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id="toc-Aum_Shinrikyo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aum_Shinrikyo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Aum Shinrikyo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aum_Shinrikyo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_attempts_to_seize_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_attempts_to_seize_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Early attempts to seize power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_attempts_to_seize_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restarting_violent_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restarting_violent_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Restarting violent activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restarting_violent_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_weapon_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_weapon_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chemical weapon production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_weapon_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matsumoto_sarin_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matsumoto_sarin_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Matsumoto sarin attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matsumoto_sarin_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_for_the_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_for_the_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Preparation for the attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_for_the_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attack</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attack-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Attack subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chiyoda_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chiyoda_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chiyoda Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chiyoda_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marunouchi_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marunouchi_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Marunouchi Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marunouchi_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ogikubo-bound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ogikubo-bound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ogikubo-bound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ogikubo-bound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikebukuro-bound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikebukuro-bound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Ikebukuro-bound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikebukuro-bound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hibiya_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hibiya_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hibiya Line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hibiya_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tōbu_Dōbutsu_Kōen-bound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tōbu_Dōbutsu_Kōen-bound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tōbu_Dōbutsu_Kōen-bound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naka-Meguro-bound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naka-Meguro-bound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Naka-Meguro-bound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naka-Meguro-bound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_perpetrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_perpetrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main perpetrators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_perpetrators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main perpetrators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_perpetrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Train_A725K_(Chiyoda_Line_train)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_A725K_(Chiyoda_Line_train)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Train A725K (Chiyoda Line train)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train_A725K_(Chiyoda_Line_train)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ikuo_Hayashi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuo_Hayashi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ikuo Hayashi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikuo_Hayashi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomomitsu_Niimi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomomitsu_Niimi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Tomomitsu Niimi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomomitsu_Niimi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train_A777_(Ogikubo-bound_Marunouchi_Line_train)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_A777_(Ogikubo-bound_Marunouchi_Line_train)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Train A777 (Ogikubo-bound Marunouchi Line train)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train_A777_(Ogikubo-bound_Marunouchi_Line_train)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kenichi_Hirose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenichi_Hirose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Kenichi Hirose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenichi_Hirose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kōichi_Kitamura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kōichi_Kitamura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Kōichi Kitamura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kōichi_Kitamura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train_B801_(Ikebukuro-bound_Marunouchi_Line)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_B801_(Ikebukuro-bound_Marunouchi_Line)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Train B801 (Ikebukuro-bound Marunouchi Line)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train_B801_(Ikebukuro-bound_Marunouchi_Line)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toru_Toyoda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toru_Toyoda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Toru Toyoda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toru_Toyoda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katsuya_Takahashi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katsuya_Takahashi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Katsuya Takahashi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katsuya_Takahashi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train_B711T_(Tōbu_Dōbutsu_Kōen-bound_Hibiya_Line_train)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_B711T_(Tōbu_Dōbutsu_Kōen-bound_Hibiya_Line_train)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Train B711T (Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound Hibiya Line train)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train_B711T_(Tōbu_Dōbutsu_Kōen-bound_Hibiya_Line_train)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masato_Yokoyama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masato_Yokoyama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Masato Yokoyama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masato_Yokoyama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiyotaka_Tonozaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiyotaka_Tonozaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Kiyotaka Tonozaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiyotaka_Tonozaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train_A720S_(Naka-Meguro-bound_Hibiya_Line_train)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train_A720S_(Naka-Meguro-bound_Hibiya_Line_train)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Train A720S (Naka-Meguro-bound Hibiya Line train)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train_A720S_(Naka-Meguro-bound_Hibiya_Line_train)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yasuo_Hayashi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yasuo_Hayashi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Yasuo Hayashi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yasuo_Hayashi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shigeo_Sugimoto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shigeo_Sugimoto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Shigeo Sugimoto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shigeo_Sugimoto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naoko_Kikuchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naoko_Kikuchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Naoko Kikuchi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naoko_Kikuchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Injuries_and_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injuries_and_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Injuries and deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injuries_and_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Emergency services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_offered_by_Japanese_and_American_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_offered_by_Japanese_and_American_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Defense offered by Japanese and American scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_offered_by_Japanese_and_American_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murakami_book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murakami_book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Murakami book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murakami_book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aum/Aleph_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aum/Aleph_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Aum/Aleph today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aum/Aleph_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tokyo subway sarin attack</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88" title="عملية الغازات السامة في مترو طوكيو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية الغازات السامة في مترو طوكيو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_de_gas_sar%C3%ADn_nel_metro_de_Tokiu" title="Ataque de gas sarín nel metro de Tokiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ataque de gas sarín nel metro de Tokiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atok_sarinem_v_tokijsk%C3%A9m_metru" title="Útok sarinem v tokijském metru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Útok sarinem v tokijském metru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giftgasangrebet_i_Tokyos_undergrundsbane_1995" title="Giftgasangrebet i Tokyos undergrundsbane 1995 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Giftgasangrebet i Tokyos undergrundsbane 1995" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giftgasanschlag_in_der_Tokioter_U-Bahn" title="Giftgasanschlag in der Tokioter U-Bahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Giftgasanschlag in der Tokioter U-Bahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_metroo_sariinir%C3%BCnnak" title="Tōkyō metroo sariinirünnak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tōkyō metroo sariinirünnak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF_(1995)" title="Τρομοκρατική επίθεση στο μετρό του Τόκιο (1995) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρομοκρατική επίθεση στο μετρό του Τόκιο (1995)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_de_gas_sar%C3%ADn_en_el_metro_de_Tokio" title="Ataque de gas sarín en el metro de Tokio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ataque de gas sarín en el metro de Tokio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AB%D9%87_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88" title="حادثه حمله با گاز سارین در متروی توکیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حادثه حمله با گاز سارین در متروی توکیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentat_au_sarin_dans_le_m%C3%A9tro_de_Tokyo" title="Attentat au sarin dans le métro de Tokyo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Attentat au sarin dans le métro de Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%BF%84_%EC%A7%80%ED%95%98%EC%B2%A0_%EC%82%AC%EB%A6%B0_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="도쿄 지하철 사린 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도쿄 지하철 사린 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Զարինային հարձակում Տոկիոյի մետրոպոլիտենում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զարինային հարձակում Տոկիոյի մետրոպոլիտենում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="टोक्यो सबवे सरीन हमला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोक्यो सबवे सरीन हमला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_gas_sarin_di_kereta_bawah_tanah_Tokyo" title="Serangan gas sarin di kereta bawah tanah Tokyo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan gas sarin di kereta bawah tanah Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attentato_alla_metropolitana_di_Tokyo" title="Attentato alla metropolitana di Tokyo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attentato alla metropolitana di Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%96_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95" title="מתקפת הגז ברכבת התחתית של טוקיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתקפת הגז ברכבת התחתית של טוקיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Токио метросындағы зарин шабуылы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Токио метросындағы зарин шабуылы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki%C3%B3i_g%C3%A1zt%C3%A1mad%C3%A1s" title="Tokiói gáztámadás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tokiói gáztámadás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_gas_sarin_ke_atas_kereta_api_bawah_tanah_Tokyo" title="Serangan gas sarin ke atas kereta api bawah tanah Tokyo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Serangan gas sarin ke atas kereta api bawah tanah Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_cun_g%C3%A1%C3%A7_sarin_al_Metro_de_T%C3%B3quio" title="Ataque cun gáç sarin al Metro de Tóquio – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ataque cun gáç sarin al Metro de Tóquio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarin-gasaanval_in_de_metro_van_Tokio_op_20_maart_1995" title="Sarin-gasaanval in de metro van Tokio op 20 maart 1995 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sarin-gasaanval in de metro van Tokio op 20 maart 1995" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E9%89%84%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="地下鉄サリン事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地下鉄サリン事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giftgassangrepet_i_Tokyos_undergrunnsbane_1995" title="Giftgassangrepet i Tokyos undergrunnsbane 1995 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Giftgassangrepet i Tokyos undergrunnsbane 1995" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atak_w_metrze_w_Tokio" title="Atak w metrze w Tokio – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atak w metrze w Tokio" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataque_com_g%C3%A1s_sarin_ao_Metr%C3%B4_de_T%C3%B3quio" title="Ataque com gás sarin ao Metrô de Tóquio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ataque com gás sarin ao Metrô de Tóquio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Зариновая атака в токийском метро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зариновая атака в токийском метро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulmi_me_sarin_n%C3%AB_metron%C3%AB_e_Tokios" title="Sulmi me sarin në metronë e Tokios – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sulmi me sarin në metronë e Tokios" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tokyo subway sarin attack" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atok_sar%C3%ADnom_v_tokijskom_metre" title="Útok sarínom v tokijskom metre – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Útok sarínom v tokijskom metre" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Напад сарином у токијском метроу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Напад сарином у токијском метроу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napad_sarinom_na_Tokijski_metro" title="Napad sarinom na Tokijski metro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Napad sarinom na Tokijski metro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokion_metron_sariinikaasuisku" title="Tokion metron sariinikaasuisku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tokion metron sariinikaasuisku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saringasattacken_i_Tokyo" title="Saringasattacken i Tokyo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saringasattacken i Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การโจมตีซับเวย์โตเกียวด้วยซาริน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโจมตีซับเวย์โตเกียวด้วยซาริน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Metrosu_sarin_sald%C4%B1r%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Tokyo Metrosu sarin saldırısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tokyo Metrosu sarin saldırısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Теракт у Токійському метро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теракт у Токійському метро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%A5_t%E1%BA%A5n_c%C3%B4ng_b%E1%BA%B1ng_kh%C3%AD_sarin_tr%C3%AAn_t%C3%A0u_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_ng%E1%BA%A7m_Tokyo" title="Vụ tấn công bằng khí sarin trên tàu điện ngầm Tokyo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vụ tấn công bằng khí sarin trên tàu điện ngầm Tokyo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E9%90%B5%E6%96%BD%E6%AF%92%E6%B0%A3%E4%B9%8B%E7%A6%8D" title="東京地下鐵施毒氣之禍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東京地下鐵施毒氣之禍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%81%E6%B2%99%E6%9E%97%E6%AF%92%E6%B0%94%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="东京地铁沙林毒气事件 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="东京地铁沙林毒气事件" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%9C%B0%E9%90%B5%E6%B2%99%E6%9E%97%E6%AF%92%E6%B0%A3%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="東京地鐵沙林毒氣事件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東京地鐵沙林毒氣事件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1146739#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="geo">35.68944; 139.69167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1995 terrorist attack by Aum Shinrikyo</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tokyo subway attack" redirects here. