lang fled to America instead, where he had a long and prosperous career. Many up-and-coming German directors also fled to the U.S., having a major influence on American film as a result. A number of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Horror">Universal Horror</a> films of the 1930s were directed by German emigrees, including <a href="/wiki/Karl_Freund" title="Karl Freund">Karl Freund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_May" title="Joe May">Joe May</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Siodmak" title="Robert Siodmak">Robert Siodmak</a>. Directors <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ulmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Ulmer">Edgar Ulmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Douglas Sirk</a> and the Austrian-born screenwriter (and later director) <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> also emigrated from Nazi Germany to Hollywood success. Not all those in the film industry threatened by the Nazi regime were able to escape; the actor and director <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerron" title="Kurt Gerron">Kurt Gerron</a>, for example, perished in a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">concentration camp</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titania-Palast_bei_Nacht_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Titania-Palast_bei_Nacht_2.jpg/220px-Titania-Palast_bei_Nacht_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Titania-Palast_bei_Nacht_2.jpg/330px-Titania-Palast_bei_Nacht_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Titania-Palast_bei_Nacht_2.jpg/440px-Titania-Palast_bei_Nacht_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Titania-Palast" title="Titania-Palast">Titania-Palast</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Steglitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Steglitz">Berlin-Steglitz</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style movie theater opened in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>Within weeks of the <i><a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">Machtergreifung</a></i>, Alfred Hugenberg had effectively turned over Ufa to the ends of the Nazis, excluding Jews from employment in the company in March 1933, several months before the foundation in June of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsfilmkammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfilmkammer">Reichsfilmkammer</a></i> (Reich Chamber of Film), the body of the Nazi state charged with control of the film industry, which marked the official exclusion of Jews and foreigners from employment in the German film industry. As part of the process of <i><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i> all film production in Germany was subordinate to the <i>Reichsfilmkammer</i>, which was directly responsible to Goebbel's <a href="/wiki/Propagandaministerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Propagandaministerium">Propaganda ministry</a>, and all those employed in the industry had to be members of the <i>Reichsfachschaft Film</i>. "Non-Aryan" film professionals and those whose politics or personal life were unacceptable to the Nazis were excluded from the <i>Reichsfachschaft</i> and thus denied employment in the industry. Some 3,000 individuals were affected by this employment ban. In addition, as journalists were also organised as a division of the Propaganda Ministry, Goebbels was able to abolish film criticism in 1936 and replace it with <i>Filmbeobachtung</i> (film observation); journalists could only report on the content of a film, not offer judgement on its artistic or other worth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leni_Riefenstahl,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leni_Riefenstahl%2C_1935.jpg/170px-Leni_Riefenstahl%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leni_Riefenstahl%2C_1935.jpg/255px-Leni_Riefenstahl%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Leni_Riefenstahl%2C_1935.jpg/340px-Leni_Riefenstahl%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> was a major director in Nazi Germany. Her film <i><a href="/wiki/Olympia_(1938_film)" title="Olympia (1938 film)">Olympia</a></i> from 1938 about the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> had a major impact on modern sports coverage<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>With the German film industry now effectively an arm of the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> state, no films could be made that were not ostensibly in accord with the views of the ruling regime. However, despite the existence of anti-semitic propaganda works such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Jew_(1940_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eternal Jew (1940 film)">The Eternal Jew</a></i> (1940)—which was a box-office flop—and the more sophisticated but equally anti-semitic <i><a href="/wiki/Jud_S%C3%BC%C3%9F_(1940_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jud Süß (1940 film)">Jud Süß</a></i> (1940), which achieved commercial success at home and elsewhere in Europe, the majority of German films from the National Socialist period were intended principally as works of entertainment. The import of foreign films was legally restricted after 1936 and the German industry, which was effectively <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalised</a> in 1937, had to make up for the missing foreign films (above all American productions). Entertainment also became increasingly important in the later years of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when the cinema provided a distraction from Allied bombing and a string of German defeats. In both 1943 and 1944 cinema admissions in Germany exceeded a billion,<sup id="cite_ref-spio_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spio-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the biggest box office hits of the war years were <i><a href="/wiki/Die_gro%C3%9Fe_Liebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Die große Liebe">Die große Liebe</a></i> (1942) and <i><a href="/wiki/Wunschkonzert" title="Wunschkonzert">Wunschkonzert</a></i> (1941), which both combine elements of the <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a>, wartime romance and patriotic propaganda, <i><a href="/wiki/Frauen_sind_doch_bessere_Diplomaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Frauen sind doch bessere Diplomaten">Frauen sind doch bessere Diplomaten</a></i> (1941), a comic musical which was one of the earliest German films in colour, and <i><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Blood_(film)" title="Vienna Blood (film)">Vienna Blood</a></i> (1942), the adaptation of a <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strau%C3%9F_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Strauß II">Johann Strauß</a> comic operetta. <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1943_film)" title="Titanic (1943 film)">Titanic</a></i> (1943) was another big-budget epic that arguably inspired other films about the ill-fated ocean liner.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of the cinema as a tool of the state, both for its propaganda value and its ability to keep the populace entertained, can be seen in the filming history of <a href="/wiki/Veit_Harlan" title="Veit Harlan">Veit Harlan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kolberg_(film)" title="Kolberg (film)">Kolberg</a></i> (1945), the most expensive film of the Nazi era, for the shooting of which tens of thousands of soldiers were diverted from their military positions to appear as extras. </p><p>Despite the emigration of many film-makers and the political restrictions, the period was not without technical and aesthetic innovations, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfacolor</a> film production being a notable example. Technical and aesthetic achievement could also be turned to the specific ends of the Nazi state, most spectacularly in the work of <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>. Riefenstahl's <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></i> (1935), documenting the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Olympia_(1938_film)" title="Olympia (1938 film)">Olympia</a></i> (1938), documenting the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a>, pioneered techniques of camera movement and editing that have influenced many later films. Both films, particularly <i>Triumph of the Will</i>, remain highly controversial, as their aesthetic merit is inseparable from their propagandising of Nazi ideals. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_1933%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German films 1933–1945">List of German films 1933–1945</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1989_East_Germany"><span id="1945.E2.80.931989_East_Germany"></span>1945–1989 East Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1945–1989 East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East German cinema initially profited from the fact that much of the country's film infrastructure, notably the former UFA studios, lay in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone">Soviet occupation zone</a> which enabled film production to get off the ground more quickly than in the Western sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Allan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authorities in the Soviet Zone were keen to re-establish the film industry in their sector and an order was issued to re-open cinemas in Berlin in May 1945 within three weeks of German capitulation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film production company <a href="/wiki/DEFA_(film_studio)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFA (film studio)">DEFA</a> was founded on 17 May 1946, and took control of the film production facilities in the Soviet Zone which had been confiscated by order of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Military_Administration_in_Germany" title="Soviet Military Administration in Germany">Soviet Military Administration in Germany</a> in October 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-defa-stiftung_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defa-stiftung-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a> on paper, the majority interest in DEFA was actually held by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED) which became the ruling party of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR) after 1949, formally placing DEFA as the state-owned monopoly for film production in East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sister "company", <a href="/wiki/Progress_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Film">Progress Film</a>, had also been established as a similar monopoly for domestic film distribution, its principal "competition" being Sovexportfilm, which handled distribution of Soviet films.<sup id="cite_ref-Blankenship_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankenship-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1005-0007-001,_Frank_Beyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1005-0007-001%2C_Frank_Beyer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1005-0007-001%2C_Frank_Beyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1005-0007-001%2C_Frank_Beyer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1005-0007-001%2C_Frank_Beyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1005-0007-001%2C_Frank_Beyer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B1005-0007-001%2C_Frank_Beyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Beyer" title="Frank Beyer">Frank Beyer</a>, director of <i><a href="/wiki/Jacob_the_Liar_(1975_film)" title="Jacob the Liar (1975 film)">Jacob the Liar</a></i> (1975), the only East German film ever nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In total, DEFA produced some 900 feature films during its existence as well as around 800 animated films and over 3000 documentaries and short films.<sup id="cite_ref-Allan_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946 DEFA produced <i><a href="/wiki/Die_M%C3%B6rder_sind_unter_uns" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Mörder sind unter uns">The Murderers are Among Us</a></i>, which was the first German film released after World War II and created the groundwork for the so-called <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Trümmerfilme</a>, or rubble films, which were filmed amidst the rubble of structures bombed during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early on, production of East German film was limited due to strict controls imposed by the authorities which restricted the subject-matter of films to topics that directly contributed to the Communist project of the state. Excluding newsreels and educational films, only 50 films were produced between 1948 and 1953.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, in later years numerous films were produced on a variety of themes. DEFA had particular strengths in <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">children's films</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a> adaptations such as <i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%99i_o%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ky_pro_Popelku" class="mw-redirect" title="Tři oříšky pro Popelku">Drei Haselnüsse für Aschenbrödel</a> (Three Hazelnuts for Cinderella)</i> (1973),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it also attempted other genre works: science-fiction, for example <i><a href="/wiki/Der_schweigende_Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="Der schweigende Stern">Der schweigende Stern</a> (The Silent Star)</i> (1960),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an adaptation of a <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> novel, or "<a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">red westerns</a>" such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_the_Great_Mother_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sons of the Great Mother Bear">The Sons of the Great Mother Bear</a></i> (1966)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which, in contrast to the typical American western, the heroes tended to be Native Americans. Many of these genre films were co-productions with other <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> countries. </p><p>Notable non-genre films produced by DEFA include Wolfgang Staudte's adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Untertan_(film)" title="Der Untertan (film)">Der Untertan</a></i> (1951); <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wolf" title="Konrad Wolf">Konrad Wolf</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divided_Heaven_(film)" title="Divided Heaven (film)">Der geteilte Himmel</a> (Divided Heaven)</i> (1964), an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a>'s novel; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Beyer" title="Frank Beyer">Frank Beyer</a>'s adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Jurek_Becker" title="Jurek Becker">Jurek Becker</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jacob_the_Liar_(1975_film)" title="Jacob the Liar (1975 film)">Jacob the Liar</a></i> (1975), the only East German film to be nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Paul_and_Paula" title="The Legend of Paul and Paula">The Legend of Paul and Paula</a></i> (1973), directed by <a href="/wiki/Heiner_Carow" title="Heiner Carow">Heiner Carow</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Plenzdorf" title="Ulrich Plenzdorf">Ulrich Plenzdorf</a>'s novel; and <i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Sunny" title="Solo Sunny">Solo Sunny</a></i> (1980), again the work of Konrad Wolf. </p><p>However, film-making in the GDR was always constrained and oriented by the political situation in the country at any given time. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a>, the communist leader in the Weimar period, was the subject of several <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographical</a> films in the 1950s (<i><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_(film)" title="Ernst Thälmann (film)">Ernst Thälmann</a></i>, 1954), and although East German filmmaking moved away from this overtly <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> approach in the 1960s,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filmmakers were still subject to the changing political positions, and indeed the whims, of the SED leadership. For example, DEFA's full slate of contemporary films from 1966 were denied distribution, among them Frank Beyer's <i><a href="/wiki/Traces_of_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Traces of Stones">Traces of Stones</a></i> (1966) which was pulled from distribution after three days, not because it was antipathetic to communist principles, but because it showed that such principles, which it fostered, were not put into practice at all times in East Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The huge box-office hit <i>The Legend of Paul and Paula</i> was initially threatened with a distribution ban because of its satirical elements and supposedly only allowed a release on the say-so of Party General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, numerous film-makers left the GDR for the West as a result of restrictions on their work, among them director <a href="/wiki/Egon_G%C3%BCnther" title="Egon Günther">Egon Günther</a> and actors <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Domr%C3%B6se" title="Angelica Domröse">Angelica Domröse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva-Maria_Hagen" title="Eva-Maria Hagen">Eva-Maria Hagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katharina_Thalbach" title="Katharina Thalbach">Katharina Thalbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilmar_Thate" title="Hilmar Thate">Hilmar Thate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Krug" title="Manfred Krug">Manfred Krug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armin_Mueller-Stahl" title="Armin Mueller-Stahl">Armin Mueller-Stahl</a>. Many had been signatories of a 1976 petition opposing the <a href="/wiki/Expatriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriation">expatriation</a> of socially critical singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Biermann" title="Wolf Biermann">Wolf Biermann</a> and had had their ability to work restricted as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the final years of the GDR, the availability of television and the programming and films on television broadcasts reaching into the GDR via the uncontrollable airwaves, reduced the influence of DEFA productions, although its continuing role in producing shows for East German television channel remained.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Die_Wende" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Wende">Wende</a>, DEFA had ceased production altogether, and its studios and equipment was sold off by the <a href="/wiki/Treuhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Treuhand">Treuhand</a> in 1992, but its <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">intellectual property rights</a> were handed to the charitable <i>DEFA-Stiftung</i> (DEFA Foundation) which exploits these rights in conjunction with a series of private companies, especially the quickly privatized Progress Film GmbH, which has issued several East German films with English subtitles since the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-defa-stiftung_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defa-stiftung-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blankenship_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blankenship-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_East_German_films" title="List of East German films">List of East German films</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1989_West_Germany"><span id="1945.E2.80.931989_West_Germany"></span>1945–1989 West Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1945–1989 West Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1945–1960_Reconstruction"><span id="1945.E2.80.931960_Reconstruction"></span>1945–1960 Reconstruction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1945–1960 Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The occupation and reconstruction of Germany by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Four Powers</a> in the period immediately after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought a major and long-lasting change to the economic conditions under which the industry in Germany had previously operated. The holdings of Ufa were confiscated by the Allies and, as part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Decartelisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decartelisation">decartelisation</a>, licences to produce films were shared between a range of much smaller companies. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_Statute" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation Statute">Occupation Statute</a> of 1949, which granted partial independence to the newly created <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, specifically forbade the imposition of import quotas to protect German film production from foreign competition, the result of lobbying by the American industry as represented by the <a href="/wiki/MPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="MPAA">MPAA</a>. </p><p>Amidst the devastation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Stunde_Null" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunde Null">Stunde Null</a></i> year of 1945 cinema attendance was unsurprisingly down to a fraction of its wartime heights, but already by the end of the decade it had reached levels that exceeded the pre-war period.<sup id="cite_ref-spio_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spio-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time in many years, German audiences had free access to cinema from around the world and in this period the films of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> remained popular, as were <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramas</a> from the United States. Nonetheless, the share of the film market for German films in this period and into the 1950s remained relatively large, taking up some 40 percent of the total market. American films took up around 30 percent of the market despite having around twice as many films in distribution as the German industry in the same time frame.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the German films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as belonging to the genre of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Trümmerfilm</a></i> (literally "rubble film"). These films show strong affinities with the work of <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealists</a>, not least <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a>'s neorealist trilogy which included <i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Year_Zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany Year Zero">Germany Year Zero</a></i> (1948), and are concerned primarily with day-to-day life in the devastated Germany and an initial reaction to the events of the Nazi period (the full horror of which was first experienced by many in documentary footage from liberated concentration camps). Such films include <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Staudte" title="Wolfgang Staudte">Wolfgang Staudte</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Die_M%C3%B6rder_sind_unter_uns" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Mörder sind unter uns">Die Mörder sind unter uns</a> (The Murderers are among us)</i> (1946), the first film made in post-war Germany (produced in the soviet sector), and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Liebeneiner" title="Wolfgang Liebeneiner">Wolfgang Liebeneiner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Liebe_47" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebe 47">Liebe 47</a> (Love 47)</i> (1949), an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Borchert" title="Wolfgang Borchert">Wolfgang Borchert</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Drau%C3%9Fen_vor_der_T%C3%BCr" class="mw-redirect" title="Draußen vor der Tür">Draußen vor der Tür</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romy_Schneider_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Romy_Schneider_1973.jpg/170px-Romy_Schneider_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Romy_Schneider_1973.jpg/255px-Romy_Schneider_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Romy_Schneider_1973.jpg/340px-Romy_Schneider_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romy_Schneider" title="Romy Schneider">Romy Schneider</a>, an early star of the <a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the advent of a regular television service in the Federal Republic in 1952, cinema attendances continued to grow through much of the 1950s, reaching a peak of 817.5 million visits in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-spio_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spio-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the films of this period set out to do no more than entertain the audience and had few pretensions to artistry or active engagement with social issues. The defining genre of the period was arguably the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></i></span> ("homeland film"), in which morally simplistic tales of love and family were played out in a rural setting, often in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, Austria or Switzerland. In their day <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Heimatfilms</i></span> were of little interest to more scholarly film critics, but in recent years they have been the subject of study in relation to what they say about the culture of West Germany in the years of the <i><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i>. Other film genres typical of this period were adaptations of <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>, hospital <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramas</a>, comedies and musicals. Many films were <a href="/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">remakes</a> of earlier Ufa productions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wiederbewaffnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiederbewaffnung">Rearmament</a> and the founding of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i> in 1955 brought with it a wave of war films which tended to depict the ordinary German soldiers of World War II as brave and apolitical.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Omer Bartov</a> wrote that German films of the 1950s showed the average German soldier as a heroic victim: noble, tough, brave, honourable, and patriotic while fighting hard in a senseless war for a regime that he did not care for.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/08/15_(film)" title="08/15 (film)">08/15</a></i> film trilogy of 1954–55 concerns a sensitive young German soldier who would rather play the piano than fight, and who fights on the Eastern Front without understanding why; however, no mention is made of the genocidal aspects of Germany's war in East.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of the <i>08/15</i> films ends with Germany occupied by a gang of American soldiers portrayed as bubble-gum chewing, slack-jawed morons and uncultured louts, totally inferior in every respect to the heroic German soldiers shown in the <i>08/15</i> films.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only exception is the Jewish American officer, who is shown as both hyper-intelligent and very unscrupulous, which Bartov noted seems to imply that the real tragedy of World War II was the Nazis did not get a chance to exterminate all of the Jews, who have now returned with Germany's defeat to once more exploit the German people.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_of_Stalingrad" title="The Doctor of Stalingrad">The Doctor of Stalingrad</a></i> (1958) dealing with German POWs in the Soviet Union, Germans are portrayed as more civilized, humane and intelligent than the Soviets, who are shown for the most part as Mongol savages who brutalized the German POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference_A_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference_A-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the German POWs successfully seduces the beautiful and tough Red Army Captain Alexandra Kasalniskaya (<a href="/wiki/Eva_Bartok" title="Eva Bartok">Eva Bartok</a>) who prefers him to the sadistic camp commandant, which as Bartov comments also is meant to show that even in defeat, German men were more sexually virile and potent than their Russian counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference_A_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference_A-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad:_Dogs,_Do_You_Want_to_Live_Forever%3F" title="Stalingrad: Dogs, Do You Want to Live Forever?">Hunde, wollt ihr ewig leben?</a></i> (<i>Dogs, do you want to live forever?</i>) of 1959, which deals with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, the focus is on celebrating the heroism of the German soldier in that battle, who are shown as valiantly holding out against overwhelming odds with no mention at all of what those soldiers were fighting for, namely National Socialist ideology or the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period also saw a number of films that depicted the military <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">resistance to Hitler</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Des_Teufels_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Teufels General">Des Teufels General</a></i> (<i>The Devil's General</i>) of 1954, a Luftwaffe general named Harras loosely modeled after <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a>, appears at first to be cynical fool, but turns out to an anti-Nazi who is secretly sabotaging the German war effort by designing faulty planes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartov commented that in this film, the German officer corps is shown as a group of fundamentally noble and civilized men who happened to be serving an evil regime made up of a small gang of gangsterish misfits totally unrepresentative of German society, which served to exculpate both the officer corps and by extension Germany society.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartov wrote that no German film of the 1950s showed the deep commitment felt by many German soldiers to National Socialism, the utter ruthless way the German Army fought the war and the mindless nihilist brutality of the later Wehrmacht.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartov wrote that German film-makers liked to show the heroic last stand of the 6th Army at Stalingrad, but none has so far showed the 6th Army's massive co-operation with the <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> in murdering Soviet Jews in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though there are countless <a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">film adaptations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wallace" title="Edgar Wallace">Edgar Wallace</a> novels worldwide, the <a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">crime films</a> produced by the German company <a href="/wiki/Rialto_Film" title="Rialto Film">Rialto Film</a> between 1959 and 1972 are the best-known of those, to the extent that they form their own <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">subgenre</a> known as <b><a href="/wiki/Krimis" class="mw-redirect" title="Krimis">Krimis</a></b> (abbreviation for the German term "Kriminalfilm" (or "Kriminalroman"). Other Edgar Wallace adaptations in a similar style were made by the Germans <a href="/wiki/Artur_Brauner" title="Artur Brauner">Artur Brauner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Ulrich" title="Kurt Ulrich">Kurt Ulrich</a>, and the British producer <a href="/wiki/Harry_Alan_Towers" title="Harry Alan Towers">Harry Alan Towers</a>. </p><p>The international significance of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> film industry of the 1950s could no longer measure up to that of France, Italy, or Japan. German films were only rarely distributed internationally as they were perceived as provincial. International co-productions of the kind which were becoming common in France and Italy tended to be rejected by German producers (Schneider 1990:43). However a few German films and film-makers did achieve international recognition at this time, among them <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Wicki" title="Bernhard Wicki">Bernhard Wicki</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>-nominated <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke_(film)" title="Die Brücke (film)">Die Brücke</a> (The Bridge)</i> (1959), and the actresses <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Knef" title="Hildegard Knef">Hildegard Knef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romy_Schneider" title="Romy Schneider">Romy Schneider</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1945%E2%80%931949" title="List of German films of 1945–1949">List of German films of 1945–1949</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of German films of the 1950s">List of German films of the 1950s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960–1970_cinema_in_crisis"><span id="1960.E2.80.931970_cinema_in_crisis"></span>1960–1970 cinema in crisis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1960–1970 cinema in crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klaus_Kinski_-_Per_un_pugno_di_dollari.