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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_and_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_and_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Characteristics and powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_and_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_and_filmic_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_filmic_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary and filmic representations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_filmic_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_ground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_ground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Burial ground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial_ground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Lingeers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Lingeers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of Lingeers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Lingeers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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title="Linguère (titre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linguère (titre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Lingeer" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lingeer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lingeer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lingeer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Lingeer" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3241564#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Title given to the mother or sister of a king</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: auto"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_royalty" title="Category:Serer royalty">Serer royal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">religious</a> titles</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yoonir"><img alt="Yoonir" 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colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Maad Saloum</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Teigne_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teigne (title)">Teigne</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lingeer</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Line of succession</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a><hr /> <b>Religious titles</b><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serer_titles" title="Template:Serer titles"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serer_titles" title="Template talk:Serer titles"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serer_titles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serer titles"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lingeer</b> (also: <i>Linger</i> or <b>Linguère</b>) was the title given to the <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a> of a king<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saloum">Saloum</a>, and previously the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Baol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Baol">Kingdom of Baol</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Cayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jolof" title="Kingdom of Jolof">Jolof</a>, Baol and <a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a> in pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. The word "Lingeer" means "queen" or "<a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">princess</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lingeer was considered the “great princess of royal courts.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These kingdoms utilized a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bilineal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bilineal">bilineal</a> system, as a candidate for kingship could not succeed to the throne if he was not a member of the reigning materlineage, and thus, the Lingeer's maternal lineage was highly significant. In similarity, a candidate could not succeed to the throne as king if he was not a member of the noble reigning patriclans. That was particular so among the Serer who retained much of their old culture, customs and <a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">traditional religion</a> where women played a significant role compared to the Wolof who adopted Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Lingeers have been noted for their resistance efforts to colonial conquest. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <p>Although the royal title <i>Lingeer</i> was generally given to the mother or sister of the king, and sometimes the first wife of the king (the <i>"Lingeer-Awo"</i>), the title could also mean a <a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">royal princess</a>. In this case, it meant a woman who could trace royal descent from both her <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">paternal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">maternal line</a>. In Wolof and Serer tradition, a woman who could trace royal descent on both her paternal and maternal line automatically became a Lingeer. The male equivalent was <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garmi_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garmi (title) (page does not exist)">Garmi</a></i> (a man who could trace royal descent on both his paternal and maternal line). It is from these Lingeers (a woman of pure royal blood) that a king would seek to marry. The king himself was a member of the Garmi class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_and_powers">Characteristics and powers</h2></div> <p>Historians are careful to not understate her influence in the pre-colonial period; the Lingeer is said to both make and unmake kings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Wolof state, the Lingeer's political significance traditionally included: control of some of the king's land,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they would administer by using captives; provision of food and maintenance for their retainers; and integration into the clan system. Members of the community needed to charm and persuade a Lingeer if they held hopes of acquiring a political career.