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22">"Tokyo subway sarin attack"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Tokyo subway sarin attack<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">地下鉄サリン事件</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emergency_personnel_respond_to_the_Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Emergency_personnel_respond_to_the_Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack.png/220px-Emergency_personnel_respond_to_the_Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Emergency_personnel_respond_to_the_Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack.png/330px-Emergency_personnel_respond_to_the_Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Emergency_personnel_respond_to_the_Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack.png/440px-Emergency_personnel_respond_to_the_Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="835" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department">Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department</a> police officers respond to the scene.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">20 March 1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995-03-20</span>)</span> <br />07:00 (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time" title="Japan Standard Time">JST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway" title="Tokyo subway">Tokyo subway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_terrorism" title="Chemical terrorism">Chemical terrorism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">14<sup id="cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ataxia-chapter3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gupta-2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta-2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-victimsurvey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victimsurvey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sachiko_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachiko-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">More than 5,800</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tokyo subway sarin attack</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">地下鉄サリン事件</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Chikatetsu Sarin Jiken</i></span>, "Subway Sarin Incident")</span> was an act of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">domestic terrorism</a> perpetrated on 20 March 1995, in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan, by members of the cult movement <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a>. In five coordinated attacks, the perpetrators released <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a> on three lines of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro" title="Tokyo Metro">Tokyo Metro</a> (then <i>Teito Rapid Transit Authority</i>) during rush hour, killing 13 people,<sup id="cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ataxia-chapter3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gupta-2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta-2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-victimsurvey_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victimsurvey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sachiko_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachiko-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> severely injuring 50 (some of whom later died), and causing temporary vision problems for nearly 1,000 others. The attack was directed against trains passing through <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki" title="Kasumigaseki">Kasumigaseki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagatach%C5%8D,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagatachō, Tokyo">Nagatachō</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> (Japanese parliament) is headquartered in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group, led by <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a>, had already carried out several assassinations and terrorist attacks using sarin, including the <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_sarin_attack" title="Matsumoto sarin attack">Matsumoto sarin attack</a> nine months earlier. They had also produced several other nerve agents, including <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>, attempted to produce <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum toxin</a> and had perpetrated several failed acts of <a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">bioterrorism</a>. Asahara had been made aware of a police raid scheduled for 22 March and had planned the Tokyo subway attack in order to hinder police investigations into the cult and perhaps spark the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a> the leader of the group had prophesied. </p><p>In the raid following the attack, police arrested many senior members of the cult. Police activity continued throughout the summer, and over 200 members were arrested, including Asahara. Thirteen of the senior Aum management, including Asahara himself, were sentenced to death and later executed; many others were given prison sentences up to life. The attack remains the deadliest terrorist incident in Japan as defined by <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions of terrorism">modern standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Special:EditPage/Tokyo subway sarin attack">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22">"Tokyo subway sarin attack"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aum_Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aum Shinrikyo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/220px-Aum_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/330px-Aum_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Aum_symbol.svg/440px-Aum_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Symbol of Aum Shinrikyo</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> was founded in 1984 as a yoga and meditation class, initially known as <i>Oumu Shinsen no Kai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">オウム神仙の会</span></span>, "Aum Divine Beings’ Society")</span>, by pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Chizuo Matsumoto</a>. The group believed in a doctrine revolving around a syncretic mixture of Indian and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, as well as Christian and Hindu beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially relating to the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believed <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> to be inevitable in the form of a global war involving the United States and Japan; that non-members were doomed to eternal hell, but could be saved if killed by cult members; and that only members of the cult would survive the apocalypse, and would afterwards build the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Shambhala" title="Shambhala">Shambhala</a>. In 1987, the group rebranded and established a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> branch; the following year, it opened a headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Fujinomiya_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujinomiya City">Fujinomiya</a>. Around this time, the mental health of Matsumoto (now going by the name Shoko Asahara) deteriorated – he developed a <a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">health anxiety</a> and expressed suicidal views.<sup id="cite_ref-clock_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1989, the group was granted official religious corporation status by the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Tokyo Metropolitan Government</a>, giving it privileges such as tax breaks and freedom from governmental oversight. This recognition caused dramatic growth, including an increase in net worth from less than 430 million yen to over 100 billion yen (approximately $7m to $1.3b in 2024 dollars) over the next six years, as well as an increase in membership from around 20 members to around 20,000 by 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-subcommittee_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subcommittee-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drastically increasing popularity of the group also saw an increase in violent behavior from its members. In the year preceding its recognition by the Tokyo government, a member of the cult – Terayuki Majima – had accidentally drowned during a ritual; his body was cremated, with the remaining bones ground up and scattered over a nearby lake. Majima's friend – a fellow member of the group – was murdered by members acting under Asahara's orders, after he became disillusioned and tried to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three months after recognition, six Aum Shinrikyo members were involved in <a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">the murder of Tsutsumi Sakamoto and his family</a>. Sakamoto had been working on a class-action lawsuit against the cult.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asahara had previously advanced the concept of <i>'poa'</i>: a doctrine which stated that not only were people with bad <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> doomed to an eternity in <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> (unless they were 'rebirthed' through intervention by 'enlightened people'), but that it was acceptable to kill those at risk of bad karma to save them from hell.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_attempts_to_seize_power">Early attempts to seize power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early attempts to seize power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asahara had experienced <a href="/wiki/Grandiose_delusions" title="Grandiose delusions">delusions of grandeur</a> as early as 1985. In his meditation sessions during this time, he claimed that the god Shiva had been revealed to him, and had appointed him 'Abiraketsu no Mikoto' ('The god of light who leads the armies of the gods'), who was to build the <a href="/wiki/Shambhala" title="Shambhala">Kingdom of Shambhala</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> society made up of those who had developed 'psychic powers'.<sup id="cite_ref-shimazono_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shimazono-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, Asahara announced that the group would run 25 candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Japanese_general_election" title="1990 Japanese general election">election that year</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Diet">Japanese Diet</a>, under the banner of <i>Shinrito</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">真理党</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">"Truth Party"</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>. Despite showing confidence in their ability to gain seats in the diet, the party received only 1,783 votes; the failure to achieve power legitimately, blamed by Asahara on an external conspiracy propagated by "<a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>", caused him to order the cult to produce <a href="/wiki/Botulinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum">botulinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a> in order to overthrow the Japanese government. As members became disillusioned with the group (following contact with the outside world made during the election campaign) and defected, an attitude among the remaining members that 'the unenlightened' did not deserve salvation became accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-murakami_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murakami-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to stockpile botulinum toxin proved unsuccessful. Seiichi Endo – one of the members tasked with acquiring botulinum toxin – collected soil samples from the <a href="/wiki/Ishikari_River" title="Ishikari River">Ishikari River</a>, and attempted to produce the toxin using three 10,000-litre (2,600 US gal) capacity fermenters. In total, around 50 batches of 9,000 litres (2,400 US gal) of a crude broth were produced – however, the cult did not attempt to purify the broth (which mostly would have consisted of <a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">bacterial cultivation media</a>; one member even fell into one of the fermenters and nearly drowned, but otherwise suffered no ill effects).<sup id="cite_ref-cnas_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite mouse bioassays run by Tomomasu Nakagawa (another cult member assisting Endo) returning no toxic effects, in April 1990 the crude broth was loaded into three trucks equipped with custom spray devices, which was to be sprayed at two US naval bases, Narita airport, the Diet building, the Imperial Palace, and the headquarters of a rival religious group.<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simultaneously, Asahara announced that the coming apocalyptic war could not save people outside of the cult, and that members should attend a three-day seminar in <a href="/wiki/Ishigaki,_Okinawa" title="Ishigaki, Okinawa">Ishigakijima</a> in order to seek shelter. The spraying attacks failed to cause any ill effects among the population but 1,270 people attended the seminar, many of them becoming devout monks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the intention of building a compound incorporating facilities such as a phosgene plant (as well as facilities to manufacture <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> gas), Aum Shinrikyo used 14 dummy companies to purchase acres of land in Namino (now part of <a href="/wiki/Aso,_Kumamoto" title="Aso, Kumamoto">Aso city</a>), and began construction. However, public attitudes towards the cult had become very negative due to suspicions around the cult's illegal activities. These attitudes were exacerbated once it was revealed to the surrounding community that the group had acted illegally. A police investigation in October resulted in the arrests of several Aum members, causing Asahara to fear a police raid – he hence ordered the destruction of all biological and chemical weapon stockpiles, and for the cult to focus on legitimate, non-violent strategies only.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restarting_violent_activity">Restarting violent activity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Restarting violent activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the destruction of the illegal weapon stockpiles, the cult relied on 'mainstream' methods to attract other members – this included frequent television appearances by Asahara, as well as the setting up of the 'Aum Shinrikyo broadcasting' radio station in Russia in April 1992. However, starting in late 1992, Asahara's mental health deteriorated further – he began to complain of hallucinations and paranoia,<sup id="cite_ref-clock_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clock-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he withdrew from public appearances (except on Aum Shinrikyo Broadcasting), claiming society was preventing him from fulfilling his destiny as Christ. The concurrent replacement of the previously predominantly female group of top advisers with a more aggressive male group led to the gradual restarting of the violent campaign to seize power. At some point in 1992, Asahara published <i>Declaring Myself the Christ</i>, in which he identified with the "<a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He outlined a doomsday prophecy, which included a <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">Third World War</a>, and described a final conflict culminating in a nuclear <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a>, borrowing the term from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2016:16&version=nrsv">16:16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kaplan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His purported mission was to take upon himself the sins of the world, and he claimed he could transfer to his followers spiritual power and take away their sins.