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Klaus_Kinski_-_Per_un_pugno_di_dollari.JPG/170px-Klaus_Kinski_-_Per_un_pugno_di_dollari.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Klaus_Kinski_-_Per_un_pugno_di_dollari.JPG/255px-Klaus_Kinski_-_Per_un_pugno_di_dollari.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Klaus_Kinski_-_Per_un_pugno_di_dollari.JPG/340px-Klaus_Kinski_-_Per_un_pugno_di_dollari.JPG 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinski" title="Klaus Kinski">Klaus Kinski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1950s, the growth in cinema attendance of the preceding decade first stagnated and then went into freefall throughout the 1960s. By 1969 West German cinema attendance at 172.2 million visits per year was less than a quarter of its 1956 post-war peak.<sup id="cite_ref-spio_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spio-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of this, numerous German production and distribution companies went out of business in the 1950s and 1960s and cinemas across the Federal Republic closed their doors; the number of screens in West Germany almost halved between the beginning and the end of the decade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Initially, the crisis was perceived as a problem of overproduction. Consequently, the German film industry cut back on production. 123 German movies were produced in 1955, only 65 in 1965. However, many German film companies followed the 1960s trends of <a href="/wiki/International_co-production" class="mw-redirect" title="International co-production">international co-productions</a> with Italy and Spain in such genres as <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaghetti westerns">spaghetti westerns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurospy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurospy">Eurospy</a> films with films shot in those nations or in Yugoslavia that featured German actors in the casts. </p><p>The roots of the problem lay deeper in changing economic and social circumstances. Average incomes in the Federal Republic rose sharply and this opened up alternative leisure activities to compete with cinema-going. At this time too, television was developing into a mass medium that could compete with the cinema. In 1953 there were only 1,000,000 sets in West Germany; by 1962 there were 7 million (Connor 1990:49) (Hoffman 1990:69). </p><p>The majority of films produced in the Federal Republic in the 1960s were genre works: <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">westerns</a>, especially the series of movies adapted from <a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a>'s popular genre novels which starred <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brice" title="Pierre Brice">Pierre Brice</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> <a href="/wiki/Winnetou" title="Winnetou">Winnetou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lex_Barker" title="Lex Barker">Lex Barker</a> as his white blood brother <a href="/wiki/Old_Shatterhand" title="Old Shatterhand">Old Shatterhand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thrillers</a> and crime films, notably a series of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Wallace_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Wallace movies">Edgar Wallace movies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rialto_Film" title="Rialto Film">Rialto Film</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinski" title="Klaus Kinski">Klaus Kinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Drache" title="Heinz Drache">Heinz Drache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karin_Dor" title="Karin Dor">Karin Dor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fuchsberger" title="Joachim Fuchsberger">Joachim Fuchsberger</a> were among the regular players. The traditional Krimi films expanded into series based on German pulp fiction heroes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Cotton" title="Jerry Cotton">Jerry Cotton</a></i> played by <a href="/wiki/George_Nader" title="George Nader">George Nader</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kommissar_X" title="Kommissar X">Kommissar X</a></i> played by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Kendall_(actor)" title="Tony Kendall (actor)">Tony Kendall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brad_Harris" title="Brad Harris">Brad Harris</a>. West Germany also made several horror films including ones starring <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a>. The two genres were combined in the return of <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Mabuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Mabuse">Doctor Mabuse</a></i> in a series of several films of the early 1960s. </p><p>At the end of the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">softcore</a> sex films, both the relatively serious <i>Aufklärungsfilme</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a> films) of <a href="/wiki/Oswalt_Kolle" title="Oswalt Kolle">Oswalt Kolle</a> and such <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation films">exploitation films</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Schulm%C3%A4dchen-Report" title="Schulmädchen-Report">Schulmädchen-Report</a> (Schoolgirl Report)</i> (1970) and its successors were produced into the 1970s. Such movies were commercially successful and often enjoyed international distribution, but won little acclaim from critics. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of German films of the 1960s">List of German films of the 1960s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960–1980_New_German_Cinema"><span id="1960.E2.80.931980_New_German_Cinema"></span>1960–1980 New German Cinema</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1960–1980 New German Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German Cinema</a></div> <p>In the 1960s more than three-quarters of the regular cinema audience were lost as consequence of the rising popularity of TV sets at home. As a reaction to the artistic and economic stagnation of German cinema, a group of young film-makers issued the <a href="/wiki/Oberhausen_Manifesto" title="Oberhausen Manifesto">Oberhausen Manifesto</a> on 28 February 1962. This call to arms, which included <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Reitz" title="Edgar Reitz">Edgar Reitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Schamoni" title="Peter Schamoni">Peter Schamoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz-Josef_Spieker" title="Franz-Josef Spieker">Franz-Josef Spieker</a> among its signatories, provocatively declared <i>"Der alte Film ist tot. Wir glauben an den neuen"</i> ("The old cinema is dead. We believe in the new cinema"). Other up-and-coming filmmakers allied themselves to this Oberhausen group, among them <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Straub" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Marie Straub">Jean-Marie Straub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Schroeter" title="Werner Schroeter">Werner Schroeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Syberberg" title="Hans-Jürgen Syberberg">Hans-Jürgen Syberberg</a> in their rejection of the existing German film industry and their determination to build a new cinema founded on artistic and social measures rather than commercial success. Most of these directors organized themselves in, or partially co-operated with, the film production and distribution company <i><a href="/wiki/Filmverlag_der_Autoren" title="Filmverlag der Autoren">Filmverlag der Autoren</a></i> established in 1971, which throughout the 1970s brought forth a number of critically acclaimed films. <a href="/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim" title="Rosa von Praunheim">Rosa von Praunheim</a>, who formed the German lesbian and gay movement with his film <i><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Not_the_Homosexual_Who_Is_Perverse,_But_the_Society_in_Which_He_Lives" title="It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives">It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives</a></i> (1971), also plays an important role.<sup id="cite_ref-DeutscheWelle_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeutscheWelle-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PER51895_061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PER51895_061.jpg/170px-PER51895_061.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PER51895_061.jpg/255px-PER51895_061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/PER51895_061.jpg/340px-PER51895_061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a>, one of the major figures and catalysts of the New German Cinema movement</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the foundation of the <i>Kuratorium Junger Deutscher Film</i> (Young German Film Committee) in 1965, set up under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior">Federal Ministry of the Interior</a> to support new German films financially, the directors of this <a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German Cinema</a> were consequently often dependent on money from television. Young filmmakers had the opportunity to test their mettle in such programmes as the stand-alone drama and documentary series <i>Das kleine Fernsehspiel</i> (The Little TV Play) or the television films of the crime series <i><a href="/wiki/Tatort" title="Tatort">Tatort</a></i>. However, the broadcasters sought TV premieres for the films which they had supported financially, with theatrical showings only occurring later. As a consequence, such films tended to be unsuccessful at the box office. </p><p>This situation changed after 1974 when the <i>Film-Fernseh-Abkommen</i> (Film and Television Accord) was agreed between the Federal Republic's main broadcasters, <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>, and the German Federal Film Board (a government body created in 1968 to support film-making in Germany).<sup id="cite_ref-FFA_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FFA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This accord, which has been repeatedly extended up to the present day, provides for the television companies to make available an annual sum to support the production of films which are suitable for both theatrical distribution and television presentation. (The amount of money provided by the public broadcasters has varied between 4.5 and 12.94 million euros per year. Under the terms of the accord, films produced using these funds can only be screened on television 24 months after their theatrical release. They may appear on video or DVD no sooner than six months after cinema release. Nevertheless, the New German Cinema found it difficult to attract a large domestic or international audience. </p><p>The socially critical films of the New German Cinema strove to delineate themselves from what had gone before and the works of <a href="/wiki/Auteur_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteur theory">auteur</a> film-makers such as Kluge and Fassbinder are examples of this, although Fassbinder in his use of stars from German cinema history also sought a reconciliation between the new cinema and the old. In addition, a distinction is sometimes drawn between the avantgarde "Young German Cinema" of the 1960s and the more accessible "New German Cinema" of the 1970s. For their influences the new generation of film-makers looked to <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a>, the French <i><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">Nouvelle Vague</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> but combined this eclectically with references to the well-established genres of Hollywood cinema. The New German Cinema dealt with contemporary German social problems in a direct way; the Nazi past, the plight of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gastarbeiter" title="Gastarbeiter">Gastarbeiter</a></i> ("guest workers"), and modern social developments, were all subjects prominent in New German Cinema films.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Films such as Kluge's <i><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_Girl" title="Yesterday Girl">Abschied von Gestern</a></i> (1966), Herzog's <i><a href="/wiki/Aguirre,_the_Wrath_of_God" title="Aguirre, the Wrath of God">Aguirre, the Wrath of God</a></i> (1972), Fassbinder's <i><a href="/wiki/Fear_Eats_the_Soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear Eats the Soul">Fear Eats the Soul</a></i> (1974) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Maria_Braun" title="The Marriage of Maria Braun">The Marriage of Maria Braun</a></i> (1979), and Wenders' <i><a href="/wiki/Paris,_Texas_(film)" title="Paris, Texas (film)">Paris, Texas</a></i> (1984) found critical approval. Often the work of these auteurs was first recognised abroad rather than in Germany itself. The work of post-war Germany's leading novelists <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> provided source material for the adaptations <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Honour_of_Katharina_Blum_(film)" title="The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum (film)">The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum</a></i> (1975) (by Schlöndorff and <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_von_Trotta" title="Margarethe von Trotta">Margarethe von Trotta</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum_(film)" title="The Tin Drum (film)">The Tin Drum</a></i> (1979) (by Schlöndorff alone) respectively, the latter becoming the first German film to win the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>. The New German Cinema also allowed for female directors to come to the fore and for the development of a feminist cinema which encompassed the works of directors such as <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_von_Trotta" title="Margarethe von Trotta">Margarethe von Trotta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helma_Sanders-Brahms" title="Helma Sanders-Brahms">Helma Sanders-Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutta_Br%C3%BCckner" title="Jutta Brückner">Jutta Brückner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helke_Sander" title="Helke Sander">Helke Sander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Perincioli" title="Cristina Perincioli">Cristina Perincioli</a>. </p><p>German production companies have been quite commonly involved in expensive French and Italian productions from <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaghetti Westerns">Spaghetti Westerns</a> to French comic book adaptations. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of German films of the 1970s">List of German films of the 1970s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980–1989_popular_productions"><span id="1980.E2.80.931989_popular_productions"></span>1980–1989 popular productions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980–1989 popular productions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard-der-stars-IMG_1461x.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Boulevard-der-stars-IMG_1461x.JPG/220px-Boulevard-der-stars-IMG_1461x.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Boulevard-der-stars-IMG_1461x.JPG/330px-Boulevard-der-stars-IMG_1461x.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Boulevard-der-stars-IMG_1461x.JPG/440px-Boulevard-der-stars-IMG_1461x.