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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Front_projection_effect" title="Special:EditPage/Front projection effect">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Front+projection+effect%22">"Front projection effect"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Front+projection+effect%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Front+projection+effect%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Front+projection+effect%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Front+projection+effect%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Front+projection+effect%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><br /> A <b>front projection effect</b> is an <a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">in-camera</a> <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a> process in <a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">film production</a> for combining foreground performance with pre-filmed background footage. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">rear projection</a>, which projects footage onto a screen from behind the performers, front projection projects the pre-filmed material over the performers and onto a highly reflective background surface. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Rear_projection_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear projection effect">rear projection</a>, in front projection the background image is projected onto both the performer and a highly reflective background screen, with the result that the projected image is bounced off the screen and into the lens of a camera. This is achieved by having a screen made of a <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflective</a> material such as <a href="/wiki/Scotchlite" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotchlite">Scotchlite</a>, a product of the <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a> company that is also used to make screens for <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a>. Such material is made from millions of glass beads affixed to the surface of the cloth. These glass beads reflect light back only in the direction from which it came, far more efficiently than any common surface. </p><p>The actor (or subject) performs in front of the reflective screen with a <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">movie camera</a> pointing straight at them. Just in front of the camera is a <a href="/wiki/One-way_mirror" title="One-way mirror">one-way mirror</a> angled at 45 degrees. At 90 degrees to the camera is a <a href="/wiki/Image_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Image projector">projector</a> which projects an image of the background onto the mirror which reflects the image onto the performer and the highly reflective screen; the image is too faint to appear on the actor but shows up clearly on the screen. In this way, the actor becomes their own <a href="/wiki/Matte_(filmmaking)" title="Matte (filmmaking)">matte</a>. The combined image is transmitted through the mirror and recorded by the camera. The technique is shown and explained in the "making-of" documentary of the 1972 sci-fi film <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Running" title="Silent Running">Silent Running</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Front projection was invented by <a href="/wiki/Murray_Leinster" title="Murray Leinster">Will Jenkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this he holds <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2727427">U.S. patent 2,727,427</a></span>, issued on December 20, 1955 for an "Apparatus for Production of Light Effects in Composite Photography" and <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2727429">U.S. patent 2,727,429</a></span>, issued the same day for an "Apparatus for Production of Composite Photographic Effects." </p><p>It was first experimented with in 1949, shortly after the invention of Scotchlite, and had appeared in feature films by 1963, when the Japanese film <i><a href="/wiki/Matango" title="Matango">Matango</a></i> used it extensively for its yacht scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano20052:08_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano20052:08-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early appearance was in 1966, during the filming of <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>. The actors in <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a> suits were filmed on a stage at <a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">Elstree Studios</a> and combined with footage of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (the effect is revealed in the <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>'s glowing eyes reflecting back the light). <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Muren" title="Dennis Muren">Dennis Muren</a> used a very similar solution for his 1967 debut film <i><a href="/wiki/Equinox_(1970_film)" title="Equinox (1970 film)">Equinox</a></i>, although Muren's technique didn't employ Scotchlite. Two British films released in 1969, <i><a href="/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(film)" title="On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)">On Her Majesty's Secret Service</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_Bureau" title="The Assassination Bureau">The Assassination Bureau</a></i>, used the technique, as did the 1968 films <i><a href="/wiki/Barbarella_(film)" title="Barbarella (film)">Barbarella</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Where_Eagles_Dare" title="Where Eagles Dare">Where Eagles Dare</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoptic">Zoptic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zoptic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Front projection was chosen as the main method for shooting <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reeve" title="Christopher Reeve">Christopher Reeve</a>'s flying scenes in <i><a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film)" title="Superman (1978 film)">Superman</a></i>. However, they still faced the problem of having Reeve actually fly in front of the camera. Effects wizard Zoran Perisic patented a new refinement to front projection that involved placing a <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom lens</a> on both the <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">movie camera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Image_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Image projector">projector</a>. These zoom lenses are synchronized to zoom in and out simultaneously in the same direction. As the projection lens zooms in, it projects a smaller image on the screen; the camera lens zooms in at the same time, and to the same degree, so that the projected image (the background plate) appears unchanged, as seen through the camera. However, the subject placed in front of the front projection screen <i>appears</i> to have moved closer to the camera; thus <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> flies towards the camera. The technique is analogous to the more commonly discussed <a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">dolly