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asahara claimed to be able to see dark conspiracies everywhere promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">Freemasons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Family">British Royal Family</a>, and rival Japanese religions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president of the Okamura ironworks, an industrial plant facing debt troubles, was a member of the cult who consulted with Asahara about a takeover strategy. In September 1992, Asahara was made president of the ironworks, resulting in 90% of staff being dismissed or leaving due to the 'Aum-ification' of the plant. These workers were replaced with other members of the group. Over the course of 1993, the cult smuggled <a href="/wiki/AK-74" title="AK-74">AK-74</a> rifles and <a href="/wiki/5.45%C3%9739mm" title="5.45×39mm">5.45x39mm bullets</a>, and began to prototype rifles based on the AK-74 design. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Layout_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_biological_weapons_facility.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Layout_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_biological_weapons_facility.png/220px-Layout_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_biological_weapons_facility.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Layout_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_biological_weapons_facility.png/330px-Layout_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_biological_weapons_facility.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Layout_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_biological_weapons_facility.png/440px-Layout_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_biological_weapons_facility.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Layout of the Aum Shinrikyo biological weapons facility</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the oversight of Endo, the biological weapons division of the cult resumed – this time pursuing not only botulinum toxin, but also <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>, using improved 200-litre (53 US gal) drum fermenters at their Kameido facility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Again, the group did not attempt to purify the resulting product, which resembled a foul-smelling brown slurry. Further failed attacks on individuals were attempted in 1993 and 1994 using botulinum – first using a homemade sprayer mounted to a car, and then by mixing with juice – but neither had any effects. Five days before the sarin attack on the Tokyo subways, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum</a> was dispersed in a failed attack on <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki_Station_(Tokyo)" title="Kasumigaseki Station (Tokyo)">Kasumigaseki station</a> – a dissident member had replaced the active compound with water, but the cult had failed to acquire an active strain of <i>C. botulinum</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similarly, the Aum anthrax program was a failure – despite having access to a sympathiser outside of the group who could acquire anthrax spores, the strain received by the group was a Sterne vaccine strain incapable of causing harm. It was unclear why, despite having this knowledge, the group executed two attacks in 1993 using this vaccine strain – once from the roof of the headquarters building in Kameido, and once from a truck with a custom spraying device, aimed at the Diet building, Imperial Palace, and Tokyo Tower. Both attacks caused no effects other than a foul smell, reported by passers-by.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1993, Endo attempted a different strategy – by desiccating the slurry, the <i>B. anthracis</i> spores could be spread as a powder, rather than through spraying – this was achieved with a crude hot air dryer. Nakagawa has claimed that an attempt was made to spread this powder through the centre of Tokyo, but this, also, had no effects. The total failure of the biological weapons program had, by mid-1993, convinced Asahara to focus on the chemical weapons division under Masami Tsuchiya. While Endo would be promoted within the cult to 'health minister' in 1994 – reflecting his seniority – no further attacks using biological weapons were attempted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_weapon_production">Chemical weapon production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical weapon production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg/280px-%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg/420px-%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg/560px-%E3%82%B5%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Aum Shinrikyo facility in Kamikuisshiki, 8 September 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>Tsuchiya had established a small laboratory in their <a href="/wiki/Kamikuishiki,_Yamanashi" title="Kamikuishiki, Yamanashi">Kamikuishiki</a> complex in November 1992. After initial research (done at <a href="/wiki/Tsukuba_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsukuba University">Tsukuba University</a>, where he had previously studied chemistry), he suggested to Hideo Murai – a senior Aum advisor who had tasked him with researching chemical weapons in November 1992, out of fear that the cult would soon be attacked with them – that the most cost-effective substance to synthesize would be sarin.<sup id="cite_ref-cnas_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was subsequently ordered to produce a small amount – within a month, the necessary equipment had been ordered and installed, and 10–20 grams (0.35–0.71 oz) of sarin had been produced via synthetic procedures derived from the five-step DHMP process as originally described by IG Farben in 1938, and as used by the Allies after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-cnas_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnas-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this small quantity had been produced, Murai ordered Tsuchiya to produce about 70 tonnes (150,000 lb) – when Tsuchiya protested, noting that this level of scaling was not feasible in a research laboratory, a chemical plant was ordered to be built alongside the biological production facility in the Fujigamine district of Kamikuishiki, to be labeled Satyan-7 ('Truth'). The specialized equipment and substantial chemicals needed to run the facility were purchased using <a href="/wiki/Shell_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell companies">shell companies</a> under Hasegawa Chemical, a chemical company already owned by Aum. At the same time, in September 1993, Asahara and 24 other cult members traveled from Tokyo to <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Australia, bringing generators, tools, protective equipment (including gas masks and respirators), and chemicals to make sarin. </p><p>After repurchasing chemicals confiscated by customs, the group chartered aircraft from Perth to <a href="/wiki/Banjawarn_Station" title="Banjawarn Station">Banjawarn Station</a>, where they searched for uranium deposits to make <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">nuclear weapons</a> and may have tested the efficacy of the synthesized sarin on animals. They remained in Australia for eight days and attempted to return in October of the same year, but were denied visas – Banjawarn Station was sold by Aum in October 1994 for ~AU$150,000 less than market rate, the buyers noted that the previous owners wanted the property sold as soon as possible. They left behind several drums of hazardous and toxic chemicals and empty bottles of sake strewn about the property. Being concerned, the new owners contacted the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police" title="Australian Federal Police">Australian Federal Police</a>, who soon inspected the property due to concerns about its previous owners, and Banjawarn was exposed as a former chemical weapons testing site for Aum.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overhead_view_of_Satyan_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Overhead_view_of_Satyan_7.png/220px-Overhead_view_of_Satyan_7.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Overhead_view_of_Satyan_7.png/330px-Overhead_view_of_Satyan_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Overhead_view_of_Satyan_7.png/440px-Overhead_view_of_Satyan_7.png 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Overhead view of the Satyan-7 chemical weapon facility</figcaption></figure> <p>The Satyan-7 facility was declared ready for occupancy by September 1993 with the capacity to produce about 40–50 litres (11–13 US gal) of sarin, being equipped with 30-litre (7.9 US gal) capacity mixing flasks within protective hoods, and eventually employing 100 Aum members; the UN would later estimate the value of the building and its contents at $30 million.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the safety features and often state-of-the-art equipment and practices, the operation of the facility was very unsafe – one analyst would later describe the cult as having a "high degree of book learning, but virtually nothing in the way of technical skill."<sup id="cite_ref-olson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the facility developed leaks, buckets were used to contain spills; several technicians inhaled fumes on repeated occasions, developing 'symptoms ranging from nosebleeds to convulsions',<sup id="cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ataxia-chapter3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and toxic chemicals leaked from the site and into the soil. Citizens lodged complaints about foul smells several times, with the cult claiming that the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> had assaulted the complex with poison gas. An accident at the plant in November 1994 would eventually force the suspension of the production of chemical agents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By December, Tsuchiya had accumulated in total about 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) of sarin – from this, two separate assassination attempts were made on <a href="/wiki/Daisaku_Ikeda" title="Daisaku Ikeda">Daisaku Ikeda</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> (a rival Japanese religious movement), in mid-1994. The first attack involved a truck with a spraying system, as previously used – the spraying system malfunctioned, spraying sarin into the truck itself, and mildly poisoning the operators. The second attack utilized a truck modified to include an evaporation system based on heating sarin over a gas stove fire; despite prior warnings from cult member Kazuyoshi Takizawa, the truck caught fire during the dissemination, severely poisoning the driver Tomomitsu Niimi and causing both Niimi and Murai – the operators – to flee. Niimi received an injection of <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> and pralidoxime iodine, saving his life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the failure of the attack, the members of Aum were convinced of sarin's efficacy, prompting Asahara to appoint Takizawa in charge of operations of Satyan-7; Tsuchiya was assigned to several other projects and would go on to manufacture several <a href="/wiki/Psychoactives" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactives">psychoactives</a> – <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a> to be used in the cult activities and <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a>; he would also manufacture small amounts of phosgene, VX, <a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">soman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">cyclosarin</a>, and gunpowder. These compounds would be used in several attacks and assassination attempts: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Confirmed chemical attacks executed by Aum Shinrikyo<sup id="cite_ref-chronology_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Agent </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>Late 1993-early 1994 </td> <td>Sarin </td> <td>Tokyo </td> <td>Two failed attempts to assassinate Daisaku Ikeda, leader of <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 May 1994 </td> <td>Sarin </td> <td>Tokyo </td> <td>Attempted assassination of Taro Takimoto, an attorney working on behalf of victims of the group – Takimoto was hospitalized but made a full recovery. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 June 1994 </td> <td>Sarin </td> <td>Matsumoto </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_sarin_attack" title="Matsumoto sarin attack">Matsumoto sarin attack</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 September 1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene</a> </td> <td>Yokohama </td> <td>Attempted assassination of Shoko Egawa, a journalist who had covered the <a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">1989 disappearance of Tsutsumi Sakamoto</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late 1994 </td> <td>VX </td> <td>Various </td> <td>VX was used to assassinate up to 20 dissident Aum members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 December 1994 </td> <td>VX </td> <td>Osaka </td> <td>Posing as joggers, Aum members sprayed Tadahito Hamaguchi, a man who the cult believed was spying on them, with VX from a syringe. He was pronounced dead four days later. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 January 1995 </td> <td>VX </td> <td>Tokyo </td> <td>Attempted assassination of Hiroyuki Nagaoka, head of the 'Aum Shinrikyo Victim's Group' – Nagaoka was hospitalized for several weeks. </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1995 </td> <td>VX </td> <td>Tokyo </td> <td>Attempted assassination of Ryuho Okawa, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Happy_Science" title="Happy Science">Institute for Research into Human Happiness</a>, who had criticized the group – Okawa suffered no ill effects. </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 March 1995 </td> <td>Sarin </td> <td>Tokyo </td> <td><b>Tokyo subway sarin attack</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 May 1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> </td> <td>Tokyo </td> <td>Two vinyl bags – one containing sulfuric acid and the other containing sodium cyanide – were found, on fire, in the toilet of a subway station. Four injuries. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matsumoto_sarin_attack">Matsumoto sarin attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Matsumoto sarin attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_sarin_attack" title="Matsumoto sarin attack">Matsumoto sarin attack</a></div> <p>In June 1994, Asahara ordered the cult to assassinate the judges involved in deciding a commercial land dispute involving the cult, due to his belief that they would not deliver a favourable judgement. About a week later, on 27 June, 30 litres (7.9 US gal) of sarin was loaded onto a truck equipped with a fan, heater, and pump – six members, pre-administered with sarin antidotes and wearing improvised gas masks, began the propagation of sarin at around 10:40<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm, spraying for around 10–20 minutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to it being a warm evening, many residents had left their windows open while they slept – the first emergency call was made at 11:09<span class="nowrap"> </span>pm. Within an hour, a mass disaster caused by an unknown toxic gas had been declared. Fifty-eight people were hospitalised, of whom seven people died in the immediate aftermath, and an eighth 14 years later, and an additional 253 people sought medical care at outpatient clinics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-gupta-2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta-2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Description_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_sarin_truck.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Description_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_sarin_truck.png/220px-Description_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_sarin_truck.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Description_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_sarin_truck.png/330px-Description_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_sarin_truck.