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bernd Eichinger "star" at the Boulevard of Stars in Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>Having achieved some of its goals, among them the establishment of state funding for the film industry and renewed international recognition for German films, the New German Cinema had begun to show signs of fatigue by the 1980s, even though many of its proponents continued to enjoy individual success. </p><p>Among the commercial successes for German films of the 1980s were the <i>Otto</i> film series beginning in 1985 starring comedian <a href="/wiki/Otto_Waalkes" title="Otto Waalkes">Otto Waalkes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen" title="Wolfgang Petersen">Wolfgang Petersen</a>'s adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Unendliche_Geschichte_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Unendliche Geschichte (film)">The NeverEnding Story</a></i> (1984), and the internationally successful <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Boot_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Boot (film)">Das Boot</a></i> (1981), which still holds the record for most <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> nominations for a German film (six). Other notable film-makers who came to prominence in the 1980s include producer <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Eichinger" title="Bernd Eichinger">Bernd Eichinger</a> and directors <a href="/wiki/Doris_D%C3%B6rrie" title="Doris Dörrie">Doris Dörrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uli_Edel" title="Uli Edel">Uli Edel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vicco_von_B%C3%BClow" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicco von Bülow">Loriot</a>. </p><p>Away from the mainstream, the <a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">splatter film</a> director <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Buttgereit" title="Jörg Buttgereit">Jörg Buttgereit</a> came to prominence in the 1980s. The development of arthouse cinemas (<i>Programmkinos</i>) from the 1970s onwards provided a venue for the works of less mainstream film-makers like <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Achternbusch" title="Herbert Achternbusch">Herbert Achternbusch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hark_Bohm" title="Hark Bohm">Hark Bohm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominik_Graf" title="Dominik Graf">Dominik Graf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Herbrich" title="Oliver Herbrich">Oliver Herbrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_von_Praunheim" title="Rosa von Praunheim">Rosa von Praunheim</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Schlingensief" title="Christoph Schlingensief">Christoph Schlingensief</a>. </p><p>From the mid-1980s the spread of <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">videocassette recorders</a> and the arrival of private TV channels such as <a href="/wiki/RTL_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL Television">RTL Television</a> provided new competition for theatrical film distribution. Cinema attendance, having rallied slightly in the late 1970s after an all-time low of 115.1 million visits in 1976, dropped sharply again from the mid-1980s to end at just 101.6 million visits in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-spio_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spio-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the availability of a back catalogue of films on video also allowed for a different relationship between the viewer and an individual film, while private TV channels brought new money into the film industry and provided a launch pad from which new talent could later move into film. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of German films of the 1980s">List of German films of the 1980s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–Modern_Germany"><span id="1990.E2.80.93Modern_Germany"></span>1990–Modern Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990–Modern Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rabe_filming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Rabe_filming.jpg/220px-John_Rabe_filming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Rabe_filming.jpg/330px-John_Rabe_filming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Rabe_filming.jpg/440px-John_Rabe_filming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/John_Rabe_(film)" title="John Rabe (film)">John Rabe</a></i> (2009), directed by <a href="/wiki/Florian_Gallenberger" title="Florian Gallenberger">Florian Gallenberger</a>, filming on location in Shanghai harbour</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_(cropped)_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_%28cropped%29_b.jpg/220px-Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_%28cropped%29_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_%28cropped%29_b.jpg/330px-Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_%28cropped%29_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_%28cropped%29_b.jpg/440px-Museumsinsel_Berlin_Juli_2021_1_%28cropped%29_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5464" data-file-height="3186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> returned to being the capital of the German film industry since the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Today's biggest German production studios include <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Film" title="Bavaria Film">Bavaria Film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Film" title="Constantin Film">Constantin Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum Film AG">UFA</a>. Film releases such as <i><a href="/wiki/Run_Lola_Run" title="Run Lola Run">Run Lola Run</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tykwer" title="Tom Tykwer">Tom Tykwer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Bye_Lenin!" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Bye Lenin!">Good Bye Lenin!</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Becker_(director,_born_1954)" title="Wolfgang Becker (director, born 1954)">Wolfgang Becker</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Head-On_(film)" title="Head-On (film)">Head-On</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Akin" title="Fatih Akin">Fatih Akin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Perfume:_The_Story_of_a_Murderer_(film)" title="Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)">Perfume</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tykwer" title="Tom Tykwer">Tom Tykwer</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Others" title="The Lives of Others">The Lives of Others</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Florian_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck">Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck</a>, have arguably managed to recapture a provocative and innovative nature. Movies like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baader_Meinhof_Complex" title="The Baader Meinhof Complex">The Baader Meinhof Complex</a></i> produced by <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Eichinger" title="Bernd Eichinger">Bernd Eichinger</a> achieved some popular success. </p><p>Notable directors working in German currently include <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6nke_Wortmann" title="Sönke Wortmann">Sönke Wortmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Link" title="Caroline Link">Caroline Link</a> (winner of an Academy Award), <a href="/wiki/Romuald_Karmakar" title="Romuald Karmakar">Romuald Karmakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dani_Levy" title="Dani Levy">Dani Levy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Christian_Schmid" title="Hans-Christian Schmid">Hans-Christian Schmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Dresen" title="Andreas Dresen">Andreas Dresen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gansel" title="Dennis Gansel">Dennis Gansel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uli_Edel" title="Uli Edel">Uli Edel</a> as well as comedy directors <a href="/wiki/Michael_Herbig" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Herbig">Michael Herbig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Til_Schweiger" title="Til Schweiger">Til Schweiger</a>. </p><p>Internationally, German filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Roland_Emmerich" title="Roland Emmerich">Roland Emmerich</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen" title="Wolfgang Petersen">Wolfgang Petersen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Boll" title="Uwe Boll">Uwe Boll</a> built successful careers as directors and producers. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a>, a film composer, has become one of the world's most acclaimed producers of movie scores. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ballhaus" title="Michael Ballhaus">Michael Ballhaus</a> became a renowned cinematographer. </p><p>Germany has a long tradition of cooperation with the European-based film industry, which started as early as during the 1960s. Since 1990 the number of international projects financed and co-produced by German filmmakers has expanded. </p><p>The new millennium since 2000 has seen a general resurgence of the German film industry, with a higher output and improved returns at the German box office. </p><p>The collapse of the GDR had a large effect on the German cinema industry. The viewer count increased with the new population's access to western movies. The movies produced in the United States were the most popular, due to the fact that the market was dominated by them and the production was more advanced than Germany's. Some other genres that were popular consisted of Romantic Comedies, and Social Commentaries. Wolfgang Petersen and Roland Emmerich both established international success. </p><p>Internationally, German productions are benefitting from streaming. Their global market share is rising.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestically, the German movies improved their market share of about 16% in 1996 to around 30% in 2021.,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the movie culture is partly recognized to be underfunded, problem laden and rather inward looking. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of German films of the 1990s">List of German films of the 1990s</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of German films of the 2000s">List of German films of the 2000s</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of German films of the 2010s">List of German films of the 2010s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of German films of the 2020s">List of German films of the 2020s</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_funding">Film funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="German_film_funding"></span> </p><p>The main production incentive provided by governmental authorities is the Deutscher Filmförderfonds (DFFF) (German Federal Film Fund). The DFFF is a grant given by the Staatsministerin für Kultur und Medien (Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media). To receive the grant a producer has to fulfill different requirements including a cultural eligibility test. The fund offers 50 million euros a year to film producers and or co-producers and grants can amount to up to 20% of the approved German production costs. At least 25% the production costs must be spent in Germany, or only 20%, if the production costs are higher than 20 million euros. The DFFF has been established in 2007 and supported projects in all categories and genres. </p><p>In 2015, the Deutsche Filmförderungsfond was reduced from 60 million euros to 50 million euros. To compensate, Finance minister <a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Gabriel</a> announced that the difference will be made up from the budget of the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_and_Climate_Action" title="Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action">Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time in Germany high-profile tv series and digital filmmaking will be funded at a federal level in the same manner as feature films.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding is also increasingly flowing to international co-productions. </p><p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German states</a> also began to establish funding institutions, often with the intention of supporting their own production locations. Today, film funding by the federal states makes up the largest share of film funding in Germany. A total of more than 200 million euros in grants are distributed annually, with an upward trend. </p><p>The history of film funding began in Germany with the founding of the UFA GmbH (1917), which was to produce pro-German propaganda films - equipped with funds from industry and banks. During the period of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">National Socialism</a> (1933–1945), the state indirectly promoted the financing of film projects by establishing the Filmkreditbank GmbH (FKB) (Film Credit Bank). </p><p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many feature films were initially supported by federal guarantees. However, film funding in its current form did not develop until the 1950s, when television began to supplant motion pictures. In 1967, a film funding law was passed for the first time. The <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>-based Filmförderungsanstalt (FFA) (Film Funding Agency) was the first major funding institution to be founded in 1968. </p><p>Critics accuse film funding in Germany of being institutionally fragmented, making it virtually impossible to coordinate all measures, which would ultimately benefit the quality of productions. They also say that a blanket distribution of grants stifles the incentive to produce films that recoup their production costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_funding_institutions">Film funding institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film funding institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Film funding in Germany is provided, among others, by the following institutions: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal">Federal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deutscher Filmförderfonds (DFFF) (German Federal Film Fund) of the Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien (Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media)</li> <li>Filmförderungsanstalt (FFA) (Film Funding Agency), since 1968</li> <li>Kuratorium junger deutscher Film (Board of Trustees for Young German Film)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional">Regional</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>MFG Medien- und Filmgesellschaft <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, since 1995</li> <li>FilmFernsehFonds <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bayern</a>, seit 1996</li> <li>Medienboard <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, since 1994</li> <li>Filmbüro <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li>MOIN Filmförderung <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li>Filmbüro <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hessische</a> Filmförderung</li> <li>Film- und Medienbüro <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Niedersachsen</a></li> <li>Nordmedia – Film- und Mediengesellschaft <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Niedersachsen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> mbH</li> <li>Film- und Medienstiftung <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">NRW</a></li> <li>Filmbüro <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">Nordrhein-Westfalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">Mitteldeutsche</a> Medienförderung, since 1998</li> <li>MV Filmförderung, since 2020</li> <li>Filmbüro <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, until 2020</li> <li>Stiftung <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rheinland-Pfalz</a> für Kultur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarländisches</a> Filmbüro, until 1998</li> <li>Gesellschaft zur Förderung des Medienstandortes <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li>Filmverband <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Sachsen</a></li> <li>Kulturelle Filmförderung des Landes <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Sachsen-Anhalt</a> through the Kunststiftung des Landes <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Sachsen-Anhalt</a></li> <li>Filmbüro <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li>Kulturelle Filmförderung <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li>Kulturelle Filmförderung <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thüringen</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lokal:</b> </p> <ul><li>Filmbüro <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franken</a> (City of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nürnberg</a>)</li> <li>Förderverein Filmkultur <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festival">Festival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg/220px-Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg/330px-Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg/440px-Journalists_during_the_Berlin_Film_Festival_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a>, also known as Berlinale</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a>, also called <i>Berlinale</i>, is one of the world's leading film festivals and most reputable media events.