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id="toc-Politics_and_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>International wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_wars_and_guerrilla_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_wars_and_guerrilla_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Civil wars and guerrilla wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_wars_and_guerrilla_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Coups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorist_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorist_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Terrorist attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorist_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonization_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Decolonization and independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Political trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_political_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_political_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Prominent political events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_political_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassinations_and_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassinations_and_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Assassinations and attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassinations_and_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disasters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Natural disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-natural disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electronics_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Electronics and communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Rail transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Automobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-wave_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-wave_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Third-wave feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-wave_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baby_boomers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baby_boomers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Baby boomers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baby_boomers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substance_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substance_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Substance abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substance_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_and_human_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_and_human_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Slavery and human trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_and_human_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_significant_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_significant_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Additional significant events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_significant_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Award_winners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Award_winners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Award winners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Award_winners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest-grossing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest-grossing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Highest-grossing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest-grossing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Country music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-R&B_and_related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#R&B_and_related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>R&B and related</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-R&B_and_related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_from_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_from_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Music from around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_from_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths_of_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths_of_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.5</span> <span>Deaths of artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths_of_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_body_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_body_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Fashion and body modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_body_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Actors_and_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actors_and_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Actors and directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actors_and_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Athletes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Boxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.4</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_Hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_Hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.5</span> <span>Ice Hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_Hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.6</span> <span>Rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrestling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrestling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.7</span> <span>Wrestling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrestling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.8</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1990s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%B9_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1990ዎቹ እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1990ዎቹ እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1990" title="عقد 1990 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1990" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1990" title="Anyos 1990 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1990" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1990" title="Ans 1990 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1990" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1990" title="Década de 1990 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década de 1990" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="1990-лел сонал – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="1990-лел сонал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-c%C4%B1_ill%C9%99r" title="1990-cı illər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1990-cı illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-an" title="1990-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1990-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1990 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1990 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D1%8F" title="1990-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1990-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D1%8F" title="1990-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1990-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1990-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1990-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-e" title="1990-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1990-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1990" title="Bloavezhioù 1990 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1990" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1990" title="Dècada del 1990 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1990" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1990-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1990-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekada_1990" title="Dekada 1990 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dekada 1990" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%931999" title="1990–1999 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1990–1999" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990au" title="1990au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1990au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%27erne" title="1990'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1990'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1990" title="عوام 1990 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1990" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-lohku" title="1990-lohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1990-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990er" title="1990er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1990er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990._aastad" title="1990. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1990. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_1990" title="Δεκαετία 1990 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεκαετία 1990" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1990" title="An 1990 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1990" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1990 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1990 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1990" title="Años 1990 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1990" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-aj_jaroj" title="1990-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1990-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990eko_hamarkada" title="1990eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1990eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B9%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۹۹۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۹۹۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s" title="1990s – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1990s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%C3%A1rini" title="1990-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1990-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1990" title="Années 1990 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1990" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-er_jierren" title="1990-er jierren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1990-er jierren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990id%C3%AD" title="1990idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1990idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990an" title="1990an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1990an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1990" title="Década de 1990 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1990" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="1990-гӀа шераш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1990-гӀа шераш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1990年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1990年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_ngi%C3%A8n-thoi" title="1990 ngièn-thoi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1990 ngièn-thoi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1990년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1990년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="1990-ականներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1990-ականներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="1990 का दशक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="1990 का दशक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-ih" title="1990-ih – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1990-ih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1990a" title="Yari 1990a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1990a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-an" title="1990-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1990-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annos_1990" title="Annos 1990 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Annos 1990" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1990-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1990-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991-2000" title="1991-2000 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1991-2000" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1990" title="Anni 1990 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1990" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-90_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-20" title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-20 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-20" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-an" title="1990-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1990-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1990-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1990-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1990" title="Miaka ya 1990 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1990" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1990-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1990-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94_1990" title="ທົດສະວັດ 1990 – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທົດສະວັດ 1990" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1990" title="Anni 1990 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1990" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990._gadi" title="1990. gadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1990. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_am%C5%BEiaus_10-asis_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XX amžiaus 10-asis dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XX amžiaus 10-asis dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1990" title="Anni 1990 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1990" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-lugu_vuvvet" title="1990-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1990-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/199xymoi" title="199xymoi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="199xymoi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1990-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1990-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1990-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1990-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekau_tau_1990" title="Tekau tau 1990 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tekau tau 1990" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १९९० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १९९० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1990-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1990-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1990" title="عقد 1990 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1990" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-an" title="1990-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1990-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-an" title="1990-an – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1990-an" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1990 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1990 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%89%E1%81%89%E1%81%80_%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၉၉၀ ဆယ်စုနှစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၉၉၀ ဆယ်စုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-1999" title="1990-1999 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1990-1999" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-1999" title="1990-1999 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1990-1999" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1990年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1990年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%C3%A5rene" title="1990-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1990-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%C3%A5ra" title="1990-åra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1990-åra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1990" title="Annaées 1990 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1990" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1990" title="Ans 1990 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1990" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1990 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1990 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-lar" title="1990-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1990-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1990 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1990 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1990 دی دہائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1990 دی دہائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%8D_%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A9%E1%9F%A9%E1%9F%A0" title="ទសវត្សរ៍ ១៩៩០ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទសវត្សរ៍ ១៩៩០" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_90._XX_wieku" title="Lata 90. XX wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 90. XX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1990" title="Década de 1990 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1990" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1990" title="Anii 1990 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1990" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_watakuna" title="1990 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1990 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1990-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1990-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D1%81" title="1990-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1990-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s" title="1990s – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="1990s" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s" title="1990s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1990s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1990" title="Vitet 1990 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1990" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990ini" title="1990ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1990ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s" title="1990s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1990s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/90._roky_20._storo%C4%8Dia" title="90. roky 20. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="90. roky 20. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990." title="1990. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1990." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A9%D9%A9%D9%A0" title="دەیەی ١٩٩٠ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەیەی ١٩٩٠" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D0%B5" title="1990-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1990-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-e" title="1990-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1990-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-an" title="1990-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1990-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-luku" title="1990-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1990-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-talet" title="1990-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1990-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekada_1990" title="Dekada 1990 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dekada 1990" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1990கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1990கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1990-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1990-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1990" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1990 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1990" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1990_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1990 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1990 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%27lar" title="1990'lar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1990'lar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1990ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1990ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1990 чылдар – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="1990 чылдар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1990-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1990-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1990ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1990ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1990" title="Thập niên 1990 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1990" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1990" title="Anêyes 1990 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1990" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_nga_dekada" title="1990 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1990 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1990ער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1990ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1990–1999)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"<span style="padding-left:0.15em">'90s</span>", "The 90s", and "Nineties" redirect here. For AD 90–99, see <a href="/wiki/90s" title="90s">90s</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_1990s_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The 1990s (disambiguation)">The 1990s (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1990s_decade_montage.png/330px-1990s_decade_montage.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1990s_decade_montage.png/500px-1990s_decade_montage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1990s_decade_montage.png/960px-1990s_decade_montage.png 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1080" usemap="#ImageMap_9896dfb2b15825a2" resource="/wiki/File:1990s_decade_montage.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_9896dfb2b15825a2"><area href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" shape="rect" coords="0,0,108,88" alt="Hubble Space Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope" /><area href="/wiki/Gulf_War" shape="rect" coords="110,0,310,88" alt="Gulf War" title="Gulf War" /><area href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" shape="rect" coords="134,90,310,202" alt="Oslo Accords" title="Oslo Accords" /><area href="/wiki/Internet" shape="rect" coords="204,204,310,304" alt="Internet" title="Internet" /><area href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" shape="rect" coords="88,204,202,304" alt="Dissolution of the Soviet Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union" /><area href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" shape="rect" coords="0,204,86,304" alt="Dolly the sheep" title="Dolly the sheep" /><area href="/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" shape="rect" coords="0,151,133,202" alt="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales" title="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales" /><area href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" shape="rect" coords="0,89,66,149" alt="Rwandan genocide" title="Rwandan genocide" /><area href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" shape="rect" coords="66,89,133,149" alt="Second Congo War" title="Second Congo War" /></map><figcaption>From top left, clockwise: The <b><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></b> orbits the Earth after it was launched in 1990; American jets fly over burning oil fields in the 1991 <b><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></b>; the <b><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></b> on 13 September 1993; the <b><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></b> gains <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#1994–2004:_Open_standards,_going_global" title="History of the World Wide Web">massive popularity worldwide</a>; <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> greets crowds after the failed <a href="/wiki/August_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="August Coup">August Coup</a>, which leads to the <b><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></b> on 26 December 1991; <b><a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a></b> is the first mammal to be <a href="/wiki/Cloned" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloned">cloned</a> from an adult <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cell</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales">funeral procession</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a>, who <b><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales">died in a 1997 car crash</a></b>, and was mourned by millions; hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a> people are killed in the <b><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></b> of 1994</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1990s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s" title="2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s" title="2010s">2010s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1994">1994</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1995" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1999">1999</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_births" title="Category:1990s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_deaths" title="Category:1990s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_by_country" title="Category:1990s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_establishments" title="Category:1990s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_disestablishments" title="Category:1990s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1990s</b> (often referred and shortened to as "<b>the '90s</b>" or "<b>the Nineties</b>") was the <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a> that began on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999. Known as the "<a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post-Cold War decade</a>", the 1990s were culturally imagined as the period from the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> until the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> marked the end of Russia's status as a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>, the end of a <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">multipolar</a> world, and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Western sentiment</a>. China was still recovering from a politically and economically turbulent period.