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Description_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_sarin_truck.png/440px-Description_of_Aum_Shinrikyo_sarin_truck.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Aum Shinrikyo sarin truck</figcaption></figure> <p>Investigations after the Matsumoto attack were generally inconclusive, with the primary suspect being <a href="/wiki/Yoshiyuki_K%C5%8Dno_(victim)" title="Yoshiyuki Kōno (victim)">Yoshiyuki Kōno</a>, whose wife had been left comatose by the attack. Blame would not be clearly attributed to Aum Shinrikyo until after the subway attack, despite tipoffs – in September 1994, two anonymous letters were sent to major media outlets in Japan – the first asserting that the group were responsible for the attack, and the second claiming that Matsumoto was an open-air 'experiment of sorts', noting that the results would have been much worse if sarin had been released indoors, such as in 'a crowded subway'.<sup id="cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ataxia-chapter3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following an accident at Satyan-7 the next month (and complaints from the surrounding communities), a police investigation revealed <a href="/wiki/Methylphosphonic_acid" title="Methylphosphonic acid">methylphosphonic acid</a> and isopropyl methylphosphonic acid – the former being a degradation product of sarin, and the latter being a definitive signature of both sarin production and of failures in production. However, there was no law at the time prohibiting the production of the nerve agents. This evidence was left unacted on, but was leaked to the <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a> in January 1995, alerting Asahara and the cult, and causing Nakagawa and Endo to begin the process of destroying and/or hiding all nerve agents and biological weapons, which lasted until the end of February.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation_for_the_attack">Preparation for the attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Preparation for the attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fingerprint evidence for an Aum member linked to an earlier kidnapping, in addition to the sarin-contaminated soil samples, caused the police to set a raid date for 22 March. Asahara was made aware of the impending raid by two cult members inside the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Japan Self-Defense Forces</a>, and ordered an attack on Tokyo subway lines close to the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Police_Department" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department">Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department</a> on the morning of 20 March – possibly as a desperate attack to initiate the apocalypse.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To aid in this, Tsuchiya was ordered by Endo to produce sarin again on 18 March – due to a lack of normal precursors as a result of the chemical destruction process, the sarin produced was of a lower quality and caused the normally colourless sarin to appear brown. 30 kilograms (66 lb) of the chemical was manufactured and stored in a large container, from which it was decanted into plastic bags. Later forensic analysis found that the sarin utilised in the attack was roughly half as pure as that used in the Matsumoto attack. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack">Attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Monday, 20 March 1995, five members of <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> launched a chemical attack on the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway" title="Tokyo subway">Tokyo subway</a> (on lines that are part of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro" title="Tokyo Metro">Tokyo Metro</a>), one of the world's busiest commuter transport systems, at the peak of the morning <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a>. The chemical agent used, liquid <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a>, was contained in plastic bags which each team then wrapped in newspaper. Each perpetrator carried two packets totaling approximately 0.9 litres (30 US fl oz) of sarin, except Yasuo Hayashi, who carried three bags totalling approximately 1.3 litres (44 US fl oz) of sarin. Aum originally planned to spread the sarin as an aerosol but did not follow through with it. Sarin has an <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD<sub>50</sub></a> of 550 micrograms per kilogram (0.0039 gr/lb), corresponding to 38.5 milligrams (0.594 gr) for a 70-kilogram (150 lb) human; however, dispersal issues dramatically reduced its effectiveness. </p><p>Carrying their packets of sarin and umbrellas with sharpened tips, the perpetrators boarded their appointed trains. At prearranged stations, the sarin packets were dropped and punctured several times with the sharpened tip of the umbrella. Each perpetrator then got off the train and exited the station to meet his accomplice with a car.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving the punctured packets on the floor allowed the sarin to leak out into the train car and stations. This sarin affected passengers, subway workers, and those who came into contact with them. Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve agents,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means that it can quickly and easily evaporate from a liquid into a vapor and spread into the environment. People can be exposed to the vapor even if they do not come in contact with the liquid form of sarin. Because it evaporates so quickly, sarin presents an immediate but short-lived threat.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chiyoda_Line">Chiyoda Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chiyoda Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Chiyoda_Line_Sarin_Attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tokyo_Chiyoda_Line_Sarin_Attack.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Chiyoda_Line_Sarin_Attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tokyo_Chiyoda_Line_Sarin_Attack.jpg/330px-Tokyo_Chiyoda_Line_Sarin_Attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tokyo_Chiyoda_Line_Sarin_Attack.jpg/440px-Tokyo_Chiyoda_Line_Sarin_Attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of the attack on the Yoyogi-Uehara bound <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiyoda Line">Chiyoda Line</a> train</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-National-Railways-203-67th-unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Japanese-National-Railways-203-67th-unit.jpg/220px-Japanese-National-Railways-203-67th-unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Japanese-National-Railways-203-67th-unit.jpg/330px-Japanese-National-Railways-203-67th-unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Japanese-National-Railways-203-67th-unit.jpg/440px-Japanese-National-Railways-203-67th-unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>JR East 203 series set 67, the Chiyoda Line train involved as A725K</figcaption></figure> <p>The team of Ikuo Hayashi and Tomomitsu Niimi were assigned to drop and puncture two sarin packets on the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Chiyoda_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line">Chiyoda Line</a>. Hayashi was the perpetrator and Niimi was his getaway driver. On the way to <a href="/wiki/Sendagi_Station" title="Sendagi Station">Sendagi Station</a>, Niimi purchased newspapers to wrap the sarin packets in—the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Communist Party">Japan Communist Party</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Akahata" class="mw-redirect" title="Akahata">Akahata</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dka_Gakkai_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōka Gakkai International">Sōka Gakkai</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Seikyo_Shimbun" title="Seikyo Shimbun">Seikyo Shimbun</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hayashi eventually chose to use <i>Akahata</i>. Wearing a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_mask" title="Surgical mask">surgical mask</a> commonly worn by the Japanese during cold and flu season, Hayashi boarded the first car of southwest-bound 07:48 Chiyoda Line train number A725K (JR East <a href="/wiki/203_series" title="203 series">203 series</a> set 67) which was running on a through service from the <a href="/wiki/Joban_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Joban Line">Joban Line</a>. As the train approached <a href="/wiki/Shin-Ochanomizu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin-Ochanomizu Station">Shin-Ochanomizu Station</a>, the central business district in <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda</a>, he punctured one of his two bags of sarin, leaving the other untouched, and exited the train at Shin-Ochanomizu.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The train proceeded down the line with the punctured bag of sarin leaking until 4 stops later at <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki_Station_(Tokyo)" title="Kasumigaseki Station (Tokyo)">Kasumigaseki Station</a>. There, the bags were removed and eventually disposed of by station attendants, of whom two died. The train continued on to the next station where it was completely stopped, evacuated and cleaned.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marunouchi_Line">Marunouchi Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marunouchi Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ogikubo-bound">Ogikubo-bound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ogikubo-bound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marunouchi-ogi_map_sarin_attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Marunouchi-ogi_map_sarin_attack.png/300px-Marunouchi-ogi_map_sarin_attack.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Marunouchi-ogi_map_sarin_attack.png/450px-Marunouchi-ogi_map_sarin_attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Marunouchi-ogi_map_sarin_attack.png/600px-Marunouchi-ogi_map_sarin_attack.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of the attack on the <a href="/wiki/Ogikubo_Station" title="Ogikubo Station">Ogikubo</a>-bound <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Marunouchi_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line">Marunouchi Line</a> train</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-116F_in_Yotsuya_Station_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-116F_in_Yotsuya_Station_01.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-116F_in_Yotsuya_Station_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-116F_in_Yotsuya_Station_01.jpg/330px-Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-116F_in_Yotsuya_Station_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-116F_in_Yotsuya_Station_01.jpg/440px-Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-116F_in_Yotsuya_Station_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3723" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>02 series set 16, the train involved as B777</figcaption></figure> <p>Two men, Ken'ichi Hirose and Koichi Kitamura, were assigned to release two sarin packets on the westbound <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Marunouchi_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line">Marunouchi Line</a> destined for <a href="/wiki/Ogikubo_Station" title="Ogikubo Station">Ogikubo Station</a>. The pair left Aum headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shibuya, Tokyo">Shibuya</a> at 6:00 am and drove to <a href="/wiki/Yotsuya_Station" title="Yotsuya Station">Yotsuya Station</a>. There Hirose boarded a westbound Marunouchi Line train, then changed to a northbound <a href="/wiki/East_Japan_Railway_Company" title="East Japan Railway Company">JR East</a> <a href="/wiki/Saiky%C5%8D_Line" title="Saikyō Line">Saikyō Line</a> train at <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Station" title="Shinjuku Station">Shinjuku Station</a> and got off at <a href="/wiki/Ikebukuro_Station" title="Ikebukuro Station">Ikebukuro Station</a>. He then bought a sports tabloid to wrap the sarin packets in and boarded the second car of Marunouchi Line train A777 (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_02_series" title="Tokyo Metro 02 series">02 series</a> set 16).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he was about to release the sarin, Hirose believed the loud noises, on the usually quiet train, caused by the newspaper-wrapped packets had caught the attention of a schoolgirl. To avoid further suspicion, he got off the train at either <a href="/wiki/Myogadani_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Myogadani Station">Myogadani</a> or <a href="/wiki/Korakuen_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Korakuen Station">Korakuen Station</a> and moved to the third car instead of the second.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the train approached <a href="/wiki/Ochanomizu_Station" title="Ochanomizu Station">Ochanomizu Station</a>, Hirose dropped the newspapers to the floor, repeated an Aum mantra and punctured both sarin packets with so much force that he bent the tip of his sharpened umbrella. Both packets were successfully broken, and all 900 millilitres (30 US fl oz) of sarin was released onto the floor of the train. Hirose then departed the train at Ochanomizu and left via Kitamura's car waiting outside the station. Hirose's clumsy release of the sarin resulted in him accidentally poisoning himself, but he was able to administer an antidote stored in Kitamura's car.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Nakano-sakaue_Station" title="Nakano-sakaue Station">Nakano-sakaue Station</a>, 19 stops later, two severely injured passengers were carried out of the train car, while station attendant Sumio Nishimura removed the sarin packets (one of these two passengers was the only fatality from this attack). The train continued with sarin still on the floor of the third car. Five stops later, at 08:38, the train reached <a href="/wiki/Ogikubo_Station" title="Ogikubo Station">Ogikubo Station</a>, the end of the <a href="/wiki/Marunouchi_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Marunouchi Line">Marunouchi Line</a>, all while passengers continued to board the train. The train continued eastbound until it was finally taken out of service at <a href="/wiki/Shin-K%C5%8Denji_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin-Kōenji Station">Shin-Kōenji Station</a> two stops later. The entire ordeal resulted in one passenger's death with 358 being seriously injured.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ikebukuro-bound">Ikebukuro-bound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ikebukuro-bound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marunouchi-ike_map_sarin_attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Marunouchi-ike_map_sarin_attack.png/300px-Marunouchi-ike_map_sarin_attack.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Marunouchi-ike_map_sarin_attack.png/450px-Marunouchi-ike_map_sarin_attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Marunouchi-ike_map_sarin_attack.png/600px-Marunouchi-ike_map_sarin_attack.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of the attack on the <a href="/wiki/Ikebukuro_Station" title="Ikebukuro Station">Ikebukuro</a>-bound <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Marunouchi_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line">Marunouchi Line</a> train</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-150F_in_Yotsuya_Station_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-150F_in_Yotsuya_Station_02.