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is held in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With 274,000 tickets sold and 487,000 admissions it is considered the largest publicly attended film festival worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 400 films are shown in several sections, representing a comprehensive array of the cinematic world. Around twenty films compete for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Kosslick" title="Dieter Kosslick">Dieter Kosslick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festival, the EFM and other satellite events are attended by around 20,000 professionals from over 130 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 4200 journalists are responsible for the media exposure in over 110 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At high-profile feature film premieres, movie stars and celebrities are present at the <a href="/wiki/Red_carpet" title="Red carpet">red carpet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the Berlin short film festival: <a href="/wiki/Moviemiento" title="Moviemiento">Moviemiento</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_Film_Academy">German Film Academy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: German Film Academy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Filmakademie" title="Deutsche Filmakademie">Deutsche Filmakademie</a> was founded in 2003 in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and aims to provide native filmmakers a forum for discussion and a way to promote the reputation of German cinema through publications, presentations, discussions and regular promotion of the subject in the schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2005, the winners of the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Filmpreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Filmpreis">Deutscher Filmpreis</a>, also known as the <i>Lolas</i> are elected by the members of the Deutsche Filmakademie. With a cash prize of three million euros it is the most highly endowed German cultural award. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50"><b>Year</b> </th> <th width="230"><b>English title</b> </th> <th width="230"><b>Original title</b> </th> <th width="210"><b>Director(s)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2005</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Alles_auf_Zucker!" title="Alles auf Zucker!">Go for Zucker</a></i></td> <td><i>Alles auf Zucker!</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Levy, Dani"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Dani_Levy" title="Dani Levy">Dani Levy</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2006</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Others" title="The Lives of Others">The Lives of Others</a></i></td> <td><i>Das Leben der Anderen</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Henckel von Donnersmarck, Florian"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Florian_Henckel_von_Donnersmarck" title="Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck">Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2007</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Minutes_(2006_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Minutes (2006 film)">Four Minutes</a></i></td> <td><i>Vier Minuten</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kraus"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Kraus_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Kraus (filmmaker)">Chris Kraus</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2008</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_Heaven_(film)" title="The Edge of Heaven (film)">The Edge of Heaven</a></i></td> <td><i>Auf der anderen Seite</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Akın, Fatih"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Ak%C4%B1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih Akın">Fatih Akın</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2009</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/John_Rabe_(film)" title="John Rabe (film)">John Rabe</a></i></td> <td><i>John Rabe</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Gallenberger, Florian"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Florian_Gallenberger" title="Florian Gallenberger">Florian Gallenberger</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2010</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_White_Ribbon" title="The White Ribbon">The White Ribbon</a></i></td> <td><i>Das weiße Band</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Haneke, Michael"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2011</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Wants_to_Sea" title="Vincent Wants to Sea">Vincent Wants to Sea</a></i></td> <td><i>Vincent will Meer</i></td> <td>Ralf Huettner </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2012</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Stopped_on_Track" title="Stopped on Track">Stopped on Track</a></i></td> <td><i>Halt auf freier Strecke</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Dresen, Andreas"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Dresen" title="Andreas Dresen">Andreas Dresen</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2013</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Coffee_in_Berlin" title="A Coffee in Berlin">A Coffee in Berlin</a></i></td> <td><i>Oh Boy</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Gerster, Jan-Ole"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jan-Ole_Gerster" title="Jan-Ole Gerster">Jan-Ole Gerster</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2014</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Home_from_Home_(2013_film)" title="Home from Home (2013 film)">Home from Home</a></i></td> <td><i>Die andere Heimat</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Reitz, Edgar"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Reitz" title="Edgar Reitz">Edgar Reitz</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2015</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(2015_film)" title="Victoria (2015 film)">Victoria</a></i></td> <td><i>Victoria</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Schipper, Sebastian"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Schipper" title="Sebastian Schipper">Sebastian Schipper</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">2016</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_People_vs._Fritz_Bauer" title="The People vs. Fritz Bauer">The People vs. Fritz Bauer</a></i></td> <td><i>Der Staat gegen Fritz Bauer</i></td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kraume, Lars"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Lars_Kraume" title="Lars Kraume">Lars Kraume</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_schools">Film schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Film schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staatliches_Museum_%C3%84gyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Staatliches_Museum_%C3%84gyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg/220px-Staatliches_Museum_%C3%84gyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Staatliches_Museum_%C3%84gyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg/330px-Staatliches_Museum_%C3%84gyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Staatliches_Museum_%C3%84gyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg/440px-Staatliches_Museum_%C3%84gyptischer_Kunst_und_HFF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Television_and_Film_Munich" title="University of Television and Film Munich">University of Television and Film Munich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several institutions, both government run and private, provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Film-_und_Fernsehakademie_Berlin" title="Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin">Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin</a> (dffb) <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_bildende_K%C3%BCnste_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg">Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg</a> (HfbK) <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Academy_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Film Academy Baden-Württemberg">Film Academy Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationale_filmschule_k%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationale filmschule köln">International Film School Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Television_and_Film_Munich" title="University of Television and Film Munich">University of Television and Film Munich</a>, Munich</li> <li>Filmuniversität Babelsberg, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personalities">Personalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_film_directors" title="List of German film directors">List of German film directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_actors" title="List of German actors">List of German actors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees" title="List of German Academy Award winners and nominees">List of German Academy Award winners and nominees</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emil_Jannings_-_no_watermark.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emil Jannings"><img alt="Emil Jannings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emil_Jannings_-_no_watermark.jpg/126px-Emil_Jannings_-_no_watermark.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emil_Jannings_-_no_watermark.jpg/189px-Emil_Jannings_-_no_watermark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emil_Jannings_-_no_watermark.jpg/252px-Emil_Jannings_-_no_watermark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Jannings" title="Emil Jannings">Emil Jannings</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Lubitsch_smoking_a_cigar.tiff" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Lubitsch"><img alt="Ernst Lubitsch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ernst_Lubitsch_smoking_a_cigar.tiff/lossy-page1-141px-Ernst_Lubitsch_smoking_a_cigar.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ernst_Lubitsch_smoking_a_cigar.tiff/lossy-page1-211px-Ernst_Lubitsch_smoking_a_cigar.tiff.jpg 1.5x, 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture of Germany</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/150px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/200px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and Technology</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of German inventions and discoveries">List of German inventions and discoveries</a>)</sub></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Germany">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Germany" title="Poles in Germany">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Germany" title="Russians in Germany">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asians_in_Germany" title="Asians in Germany">Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Afro-Germans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_humour" title="German humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Germany">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Germany">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a> <sub>(<a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a>)</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="German legend">German legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_cuisine" title="Baden cuisine">Baden cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">Bavarian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hamburg" title="Cuisine of Hamburg">Hamburg cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_cuisine" title="Hessian cuisine">Hessian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_cuisine" title="Lower Saxon cuisine">Lower Saxon cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountain_cuisine" title="Ore Mountain cuisine">Ore Mountain cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_cuisine" title="Palatine cuisine">Palatine cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_cuisine" title="Pomeranian cuisine">Pomeranian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_cuisine" title="Swabian cuisine">Swabian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_dishes" title="List of German dishes">List of German dishes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Freedom of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Evangelical-Lutheran_Church" title="Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church">Evangelical-Lutheran Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Church_in_Southern_Schleswig" title="Danish Church in Southern Schleswig">Danish Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Diocese_of_the_Old_Catholics_in_Germany" title="Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics in Germany">Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Germany">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Germany" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Germany">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Germany" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in German-speaking Europe">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">History of the Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Germany" title="Hinduism in Germany">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Germany" title="Baháʼí Faith in Germany">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Germany">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_artists" title="List of German artists">artists</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_painters" title="List of German painters">painters</a>) </small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatre_in_Germany" title="Category:Theatre in Germany">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Germany">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarriottNewman2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Marriott_(author)" title="James Marriott (author)">Marriott, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kim_Newman" title="Kim Newman">Newman, Kim</a> (2018) [1st pub. 2006]. <i>The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Publishing Group">Carlton Books</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78739-139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78739-139-0"><bdi>978-1-78739-139-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Definitive+Guide+to+Horror+Movies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Carlton+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78739-139-0&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Newman%2C+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ffa-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ffa_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ffa_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ffa_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ffa.de/kinoergebnisse-uebersicht.html">"Kinoergebnisse"</a>. <i>www.ffa.de</i> (in German). FFA Filmförderungsanstalt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ffa.de&rft.atitle=Kinoergebnisse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffa.de%2Fkinoergebnisse-uebersicht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-screens_uis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-screens_uis_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225516/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5542">"Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure – Capacity"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5542">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+8%3A+Cinema+Infrastructure+%E2%80%93+Capacity&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D5542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distributors_uis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-distributors_uis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224225508/http://data.uis.unesco.org/">"Table 6: Share of Top 3 distributors (Excel)"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx">the original</a> on 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+6%3A+Share+of+Top+3+distributors+%28Excel%29&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FReportFolders%2FreportFolders.