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Serer Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saloum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Saloum">Saloum</a>, the Lingeer held significant power and was crowned <i>Lingeer</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Maad Saloum</a> (King of Sine and Saloum respectively) after his own coronation ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the economic realm, like her Wolof counterpart, the Lingeer of Serer societies controlled several villages, the contributions of which she was free to utilize. The inhabitants of such villages would traditionally cultivate a field of grain for their Lingeer. </p><p>Many noble families sent forth their daughters to be followers of the Lingeer; however, captives often filled this role as well. </p><p>The Lingeer was accompanied by a female <i>géwél</i>, a professional singer or musician, regionally known as a <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griot</a>. The géwél sang listeners to sleep at night and awakened them in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-Penna-Diaw_124–135_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penna-Diaw_124–135-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The types of songs sung to honor a Lingeer's sovereignty include: <i>taggate, màdd, woy u lingeer,</i> and <i>buur.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Penna-Diaw_124–135_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penna-Diaw_124–135-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power position that the Lingeer occupied was a bi- and sometimes tri-cameral one: her leadership activities were carried out at the highest tier, as a co-monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a conflict between a Lingeer and the king, a Lingeer would sometimes create new political alliances. </p><p>Towards the end of the seventeenth century, a relationship was established throughout many Wolof lands between the Lingeers and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idaw_al-Hajj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idaw al-Hajj (page does not exist)">Idaw al-Hajj</a>, a vast grouping of Saharan immigrants that established a commercial network linking Senegambia with North Africa and the western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these instances, the Idaw al-Hajj served as the queen's religious advisors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>While many of the Lingeer are no longer known of, some of these women made their way into the historical record for their leadership and, in later cases, resistance to colonial incursions. </p><p>One of the earliest known Lingeer is <a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Fatim_Beye" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Fatim Beye">Lingeer Fatim Beye</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1335), the matriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Joos_Maternal_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joos Maternal Dynasty">Joos Maternal Dynasty</a>. She was a <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> Princess and Queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a>. She was once married to King <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Maysa_Wali_Jaxateh_Manneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh">Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali</a>. She is an early ancestor of all the Joos who went on to rule <a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a>, such as her granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Ndoye Demba">Lingeer Ndoye Demba</a> (c. 1367). Lingeer Ndoye Demba, also of <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> origin, established the <a href="/wiki/Joos_Maternal_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joos Maternal Dynasty">Joos Maternal Dynasty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Waalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Waalo">Waalo</a> as the region's queen and Princess of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a>. Lingeer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatoumata_Sall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatoumata Sall (page does not exist)">Fatoumata Sall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatoumata_Sall" class="extiw" title="fr:Fatoumata Sall">fr</a>]</span> was the mother of the possibly mythical monarch <a href="/wiki/Ndiadiane_Ndiaye" title="Ndiadiane Ndiaye">Ndiadiane Ndiaye</a>, who was emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jolof" title="Kingdom of Jolof">Jolof</a> in the 1360s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lingeer's role sometimes extended to overthrowing the current king. In 1673, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndyai_Sal_or_Sar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndyai Sal or Sar (page does not exist)">Ndyai Sal or Sar</a>, a marabout of likely <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Tukuloor</a> descent, was offered marriage and military alliance from a Lingeer who had been recently deposed by a new king. Together, they defeated and killed the king. They then proceeded to select a new candidate, royal by birth, but also potentially more malleable to their control.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have cited instances in which the Lingeer's role extended into negotiating the relationship between the Wolof and Serer kingdoms. One such example involves the Lingeer Djembet (many variations: Jembet, <a href="/wiki/Njembot_Mbodj" title="Njembot Mbodj">Njembot Mbodj</a>). In 1833, Djembet married the king of Trarza (in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>), Mohamed El-Habib. This political marriage provided the couple with control over the <a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trarza_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Trarza Region">Trarza</a>. The alliance was prompted not by the threat of Moorish expansion – a position encouraged by the opposition – but rather to construct a more resistant bloc against colonial invasion. The marriage faced a not insignificant amount of opposition within Waalo, yet was carried through by Djembet in order to halt French political expansion in the region. In 1841, she chose the king to succeed Fara Penda Adam Sal upon his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ndat%C3%A9_Yalla_Mbodj" title="Ndaté Yalla Mbodj">Ndaté Yalla Mbodj</a> was the sister of Djembet and succeeded her in 1846. Her political action was similarly momentous and controversial; she is notable for her refusal of a French alliance. She prevented her son from contesting the accession of Djembet's son to the throne. One scholar attributes this choice to N’Daate Yaala's desire to not “break up the power of the unified kingdom.