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-150F_in_Yotsuya_Station_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-150F_in_Yotsuya_Station_02.jpg/330px-Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-150F_in_Yotsuya_Station_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-150F_in_Yotsuya_Station_02.jpg/440px-Tokyo_Metro_Series_02_02-150F_in_Yotsuya_Station_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption>02 series set 50, the train involved as B701/A801/B901</figcaption></figure> <p>Masato Yokoyama and his driver Kiyotaka Tonozaki were assigned to release sarin on the <a href="/wiki/Ikebukuro_Station" title="Ikebukuro Station">Ikebukuro</a>-bound Marunouchi Line. On the way to <a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_Station" title="Shinjuku Station">Shinjuku Station</a>, Tonozaki stopped to allow Yokoyama to buy a copy of <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Keizai_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon Keizai Shimbun">Nihon Keizai Shimbun</a></i>, to wrap the two sarin packets. When they arrived at the station, Yokoyama put on a wig and fake glasses and boarded the fifth car of the Ikebukuro-bound 07:39 Marunouchi Line train number B801 (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_02_series" title="Tokyo Metro 02 series">02 series</a> set 50). As the train approached <a href="/wiki/Yotsuya_Station" title="Yotsuya Station">Yotsuya Station</a>, Yokoyama began poking at the sarin packets. When the train reached the next station, he fled the scene with Tonozaki, leaving the sarin packets on the train car. The packets were not fully punctured. During his drop, Yokoyama left one packet fully intact, while the other packet was only punctured once (and with a small hole), resulting in the sarin being released relatively slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The train reached the end of the line, Ikebukuro, at 08:30 where it would head back in the opposite direction. Before it departed the train was evacuated and searched, but the searchers failed to discover the sarin packets. The train departed Ikebukuro Station at 08:32 as the Shinjuku-bound A801. Passengers soon became ill and alerted station attendants of the sarin-soaked newspapers at <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Drakuen_Station" title="Kōrakuen Station">Kōrakuen Station</a>. One station later, at <a href="/wiki/Hong%C5%8D-sanch%C5%8Dme_Station" title="Hongō-sanchōme Station">Hongō-sanchōme</a>, staff removed the sarin packets and mopped the floor, but the train continued on to Shinjuku. After arriving at 09:09, the train once again began to make its way back to Ikebukuro as the B901. The train was finally put out of service at <a href="/wiki/Kokkai-gijid%C5%8D-mae_Station" title="Kokkai-gijidō-mae Station">Kokkai-gijidō-mae Station</a> in Chiyoda at 09:27, one hour and forty minutes after Yokoyama punctured the sarin packet. The attack resulted in no fatalities, but over 200 people were left in serious condition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hibiya_Line">Hibiya Line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hibiya Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tōbu_Dōbutsu_Kōen-bound"><span id="T.C5.8Dbu_D.C5.8Dbutsu_K.C5.8Den-bound"></span>Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HibiyaLine_ne_bound_sarin_attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/HibiyaLine_ne_bound_sarin_attack.png/220px-HibiyaLine_ne_bound_sarin_attack.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/HibiyaLine_ne_bound_sarin_attack.png/330px-HibiyaLine_ne_bound_sarin_attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/HibiyaLine_ne_bound_sarin_attack.png/440px-HibiyaLine_ne_bound_sarin_attack.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of the attack on the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dbu_D%C5%8Dbutsu_K%C5%8Den_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen Station">Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen</a>-bound <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Hibiya_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line">Hibiya Line</a> train</figcaption></figure> <p>Toru Toyoda and his driver Katsuya Takahashi were assigned to release sarin on the northeast-bound <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Hibiya_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line">Hibiya Line</a>. </p><p>The pair, with Takahashi driving, left Aum headquarters in Shibuya at 06:30. After purchasing a copy of <i><a href="/wiki/Hochi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochi Shimbun">Hochi Shimbun</a></i> and wrapping his two sarin packets, Toyoda arrived at <a href="/wiki/Naka-Meguro_Station" title="Naka-Meguro Station">Naka-Meguro Station</a> where he boarded the first car of northeast-bound 07:59 Hibiya Line train number B711T (<a href="/wiki/Tobu_20000_series" title="Tobu 20000 series">Tobu 20000 series</a> set 11). Sitting close to the door, he set the sarin packets on the floor. When the train arrived at the next station, <a href="/wiki/Ebisu_Station_(Tokyo)" title="Ebisu Station (Tokyo)">Ebisu</a>, Toyoda punctured both packets and got off the train. He was on the train for a total of two minutes, by far the quickest sarin drop out of the five attacks that day.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two stops later, at <a href="/wiki/Roppongi_Station" title="Roppongi Station">Roppongi Station</a>, passengers in the train's first car began to feel the effects of the sarin and began to open the windows. By <a href="/wiki/Kamiyacho_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamiyacho Station">Kamiyacho Station</a>, the next stop, the passengers in the car had begun panicking. The first car was evacuated and several passengers were immediately taken to a hospital. Still, with the first car empty, the train continued down the line for one more stop until it was completely evacuated at <a href="/wiki/Kasumigaseki_Station_(Tokyo)" title="Kasumigaseki Station (Tokyo)">Kasumigaseki Station</a>. This attack killed one person and seriously injured 532 others.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naka-Meguro-bound">Naka-Meguro-bound</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Naka-Meguro-bound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HibiyaLine_se_bound_sarin_attack.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HibiyaLine_se_bound_sarin_attack.png/220px-HibiyaLine_se_bound_sarin_attack.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HibiyaLine_se_bound_sarin_attack.png/330px-HibiyaLine_se_bound_sarin_attack.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HibiyaLine_se_bound_sarin_attack.png/440px-HibiyaLine_se_bound_sarin_attack.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of the attack on the <a href="/wiki/Naka-Meguro_Station" title="Naka-Meguro Station">Naka-Meguro</a>-bound <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Hibiya_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line">Hibiya Line</a> train</figcaption></figure> <p>Yasuo Hayashi and Shigeo Sugimoto were the team assigned to drop sarin on the southwest-bound Hibiya Line departing <a href="/wiki/Kita-Senju_Station" title="Kita-Senju Station">Kita-Senju Station</a> for <a href="/wiki/Naka-Meguro_Station" title="Naka-Meguro Station">Naka-Meguro Station</a>. Unlike the rest of the attackers, Hayashi carried three sarin packets onto the train instead of two. Prior to the attack, Hayashi asked to carry a flawed leftover packet in addition to the two others in an apparent bid to allay suspicions and prove his loyalty to the group.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Sugimoto escorted him to <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Station" title="Ueno Station">Ueno Station</a>, Hayashi boarded the third car of southwest-bound 07:43 Hibiya Line train number A720S (<a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_03_series" title="Tokyo Metro 03 series">03 series</a> set 10) and dropped his sarin packets to the floor. Two stops later, at <a href="/wiki/Akihabara_Station" title="Akihabara Station">Akihabara Station</a>, he punctured two of the three packets, left the train, and arrived back at Aum headquarters with Sugimoto by 08:30. Hayashi made the most punctures of any of the perpetrators. By the next stop, passengers in the third car began to feel the effects of the sarin. Noticing the large, liquid-soaked package on the floor and assuming it was the culprit, one passenger kicked the sarin packets out of the train and onto <a href="/wiki/Kodenmach%C5%8D_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodenmachō Station">Kodenmachō Station</a>'s subway platform. Four people in the station died as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A puddle of sarin remained on the floor of the passenger car as the train continued to the next station. At 08:10, after the train pulled out of <a href="/wiki/Hatch%C5%8Dbori_Station_(Tokyo)" title="Hatchōbori Station (Tokyo)">Hatchōbori Station</a>, a passenger in the third car pressed the emergency stop button. The train was in a tunnel at the time, and was forced to proceed to <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_Station" title="Tsukiji Station">Tsukiji Station</a>, where passengers stumbled out and collapsed on the station's platform and the train was taken out of service.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack was originally believed to be an explosion and was thus labeled as such in media reports. Eventually, station attendants realized that the attack was not an explosion, but rather a chemical attack. At 08:35, the Hibiya Line was completely shut down and all commuters were evacuated. Between the five stations affected in this attack, 8 people died and 275 were seriously injured.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_perpetrators">Main perpetrators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Main perpetrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ten members of Aum Shinrikyo were responsible for carrying out the attacks: five released the sarin, while the other five served as <a href="/wiki/Crime_scene_getaway" title="Crime scene getaway">getaway drivers</a>. </p><p>The five duos were: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Metro line</th> <th>Train </th> <th>Perpetrator </th> <th>Getaway driver </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Chiyoda_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line">Chiyoda</a></td> <td>A725K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ikuo_Hayashi" title="Ikuo Hayashi">Ikuo Hayashi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">林郁夫</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hayashi Ikuo</i></span>)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tomomitsu_Niimi" title="Tomomitsu Niimi">Tomomitsu Niimi</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">新実智光</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Niimi Tomomitsu</i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Marunouchi_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line">Marunouchi</a><span class="nowrap">  </span></td> <td>A777 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Hirose" title="Kenichi Hirose">Kenichi Hirose</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">広瀬健一</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hirose Ken'ichi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td> <td>Kōichi Kitamura<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北村浩一</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kitamura Kōichi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>B801 </td> <td>Toru Toyoda<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">豊田亨</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Toyoda Tōru</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>Katsuya Takahashi<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">高橋克也</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Takahashi Katsuya</i></span>)</span><span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Hibiya_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line">Hibiya</a></td> <td>B711T </td> <td>Masato Yokoyama<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">横山真人</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Yokoyama Masato</i></span>)</span><span class="nowrap">  </span> </td> <td>Kiyotaka Tonozaki<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">外崎清隆</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Tonozaki Kiyotaka</i></span>)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>A720S </td> <td>Yasuo Hayashi<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">林泰男</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Hayashi Yasuo</i></span>)</span> </td> <td>Shigeo Sugimoto<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">杉本繁郎</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sugimoto Shigeo</i></span>)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Naoko Kikuchi, an eleventh member of Aum, was involved with producing the sarin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_A725K_(Chiyoda_Line_train)"><span id="Train_A725K_.28Chiyoda_Line_train.29"></span>Train A725K (Chiyoda Line train)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Train A725K (Chiyoda Line train)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ikuo_Hayashi">Ikuo Hayashi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ikuo Hayashi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack##" title="Talk:Tokyo subway sarin attack">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22">"Tokyo subway sarin attack"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ikuo_Hayashi" title="Ikuo Hayashi">Ikuo Hayashi</a></div> <p>Ikuo Hayashi (born 23 January 1947) was 48 years old at the time of the attacks. Prior to joining Aum, Hayashi was a senior medical doctor with "an active 'front-line' track record" at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (Japan)">Ministry of Science and Technology</a>. The son of a doctor, Hayashi graduated from <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>. He was a heart and artery specialist at <a href="/wiki/Keio_University#Hospital_and_rehabilitation_center" title="Keio University">Keio Hospital</a>, which he left to become head of Circulatory Medicine at the National Sanatorium Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Tokai,_Ibaraki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokai, Ibaraki">Tokai, Ibaraki</a> (north of Tokyo). </p><p>In 1990, Hayashi resigned his job and left his family to join Aum in the monastic order Sangha, where he became one of Asahara's favorites and was appointed the group's Minister of Healing, as which he was responsible for administering a variety of "treatments" to Aum members, including <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium pentothal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electroshock_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroshock therapy">electric shocks</a> to those whose loyalty was suspect. These treatments resulted in several deaths. </p><p>Hayashi later reported to the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(Japan)" title="National Police Agency (Japan)">Japanese police</a> investigators about the sarin attacks and Aum activities post-Tokyo subway attack; his cooperation with the authorities resulted in numerous arrests and convictions, and he was given a <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life sentence</a> instead of death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tomomitsu_Niimi">Tomomitsu Niimi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tomomitsu Niimi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tomomitsu_Niimi" title="Tomomitsu Niimi">Tomomitsu Niimi</a>, who was Hayashi's getaway driver, was 31 years old at the time of the attacks; he was sentenced to death due to his involvement in other crimes perpetrated by Aum members. Niimi was executed at the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Detention_House" title="Osaka Detention House">Osaka Detention House</a> on 6 July 2018<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with six others of those principally involved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_A777_(Ogikubo-bound_Marunouchi_Line_train)"><span id="Train_A777_.28Ogikubo-bound_Marunouchi_Line_train.29"></span>Train A777 (Ogikubo-bound Marunouchi Line train)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Train A777 (Ogikubo-bound Marunouchi Line train)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenichi_Hirose">Kenichi Hirose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kenichi Hirose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Special:EditPage/Tokyo subway sarin attack">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22">"Tokyo subway sarin attack"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tokyo+subway+sarin+attack%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Hirose" title="Kenichi Hirose">Kenichi Hirose</a></div> <p>Kenichi Hirose (12 June 1964 – 26 July 2018) was 30 years old at the time of the attacks. Holder of a postgraduate degree in physics from <a href="/wiki/Waseda_University" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hirose became an important member of the group's Chemical Brigade in their Ministry of Science and Technology. He was also involved in the group's Automatic Light Weapon Development scheme. </p><p>After releasing the sarin, Hirose showed symptoms of sarin poisoning. He was able to inject himself with the antidote (<a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> sulphate) and was rushed to the Aum-affiliated Shinrikyo Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Nakano,_Tokyo" title="Nakano, Tokyo">Nakano</a> for treatment. Medical personnel at the hospital had not been given prior notice of the attack and were consequently clueless regarding what treatment Hirose needed. When Kitamura realized that he had driven Hirose to the hospital in vain, he instead drove to Aum's headquarters in Shibuya where <a href="/wiki/Ikuo_Hayashi" title="Ikuo Hayashi">Ikuo Hayashi</a> gave Hirose first aid. </p><p>Hirose was later sentenced to death for his role in the attack. His appeal against his death sentence was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_High_Court" title="Tokyo High Court">Tokyo High Court</a> on 28 July 2003 and the sentence was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court of Japan</a> on 6 November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Asahi.