zoom</a> effect. </p><p>Perisic called this technique "Zoptic". The process was also used in two of the <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> sequels (but not used in the fourth movie due to budget constraints), <i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Oz" title="Return to Oz">Return to Oz</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Flyer_(film)" title="Radio Flyer (film)">Radio Flyer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/High_Road_to_China_(film)" title="High Road to China (film)">High Road to China</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deal_of_the_Century" title="Deal of the Century">Deal of the Century</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Megaforce" title="Megaforce">Megaforce</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thief_of_Baghdad_(1978_film)" title="The Thief of Baghdad (1978 film)">Thief of Baghdad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Greatest_American_Hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Greatest American Hero">Greatest American Hero</a></i> (TV), as well as Perisic's films as <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">director</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_Bandits_(1986_film)" title="Sky Bandits (1986 film)">Sky Bandits</a></i> (also known as <i>Gunbus</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_and_the_Carpet#Adaptations" title="The Phoenix and the Carpet">The Phoenix and the Magic Carpet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introvision">Introvision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Introvision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Introvision" title="Introvision">Introvision</a> is a front projection composite photography system using a pair of perpendicular reflex screens to combine two projected scenes with a scene staged live before the camera in a single shot. </p><p>It allows foreground, midground and background elements to be combined in-camera: such as sandwiching stage action (such as actors) between two projected elements, foreground and background.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its simplest form, images from a projector are directed at a beam splitter oriented at forty-five degrees. Two retro reflective screens are used, one to return the reflected image and one to return the pass through image. Set between the beam splitter and the retro reflective screens are mattes with cut outs that allow the projected image to strike each retro reflective screens in select areas. This combination, as seen by the camera, gives the appearance of images behind the actors (reflected image) and in front of the actors (pass through image). The camera sees the pass through image on the reverse side of the beam splitter and the reflected image through the beam splitter and combines the two eliminating the need for compositing in post production. To compensate for the large difference in the distance from the camera to the two screens an additional lens is used in the pass through image path. </p><p>The more complicated setup involves the use of two cameras, two projectors and multiple <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam-splitters</a>, light traps, filters and aperture control systems. This setup provides the opportunity to use different content for foreground and background. </p><p>Introvision was first used in 1980–81 during the filming of the science-fiction movie <i><a href="/wiki/Outland_(film)" title="Outland (film)">Outland</a></i> to combine star <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> and other performers with models of the <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> mining colony.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used in the telefilm <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich_(film)" title="Inside the Third Reich (film)">Inside the Third Reich</a></i> to place actors portraying Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer in the long-destroyed Reichstag,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Under_Siege" title="Under Siege">Under Siege</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Darkness" title="Army of Darkness">Army of Darkness</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_(1993_film)" title="The Fugitive (1993 film)">The Fugitive</a></i>, where it seemed to place <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> on top of a bus that was then rammed by a train. <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_in_Babysitting" title="Adventures in Babysitting">Adventures in Babysitting</a></i> employed IntroVision to place children in multiple situations of peril such as hanging from the rafters and scaling the "<a href="/wiki/Smurfit-Stone_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Smurfit-Stone Building">Smurfit-Stone Building</a>" in Chicago, and <i><a href="/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(film)" title="Stand by Me (film)">Stand By Me</a></i> used IntroVision during the train sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most movie companies brought small units to the Introvision sound stages near Poinsettia and Santa Monica Boulevard in Hollywood, California. Scenes were often shot near the end of the production schedule to allow for the shooting of "live" plates to have been done while on location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Front_projection_versus_other_techniques">Front projection versus other techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Front projection versus other techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/Rear_projection_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear projection effect">back projection</a>, the front projection process used less studio space, and generally produced sharper and more saturated images, as the background plate was not being viewed through a projection screen. The process also had several advantages over <a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">bluescreen</a> matte photography, which could suffer from clipping, mismatched mattes, film shrinkage, black or blue haloing, garbage matte artifacts, and image degradation/excessive grain. It could be less time-consuming, and therefore less expensive, than the process of optically separating and combining the background and foreground images using an <a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">optical printer</a>. It also allowed the director and/or director of photography to view the combined sequence live, allowing for such effects to be filmed more like a regular sequence, and the performers could be specifically directed to time their actions to action or movement on the projected images. </p><p>However, advancements in <a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">digital compositing</a> and the increasing use of digital cameras have made digital the most common method of choice. The last major <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> to extensively use front projection was the <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action thriller</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger_(film)" title="Cliffhanger (film)">Cliffhanger</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/1993_in_film" title="1993 