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_and_filmic_representations">Literary and filmic representations</h2></div> <p>The character of the Lingeer has been featured in Senegambian literature. Ginette Ba-Curry writes of the Lingeer presence in <a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Hamidou_Kane" title="Cheikh Hamidou Kane">Cheikh Hamidou Kane</a>'s novel <i>Ambiguous Adventure</i>: “The Most Royal Lady is a female figure belonging to pre-Islamic society, recalling the 'Linguere' ... She is the reflection of the historical heroines of the Senegalese past such as the heiress of the Waalo throne, Lingeer Jombot who was in charge of the political affairs of the Waalo region and was succeeded by her sister Nade Yalla, wife of Maroso, the Prince of Kajoor”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In artistic Serer expression, especially in oral poetry and the culture of the traditional <i>griotte,</i> performers depict the Lingeer character as playing an important role in their society's functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Films such as <a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Sissako" title="Abderrahmane Sissako">Abderrahmane Sissako</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_(2014_film)" title="Timbuktu (2014 film)"><i>Timbuktu</i> (2014)</a> feature a Lingeer character.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Djibril_Diop_Mamb%C3%A9ty" title="Djibril Diop Mambéty">Djibril Diop Mambety's</a> <a href="/wiki/Hy%C3%A8nes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyènes"><i>Hyènes</i> (1992)</a> features the character Linguere Ramatou as its protagonist. Her first name is an alternate spelling of Lingeer and she has in fact been described as a royal of sorts: film scholars write that she is “an outcast-cum-queen who sits contemplating the horizon”.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial_ground">Burial ground</h2></div> <p>All crowned Serer lingeers of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a> are buried at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tioupane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tioupane (page does not exist)">Tioupane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diakhao" title="Diakhao">Diakhao</a> (in modern-day Senegal). The historic village of Tioupane was where the crowned lingeer, usually the <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a>'s mother, took residence. The Serer kings are buried elsewhere in Sine. Only the lingeers are buried in Tioupane. Non-crowned lingeers are also buried in Tioupane, but in a different section within the graveyard, away from the crowned lingeers. Like the graves of the Serer kings, the graves of the lingeers are also marked and there are historian on site that narrates their genealogy and history.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Official_Journal_of_Sen_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_Journal_of_Sen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other Serer historic and sacred grounds, the burial site of Tioupane has been added to the list of sites of historic importance by the Senegalese Ministry of Culture (2006 decree).<sup id="cite_ref-Official_Journal_of_Sen_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Official_Journal_of_Sen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Lingeers">List of Lingeers</h2></div> <ul><li>Lingeer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatoumata_Sall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatoumata Sall (page does not exist)">Fatoumata Sall</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatoumata_Sall" class="extiw" title="fr:Fatoumata Sall">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Fatim_Beye" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Fatim Beye">Lingeer Fatim Beye</a> (c. 1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Ndoye Demba">Lingeer Ndoye Demba</a> (c. 1367) (granddaughter of Fatim Beye)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ngon%C3%A9_Di%C3%A8ye" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Ngoné Dièye">Lingeer Ngoné Dièye</a>, 17th century Queen and Queen Mother of Cayor and Baol, and mother of Damel Lat Sukabe Fall</li> <li>Lingeer Djembet or <a href="/wiki/Njembot_Mbodj" title="Njembot Mbodj">Njembot Mbodj</a> (active in 1830s; died September 1846).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lingeer <a href="/wiki/Ndat%C3%A9_Yalla_Mbodj" title="Ndaté Yalla Mbodj">Ndaté Yalla Mbodj</a>, succeeded her sister in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingeer_Selbeh_Ndoffene_Joof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (page does not exist)">Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof</a> (French: Selbé Diouf), daughter of King of Sine—<a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a>. She was kidnapped by the Senegambian Muslim forces during the surprise attack of <i>Mbin o Ngor</i> (or <i>Keur Ngor</i>). That surprise attack against the Serer people of Sine precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" title="Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a> in 1867 where the forces of Kumba Ndoffene defeated the Muslim Marabouts, killing their leader <a href="/wiki/Maba_Diakhou_B%C3%A2" title="Maba Diakhou Bâ">Maba Diakhou Bâ</a>. Following the kidnappng of the Serer Princes, she was forcefully married off to Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ—one of Maba's brothers without her father's permission. After Kumba Ndoffene's victory at Fandane-Thiouthioune, the King gave the order to have Abdoulaye Ouli Bâ castrated for his audacity in entering his daughter into a forced marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Maad Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damel" title="Damel">Damel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teigne_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teigne (title)">Teigne (title)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brak_(African_kings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brak (African kings)">Brak (African kings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/64px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Senegal" title="Portal:Senegal">Senegal portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/32px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/48px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/64px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Gambia">Gambia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheldon, Kathleen E., <i>"Historical dictionary of women in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>"</i>, vol. 1, <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>, 2005, p 148 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5331-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5331-0">0-8108-5331-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Martin A. <i>"Islam and Imperialism in Senegal <a href="/wiki/Sine-Saloum" title="Sine-Saloum">Sine-Saloum</a>, 1847–1914."