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the US to <a href="/wiki/Superpower#Post-Cold_War_era" title="Superpower">emerge as the world's sole superpower</a>, creating relative <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/1990s_economic_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s economic boom">prosperity</a> for many western countries. During this decade, the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> grew from 5.3 to 6.1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decade saw greater attention to <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> and advance of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">alternative media</a>. Public education about <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a> curbed <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> in developed countries. <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> bonded over musical tastes. Humor in television and film was marked by ironic <a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">self-references</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> references. Alternative music movements like <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a>, became popular, aided by the rise in <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. New music genres such as <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Happy_hardcore" title="Happy hardcore">happy hardcore</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Denpa_song" title="Denpa song">denpa</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a> emerged. Video game popularity exploded due to the development of <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> supported <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a> on platforms such as <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">Sony PlayStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PCs</a>. </p><p>The 1990s saw <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s in technology">advances in technology</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Pentium microprocessor</a>, rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a> trial, and <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> was launched in 1990, by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) with the goal to sequence the entire human genome.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building the <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a>, the world's largest and highest-energy <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a>, commenced in 1998, and <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> became the first US stock market to trade online.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Environment">Environmentalism</a> is divided between left-wing <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">green politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary industry">primary industry</a>-sponsored environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organizations</a>, and a more business-oriented approach to the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">carbon footprint</a> of businesses. More businesses started using <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. </p><p>There was a realignment and consolidation of <a href="#Economics">economic</a> and political power, such as the continued mass-mobilization of <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital markets</a> through <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, and end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Network cultures were enhanced by the proliferation of <a href="#Internet">new media</a> such as the internet, and a new ability to self-publish web pages and make connections on professional, political and hobby topics. The <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a> was immediate, with access limited to those who could afford it and knew how to operate a computer. The internet provided anonymity for individuals skeptical of the government. Traditional mass media continued to perform strongly. However, mainstream internet users were optimistic about its benefits, particularly the future of <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a>. <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">Web portals</a>, a curated bookmark homepage, were as popular as searching via <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawlers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> of 1997–2000 brought wealth to some <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurs</a> before its <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002" title="Stock market downturn of 2002">crash of the early-2000s</a>. </p><p>Many countries were economically prosperous and spreading <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">High-income countries</a> experienced steady growth during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a> (1980s—2000s). Using a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> in a public place was typical <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a>. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union</a> states declined as a result of neoliberal restructuring. <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a> increased with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in 1993, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) in 1994, and <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) in 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> economies of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, Australia and Japan were hampered by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">early 1990s recession</a>. </p><p>Major wars that began include the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>; the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen Wars</a>, in the former Soviet Union; and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> continued. The <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> seemed to herald an end to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli-Palestinian conflict">Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a>, but this was in vain. However, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> came to a standstill in 1998 with the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, ending 30 years of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_wars">Politics and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars:_1990%E2%80%932002" title="List of wars: 1990–2002">List of wars: 1990–2002</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_1990s" title="List of sovereign states in the 1990s">List of sovereign states in the 1990s</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_Map_of_The_World_(1992).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_Map_of_The_World_%281992%29.png/749px-Flag_Map_of_The_World_%281992%29.png" decoding="async" width="749" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_Map_of_The_World_%281992%29.png/1124px-Flag_Map_of_The_World_%281992%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_Map_of_The_World_%281992%29.png/1498px-Flag_Map_of_The_World_%281992%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4974" data-file-height="2519" /></a><figcaption>Flag map of the world from 1992</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_wars">International wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Congo Wars began in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (24 October 1996 – 16 May 1997) resulted in the overthrow of dictator <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a>, following his 32-year rule of <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, which was then renamed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (August 1998 – July 2003) started in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> and involved multiple nearby nations.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991). <ul><li>Iraq was left in severe debt after the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> in the 1980s. President <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> accused <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> of flooding the oil market, therefore driving down prices. As a result, Iraqi forces <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invaded and conquered Kuwait</a>.</li> <li>The UN (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>) immediately condemned the action and a coalition force led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">Aerial bombing of Iraq</a> began in January 1991, and one month later, the UN forces drove the Iraqi army from Kuwait in four days.</li></ul></li> <li>Two wars were fought in the region of <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a> (1994–1996) was a conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a>. After the initial campaign of 1994–1995, culminating in the devastating <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(August_1996)" title="Battle of Grozny (August 1996)">Battle of Grozny</a>, Russian federal forces attempted to seize control of the mountainous area of Chechnya. Despite Russia's overwhelming manpower, weaponry, and <a href="/wiki/Air_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Air support">air support</a>, they were set back by Chechen <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a> and raids on the flatlands. The resulting widespread demoralization of Russian federal forces, and the universal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> opposition of the Russian public to the conflict, led <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>'s government to declare a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> in 1996 and sign a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> a year later.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a> (1999 – 2009) was started by the Russian Federation in response to the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Dagestan_(1999)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Dagestan (1999)">1999 invasion of Dagestan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_apartment_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian apartment bombings">Russian apartment bombings</a>, which were blamed on the Chechens. In this military campaign, Russian forces largely recaptured the separatist region of Chechnya<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the outcome of the First Chechen War – in which the region gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria – was essentially reversed.