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asahi.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hirose was executed at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Detention_House" title="Tokyo Detention House">Tokyo Detention House</a> on 26 July 2018, along with five other cult members.<sup id="cite_ref-japantoday_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantoday-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kōichi_Kitamura"><span id="K.C5.8Dichi_Kitamura"></span>Kōichi Kitamura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kōichi Kitamura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kōichi Kitamura<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">北村浩一</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kitamura Kōichi</i></span>, born 16 February 1968)</span> was 27 years old when the attack was committed.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is currently serving a <a href="/wiki/Life_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sentence">life sentence</a> for the attack and other offenses.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-japantimes2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kitamura is a native of <a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi Prefecture</a> and joined <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo</a> in the late 1980s after reading a book written by leader <a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-book_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the attack he drove Hirose to the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metro_Marunouchi_Line" title="Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line">Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line</a> where Hirose boarded a train and punctured two bags of liquid <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a>, causing the death of one person.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kitamura also aided cult fugitive Takeshi Matsumoto in hiding from justice between the months of March and April 1995 for the crime of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-japantimes2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a fugitive until November 1996 when he was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Tokorozawa,_Saitama" title="Tokorozawa, Saitama">Tokorozawa, Saitama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his first trial in May 1997 he admitted to the crimes and reportedly renounced the cult although he maintained the belief that Asahara had superpowers and his lawyer said that he still was under the spell of the cult.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kitamura was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> in November 1999, with the presiding judge chastising him for playing an "indispensable role" in the attack. The judge also highlighted his self-righteous motive for his crimes and pronounced the sentencing saying that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Though the defendant knew the deadliness of the nerve gas, he took part without hesitation, believing the attack was an "act of salvation"<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the verdict was read, his lawyer said that Kitamura was still under Asahara's spell which made him a victim of the cult as well. He also said that the court had dismissed this point adding that he would discuss with him whether to appeal to the higher courts.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_High_Court" title="Tokyo High Court">Tokyo High Court</a> upheld Kitamura's sentence, which he called "too harsh" given his role in the attack. The court refuted his argument and highlighted his lack of remorse as motive for upholding the sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-japantimes2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantimes2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-book_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_B801_(Ikebukuro-bound_Marunouchi_Line)"><span id="Train_B801_.28Ikebukuro-bound_Marunouchi_Line.29"></span>Train B801 (Ikebukuro-bound Marunouchi Line)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Train B801 (Ikebukuro-bound Marunouchi Line)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toru_Toyoda">Toru Toyoda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Toru Toyoda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toru Toyoda (23 January 1968 – 26 July 2018) was 27 years old at the time of the attack. He studied Applied Physics at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>'s Science Department and graduated with honors. He also held a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was about to begin <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">doctoral studies</a> when he joined Aum, where he belonged to the Chemical Brigade in their Ministry of Science and Technology. </p><p>Toyoda was sentenced to death. The appeal against his death sentence was rejected by the Tokyo High Court on 28 July 2003, and was upheld by the Supreme Court on 6 November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Asahi.com_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asahi.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toyoda was executed at the Tokyo Detention House on 26 July 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-japantoday_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantoday-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Katsuya_Takahashi">Katsuya Takahashi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Katsuya Takahashi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katsuya Takahashi, who was 37 years old at the time of the attack, was Toyoda's getaway driver. Takahashi was arrested in June 2012. He was the last of the wanted fugitives of the attack to be arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Takahashi_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takahashi-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Takahashi was convicted for his role in the attack and was sentenced to life in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His appeal was rejected by the Tokyo High Court in September 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_B711T_(Tōbu_Dōbutsu_Kōen-bound_Hibiya_Line_train)"><span id="Train_B711T_.28T.C5.8Dbu_D.C5.8Dbutsu_K.C5.8Den-bound_Hibiya_Line_train.29"></span>Train B711T (Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound Hibiya Line train)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Train B711T (Tōbu Dōbutsu Kōen-bound Hibiya Line train)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Masato_Yokoyama">Masato Yokoyama</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Masato Yokoyama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yokoyama (19 October 1963 – 26 July 2018) was 31 at the time of the attack. He was a graduate in Applied Physics from <a href="/wiki/Tokai_University" title="Tokai University">Tokai University</a>'s Engineering Department. He worked for an electronics firm in Gunma Prefecture<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for three years after graduation before leaving to join Aum, where he became Undersecretary at the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. He was also involved in their Automatic Light Weapons Manufacturing scheme. Yokoyama was <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">sentenced to death</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His appeals were rejected, and he was executed at the <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Detention_House" title="Nagoya Detention House">Nagoya Detention House</a> on 26 July 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-japantoday_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantoday-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kiyotaka_Tonozaki">Kiyotaka Tonozaki</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kiyotaka Tonozaki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kiyotaka Tonozaki, a high school graduate who joined the group in 1987, was Yokoyama's getaway driver. Tonozaki was 31 years old at the time of the attacks. He was a member of the group's Ministry of Construction. Tonozaki was sentenced to life imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train_A720S_(Naka-Meguro-bound_Hibiya_Line_train)"><span id="Train_A720S_.28Naka-Meguro-bound_Hibiya_Line_train.29"></span>Train A720S (Naka-Meguro-bound Hibiya Line train)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Train A720S (Naka-Meguro-bound Hibiya Line train)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yasuo_Hayashi">Yasuo Hayashi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Yasuo Hayashi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yasuo Hayashi (15 December 1957 – 26 July 2018) was 37 years old at the time of the attacks, and was the oldest person at the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. He studied <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kogakuin_University" title="Kogakuin University">Kogakuin University</a>; after graduation he traveled to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> where he studied <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>. He then became an Aum member, taking vows in 1988 and rising to the number three position in the group's Ministry of Science and Technology. </p><p>Asahara had at one time suspected Hayashi of being a spy. The extra packet of sarin he carried was part of "ritual character test" set up by Asahara to prove his allegiance, according to the prosecution. Hayashi fled after the attacks. He was arrested 21 months later, one thousand miles from Tokyo on <a href="/wiki/Ishigaki_Island" title="Ishigaki Island">Ishigaki Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later sentenced to death. His appeal was rejected by the Tokyo High Court in 2008. Hayashi was executed at the Sendai Detention House on 26 July 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-japantoday_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japantoday-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shigeo_Sugimoto">Shigeo Sugimoto</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Shigeo Sugimoto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hayashi's getaway driver was 36-year-old Shigeo Sugimoto, whose lawyers argued he played only a minor role in the attack, but the argument was rejected and he was sentenced to life in prison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naoko_Kikuchi">Naoko Kikuchi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Naoko Kikuchi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naoko Kikuchi, who was involved in producing the sarin gas, was 24 years old at the time of the attacks. She was arrested after a tipoff in June 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was acquitted in 2015 on the grounds that she was unaware of the plot.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the attack, Japanese police raided Aum Shinrikyo facilities and arrested members. The cult's headquarters in Tokyo was raided by police on 16 May 1995. Due to fears that armed cult members might resist the raid, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Brigade_(Japan)" title="1st Airborne Brigade (Japan)">1st Airborne Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Japan Ground Self-Defense Force</a> was stationed nearby to provide support if needed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Injuries_and_deaths">Injuries and deaths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Injuries and deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the day of the attack, ambulances transported 688 patients and nearly 5,000 people reached hospitals by other means. In total, 278 hospitals saw 5,510 patients – 17 of whom were deemed critical, 37 severe, and 984 moderately ill with vision problems. About 85% of those reporting to hospitals were the "<a href="/wiki/Worried_well_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worried well (medicine)">worried well</a>", or <a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">psychogenic patients</a>, who had to be distinguished from those who had physical symptoms. The categorization was that a moderate casualty just had <a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">miosis</a> (excessive constriction of the pupil), a severe casualty was short of breath or had muscular twitching or gastrointestinal problems as well as miosis, and a severe or critical casualty required <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> care.<sup id="cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ataxia-chapter3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-biotech-19950711_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biotech-19950711-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of those affected by sarin went to work in spite of their symptoms,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not realizing that they had been exposed to sarin. Most of the victims sought medical treatment as the symptoms worsened and as they learned of the actual circumstances of the attacks via news broadcasts. </p><p>By mid-afternoon, over 500 mildly affected victims had recovered from vision problems and were released from hospital. Most of the remaining patients were well enough to go home the following day, and within a week only a few critical patients remained in hospital. The death toll on the day of the attack was eight, with four more dying subsequently. Hospitals only became aware that sarin was involved after about two hours, and then started administering <a href="/wiki/2-PAM" class="mw-redirect" title="2-PAM">2-PAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ataxia-chapter3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of those affected were exposed to sarin only by helping those who had been directly exposed. Among these were passengers on other trains, subway workers and health care workers. </p><p>A 2008 law enacted by the Japanese government authorized payments of damages to victims of the gas attack, because the attack was directed at the government of Japan. As of December 2009, 5,259 people have applied for benefits under the law. Of those, 47 out of 70 have been certified as disabled and 1,077 of 1,163 applications for serious injuries or illnesses have been certified.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surveys of the victims in 1998 and 2001 showed that many were still suffering from <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>. In one survey 20% of 837 respondents complained that they felt insecure when on a train, while 10% answered that they tried to avoid any nerve-attack related news. Over 60% reported chronic eyestrain and said their vision had worsened.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2008, 12 fatalities resulting from the attack had been officially acknowledged. However, in 2008 a survey of victims was conducted by the prefectural police department for the purpose of allocating compensation. This survey determined that a man who had died the day after the attack had also been killed by sarin inhalation, thereby increasing the officially recognised death toll to 13.<sup id="cite_ref-victimsurvey_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victimsurvey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 March 2020, another victim, who had been bedridden for 25 years since the attack, died. 56-year-old Sachiko Asakawa's cause of death was determined to be hypoxic encephalopathy caused by sarin poisoning; she is considered the attack's 14th fatality.<sup id="cite_ref-Sachiko_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachiko-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_services">Emergency services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Emergency services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Special:EditPage/Tokyo subway sarin attack">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">Emergency services</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo police">police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Fire_Department" title="Tokyo Fire Department">fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> services, were criticised for their handling of the attack and the injured, as were the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">media</a> (some of whom, though present at subway entrances and filming the injured, hesitated when asked to transport victims to the hospital) and the Subway Authority, which failed to halt several of the trains despite reports of passenger injury. Health services including hospitals and health staff were also criticised; one hospital refused to admit a victim for almost an hour, and many hospitals turned victims away.