</i> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a> (1968) pp 11-15 & 262, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85224-029-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85224-029-5">0-85224-029-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBa-Curry2008" class="citation web cs1">Ba-Curry, Ginette (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bsc.chadwyck.com/search/proxyProquestPDF.do?PQID=1511876891&collectionsTag=&format=&fromPage=">"African Women, Tradition and Change in Cheikh Hamidou Kane's Ambiguous Adventure and Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter"</a>. <i>bsc.chadwyck.com</i>. Itibari M. Zulu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bsc.chadwyck.com&rft.atitle=African+Women%2C+Tradition+and+Change+in+Cheikh+Hamidou+Kane%27s+Ambiguous+Adventure+and+Mariama+B%C3%A2%27s+So+Long+a+Letter&rft.date=2008-07&rft.aulast=Ba-Curry&rft.aufirst=Ginette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsc.chadwyck.com%2Fsearch%2FproxyProquestPDF.do%3FPQID%3D1511876891%26collectionsTag%3D%26format%3D%26fromPage%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Mwakikagile" title="Godfrey Mwakikagile">Mwakikagile, Godfrey</a>, <i>Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture,</i> (2010), p 231, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9987932223" title="Special:BookSources/9987932223">9987932223</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Martin A. <i>Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914.</i> Edinburgh University Press (1968) p. 13, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852240295" title="Special:BookSources/0852240295">0852240295</a>. Quote: "The Serer determine descent by both the mother's and father's lines, but matrilineage plays a more important role in Serer life."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Dépendance et Développement Le Statut de la Femme en Afrique Moderne". <i>Notes Africaines</i>. <b>139</b>. 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+Africaines&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9pendance+et+D%C3%A9veloppement+Le+Statut+de+la+Femme+en+Afrique+Moderne&rft.volume=139&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZucarelli1973" class="citation journal cs1">Zucarelli, François (1973-01-01). "De la chefferie traditionnelle au canton: évolution du canton colonial au Sénégal, 1855-1960 (Evolution of the Colonial "Canton" (County) in Senegal, 1885-1960)". <i>Cahiers d'Études Africaines</i>. <b>13</b> (50): <span class="nowrap">213–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1973.2710">10.3406/cea.1973.2710</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4391209">4391209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+Africaines&rft.atitle=De+la+chefferie+traditionnelle+au+canton%3A+%C3%A9volution+du+canton+colonial+au+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal%2C+1855-1960+%28Evolution+of+the+Colonial+%22Canton%22+%28County%29+in+Senegal%2C+1885-1960%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=1973-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1973.2710&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4391209%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zucarelli&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreevey1996" class="citation journal cs1">Creevey, Lucy (1996-01-01). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal". <i>Journal of Religion in Africa</i>. <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">268–</span>307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1581646">10.2307/1581646</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1581646">1581646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+Women+and+the+Role+of+the+State+in+Senegal&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E268-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1581646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1581646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Creevey&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alioune_Sarr" title="Alioune Sarr">Sarr, Alioune</a>, <i>Histoire du Sine-Saloum.</i> Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987, p. 28-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penna-Diaw_124–135-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penna-Diaw_124–135_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penna-Diaw_124–135_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenna-Diaw2014" class="citation book cs1">Penna-Diaw, Luciana (2014-01-01). <i>Songs by Wolof Women</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253010179" title="Special:BookSources/9780253010179"><bdi>9780253010179</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gznkv.10">j.ctt16gznkv.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+by+Wolof+Women&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt16gznkv.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780253010179&rft.aulast=Penna-Diaw&rft.aufirst=Luciana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingeer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuri_Mboup2008" class="citation journal cs1">Buri Mboup, Samba (2008). "Conflicting leadership paradigms in Africa: A need for an African Renaissance perspective1". <i>International Journal of African Renaissance Studies - Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F18186870802321608">10.1080/18186870802321608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+African+Renaissance+Studies+-+Multi-%2C+Inter-+and+Transdisciplinarity&rft.atitle=Conflicting+leadership+paradigms+in+Africa%3A+A+need+for+an+African+Renaissance+perspective1&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F18186870802321608&rft.aulast=Buri+Mboup&rft.aufirst=Samba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._A._Webb1995" class="citation journal cs1">James L. A. Webb, Jr. (1995-01-01). "The Evolution of the Idaw al-Hajj Commercial Diaspora (L'évolution de la diaspora marchande Idaw al-Hajj)". <i>Cahiers d'Études Africaines</i>. <b>35</b> (138/139): <span class="nowrap">455–</span>475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1995.1456">10.3406/cea.1995.1456</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392604">4392604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%89tudes+Africaines&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Idaw+al-Hajj+Commercial+Diaspora+%28L%27%C3%A9volution+de+la+diaspora+marchande+Idaw+al-Hajj%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=138%2F139&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1995.1456&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4392604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=James+L.+A.+Webb&rft.aufirst=Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_D._Fage" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Fage">Fage, John D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Oliver" title="Roland Oliver">Oliver, Roland</a>, "The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790", p 486, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20981-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20981-1">0-521-20981-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glinga, Werner, Diop, Papa Samba, "Sénégal-Forum. 