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> (1998–2000) was commenced by the invasion of Ethiopia by Eritrea due to a territorial dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict resulted in tens of thousands of deaths on both sides<sup id="cite_ref-Tens-of-thousands_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tens-of-thousands-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a peace agreement in December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> (1999) began in May when Pakistan covertly sent troops to occupy strategic peaks in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. A month later, the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> with India resulted in a political fiasco for Pakistani Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, followed by a Pakistani military withdrawal to the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a>. The incident led to a Pakistani <a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1999 Pakistani coup d'état">military coup</a> in October, in which Sharif was ousted by <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Army Chief</a> <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>. This conflict remains the only war fought between the two declared nuclear powers.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/150px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/225px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg/300px-Evstafiev-sarajevo-building-burns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_Friendship_Building" title="Greece–Bosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building">Executive council building</a> burns in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> after being hit by Bosnian Serb artillery in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–1995) followed the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, beginning on 25 June 1991, after the republics of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. These wars were notorious for war crimes and human rights violations, including <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, with the overwhelming majority of casualties being Muslim <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991) was a brief military conflict between Slovenian TO (<a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Territorial_Defence" title="Slovenian Territorial Defence">Slovenian Territorial Defence</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> ("JNA") following <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>'s declaration of independence.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995) was fought in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> between the Croatian government (having declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>) and both the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> ("JNA") and <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Serb</a> forces, who established the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a> ("RSK") within Croatia.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995) involved several <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnically</a>-defined factions within <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Western_Bosnia" title="Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia">a smaller Bosniak faction led by Fikret Abdić</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a> (1992–1995) marked the most violent <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> in Europe since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> at that time, as <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serb</a> forces bombarded and attacked Bosnian-controlled and populated areas of the city. War crimes occurred, including <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and the destruction of civilian property.</li> <li>The final fighting in the Croatian and Bosnian wars ended in 1995 with the success of Croatian military offensives against Serb forces. This led to the mass exodus of <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> from Croatia, Serb losses to Croat and Bosniak forces, and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a>, which internally partitioned Bosnia and Herzegovina into a <a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosniak-Croat Federation</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> (1998–1999) was a war between Albanian separatists and Yugoslav military and Serb paramilitary forces in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. That conflict began in 1996 and escalated in 1998, with increasing reports of atrocities. <ul><li>In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, led by the United States, launched <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">air attacks</a> against <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (then composed of only <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>) to pressure the Yugoslav government to end its military operations against Albanian separatists in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. The intervention lacked UN approval yet was justified by NATO based on accusations of war crimes committed by Yugoslav military forces working alongside nationalist Serb paramilitary groups. Finally, after months of bombing, Yugoslavia conceded to NATO's demands, and NATO forces (later UN peacekeeping forces) occupied Kosovo.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a> (1990) was a border war between <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> that began in 1966 and ended in 1990.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_wars_and_guerrilla_wars">Civil wars and guerrilla wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civil wars and guerrilla wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg/220px-Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg/330px-Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg/440px-Rwandan_Genocide_Murambi_skulls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>: Bones of genocide victims in Murambi Technical School. Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan genocide as high as 800,000 people.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">First Liberian Civil War</a> occurred from 1989 until 1997, and led to the death of around 200,000 people.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a> (1991) was an internal conflict that had been raging for over twenty years. Its end coincided with the establishment of a coalition government of various factions.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002) was caused by a group of high-ranking army officers canceling the first multi-party elections in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> (1991–present) included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(1993)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (1993)">Battle of Mogadishu</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> (1994) occurred from 6 April to mid-July 1994 when hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tutsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutsis">Tutsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> political moderates <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">were killed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a>-dominated government under the <a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a> ideology. For approximately 100 days between 500,000<sup id="cite_ref-A_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people were killed. The United Nations and major states came under criticism for failing to stop the genocide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a> resulted from a severe <a href="/wiki/Political_deadlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Political deadlock">political deadlock</a> between Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a> (Russia's parliament at this time) resulting in Yeltsin ordering the controversial shelling of the Russian parliament building by tanks.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a> (1992–1997) occurred when the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan government</a> was pitted against the <a href="/wiki/United_Tajik_Opposition" title="United Tajik Opposition">United Tajik Opposition</a>, resulting in the death of between 50,000 and 100,000 people.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_uprising" title="Zapatista uprising">Zapatista uprising</a> (1994) occurred when a large number of the Zapatista indigenous people of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> and began an armed conflict with the Mexican government to protest against <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a>. The uprising lasted 12 days, bringing worldwide attention to the Zapatistas, and continued through the rest of the 1990s.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> (1996–2001) was formed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> seized control of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in 1996. They ruled during the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">later Afghan Civil War</a> until their ousting 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1998) involved 30 years of conflict that ended on 10 April 1998, when the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> was signed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 East Timorese crisis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coups">Coups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_and_coup_attempts#1990–1999" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coups d'état and coup attempts">List of coups d'état and coup attempts § 1990–1999</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorist_attacks">Terrorist attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terrorist attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents#1970–present" title="List of terrorist incidents">List of terrorist incidents § 1970–present</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/220px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/330px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/440px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>The federal building that was bombed in the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> two days after the bombing, viewed from across the adjacent parking lot.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (1993) led to broader public awareness in the US of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">domestic terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International terrorism">international terrorism</a> as a potential threat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markale_massacres" title="Markale massacres">Markale market massacres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1994) – soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> deliberately targeted <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniak</a> (then known as "Bosnian Muslims") civilians.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a> (1994) – on 18 July 1994, an unknown terrorist targeting <a href="/wiki/Argentinian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentinian Jew">Argentina's Jewish community</a> planted a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mutual_Israelita_Argentina" title="Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina">Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, killing 85 people and injuring hundreds, making it the first ethnically targeted bombing and deadliest bombing in Argentine history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Srebrenica genocide">Srebrenica genocide</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) – soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(paramilitary)" title="Scorpions (paramilitary)">Serbia's Scorpions</a> paramilitary group committed mass murder of Bosniak civilians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – the bombing of a federal building in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> killed 168 people, becoming the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States at that time. Suspect <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a> claimed he bombed the building in retaliation for the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Ridge">Ruby Ridge</a> standoff and the <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a> a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a> (1996) – on 15 June 1996, the IRA set off a bomb in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England. The bomb, placed in a van on Corporation Street in the city center, targeted the city's infrastructure and economy and caused widespread damage, estimated by insurers at £700 million (£1 billion as of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). Two hundred and twelve people were injured, but there were no fatalities.