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prefectures near Tokyo like <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanagawa">Kanagawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama</a> sent emergency services to Tokyo to support the rescue operation, and other hospitals in the region, including in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki,_Kanagawa" title="Kawasaki, Kanagawa">Kawasaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urayasu" title="Urayasu">Urayasu</a> received casualties. The cause of the incident was not immediately understood, and many hospitals received information on diagnosis and treatment only because a professor at <a href="/wiki/Shinshu_University" title="Shinshu University">Shinshu University</a>'s school of medicine happened to see reports on television. Dr. Nobuo Yanagisawa had experience with treating sarin poisoning after the <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsumoto incident">Matsumoto incident</a>; he recognized the symptoms, had information on diagnosis and treatment collected, and led a team who sent the information to hospitals throughout Tokyo via fax. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Luke%27s_International_Hospital" title="St. Luke's International Hospital">St. Luke's International Hospital</a> in Tsukiji was one of very few hospitals in Tokyo at that time to have the entire building wired and piped for conversion into a "field hospital" in the event of a major disaster. This proved to be a very fortunate coincidence as the hospital was able to take in most of the 600+ victims at Tsukiji Station, resulting in no fatalities at that station. </p><p>As there was a severe shortage of antidotes in Tokyo, sarin antidote stored in rural hospitals as an antidote for herbicide/insecticide poisoning was delivered to nearby <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> stations, where it was collected by a Ministry of Health official on a train bound for Tokyo.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> company that manufactured <a href="/wiki/2-PAM" class="mw-redirect" title="2-PAM">2-PAM</a> rushed emergency supplies to Tokyo unsolicited on hearing the news.<sup id="cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ataxia-chapter3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defense_offered_by_Japanese_and_American_scholars">Defense offered by Japanese and American scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Defense offered by Japanese and American scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aum had carefully cultivated the friendship of Japanese scholars of religion. After the sarin gas attack, some of them, including Shimada Hiromi, a professor at Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Japan_Women%27s_University" title="Japan Women's University">Japan Women's University</a>, suggested Aum may be innocent. Shimada later apologized, claiming he had been deceived by Aum, but his and others' statements damaged the public image of scholars of religion in general in Japan. Shimada later had to resign from his academic position.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1995, Aum contacted an American group known as AWARE (Association of World Academics for Religious Education), founded by American scholar <a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">James R. Lewis</a>, claiming that the human rights of its members were being violated.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis recruited human rights lawyer Barry Fisher, scholar of religion <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">J. Gordon Melton</a>, and chemical expert Thomas Banigan. They flew to Japan, with their travel expenses paid by Aum, and announced that they will investigate and report through press conferences at the end of their trip.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the press conferences, Fisher and Lewis announced that Aum could not have produced the sarin with which the attacks had been committed. They had determined this, Lewis said, with their technical expert, based on photos and documents provided by the group.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Japanese police had already discovered a sophisticated chemical weapons laboratory at Aum's main compound in March. The facility was capable of producing thousands of kilograms of sarin a year; far in excess of what was used.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later investigation showed that Aum not only created the sarin used in the subway attacks, but had committed previous chemical and biological weapons attacks, including a <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsumoto incident">previous attack with sarin</a> that killed eight people and injured 144.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British scholar of Japanese religions Ian Reader, in a detailed account of the incident, reported that Melton "had few doubts by the end of his visit to Japan of Aum’s complicity" and eventually "concluded that Aum had in fact been involved in the attack and other crimes"<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> account of the final press conference mentioned Lewis and Fisher but not Melton.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Christian <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-cult">anti-cult</a> Web site called Apologetic Index quoted the <i>Washington Post</i> article and implied that Melton had spoken in the press conference.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melton was, however, not mentioned in the original <i>Washington Post</i> article.<sup id="cite_ref-Reid_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reid-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis, on the other hand, maintained his opinion that Aum had been framed, and wrote that having the trip funded by Aum had been arranged "so that financial considerations would not be attached to our final report".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reader concluded that, "The visit was well-intentioned, and the participants were genuinely concerned about possible violations of civil rights in the wake of the extensive police investigations and detentions of followers." However, it was ill-fated and detrimental to the reputation of those involved. While distinguishing between Lewis' and Melton's attitudes, Reader observed that Melton was criticized as well by both Japanese media and some fellow scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Reader_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reader-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using stronger words, Canadian scholar <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Kent" title="Stephen A. Kent">Stephen A. Kent</a> chastised both Lewis and Melton for having put the reputation of the whole category of scholars of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a> at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murakami_book">Murakami book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Murakami book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular contemporary novelist <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(Haruki_Murakami_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground (Haruki Murakami book)">Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche</a></i> (1997). He was critical of the Japanese media for focusing on the sensational profiles of the attackers and ignoring the lives of the victimized average citizens. The book contains extensive interviews with the survivors, telling their stories. Murakami later added a second part to the work, <i>The Place That Was Promised</i>. The additional section consists of a series of interviews with present and former Aum Shinrikyo members, first published in <a href="/wiki/Bungei_Shunj%C5%AB_(magazine)" title="Bungei Shunjū (magazine)">Bungei Shunjū</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aum/Aleph_today"><span id="Aum.2FAleph_today"></span>Aum/Aleph today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Aum/Aleph today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo#Current_activities" title="Aum Shinrikyo">Aum Shinrikyo § Current activities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%9B%B8.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%9B%B8.pdf/page1-220px-%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%9B%B8.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%9B%B8.pdf/page1-330px-%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%9B%B8.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%9B%B8.pdf/page1-440px-%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%9B%B8.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Shoko Asahara's death warrant</figcaption></figure> <p>The sarin attack was the most serious attack upon Japan since World War II. Shortly after the attack, Aum lost its status as a religious organization, and many of its assets were seized.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet</a> (Japanese parliament) rejected a request from government officials to outlaw the group. The <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Safety_Commission_(Japan)" title="National Public Safety Commission (Japan)">National Public Safety Commission</a> received increased funding to monitor the group. In 1999, the Diet gave the commission broad powers to monitor and curtail the activities of groups that have been involved in "indiscriminate mass murder" and whose leaders are "holding strong sway over their members", a bill custom-tailored to Aum Shinrikyo. </p><p>Asahara was <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">sentenced to death</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a> on 27 February 2004, but lawyers immediately appealed the ruling. The Tokyo High Court postponed its decision on the appeal until results were obtained from a court-ordered psychiatric evaluation, which was issued to determine whether Asahara was fit to stand trial. In February 2006, the court ruled that Asahara was indeed fit to stand trial, and on 27 March 2006, rejected the appeal against his death sentence. Japan's Supreme Court upheld this decision on 15 September 2006. Two re-trial appeals were declined by the appellate court. In June 2012, Asahara's execution was postponed due to the further arrests of the two remaining Aum Shinrikyo members wanted in connection with the attack. Japan does not announce dates of executions, which are by hanging, in advance of them being carried out. On 6 July 2018, the Ministry of Justice announced that Asahara had been executed that morning<sup id="cite_ref-asahara_death_bbc_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asahara_death_bbc-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asahara_death_jtimes_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asahara_death_jtimes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with six others of those principally involved. </p><p>On 27 November 2004, all the Aum trials concluded, excluding Asahara's, as the death sentence of <a href="/wiki/Seiichi_Endo" title="Seiichi Endo">Seiichi Endo</a> was upheld by Japan's Supreme Court. As a result, among a total of 189 members indicted, 13 were sentenced to death, five were sentenced to life in prison, 80 were given prison sentences of various lengths, 87 received suspended sentences, two were fined, and one was found not guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May and June 2012, the last two of the fugitives wanted in connection with the attack were arrested in the Tokyo and Kanagawa area.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of them, Katsuya Takahashi, was taken into custody by police near a comic book cafe in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group reportedly still has about 2,100 members, and continues to recruit new members under the name "Aleph" as well as other names. Though the group has renounced its violent past, it still continues to follow Asahara's spiritual teachings. Members operate several businesses, though boycotts of known Aleph-related businesses, in addition to searches, confiscations of possible evidence and picketing by protest groups, have resulted in closures.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fine_Art_of_Invisible_Detection" title="The Fine Art of Invisible Detection">The Fine Art of Invisible Detection</a></i>, the main character's husband is a victim of the attack.</li> <li>In the anime <i><a href="/wiki/Mawaru_Penguindrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawaru Penguindrum">Mawaru Penguindrum</a></i>, the fates of a handful of characters are explored and intertwined through a subway terrorist attack. Many references to the year 1995 are presented as well.</li> <li>The 1995 video game <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kamikuishiki_Village" title="The Story of Kamikuishiki Village">The Story of Kamikuishiki Village</a></i> satirizes the attack and Aum Shinrikyo as a whole, mocking its members and showcasing "humiliating" news coverage of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-vice_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vice-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urara_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urara-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-village_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/28px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/42px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg/56px-Symbol_of_Tokyo_Metropolis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tokyo" title="Portal:Tokyo">Tokyo portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/24px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(1998_Japanese_film)" title="A (1998 Japanese film)">A</a></i>, a documentary film made following the arrest of the leaders of Aum Shinrikyo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjawarn_Station" title="Banjawarn Station">Banjawarn Station</a>, a cattle station in Western Australia owned by Aum Shinrikyo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Japan" title="Capital punishment in Japan">Capital punishment in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executions_in_Japan" title="List of executions in Japan">List of executions in Japan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Me_and_the_Cult_Leader" title="Me and the Cult Leader">Me and the Cult Leader</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_1995" title="List of terrorist incidents in 1995">List of terrorist incidents in 1995</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The definition of "terrorism" has changed over time, sporadic rebel clashes and/or raids throughout Japanese history can also be seen as a form of terrorism.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ataxia-chapter3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ataxia-chapter3_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmithsonLevy2000" class="citation report cs1">Smithson, Amy E; Levy, Leslie-Anne (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/atxchapter3_1.pdf">"Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stimson.org/2000/ataxia-chemical-and-biological-terrorism-threat-and-us-response/">Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry L. Stimson Centre">Henry L. Stimson Centre</a>. pp. 91–95, 100. Report No. 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225144749/http://www.stimson.org/books-reports/ataxia-the-chemical-and-biological-terrorism-threat-and-the-us-response/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Gupta (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXKDBAAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800494-4"><bdi>978-0-12-800494-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728221632/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MXKDBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hosaka (20 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-tokyo-marks-15th-anniversary-of-subway-gas-attack-2010mar20-story.html">"Tokyo marks 15th anniversary of subway gas attack"</a>. <i>The San Diego Union-Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Tokyo+marks+15th+anniversary+of+subway+gas+attack&rft.date=2010-03-20&rft.au=Tomoko+A.+Hosaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-tokyo-marks-15th-anniversary-of-subway-gas-attack-2010mar20-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43395483">"Japan executes Sarin attack cultists"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708174846/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43395483">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Case+Study+on+Aum+Shinrikyo&rft.pub=Permanent+Subcommittee+on+Investigations&rft.date=1995-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Fcongress%2F1995_rpt%2Faum%2Fpart03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Asahara rearrested in 1989 cultist murder". <i>The Daily Shimbun</i>. 