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"Histoire et mythes du Pays Sérère dans la poésie de Léopold Sédar Senghor". <i>Nouvelles Études Francophones</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">23–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25701974">25701974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nouvelles+%C3%89tudes+Francophones&rft.atitle=Histoire+et+mythes+du+Pays+S%C3%A9r%C3%A8re+dans+la+po%C3%A9sie+de+L%C3%A9opold+S%C3%A9dar+Senghor&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25701974%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ndiaye&rft.aufirst=Cheikh+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingeer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarletThackway2015" class="citation journal cs1">Barlet, Olivier; Thackway, Melissa (2015). 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(1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726-729 (PDF: pp. 16—18)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarr, pp 37-38</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Ba-Curry, Ginette (July 2008). "African Women, Tradition and Change in Cheikh Hamidou Kane's Ambiguous Adventure and Mariama Bâ's So Long a Letter". Journal of Pan African Studies, July 2008, vol 2, no.5.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alioune_Sarr" title="Alioune Sarr">Sarr, Alioune</a>, <i>"Histoire du Sine-Saloum"</i> (Sénégal), (Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986–87.</li> <li>Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa", vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p 148 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5331-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5331-0">0-8108-5331-0</a></li> <li>Klein, Martin A. "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968) pp 11–15 & 262, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85224-029-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85224-029-5">0-85224-029-5</a></li> <li>Glinga, Werner, Diop, Papa Samba, "Sénégal-Forum. IKO-Verlag für Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1996. p 110, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88939-431-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-88939-431-0">3-88939-431-0</a></li> <li>Anyidoho, Kofi, "Cross rhythms", Volume 1, Occasional papers in African folklore, p 118, Trickster Press (1983)</li> <li>Sheldon, Kathleen E., "Historical dictionary of women in Sub-Saharan Africa, vol. 1, Scarecrow Press, 2005, p. 148 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5331-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5331-0">0-8108-5331-0</a></li> <li>Adande, Alexis B.A., & Arinze, Emmanuel, "The place of Women in the Museum of Saint-Louis, [in] Museums & urban culture in West Africa, Institut africain international, Oxford, 2002, p. 145-146 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85255-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85255-276-9">0-85255-276-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Fage" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Fage">Fage, John D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Oliver" title="Roland Oliver">Oliver, Roland</a>, "The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790", p 486, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20981-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20981-1">0-521-20981-1</a></li> <li>Diouf, Niokhobaye. <i>Chronique du royaume du Sine.</i> Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972). pp. 726–729 (PDF: pp. 16–18)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kB1YjS8_ooC&pg=PA327">« linguère, linguer »</a> in Geneviève N'Diaye Corréard (dir.), <i>Les mots du patrimoine : le Sénégal</i>, Éd. des Archives contemporaines, Paris; Agence universitaire de la francophonie, Paris, Montréal, 2006, pp. 327–328 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-914610-33-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-914610-33-5">2-914610-33-5</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serer_topics231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_people" title="Category:Serer people">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seex_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seex people (page does not exist)">Seex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cii%C9%97_(Serer_religion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciiɗ (Serer religion) (page does not exist)">Ciiɗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Classical Ndut teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criticism of Serer religion (page does not exist)">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Serer_festivals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Serer festivals (page does not exist)">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaaniiw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaaniiw (page does not exist)">Jaaniiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjung" title="Junjung">Junjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadax (page does not exist)">Sadax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_symbolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer symbolism (page does not exist)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_of_women_in_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role of women in Serer religion (page does not exist)">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_deities" title="Category:Serer deities">Supreme deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokh_Kox" title="Kokh Kox">Kokh Kox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koox" class="mw-redirect" title="Koox">Koox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kop%C3%A9_Tiatie_Cac" title="Kopé Tiatie Cac">Kopé Tiatie Cac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog (main)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumba_Njaay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumba Njaay (page does not exist)">Kumba Njaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiurakh" title="Tiurakh">Tiurakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_holy_places" title="Category:Serer holy places">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_River" title="Sine River">Sine River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine-Saloum" title="Sine-Saloum">Sine-Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somb" title="Somb">Somb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Sangomar" title="Point of Sangomar">Point of Sangomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaguine" title="Tattaguine">Tattaguine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukar" title="Tukar">Tukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboyabo" title="Yaboyabo">Yaboyabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_history" title="Category:Serer history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Godomat" title="Amar Godomat">Amar Godomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cekeen_Tumuli" title="Cekeen Tumuli">Cekeen Tumuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasso" title="Khasso">Khasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Kingdom of Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biffeche" title="Biffeche">Kingdom of Biffeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">kingdom of Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Kingdom of Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_history" title="Serer history">Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_headed_by_Serer_Lamanes" title="States headed by Serer Lamanes">States headed by Serer Lamanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" title="Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logand%C3%A8me" title="Battle of Logandème">Battle of Logandème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_country" title="Category:Serer country">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Gambia" title="Demographics of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer country (page does not exist)">Serer country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_language" title="Category:Serer language">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laalaa_language" title="Laalaa language">Lehar/Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_language" title="Ndut language">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_language" title="Noon language">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_language" title="Palor language">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safen_language" title="Safen language">Safen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birth in Serer society (page does not exist)">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiere" title="Thiere">Saadj (or Chere or saay)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death in Serer society (page does not exist)">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inheritance_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inheritance in Serer society (page does not exist)">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Serer society (page does not exist)">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">Sabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tassu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tassu (page does not exist)">Tassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Njom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_royalty" title="Category:Serer royalty">Royalty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maad" title="Category:Maad">Kings</a> (<i>Maad</i>) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Lamane" title="Category:Lamane">Lamanes</a> (ancient kings / landowners)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamane_Jegan_Joof" title="Lamane Jegan Joof">Lamane Jegan Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Fa_Ndeb_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Mahecor_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof">Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Maysa_Wali_Jaxateh_Manneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh">Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Ama_Joof_Gnilane_Faye_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof">Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Ndaah_Njemeh_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof">Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" class="mw-redirect" title="Maad Semou Njekeh Joof">Maad Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lingeer" title="Category:Lingeer">Queens & Queen Mothers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Fatim_Beye" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Fatim Beye">Lingeer Fatim Beye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Ndoye Demba">Lingeer Ndoye Demba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ngon%C3%A9_Di%C3%A8ye" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeer Ngoné Dièye">Lingeer Ngoné Dièye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingeer_Selbeh_Ndoffene_Joof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (page does not exist)">Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans" title="Serer maternal clans">Serer maternal clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dynasties and<br />royal houses</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joos_Maternal_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joos Maternal Dynasty">Joos Maternal Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Boureh_Gnilane_Joof" title="The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof">The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Jogo_Siga_Joof" title="The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof">The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof">The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_families" title="Category:Serer families">Families</a> and<br />royal titles</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lingeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad" title="Maad">Maad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Maad Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngum_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngum family (page does not exist)">Ngum family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Njie_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njie family (page does not exist)">Njie family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarr_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarr family (page does not exist)">Sarr family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sene_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sene family (page does not exist)">Sene family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teigne" title="Teigne">Teigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebu_people" title="Lebu people">Lebu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingeer&oldid=1265091739">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingeer&oldid=1265091739</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lingeer" title="Category:Lingeer">Lingeer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_matriarchs" title="Category:Serer matriarchs">Serer matriarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_women" title="Category:African women">African women</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_queens" title="Category:African queens">African queens</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_female_royalty" title="Category:African female royalty">African female royalty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matriarchy" title="Category:Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_noble_titles" title="Category:African noble titles">African noble titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_traditional_governments" title="Category:African traditional governments">African traditional governments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a 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