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> militants carried out bomb attacks on United States embassies in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. In retaliation, U.S. naval military forces launched <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> attacks against Al-Qaeda bases in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1998) – a bombing in <a href="/wiki/Omagh" title="Omagh">Omagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a>, that killed 29 civilians and injured hundreds more.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_millennium_attack_plots#LAX_bombing_plot" title="2000 millennium attack plots">LAX bombing plot</a> (1999) – <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ressam" title="Ahmed Ressam">Ahmed Ressam</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> militant associated with Al-Qaeda, was arrested when attempting to cross from Canada into the United States at the Canada-U.S. border on 14 December 1999. It was later discovered that he intended to bomb <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> (LAX) during <a href="/wiki/Millennium_celebrations" title="Millennium celebrations">millennium celebrations</a>. This was the first major attempted terrorist attack by Al-Qaeda on United States soil since the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">1993 World Trade Center bombing</a> and marked the beginning of a series of attempted terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda against the United States that would continue into the 21st century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization_and_independence">Decolonization and independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decolonization and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Namibia">Independence of Namibia</a> (1990) – the <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Republic of Namibia</a> gained independence from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> on 21 March 1990. <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a>, initially retained by South Africa, joined Namibia in 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992) – the republics of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia (country)">Macedonia</a> declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Eritrea">Independence of Eritrea</a> (1993) – <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> gained independence from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> (1993) – the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic">Slovak Republic</a> adopts the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Council%27s_Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Slovak_Nation" title="Slovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation">Declaration of Independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palau#Post-war_development" title="History of Palau">Independence of Palau</a> (1994) – <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">United Nations Trusteeship Council</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a> (1997) – The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> handed sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (then <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> on 1 July 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_independence_referendum" title="1999 East Timorese independence referendum">Independence of East Timorese</a> (1999) – <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> broke away from <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation</a>, only a year after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> from power, ending a 24-year <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> with more than 200,000 casualties. The UN deployed a peacekeeping force spearheaded by Australia's armed forces. The United States deployed police officers to serve with the <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> element to help train and equip an East Timorese police force.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a> (1999) – <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> handed sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a>) to the People's Republic of China on 20 December 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> (1991) – multiple <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (SSRs) declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">USSR</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a> became the Republic of Armenia following the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Armenia" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia">Declaration of Independence of Armenia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a> became the Republic of Azerbaijan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a> became the Republic of Belarus following its <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Belarusian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a> became the Republic of Estonia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a> became the Republic of Georgia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a> became the Republic of Kazakhstan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz SSR</a> became the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a> became the Republic of Latvia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a> became the Republic of Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a> became the Republic of Moldova.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik SSR</a> became the Republic of Tajikistan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen SSR</a> became the Republic of Turkmenistan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> became the Republic of Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a> became the Republic of Uzbekistan.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_trends">Political trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 1990s saw an increased spread of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">third way</a> policies.<sup id="cite_ref-between_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-between-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former countries of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> moved from single-party socialist states to multi-party states with private sector economies.<sup id="cite_ref-between_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-between-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same wave of political liberalization occurred in the capitalist and <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized countries</a> (including <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries), such as <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. Market reforms made incredible changes to the economies of <a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a> socialist countries such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.</li> <li>Ethnic tensions and violence in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a> during the 1990s created a greater sense of ethnic identity among nations in newly independent countries and a marked increase in the popularity of nationalism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_political_events">Prominent political events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prominent political events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/120px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg/250px-Mandela_voting_in_1994.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> voting in 1994, after thirty years of imprisonment.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was released from prison on 11 February 1990, after thirty years of imprisonment for opposing <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">apartheid</a> and white-minority rule in South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">Apartheid ended</a> in South Africa in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-mandela_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandela-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nelson Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994, becoming the first democratically elected president in South African history, and ending a long legacy of apartheid white rule in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-mandela_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandela-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv/220px--Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="406" data-mwtitle="Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_(January_26,_1998)_Bill_Clinton.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_(January_26,_1998)_Bill_Clinton.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv/Response_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AResponse_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AResponse_to_the_Lewinsky_Allegations_%28January_26%2C_1998%29_Bill_Clinton.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>During the late 1990s, a move was made to remove American president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> from power following the <a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment</a> attempt did not succeed, and Clinton continued to serve as president until the end of his term in January 2001.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) on 1 January 1994, created a North American <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free-trade zone</a> consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the United States.</li> <li>Canadian politics was radically altered in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Canadian_federal_election" title="1993 Canadian federal election">1993 federal election</a> with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a>. A major political party in Canada since 1867, the party went from controlling the government to being left with only two seats. The <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a> collapsed as well, with their sets declining from 44 to 9. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a> was the only genuinely 'national' political party left standing. Regionally-based parties, such as the Quebec-based <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> and the almost entirely Western Canada-based <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a>, rose from political insignificance to being major political parties.</li> <li>After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake constitutional accord</a> in 1990, the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> in Canada experienced a rekindled wave of separatism by <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a> nationalists, who sought for Quebec to become an independent country and forced a referendum on the question of independence in 1995. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Quebec independence referendum">1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty</a> was held in the predominantly francophone province of Quebec in Canada, a majority <a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">Anglophone</a> country. If accepted, Quebec would have become an independent country with an economic association with Canada. Quebec's voters narrowly rejected the proposal.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a>, a former Haitian priest, became the first democratically elected President of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> in 1990. A proponent of liberation theology, Aristide was appointed to a Roman Catholic parish in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> in 1982 after completing his studies to become a priest of the Salesian order. Aristide was later forced into exile in the Central African Republic and South Africa and returned to Haiti after several years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Mexican_general_election" title="1994 Mexican general election">1994 presidential election</a>, making him the last of an uninterrupted 72-year-long succession of Mexican presidents from the dominant <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI). The original PRI candidate, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Donaldo_Colosio_Murrieta" title="Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta">Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta</a>, was assassinated several months prior.