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Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. pp. 193–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700711093" title="Special:BookSources/9780700711093"><bdi>9780700711093</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=In+the+Wake+of+Aum%3A+The+Formation+and+Transformation+of+a+Universe+of+Belief&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=381-415&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.22.3-4.1995.381-415&rft.aulast=Susumu&rft.aufirst=Shimazono&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-MAG%2Fmag52022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murakami-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murakami_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurakami1997" class="citation book cs1">Murakami, Haruki (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undergroundtokyo00haru"><i>Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche</i></a>. Kodansha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-72580-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-72580-6"><bdi>0-375-72580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underground%3A+The+Tokyo+Gas+Attack+and+the+Japanese+Psyche&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-375-72580-6&rft.aulast=Murakami&rft.aufirst=Haruki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fundergroundtokyo00haru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnas-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnas_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnas_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnas_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.cnas.org.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/CNAS_AumShinrikyo_Danzig_1.pdf">"Aum Shinrikyo: Insights Into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aum+Shinrikyo%3A+Insights+Into+How+Terrorists+Develop+Biological+and+Chemical+Weapons&rft.pub=Centre+for+a+New+American+Security&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.cnas.org.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fdocuments%2FCNAS_AumShinrikyo_Danzig_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronology-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronology_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/aum_chrn.pdf">"Chronology of Aum Shinrikyo's CBQ Activities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Monterey Institute of International Studies. June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411091246/https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/aum_chrn.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waronterrori_grif_2004_000_7892564/page/n181">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2860-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-2860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+on+Terrorism+and+the+Terror+of+God&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2860-6&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaronterrori_grif_2004_000_7892564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldwag2009" class="citation book cs1">Goldwag, Arthur (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultsconspiracie00gold/page/15"><i>Cults, Conspiracies, and Secret Societies: The Straight Scoop on Freemasons, the Illuminati, Skull and Bones, Black Helicopters, the New World Order, and Many, Many More</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultsconspiracie00gold/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39067-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-39067-7"><bdi>978-0-307-39067-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults%2C+Conspiracies%2C+and+Secret+Societies%3A+The+Straight+Scoop+on+Freemasons%2C+the+Illuminati%2C+Skull+and+Bones%2C+Black+Helicopters%2C+the+New+World+Order%2C+and+Many%2C+Many+More&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-307-39067-7&rft.aulast=Goldwag&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultsconspiracie00gold%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgans2021" class="citation web cs1">Morgans, Julian (17 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/epdemz/japanese-cult-aum-shinrikyo-australian-farm-photos">"Photos: A Doomsday Cult Bought This Farm to Build Weapons of Mass Destruction"</a>. <i>Vice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Photos%3A+A+Doomsday+Cult+Bought+This+Farm+to+Build+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft.aulast=Morgans&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fepdemz%2Fjapanese-cult-aum-shinrikyo-australian-farm-photos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanMarshall1996" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, David; Marshall, Andrew (1996). <i>The Cult at the End of the World: The Terrifying Story of the Aum Doomsday Cult, from the Subways of Tokyo to the Nuclear Arsenals of Russia</i>. Crown Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70543-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70543-8"><bdi>978-0-517-70543-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+at+the+End+of+the+World%3A+The+Terrifying+Story+of+the+Aum+Doomsday+Cult%2C+from+the+Subways+of+Tokyo+to+the+Nuclear+Arsenals+of+Russia&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-517-70543-8&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olson_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Olson, Kyle (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/FEMA/Proceedings.pdf">"Overview: Recent events and responder implications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Seminar on Responding to the Consequences of Chemical and Biological Terrorism</i>. <b>2</b> (36): 2–93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194732/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/FEMA/Proceedings.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span> – via www.wired.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=March+20%2C+1995%3A+Poison+Gas+Wreaks+Tokyo+Subway+Terror&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=WIRED&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F03%2Fmarch-20-1995-poison-gas-wreaks-tokyo-subway-terror-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Johnathan B. "Chemical Terrorism: Assessing Threats and Responses." <i>Weapons of Mass Destruction and Terrorism, 2nd Ed.</i> Ed. James J.F. Forest & Russell D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times+Online&rft.atitle=Profiles+of+top+Aum+Shinrikyo+members%2C+including+six+still+on+death+row&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2018%2F07%2F06%2Fnational%2Fcrime-legal%2Fprofiles-top-aum-shinrikyo-members-including-six-still-death-row%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asahi.com-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asahi.com_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asahi.com_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213140428/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200911070141.html">"Death sentences upheld for cultists"</a>. <i>asahi.com</i>. Asahi Shimbun Company. 7 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200911070141.html">the original</a> on 13 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asahi.com&rft.atitle=Death+sentences+upheld+for+cultists&rft.date=2009-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fenglish%2FHerald-asahi%2FTKY200911070141.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japantoday-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japantoday_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japantoday_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japantoday_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japantoday_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japantoday.com/category/crime/Japan-hangs-all-6-remaining-AUM-death-row-inmates">"Japan hangs all 6 remaining Aum death row inmates"</a>. 26 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726035441/https://japantoday.com/category/crime/Japan-hangs-all-6-remaining-AUM-death-row-inmates">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+hangs+all+6+remaining+Aum+death+row+inmates&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapantoday.com%2Fcategory%2Fcrime%2FJapan-hangs-all-6-remaining-AUM-death-row-inmates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-14-mn-64687-story.html">"Police Arrest Pair in '95 Gas Attack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 14 November 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Aum Soft.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Survey: Subway sarin attack haunts more survivors" in <i><a href="/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun" title="Mainichi Shimbun">Mainichi Online</a></i> June 18, 2001.</li> <li>Detailed information on each subway line, including names of perpetrators, times of attack, train numbers and numbers of casualties, as well as biographical details on the perpetrators, were taken from <i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(stories)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground (stories)">Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stimson.org/books-reports/ataxia-the-chemical-and-biological-terrorism-threat-and-the-us-response/">Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110431/http://www.stimson.org/books-reports/ataxia-the-chemical-and-biological-terrorism-threat-and-the-us-response/">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/atxchapter3_1.pdf">Chapter 3 – Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry L. Stimson Centre">Henry L. Stimson Centre</a> Report No. 35, October 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTu_A._T.1999" class="citation book cs1">Tu A. T. (1999). "Overview of Sarin Terrorist Attacks in Japan". <i>Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins</i>. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 745. pp. 304–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbk-2000-0745.ch020">10.1021/bk-2000-0745.ch020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8412-3630-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8412-3630-5"><bdi>0-8412-3630-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Sarin+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Japan&rft.btitle=Natural+and+Selected+Synthetic+Toxins&rft.series=ACS+Symposium+Series&rft.pages=304-317&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbk-2000-0745.ch020&rft.isbn=0-8412-3630-5&rft.au=Tu+A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgawaYamamuraAndo1999" class="citation book cs1">Ogawa Y, Yamamura Y, Ando A, et al. (1999). "An Attack with Sarin Nerve Gas on the Tokyo Subway System and Its Effects on Victims". <i>Natural and Selected Synthetic Toxins</i>. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 745. pp. 333–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbk-2000-0745.ch022">10.1021/bk-2000-0745.ch022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8412-3630-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8412-3630-5"><bdi>0-8412-3630-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Attack+with+Sarin+Nerve+Gas+on+the+Tokyo+Subway+System+and+Its+Effects+on+Victims&rft.btitle=Natural+and+Selected+Synthetic+Toxins&rft.series=ACS+Symposium+Series&rft.pages=333-355&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbk-2000-0745.ch022&rft.isbn=0-8412-3630-5&rft.aulast=Ogawa&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Yamamura%2C+Y&rft.au=Ando%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidell,_Frederick_R.1998" class="citation book cs1">Sidell, Frederick R. (1998). <i>Jane's Chem-Bio Handbook 3rd edition</i>. Jane's Information Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Chem-Bio+Handbook+3rd+edition&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Sidell%2C+Frederick+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATokyo+subway+sarin+attack" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bonino, Stefano. <i>Il Caso Aum Shinrikyo: Società, Religione e Terrorismo nel Giappone Contemporaneo</i>, 2010, Edizioni Solfanelli, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-89756-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-89756-88-1">978-88-89756-88-1</a>. Preface by Erica Baffelli.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/user-811886550">Aum Shinrikyo</a>", <i>Dark History Podcast</i> 2018-06-15</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031203012921/http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/aums.html">Aum Shinrikyo</a> A history of Aum and list of Aum-related links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040816233911/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/terrorists/prophet/19.html?sect=22">The Aum Supreme Truth Terrorist Organization – The Crime library</a> Crime Library article about Aum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ye8n-nsmr/sarin">I got some pictures of sarin scattered on the metro floor</a> Several pictures taken by One of the passengers on the scene (in Japanese)</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/06/04/chemical_bioterror_analysis/">Homebrew chemical terror bombs, hype or horror?</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack&params=35_41_22_N_139_41_30_E_region:JP_type:city_source:kolossus-plwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°41′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">139°41′30″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.68944°N 139.69167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.68944; 139.69167</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aleph" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(Japanese_cult)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (Japanese cult)">Aleph</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Formerly known as Aum Shinrikyo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoko_Asahara" title="Shoko Asahara">Shoko Asahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiichi_Endo" title="Seiichi Endo">Seiichi Endo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Hashimoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Satoru Hashimoto">Satoru Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyohide_Hayakawa" title="Kiyohide Hayakawa">Kiyohide Hayakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikuo_Hayashi" title="Ikuo Hayashi">Ikuo Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Hayashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasuo Hayashi">Yasuo Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Hirose" title="Kenichi Hirose">Kenichi Hirose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshihiro_Inoue" title="Yoshihiro Inoue">Yoshihiro Inoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumihiro_Joyu" title="Fumihiro Joyu">Fumihiro Joyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Murai" title="Hideo Murai">Hideo Murai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomasa_Nakagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomomasa Nakagawa">Tomomasa Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomomitsu_Niimi" title="Tomomitsu Niimi">Tomomitsu Niimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuaki_Okazaki" title="Kazuaki Okazaki">Kazuaki Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru_Toyoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Toru Toyoda">Toru Toyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masami_Tsuchiya_(terrorist)" title="Masami Tsuchiya (terrorist)">Masami Tsuchiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masato_Yokoyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Masato Yokoyama">Masato Yokoyama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations</a> (removed in 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_family_murder" title="Sakamoto family murder">Sakamoto family murder <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_sarin_attack" title="Matsumoto sarin attack">Matsumoto incident <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tokyo subway sarin attack <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_(1998_Japanese_film)" title="A (1998 Japanese film)"><i>A</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(film)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_and_the_Cult_Leader" title="Me and the Cult Leader"> <i>Me and the Cult Leader</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(film)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Kamikuishiki_Village" title="The Story of Kamikuishiki Village"><i>The Story of Kamikuishiki Village</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(video game)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_(Murakami_book)" title="Underground (Murakami book)"><i>Underground</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(book)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sects/Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_no_Wa" title="Hikari no Wa">Hikari no Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tokyo_car_attack" title="2019 Tokyo car attack">2019 Tokyo car attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikuishiki,_Yamanashi" title="Kamikuishiki, Yamanashi">Kamikuishiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" class="extiw" title="s:Aum Shinrikyo">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo" class="extiw" title="commons:Aum Shinrikyo">Commons</a></li></ul> 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