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-production_uis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-production_uis_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226145107/http://data.uis.unesco.org/?ReportId=5545">"Table 1: Feature Film Production – Genre/Method of Shooting"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5545">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1%3A+Feature+Film+Production+%E2%80%93+Genre%2FMethod+of+Shooting&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D5545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/german-exiles-hollywoods-golden-age/">"How German emigres defined Hollywood's golden age"</a>. 12 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+German+emigres+defined+Hollywood%27s+golden+age&rft.date=2022-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaroutmagazine.co.uk%2Fgerman-exiles-hollywoods-golden-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/germany/cinema-in-germany/germans-in-hollywood/">"Germans in Hollywood"</a>. <i>The German Way</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+German+Way&rft.atitle=Germans+in+Hollywood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.german-way.com%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fgermany%2Fcinema-in-germany%2Fgermans-in-hollywood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tbk-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tbk_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPam_Cook2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Bergfelder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Bergfelder (page does not exist)">Pam Cook</a> (2007). <i>The Cinema Book</i>. London: British Film Institute. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84457-192-5"><bdi>978-1-84457-192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinema+Book&rft.place=London&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84457-192-5&rft.au=Pam+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ottomar-anschuetz.de/kino_1__vorfuehrung.htm">"Ottomar Anschütz, Kinogeschichte, lebender Bilder, Kino, erste-Kinovorführung, Kinovorführung, Projektion, Kinoe, Bewegungsbilder"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottomar+Ansch%C3%BCtz%2C+Kinogeschichte%2C+lebender+Bilder%2C+Kino%2C+erste-Kinovorf%C3%BChrung%2C+Kinovorf%C3%BChrung%2C+Projektion%2C+Kinoe%2C+Bewegungsbilder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottomar-anschuetz.de%2Fkino_1__vorfuehrung.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EArkp5YYTLA">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EArkp5YYTLA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Brockmann, Stephen (2010). <i>A Critical History of German Film</i>. Camden House. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4"><bdi>978-1-57113-468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+German+Film&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-468-4&rft.aulast=Brockmann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Brockmann, Stephen (2010). <i>A Critical History of German Film</i>. Camden House. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4"><bdi>978-1-57113-468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+German+Film&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-468-4&rft.aulast=Brockmann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockmann_2010_18-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockmann_2010_18_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockmann_2010_18_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Brockmann, Stephen (2010). <i>A Critical History of German Film</i>. Camden House. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4"><bdi>978-1-57113-468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+German+Film&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-468-4&rft.aulast=Brockmann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Brockmann, Stephen (2010). <i>A Critical History of German Film</i>. Camden House. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4"><bdi>978-1-57113-468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+German+Film&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-468-4&rft.aulast=Brockmann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Rogowski, Christian (2010). <i>The Many Faces of Weimar Cinema</i>. 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Camden House. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4"><bdi>978-1-57113-468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+German+Film&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-468-4&rft.aulast=Brockmann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsey2021" class="citation web cs1">Dawsey, Jason (3 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/adolf-hitler-and-origins-berlin-tokyo-axis">"Adolf Hitler and the Origins of the Berlin-Tokyo Axis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_WWII_Museum" title="The National WWII Museum">The National WWII Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adolf+Hitler+and+the+Origins+of+the+Berlin-Tokyo+Axis&rft.pub=The+National+WWII+Museum&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft.aulast=Dawsey&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fadolf-hitler-and-origins-berlin-tokyo-axis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theskinny.co.uk/film/opinion/how-the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari-changed-cinema">"How the Cabinet of Dr Caligari changed cinema - the Skinny"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Cabinet+of+Dr+Caligari+changed+cinema+-+the+Skinny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theskinny.co.uk%2Ffilm%2Fopinion%2Fhow-the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari-changed-cinema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2000" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Susan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415227407/page/175"><i>Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts</i></a>. New York, NY: Routledge – Taylor & Francis. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415227407/page/175">175–178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22739-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22739-9"><bdi>0-415-22739-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinema+Studies%3A+The+Key+Concepts&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=175-178&rft.pub=Routledge+%E2%80%93+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-22739-9&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780415227407%2Fpage%2F175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shapira, Avner (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/1.1235958">"Going Into the Night – New Look at Early German Cinema by Ofer Ashkenazi"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Going+Into+the+Night+%E2%80%93+New+Look+at+Early+German+Cinema+by+Ofer+Ashkenazi&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fgallery%2F1.1235958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiss2002" class="citation book cs1">Kiss, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germancinemabook00timb/page/48">"Queer Traditions in German Cinema"</a>. 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British Film Institute. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germancinemabook00timb/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85170-946-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85170-946-X"><bdi>0-85170-946-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Queer+Traditions+in+German+Cinema&rft.btitle=The+German+Cinema+Book&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=British+Film+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85170-946-X&rft.aulast=Kiss&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermancinemabook00timb%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/5-things-we-can-learn-from-marlene-dietrich/a-60195584">"5 things we can learn from Marlene Dietrich – DW – 05/05/2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=5+things+we+can+learn+from+Marlene+Dietrich+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+05%2F05%2F2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2F5-things-we-can-learn-from-marlene-dietrich%2Fa-60195584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiasny2010" class="citation book cs1">Stiasny, Philipp (2010). <i>"Humanity Unleashed: Anti-Bolshevism as Popular Culture in Early Weimar Cinema" in The Many Faces of Weimar Cinema (Edited by Christian Rogowski)</i>. 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New York: McGraw-Hill, p.200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorliss2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Corliss, Richard (22 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.time.com/2011/09/22/the-all-time-25-best-sports-movies/slide/olympia-1938/">"Olympia"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Olympia&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.aulast=Corliss&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.time.com%2F2011%2F09%2F22%2Fthe-all-time-25-best-sports-movies%2Fslide%2Folympia-1938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1063673/eighty-years-since-riefenstahls-olympia-a-piece-of-sporting-film-history">"Eighty years since Riefenstahl's Olympia - a piece of sporting film history"</a>. 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eighty+years+since+Riefenstahl%27s+Olympia+-+a+piece+of+sporting+film+history&rft.date=2018-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F1063673%2Feighty-years-since-riefenstahls-olympia-a-piece-of-sporting-film-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spio-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spio_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spio_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spio_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spio_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spio_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf">Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204111257/http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf">Archived</a> 4 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiebing2012" class="citation book cs1">Fiebing, Malte (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcAkAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>Titanic: Nazi Germany's Version of the Disaster</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783844815122" title="Special:BookSources/9783844815122"><bdi>9783844815122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titanic%3A+Nazi+Germany%27s+Version+of+the+Disaster&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783844815122&rft.aulast=Fiebing&rft.aufirst=Malte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcAkAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllanHeiduschke2016" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Séan; Heiduschke, Sebastian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FONCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86"><i>Re-Imagining DEFA: East German Cinema in its National and Transnational Contexts</i></a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785331077" title="Special:BookSources/9781785331077"><bdi>9781785331077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Imagining+DEFA%3A+East+German+Cinema+in+its+National+and+Transnational+Contexts&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785331077&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9an&rft.au=Heiduschke%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FONCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormack2019" class="citation book cs1">McCormack, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEbCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT219"><i>The Berlin 1945 Battlefield Guide: Part 2: The Battle of Berlin</i></a>. Fonthill Media. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781557396" title="Special:BookSources/9781781557396"><bdi>9781781557396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berlin+1945+Battlefield+Guide%3A+Part+2%3A+The+Battle+of+Berlin&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781781557396&rft.aulast=McCormack&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfEbCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defa-stiftung-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-defa-stiftung_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-defa-stiftung_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defa-stiftung.de/en/defa/history/">"History"</a> (in German). 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Edinburgh University Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474411424" title="Special:BookSources/9781474411424"><bdi>9781474411424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Border+Crossing%3A+Russian+Literature+into+Film&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781474411424&rft.aulast=Burry&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dei1WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blankenship-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blankenship_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blankenship_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankenshipNagl2015" class="citation book cs1">Blankenship, Janelle; Nagl, Tobias (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avFKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA397"><i>European Visions: Small Cinemas in Transition</i></a>. transcript Verlag. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783837618181" title="Special:BookSources/9783837618181"><bdi>9783837618181</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Visions%3A+Small+Cinemas+in+Transition&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783837618181&rft.aulast=Blankenship&rft.aufirst=Janelle&rft.au=Nagl%2C+Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavFKCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisZitzlsperger2016" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Derek; Zitzlsperger, Ulrike (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnIpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174"><i>Historical Dictionary of Contemporary Germany</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442269569" title="Special:BookSources/9781442269569"><bdi>9781442269569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+Germany&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442269569&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Zitzlsperger%2C+Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnIpDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umass.edu/defa/film/3572">"DEFA Film Library - The Murderers Are among Us"</a>. <i>www.umass.edu</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Frank+Beyer&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.aulast=Bergan&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Foct%2F10%2Fguardianobituaries.germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllanSandford1999" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Seán; Sandford, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVco9h5Z0x4C&pg=PA9"><i>DEFA: East German Cinema, 1946–1992</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1571819436" title="Special:BookSources/1571819436"><bdi>1571819436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DEFA%3A+East+German+Cinema%2C+1946%E2%80%931992&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1571819436&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft.au=Sandford%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVco9h5Z0x4C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Brockmann, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryg00broc/page/n266/mode/2up"><i>A critical history of German film</i></a>. Camden House. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571134684" title="Special:BookSources/9781571134684"><bdi>9781571134684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+history+of+German+film&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781571134684&rft.aulast=Brockmann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalhistoryg00broc%2Fpage%2Fn266%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeder2016" class="citation book cs1">Leeder, Karen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXNoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>Rereading East Germany: The Literature and Film of the GDR</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107006362" title="Special:BookSources/9781107006362"><bdi>9781107006362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rereading+East+Germany%3A+The+Literature+and+Film+of+the+GDR&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107006362&rft.aulast=Leeder&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXNoCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider 1990:35, 42 & 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartov,_Omer_pages_130–143_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov, Omer "Celluloid Soldiers: Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht" pages 130–143 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy </i> edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 page 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov, Omer "Celluloid Soldiers: Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht" pages 130–143 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy </i> edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 pages 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reference_A-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reference_A_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reference_A_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov, Omer "Celluloid Soldiers: Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht" pages 130–143 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy </i> edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 page 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov, Omer "Celluloid Soldiers: Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht" pages 130–143 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy </i> edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 page 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov, Omer "Celluloid Soldiers: Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht" pages 130–143 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy </i> edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 pages 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov, Omer "Celluloid Soldiers: Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht" pages 130–143 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy </i> edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 page 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov, Omer "Celluloid Soldiers: Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht" pages 130–143 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy </i> edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 page 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartov, Omer "Celluloid Soldiers: Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht" pages 130–143 from <i>Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy </i> edited by Ljubica & Mark Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 page 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeutscheWelle-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeutscheWelle_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-most-famous-gay-rights-activist-filmmaker-rosa-von-praunheim-at-75/a-41514818">"Germany's most famous gay rights activist: Rosa von Praunheim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+most+famous+gay+rights+activist%3A+Rosa+von+Praunheim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-most-famous-gay-rights-activist-filmmaker-rosa-von-praunheim-at-75%2Fa-41514818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FFA-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FFA_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ffa.de/index.php?page=profil&language=_en">"Information on the Filmförderungsanstalt (FFA) – German Federal Film Board"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+on+the+Filmf%C3%B6rderungsanstalt+%28FFA%29+%E2%80%93+German+Federal+Film+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ffa.de%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dprofil%26language%3D_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia2004" class="citation book cs1">Julia, Knight (2004). <i>New German Cinema: Images of a Generation</i>. Wallflower Press. pp. 45–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903364-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903364-28-4"><bdi>978-1-903364-28-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+German+Cinema%3A+Images+of+a+Generation&rft.pages=45-6&rft.pub=Wallflower+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-903364-28-4&rft.aulast=Julia&rft.aufirst=Knight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlin.de/sen/web/en/economics-and-technology/branches/creative-industries-and-communication/film/artikel.447819.en.php">"Film"</a>. 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlin.de%2Fsen%2Fweb%2Fen%2Feconomics-and-technology%2Fbranches%2Fcreative-industries-and-communication%2Ffilm%2Fartikel.447819.en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vpnmentor.com/blog/top-netflix-countries-research/">"Top Netflix Films & TV Shows: Where are they coming from?"</a>. <i>vpnMentor</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vpnMentor&rft.atitle=Top+Netflix+Films+%26+TV+Shows%3A+Where+are+they+coming+from%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpnmentor.com%2Fblog%2Ftop-netflix-countries-research%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/4547/umfrage/marktanteil-deutscher-filme-seit-1996/">"Marktanteil deutscher Filme 2023"</a>. <i>Statista</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Marktanteil+deutscher+Filme+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F4547%2Fumfrage%2Fmarktanteil-deutscher-filme-seit-1996%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/foerderung-vom-wirtschaftsministerium-gabriel-puscht-die-filmindustrie/11108940.html">"Gabriel puscht die Filmindustrie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Handelsblatt" title="Handelsblatt">Handelsblatt</a></i> (in German). 11 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handelsblatt&rft.atitle=Gabriel+puscht+die+Filmindustrie&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelsblatt.com%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Ffoerderung-vom-wirtschaftsministerium-gabriel-puscht-die-filmindustrie%2F11108940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.produzentenallianz.de/">"Allianz Deutscher Produzenten – Film & Fernsehen e.V."</a> <i>Produzentenallianz</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Produzentenallianz&rft.atitle=Allianz+Deutscher+Produzenten+%E2%80%93+Film+%26+Fernsehen+e.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.produzentenallianz.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACinema+of+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unverzagtvonhave.com/en/GermanMotionPictureFund-SummaryofKeyElementsUNVERZAGTVONHAVE_01_2016.PDF">GERMAN MOTION PICTURE FUND</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308215502/http://www.unverzagtvonhave.com/en/GermanMotionPictureFund-SummaryofKeyElementsUNVERZAGTVONHAVE_01_2016.PDF">Archived</a> 8 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF), 8 March 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-festival/berlin/index.jsp">2010 Berlin Film Festival</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831113119/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-festival/berlin/index.jsp">Archived</a> 31 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6371893.stm">China film wins top Berlin award</a>, BBC News</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmfestivals.com/htm/recap2000/statistics.html">Most frequented film festivals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214723/http://www.filmfestivals.com/htm/recap2000/statistics.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, filmfestivals.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlinale.de/en/das_festival/festivalprofil/berlinale_in_zahlen/index.html">Facts and Figures of the Berlinale</a>, berlinale.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0467301/">Dieter Kosslick</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a>, 18 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmfestivalstv.com/berlin/2006/03/speed_interview.html">Speed Interview with Dieter Kosslick Berlinale Chief</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929053039/http://www.filmfestivalstv.com/berlin/2006/03/speed_interview.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, filmfestivalstv.com, 18 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berlinale.de/en/presse/pressemitteilungen/alle/Alle-Detail_5103.html">2009 Berlinale Press release</a>, berlinale.de, 18. February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pr-inside.com/de/kosslick-zieht-positive-berlinale-bilanz-r441535.htm">Kosslick zieht positive Berlinale-Bilanz </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217034954/http://www.pr-inside.com/de/kosslick-zieht-positive-berlinale-bilanz-r441535.htm">Archived</a> 17 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>(German), PR-inside.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZkvV6Uu9nY">Madonna at the Berlinale</a>, YouTube, 19 February 2008</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size: 110%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema of Germany</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Germany_film_clapperboard.svg/100px-Germany_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Germany_film_clapperboard.svg/150px-Germany_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Germany_film_clapperboard.svg/200px-Germany_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_German_films" title="Lists of German films">Lists of German films</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1895%E2%80%931918" title="List of German films of 1895–1918">1895–1918 German Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1919%E2%80%931932" title="List of German films of 1919–1932">1919–1932 Weimar Germany</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1919" title="List of German films of 1919">1919</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1920" title="List of German films of 1920">1920</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1921" title="List of German films of 1921">1921</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1922" title="List of German films of 1922">1922</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1923" title="List of German films of 1923">1923</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1924" title="List of German films of 1924">1924</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1925" title="List of German films of 1925">1925</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1926" title="List of German films of 1926">1926</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1927" title="List of German films of 1927">1927</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1928" title="List of German films of 1928">1928</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1929" title="List of German films of 1929">1929</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1930" title="List of German films of 1930">1930</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1931" title="List of German films of 1931">1931</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1932" title="List of German films of 1932">1932</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1933%E2%80%931945" title="List of German films of 1933–1945">1933–1945 Nazi Germany</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1933" title="List of German films of 1933">1933</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1934" title="List of German films of 1934">1934</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1935" title="List of German films of 1935">1935</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1936" title="List of German films of 1936">1936</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1937" title="List of German films of 1937">1937</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1938" title="List of German films of 1938">1938</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1939" title="List of German films of 1939">1939</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1940" title="List of German films of 1940">1940</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1941" title="List of German films of 1941">1941</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1942" title="List of German films of 1942">1942</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1943" title="List of German films of 1943">1943</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1944" title="List of German films of 1944">1944</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1945" title="List of German films of 1945">1945</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_East_German_films" title="List of East German films">1945–1990 East Germany</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1945%E2%80%931949" title="List of German films of 1945–1949">1945–1949 Occupation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1945%E2%80%931949#1946" title="List of German films of 1945–1949">1946</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1945%E2%80%931949#1947" title="List of German films of 1945–1949">1947</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1945%E2%80%931949#1948" title="List of German films of 1945–1949">1948</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1945%E2%80%931949#1949" title="List of German films of 1945–1949">1949</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of German films of the 1950s">1950s</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1950" title="List of West German films of 1950">1950</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1951" title="List of West German films of 1951">1951</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1952" title="List of West German films of 1952">1952</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1953" title="List of West German films of 1953">1953</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1954" title="List of West German films of 1954">1954</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1955" title="List of West German films of 1955">1955</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1956" title="List of West German films of 1956">1956</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1957" title="List of West German films of 1957">1957</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1958" title="List of West German films of 1958">1958</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_West_German_films_of_1959" title="List of West German films of 1959">1959</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of German films of the 1960s">1960s</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of German films of the 1970s">1970s</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of German films of the 1980s">1980s</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of German films of the 1990s">1990s</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of German films of the 2000s">2000s</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of German films of the 2010s">2010s</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff; border-top: 2px solid white; border-bottom: 2px solid white;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of German films of the 2020s">2020s</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_film_list" title="Template:Germany film list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_film_list" title="Template talk:Germany film list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_film_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany film list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Bergfelder, Tim, et al. eds. <i>The German Cinema Book</i> (2008)</li> <li>Blaney, Martin. <i>Symbiosis or Confrontation?