</li> <li>Due to <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">internal conflict</a> and an economic crisis, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> rose to power in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and remained in office for eleven years. His administration was marked by economic development but also by numerous human rights violations (<a href="/wiki/La_Cantuta_massacre" title="La Cantuta massacre">La Cantuta massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrios_Altos_massacre" title="Barrios Altos massacre">Barrios Altos massacre</a>) and a rampant corruption network set up by <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a>.</li> <li>The sluggish <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> economies of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, by a new emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> for all their citizens after the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_debt_crisis" title="Latin American debt crisis">debt crisis</a> of the 1980s. Following democratic reforms and neoliberal policies were implemented by President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Sa%C3%BAl_Menem" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Saúl Menem">Carlos Saúl Menem</a> (Argentina), President <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Ruiz-Tagle" title="Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle">Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle</a> (Chile), President <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a> (Mexico), and President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> (Brazil), in their best shape by the late 1990s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> Bill Clinton was a dominant political figure in international affairs during the 1990s, known primarily for his attempts to negotiate peace in the Middle East and end the ongoing wars occurring in the former Yugoslavia, his promotion of international action to decrease human-created <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and his endorsement of advancing <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> in the Americas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">After a failed coup attempt in 1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, politician and former member of the Venezuelan military, is <a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">elected</a> President of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</a> – US president Bill Clinton was caught in a media-frenzied scandal involving inappropriate relations with White House intern <a href="/wiki/Monica_Lewinsky" title="Monica Lewinsky">Monica Lewinsky</a>, which was first announced on 21 January 1998. After the United States House of Representatives <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeached Bill Clinton</a> on 19 December 1998, for perjury under oath, and following an investigation by federal prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Starr">Kenneth Starr</a>, the Senate acquitted Clinton of all charges on 12 February 1999. He served out the remainder of his second term.</li> <li>California voters passed <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_215_(1996)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 215 (1996)">Proposition 215</a> in 1996, which legalized <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> for medicinal purposes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton,_Yitzhak_Rabin,_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/250px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/375px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/500px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Israeli Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) Chairman <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> during the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> on 13 September 1993.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1990, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> came to a close and a return to political normalcy in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> began. With peace among all factions in Lebanon, the rebuilding of the country and its capital, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, began.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">1990 Nepalese revolution</a>, a multiparty movement against the one-party Panchayat rule in Nepal. It led to the end of absolute monarchy in Nepal and the restoration of democracy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> agree to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a> at the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>, negotiated by the United States President, Bill Clinton, on 13 September 1993. <ul><li>By signing the Oslo accords, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> recognized Israel's right to exist. At the same time, Israel permitted the creation of an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, which was implemented in 1994.</li> <li>Israeli military forces withdrew from these Palestinian territories in compliance with the accord, which marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (a period of violence between Palestinian Arab militants and Israeli armed forces from 1987 to 1993).</li> <li>The Palestinian National Authority was created in 1994 following the Oslo Accords, giving Palestinian Arab people official autonomy over the Gaza Strip and West Bank, though not official independence from Israel.</li></ul></li> <li>On 4 November 1995, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin">was assassinated</a> by a right-wing extremist who opposed the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> merged to form <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> resigned as the Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> on 28 November 1990, a position he had held since 1959, to <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a>. Lee remained in the cabinet as Senior Minister.</li> <li>In July 1994, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> died, having ruled the country since its founding in 1948. His son <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>, who succeeded him, took over a nation on the brink of complete economic collapse. <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">Famine</a> had caused a significant number of deaths in the late 1990s, and North Korea gained a reputation for being an important hub of money laundering, counterfeiting, and weapons proliferation. The country's ability to produce and sell nuclear weapons became a prominent concern in the international community.</li> <li>In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a> in Burma won a majority of seats in the first free election conducted in 30 years. But the <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">SPDC</a> refused to relinquish power, beginning a peaceful<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> struggle that began in the 1990s and continued for several decades, primarily fueled by Aung San Suu Kyi and her supporters to demand the end of military rule.</li> <li>Indonesian President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> resigned after ruling the country for 32 years (1966–1998), following the <a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">riots</a> on several cities in Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">His resignation</a> marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reform era</a>.</li> <li>In India, the former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">assassinated</a> on 21 May 1991 by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Tigers">Tamil Tigers</a>, beginning a period of <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">economic liberalization</a> led by new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>.</li> <li>After democratic reforms and steady economic growth in the four <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">MNNAs</a> by the United States and Canada, after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> of 1986 under the <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> presidency until 1992, democratic reforms and economic policies implemented by two Presidents were elected by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> in 1992, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> in 1998.</li> <li>South Korea and Taiwan became <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, and two of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a> in the 1990s. Following democratic reforms in 1988, neoliberal policies were implemented by President <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a> (South Korea) and President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> (Taiwan), both who led their countries during the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>.</li> <li>Japan saw eight different <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">prime ministers</a> serve during the 1990s in what was at first called the "Lost Decade" but later became referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei Era</a>". These included <a href="/wiki/Morihiro_Hosokawa" title="Morihiro Hosokawa">Morihiro Hosokawa</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/1993_Japanese_general_election" title="1993 Japanese general election">1993 Japanese general election</a> and formed an opposition coalition until 1996.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The improvement in relations between <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> countries and the former members of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, both in Europe and other parts of the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> – on 3 October 1990, East and West Germany reunified as a result of the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. After reintegrating their economic structure and provincial governments, Germany focused on the modernization of the formerly communist East. People brought up in socialist East Germany became integrated with those living in capitalist West Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, who had been the United Kingdom's Prime Minister since 1979, resigned as Prime Minister on 22 November 1990 after being challenged for leadership of the Conservative Party by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Michael Heseltine</a>. This was because of widespread opposition to the introduction of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(Great_Britain)" title="Poll tax (Great Britain)">Community Charge</a>, and the fact that her key allies such as <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Nigel Lawson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Geoffrey Howe</a> resigned over the deeply sensitive issues of the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> and Margaret Thatcher's resistance to Britain joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">European Exchange Rate Mechanism</a>. Less than two years later, on the infamous <a href="/wiki/Black_Wednesday" title="Black Wednesday">Black Wednesday</a> of September 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> crashed out of the system after the pound fell below the agreed exchange rate with the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> replaced Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister in 1990.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> (restructuring) of the Soviet Union destabilized, leading to nationalist and separatist demagogues gaining popularity. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chairmen_of_the_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Russia" title="Supreme Soviet of Russia">Supreme Soviet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russia</a>, resigned from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> and became the opposition leader against <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. The Communist Party lost its status as the governing force of the country and was banned after a <a href="/wiki/August_Putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="August Putsch">coup attempt</a> by communist hardliners attempted to revert the effects of Gorbachev's policies. Yeltsin's counter-revolution was victorious, and on 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned from the presidency, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. Yeltsin <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Boris_Yeltsin" title="Presidency of Boris Yeltsin">became president</a> of the Soviet Union's successor, the Russian Federation, and presided over a period of political unrest, economic crisis, and social anarchy. On 31 December 1999, Yeltsin resigned, leaving <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> as acting president.