in film">1993</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More recently, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Oblivion_(2013_film)" title="Oblivion (2013 film)">Oblivion</a></i> made extensive use of front projection (though not retro-reflective) to display various sky backgrounds in the home set. <i><a href="/wiki/Spectre_(2015_film)" title="Spectre (2015 film)">Spectre</a></i> also used this technique for its snow mountain hospital and glass building interiors. The advantages for the in-camera effect were a reduced need for digital effects and green screen, interactive lighting in a reflective set, and to provide a real background for the actors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">Film production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost" title="Pepper's ghost">Pepper's ghost</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrumbull2013" class="citation web cs1">Trumbull, Douglas (September 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xtsNdLj1F4&t=33m8s">"The making of Silent Running (1972)"</a>. Soundtrack Specialist – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+making+of+Silent+Running+%281972%29&rft.pub=Soundtrack+Specialist&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.aulast=Trumbull&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9xtsNdLj1F4%26t%3D33m8s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022">dead YouTube link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeinster" class="citation web cs1">Leinster, Murray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murrayleinster.com/FAQ.html">"FAQ"</a>. <i>www.murrayleinster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.murrayleinster.com&rft.atitle=FAQ&rft.aulast=Leinster&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.murrayleinster.com%2FFAQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano20052:08-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano20052:08_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakano2005">Nakano 2005</a>, 2:08. Toho got a hold of it [front-projection] and we used it right away... So, in <i><a href="/wiki/Matango" title="Matango">Matango</a></i> it was extensively used for the yacht scene.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7IwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Barbarella+front+projection&pg=PA196">The Sixties: 1960-1969</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerisic2000" class="citation book cs1">Perisic, Zoran (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualeffectscin00peri/page/274"><i>Visual Effects Cinematography</i></a></span>. Focal Press. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80351-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-80351-5"><bdi>0-240-80351-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Effects+Cinematography&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-240-80351-5&rft.aulast=Perisic&rft.aufirst=Zoran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualeffectscin00peri%2Fpage%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/patents?id=vNkcAAAAEBAJ">"Front projection composite photography system combining staged action with two projected images"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Front+projection+composite+photography+system+combining+staged+action+with+two+projected+images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpatents%3Fid%3DvNkcAAAAEBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/cirquefilm/vfxhistory/FIRSTS/HTML/firsts_introvision.html%5B%5D">"Firsts Introvision"</a>. <i>Cirquefilm</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cirquefilm&rft.atitle=Firsts+Introvision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.mac.com%2Fcirquefilm%2Fvfxhistory%2FFIRSTS%2FHTML%2Ffirsts_introvision.html%255B%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805034152/http://www.digitalgreenscreen.com/smptetess.html">"Composite Components Company / SMPTE / Front Projection: Tessellating the Screen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalgreenscreen.com/smptetess.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composite+Components+Company+%2F+SMPTE+%2F+Front+Projection%3A+Tessellating+the+Screen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalgreenscreen.com%2Fsmptetess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCerone1991" class="citation web cs1">Cerone, Daniel (January 13, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-13-ca-520-story.html">"Voyage to the Next Dimension – With the visual effects process Introvision, film makers can transport actors to settings limited only by the imagination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Voyage+to+the+Next+Dimension+%E2%80%93+With+the+visual+effects+process+Introvision%2C+film+makers+can+transport+actors+to+settings+limited+only+by+the+imagination&rft.date=1991-01-13&rft.aulast=Cerone&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1991-01-13-ca-520-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerisic2000" class="citation book cs1">Perisic, Zoran (2000). <i>Visual Effects Cinematography</i>. Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80351-7"><bdi>978-0-240-80351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Effects+Cinematography&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80351-7&rft.aulast=Perisic&rft.aufirst=Zoran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNakano2005" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Nakano, Teruyoshi – special effects director assistant (2005). <i>Matango: Attack of the Mushroom People</i> (DVD). Media Blasters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matango%3A+Attack+of+the+Mushroom+People&rft.pub=Media+Blasters&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Nakano&rft.aufirst=Teruyoshi+%E2%80%93+special+effects+director+assistant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront+projection+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&oldid=1270092135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Front_projection_effect&oldid=1270092135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_production" title="Category:Film production">Film production</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:In-camera_visual_effects" title="Category:In-camera visual effects">In-camera visual effects</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_YouTube_links" title="Category:All articles with dead YouTube links">All articles with dead YouTube links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_YouTube_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead YouTube links from February 2022">Articles with dead YouTube links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2024">Articles with dead external links from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2024">Articles with dead external links from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2010" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2010">Articles needing additional references from February 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2020">Use mdy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 January 2025, at 21:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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