</i> (Bonn, 1992)</li> <li>Brockman, Stephen. <i>A Critical History of German Film</i> (2011)</li> <li>Feinstein, Joshua. <i>Triumph of the Ordinary: Depictions of Daily Life in the East German Cinema, 1949–1989</i> (chapel Hill, 2002)</li> <li>Garncarz, Joseph, and Annemone Ligensa, eds. <i>The Cinema of Germany</i> (Wallflower Press, distributed by Columbia University Press; 2012) 264 pages; analyses of 24 works from silent movies to such contemporary films as "Good Bye, Lenin!"</li> <li>Hake, Sabine. <i>German National Cinema</i> (2002; 2nd ed. 2008)</li> <li>Heiduschke, Sebastian. <i>East German Cinema: DEFA and Film History</i> (2013)</li> <li>Hoffman, Kay 1990 <i>Am Ende Video – Video am Ende?</i> Berlin</li> <li>Kapczynski, Jennifer M. and Michael D. Richardson, eds. (2012) <i>A New History of German Cinema</i> (Rochester Camden House, 2012) 673 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37695">online review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Kracauer, Siegfried</a>. (2004) <i><a href="/wiki/From_Caligari_to_Hitler:_A_Psychological_History_of_the_German_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film">From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film</a></i>. Princeton: Univ. of Princeton Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11519-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11519-2">0-691-11519-2</a></li> <li>Schneider, Irmela 1990 <i>Film, Fernsehen & Co.</i> Heidelberg.</li> <li>Stielke, Sebastian. <i>100 Facts about Babelsberg – Cradle of Film and modern Media City</i> (German/English). Bebra-Verlag (publishing house), Berlin 2021, 240 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86124-746-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86124-746-3">978-3-86124-746-3</a></li> <li>Fay, Jennifer. 2008. <i>Theaters of Occupation: Hollywood and the Reeducation of Postwar Germany</i>. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4745-3">978-0-8166-4745-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Germany&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228141737/http://www.germany-info.org/relaunch/culture/arts/performing_arts/film.html">German Film History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080122034828/http://www.cyranos.ch/sminde-e.htm">Biographies and autographs of the early German film era</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/kue/flm/enindex.htm">Articles and news on German filmmakers, movies, festivals</a>, Web portal on German film of the <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cinema of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_film_clapperboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Germany_film_clapperboard.svg/40px-Germany_film_clapperboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Germany_film_clapperboard.svg/60px-Germany_film_clapperboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Germany_film_clapperboard.svg/80px-Germany_film_clapperboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German films">Film chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1895%E2%80%931918" title="List of German films of 1895–1918">German Empire 1895–1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1919%E2%80%931932" title="List of German films of 1919–1932">Weimar Germany 1919–1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1933%E2%80%931945" title="List of German films of 1933–1945">Nazi Germany 1933–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_East_German_films" title="List of East German films">East Germany (1945–1990)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German films">(West) Germany 1945–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_1945%E2%80%931949" title="List of German films of 1945–1949">1945–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1950s" title="List of German films of the 1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1960s" title="List of German films of the 1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1970s" title="List of German films of the 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1980s" title="List of German films of the 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_1990s" title="List of German films of the 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2000s" title="List of German films of the 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2010s" title="List of German films of the 2010s">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_films_of_the_2020s" title="List of German films of the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_films" title="Category:German films">Films A–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_German_films" title="Category:East German films">East German films (A–Z)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_Germany" title="List of highest-grossing films in Germany">Box office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_actors" title="Category:German actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_cinematographers" title="Category:German cinematographers">Cinematographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_film_score_composers" title="Category:German film score composers">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_film_directors" title="Category:German film directors">Directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_film_editors" title="Category:German film editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_film_producers" title="Category:German film producers">Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_screenwriters" title="Category:German screenwriters">Screenwriters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEFA_(film_studio)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFA (film studio)">DEFA (film studio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Film festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Film">Progress Film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_cinema" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_cinema" title="Template:World cinema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_cinema" title="Template talk:World cinema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_cinema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World cinema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_cinema" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">World cinema</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_cinema" title="National cinema">National cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Libya" title="Cinema of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Morocco" title="Cinema of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tunisia" title="Cinema of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Djibouti" title="Cinema of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Eritrea" title="Cinema of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ethiopia" title="Cinema of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Madagascar" title="Cinema of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mauritius" title="Cinema of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Sudan" title="Cinema of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tanzania" title="Cinema of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uganda" title="Cinema of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zambia" title="Cinema of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Zimbabwe" title="Cinema of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Benin" title="Cinema of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cape_Verde" title="Cinema of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ghana" title="Cinema of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Liberia" title="Cinema of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Niger" title="Cinema of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Senegal" title="Cinema of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Togo" title="Cinema of Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Angola" title="Cinema of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cameroon" title="Cinema of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cinema of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chad" title="Cinema of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Gabon" title="Cinema of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cinema of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Botswana" title="Cinema of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Namibia" title="Cinema of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Africa" title="Cinema of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Asia" title="Cinema of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cinema" title="South Asian cinema">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bhutan" title="Cinema of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cinema" title="Assamese cinema">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cinema" title="Bhojpuri cinema">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cinema" title="Chhattisgarhi cinema">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_film_industry" title="Deccani film industry">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_cinema" title="Dogri cinema">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cinema" title="Haryanvi cinema">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cinema" title="Kashmiri cinema">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_cinema" title="Khasi cinema">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_cinema" title="Konkani cinema">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_cinema" title="Meitei cinema">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_cinema" title="Marathi cinema">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Odisha" title="Cinema of Odisha">Oriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cinema" title="Punjabi cinema">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Rajasthan" title="Cinema of Rajasthan">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_cinema" title="Sanskrit cinema">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_cinema" title="Tulu cinema">Tulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nepal" title="Cinema of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cinema" title="Southeast Asian cinema">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cambodia" title="Cinema of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malaysia" title="Cinema of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnam" title="Cinema of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Cinema of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkmenistan" title="Cinema of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uzbekistan" title="Cinema of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of West Asia">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bahrain" title="Cinema of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish cinema">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jordan" title="Cinema of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kuwait" title="Cinema of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lebanon" title="Cinema of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Qatar" title="Cinema of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Syria" title="Cinema of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Cinema of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Cinema of the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Cinema of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Scotland" title="Cinema of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_films" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina films">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maltese_films" title="List of Maltese films">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yugoslavia" title="Cinema of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan cinema">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Galicia" title="Cinema of Galicia">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish-German_cinema" title="Turkish-German cinema">German Turks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="North American cinema">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cinema of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cuba" title="Cinema of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Jamaica" title="Cinema of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Cinema of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of South America">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Argentina" title="Cinema of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Chile" title="Cinema of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ecuador" title="Cinema of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Paraguay" title="Cinema of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Peru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iquitos" title="Cinema of Iquitos">Iquitos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Suriname" title="Cinema of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Uruguay" title="Cinema of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_films" title="List of Oceanian films">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_New_Zealand" title="Cinema of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental<br />& transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cinema" title="Arab cinema">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cinema" title="Balochi cinema">Balochi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cinema" title="Kurdish cinema">Kurdish cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American cinema">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/16px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/24px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/32px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cinema_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinema_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Austria" title="Cinema of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Azerbaijan" title="Cinema of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belgium" title="Cinema of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Cinema of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Cinema of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Denmark" title="Cinema of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Estonia" title="Cinema of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Finland" title="Cinema of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iceland" title="Cinema of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kazakhstan" title="Cinema of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Lithuania" title="Cinema of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Malta" title="Cinema of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Moldova" title="Cinema of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Netherlands" title="Cinema of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Macedonia" title="Cinema of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Poland" title="Cinema of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Romania" title="Cinema of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovakia" title="Cinema of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sweden" title="Cinema of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ukraine" title="Cinema of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Cinema of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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