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> was formed in 1992 under the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a>, signed on 15 December 1993 by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a>, John Major, and the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Reynolds" title="Albert Reynolds">Albert Reynolds</a> at the British Prime Minister's office in <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, affirmed that (1) the right of the people of Ireland to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, and (2) that <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> would be transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> from the United Kingdom only if a majority of its population was in favour of such a move. It included, as part of the perspective of the so-called "Irish dimension," the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_consent" title="Principle of consent">principle of consent</a> that the people of the island of Ireland had the exclusive right to solve the issues between North and South by mutual consent.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter statement, which later would become one of the points of the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was key to producing a positive change of attitude by the Republicans towards a negotiated settlement. The joint declaration also pledged the governments to seek a peaceful constitutional settlement and promised that parties linked with paramilitaries (such as <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>) could take part in the talks so long as they abandoned violence.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> agreed to a truce in 1994. This marked the beginning of the end of 25 years of violence between the IRA and the United Kingdom and the start of political negotiations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> became Prime Minister in 1997 following a <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Agreement">Belfast Agreement</a> (a.k.a. the Good Friday Agreement) was signed by the U.K. and Irish politicians on 10 April 1998, declaring a joint commitment to a peaceful resolution of the territorial dispute between <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> and the United Kingdom over <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Good_Friday_Agreement_referendum" title="1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum">1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum</a> was held on 22 May 1998, with majority approval.<sup id="cite_ref-ARK01_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARK01-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> was established following the <a href="/wiki/1997_Welsh_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Welsh devolution referendum">1997 Welsh devolution referendum</a>, in which a majority of voters approved the creation of the National Assembly for Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 1997, the <a href="/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1997 Scottish devolution referendum">1997 Scottish devolution referendum</a> was put to the Scottish electorate and secured a majority in favor of the establishment of a new <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ScotlandReferendum_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotlandReferendum-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScotlandElections_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotlandElections-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassinations_and_attempts">Assassinations and attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assassinations and attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabin_in_1994_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rabin_in_1994_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Rabin_in_1994_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rabin_in_1994_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Rabin_in_1994_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pablo_Escobar_Mug_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pablo_Escobar_Mug_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Pablo_Escobar_Mug_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pablo_Escobar_Mug_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Pablo_Escobar_Mug_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pablo_Escobar_Mug_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Pablo_Escobar_Mug_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Escobar" title="Pablo Escobar">Pablo Escobar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RajivGandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RajivGandhi.jpg/120px-RajivGandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/RajivGandhi.jpg/180px-RajivGandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/RajivGandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armee_de_l%27Air_-_Dassault_Falcon_50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Armee_de_l%27Air_-_Dassault_Falcon_50.jpg/120px-Armee_de_l%27Air_-_Dassault_Falcon_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Armee_de_l%27Air_-_Dassault_Falcon_50.jpg/180px-Armee_de_l%27Air_-_Dassault_Falcon_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Armee_de_l%27Air_-_Dassault_Falcon_50.jpg/240px-Armee_de_l%27Air_-_Dassault_Falcon_50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_50" title="Dassault Falcon 50">Dassault Falcon 50</a> similar to the one shot down in the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">assassination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Cyprien Ntaryamira">Cyprien Ntaryamira</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:120px;">Date </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>9 September 1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Doe" title="Samuel Doe">Samuel Doe</a>, 21st President of <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, was captured by rebels, tortured and murdered. His torture was controversially videotaped and seen on news reports around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 May 1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, former Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">assassinated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur" title="Sriperumbudur">Sriperumbudur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 August 1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shapour_Bakhtiar" title="Shapour Bakhtiar">Shapour Bakhtiar</a>, former Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, is assassinated by Islamic Republic agents.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 June 1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Boudiaf" title="Mohamed Boudiaf">Mohamed Boudiaf</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mohamed_Boudiaf" title="Assassination of Mohamed Boudiaf">assassinated</a> by a bodyguard.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 April 1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, former President of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, is alleged to be the target of an <a href="/wiki/1993_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq#George_H._W._Bush_assassination_plot" title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">assassination</a> by Iraq per a report from the Kuwaiti government during a visit to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 May 1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a>, 3rd President of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, is killed by a suicide bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 October 1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Ndadaye" title="Melchior Ndadaye">Melchior Ndadaye</a>, 4th President of <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, is killed during an attempted military <a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Burundian coup d'état attempt">coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 December 1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Escobar" title="Pablo Escobar">Pablo Escobar</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín drug cartel</a>, is killed by special operations units of the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">National Police of Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 March 1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luis_Donaldo_Colosio_Murrieta" title="Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta">Luis Donaldo Colosio Murrieta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1994_Mexican_general_election" title="1994 Mexican general election">1994 Mexican general election</a>, was assassinated at a campaign rally in <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 April 1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana" title="Juvénal Habyarimana">Juvénal Habyarimana</a>, 2nd President of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Cyprien Ntaryamira">Cyprien Ntaryamira</a>, 5th President of Burundi, are both killed when their jet is <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">shot down</a> in what is considered the prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 November 1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, 5th Prime Minister of Israel, is <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin">assassinated</a> at a rally in Tel Aviv by a radical ultranationalist who opposed the Oslo Accords.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 April 1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>, 1st President of Chechnya, is killed by two laser-guided missiles after his location was detected by a Russian reconnaissance aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 October 1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Lukanov" title="Andrey Lukanov">Andrey Lukanov</a>, former Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, is shot outside his apartment in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 March 1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luis_Mar%C3%ADa_Arga%C3%B1a" title="Luis María Argaña">Luis María Argaña</a>, Vice President of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, is assassinated by gunmen outside his home.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 April 1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bar%C3%A9_Ma%C3%AFnassara" title="Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara">Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara</a>, 5th President of <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, is assassinated by members of his protective staff in <a href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disasters">Disasters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_natural_disasters" title="Category:1990s natural disasters">Category:1990s natural disasters</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izmit_eart3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Izmit_eart3.jpg/250px-Izmit_eart3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Izmit_eart3.jpg/375px-Izmit_eart3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Izmit_eart3.jpg/500px-Izmit_eart3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake" title="1999 İzmit earthquake">1999 İzmit earthquake</a>, which occurred in northwestern Turkey, killed 17,217 and injured 43,959.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1990s saw a trend in frequent and more devastating natural disasters, breaking many previous records. Although the 1990s was designated by the United Nations as an <a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_Natural_Disaster_Reduction" title="International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction">International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction</a> as part of its program to prevent losses due to disasters, disasters would go on to cause a record-breaking US$608 billion worth of damage—more than the past four decades combined.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The most prominent natural disasters of the decade include: <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Hurricane Andrew</a> striking South Florida in August 1992, the crippling <a href="/wiki/1993_Storm_of_the_Century" title="1993 Storm of the Century">super storm</a> of March 1993 along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Eastern Seaboard</a>, the devastating <a href="/wiki/1994_Northridge_earthquake" title="1994 Northridge earthquake">1994 Northridge earthquake</a> in Los Angeles, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, Japan in January 1995, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_blizzard_of_1996" title="North American blizzard of 1996">Blizzard of 1996</a> in the eastern United States, the US drought of 1999, the deadly <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch" title="Hurricane Mitch">Hurricane Mitch</a> which struck Central America in October 1998, the destructive <a href="/wiki/1999_Oklahoma_tornado_outbreak" title="1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak">Oklahoma tornado outbreak</a> in May 1999, the August <a href="/wiki/1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake" title="1999 İzmit earthquake">1999 İzmit earthquake</a> in Turkey, and the September 1999 <a href="/wiki/Chi-Chi_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Chi-Chi earthquake">Chi-Chi earthquake</a> in Taiwan.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake" title="1990 Luzon earthquake">magnitude 7.8 earthquake</a> hit the Philippines on 16 July 1990 and killed around 1000 people in <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>.</li> <li>After 600 years of inactivity, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> erupted and devastated <a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> in June 1991.</li> <li>July 1995 – <a href="/wiki/1995_Chicago_heat_wave" title="1995 Chicago heat wave">Midwestern United States heat wave</a> – An unprecedented heat wave strikes the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a> for most of the month. Temperatures peak at 106 °F (41 °C), and remain above 94 °F (34 °C) in the afternoon for 5 straight days. At least 739 people died in Chicago alone.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Key_West_Damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Key_West_Damage.jpg/220px-Key_West_Damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Key_West_Damage.jpg/330px-Key_West_Damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Key_West_Damage.jpg/440px-Key_West_Damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Georges" title="Hurricane Georges">Hurricane Georges</a> downed trees in Key West along the old houseboat row on South Roosevelt Blvd.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Georges" title="Hurricane Georges">Hurricane Georges</a> made landfall in at least seven different countries (<a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a>, Haiti, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, Cuba, the United States and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, a Commonwealth of the United States) – more than any other hurricane since <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Inez" title="Hurricane Inez">Hurricane Inez</a> of the 1966 season. The total estimated costs were $60 billion (about $110 billion in 2022).</li> <li>September 1996 – <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Fran" title="Hurricane Fran">Hurricane Fran</a> made landfall in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, causing significant damage throughout the entire state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Iniki" title="Hurricane Iniki">Hurricane Iniki</a> hit the island of <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a> in the Hawaiian Islands on 11 September 1992, making it one of the costliest hurricanes on record in the eastern Pacific.</li> <li>A flood hits the <a href="/wiki/1997_Red_River_flood" title="1997 Red River flood">Red River Valley in 1997</a> becoming the most severe flood since 1826.</li> <li>On May 3, 1999, the highest wind speeds recorded on Earth at 321 mph (517 km/h) took place during the <a href="/wiki/1999_Bridge_Creek-Moore_tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado">1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado</a> outbreak. The estimated costs were $1 billion (about $1.8 billion in 2024). This event was the first issued <a href="/wiki/Tornado_emergency" title="Tornado emergency">tornado emergency</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a> in history.</li> <li>In December 1999, torrential rains and flash floods killed tens of thousands of Venezuelans living in the state of <a href="/wiki/Vargas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas (state)">Vargas</a> in a natural disaster known as the <a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-natural_disasters">Non-natural disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bijlmerramp2_without_link.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bijlmerramp2_without_link.jpg/250px-Bijlmerramp2_without_link.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bijlmerramp2_without_link.jpg/375px-Bijlmerramp2_without_link.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bijlmerramp2_without_link.jpg/500px-Bijlmerramp2_without_link.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The crash site of <a href="/wiki/El_Al_Flight_1862" title="El Al Flight 1862">El Al Flight 1862</a> in 1992.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_MS_Estonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Model_of_MS_Estonia.jpg/250px-Model_of_MS_Estonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Model_of_MS_Estonia.jpg/500px-Model_of_MS_Estonia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Miniature model from <a href="/wiki/MS_Estonia" title="MS Estonia">MS Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spill" title="Gulf War oil spill">Gulf War oil spill</a>: Resulting from actions taken during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991 by the Iraq military, the oil spill caused considerable damage to wildlife in the Persian Gulf, especially in areas surrounding Kuwait and Iraq.</li> <li>11 July 1991: A <a href="/wiki/Nolisair" title="Nolisair">Nationair</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a>, chartered by <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Airways" title="Nigeria Airways">Nigeria Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Airways_Flight_2120" title="Nigeria Airways Flight 2120">caught fire and crashed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah,_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeddah, Saudi Arabia">Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</a>, killing 261 people.</li> <li>15 December 1991: The <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> ferry <i><a href="/wiki/Salem_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Salem Express">Salem Express</a></i> sinks in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, killing more than 450 people.</li> <li>4 October 1992: <a href="/wiki/El_Al_Flight_1862" title="El Al Flight 1862">El Al Flight 1862</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> cargo airplane heading to <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, suffered physical engine separation of both right-wing engines (#3 and #4) just after taking off from Schiphol and crashed into an apartment building in the <a href="/wiki/Bijlmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijlmer">Bijlmer</a> neighbourhood of Amsterdam while attempting to return to the airport. A total of 43 people were killed, including the plane's crew of three and a "non-revenue passenger." Several others were injured.</li> <li>26 July 1993: <a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines_Flight_733" title="Asiana Airlines Flight 733">Asiana Airlines Flight 733</a> crashed into Mt. Ungeo in <a href="/wiki/Haenam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haenam">Haenam</a>, South Korea, killing 68 people.</li> <li>26 April 1994: <a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_140" title="China Airlines Flight 140">China Airlines Flight 140</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a>, crashed just as it was about to land at <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Airfield" title="Nagoya Airfield">Nagoya Airfield</a>, Japan, killing 264 and leaving only seven survivors.</li> <li>8 September 1994: <a href="/wiki/USAir_Flight_427" title="USAir Flight 427">USAir Flight 427</a> crashed near <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, killing 132 people.</li> <li>28 September 1994: The car ferry <a href="/wiki/MS_Estonia" title="MS Estonia">MS Estonia</a> sinks in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, killing 852 people.</li> <li>29 June 1995: The <a href="/wiki/Sampoong_Department_Store_collapse" title="Sampoong Department Store collapse">Sampoong Department Store collapses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea, killing 502 people.</li> <li>20 December 1995: <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_965" title="American Airlines Flight 965">American Airlines Flight 965</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a>, hit a mountain in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> at night, killing 159 people.</li> <li>17 July 1996: <a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800" title="TWA Flight 800">Trans World Airlines Flight 800</a>, a Boeing 747-131 exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, killing 230 people.</li> <li>12 November 1996: A <a href="/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia">Saudia</a> Boeing 747 and a <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Airlines" title="Kazakhstan Airlines">Kazakhstan Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> <a href="/wiki/Charkhi_Dadri_mid-air_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision">collided</a> over the town of <a href="/wiki/Charkhi_Dadri" title="Charkhi Dadri">Charkhi Dadri</a>, outside <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India, killing 349.</li> <li>6 August 1997: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_801" title="Korean Air Flight 801">Korean Air Flight 801</a>, a Boeing 747-300, crashed into a hill on the island of Guam, killing 228 people.</li> <li>26 September 1997: <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_152" title="Garuda Indonesia Flight 152">Garuda Indonesia Flight 152</a> crashed in bad weather, killing 234.</li> <li>2 September 1998: <a href="/wiki/Swissair_Flight_111" title="Swissair Flight 111">Swissair Flight 111</a>, a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11">McDonnell Douglas MD-11</a>, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> near the towns of <a href="/wiki/Peggy%27s_Cove,_Nova_Scotia" title="Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia">Peggy's Cove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayswater,_Nova_Scotia" title="Bayswater, Nova Scotia">Bayswater</a>, killing 229.</li> <li>31 October 1999: <a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a>, crashed off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket, Massachusetts">Nantucket, Massachusetts</a>, killing 217.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png/250px-NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png/330px-NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png/440px-NASDAQ_IXIC_-_dot-com_bubble_small.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq_Composite" title="Nasdaq Composite">Nasdaq Composite</a> displaying the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>, which ballooned between 1997 and 2000. The bubble peaked on Friday, 10 March 2000.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many countries, institutions, companies, and organizations were prosperous during the 1990s. High-income countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Western Europe experienced steady economic growth for much of the decade during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>. However, in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union</a>, GDP decreased as their economies restructured to produce goods they needed, and some <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a> occurred. </p> <ul><li>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)</a> was updated to include the creation of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, with the 76 existing GATT members and <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> becoming the founding members of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. Opposition by anti-globalization activists showed up in nearly every GATT summit, like the demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> in December 1999. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization</a> protests in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999</a> in Seattle began on 30 November 1999. This marked the beginning of a steady increase in anti-globalization protests in the first decade of the 21st century and increasing hostility to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>U.S. inflation moderated, beginning in 1990 at 5.39%, falling to a low of 1.55% in 1998 and rising slightly to 2.19% in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> or Group of Twenty formed on 26 September 1999.</li></ul> <p><b>North America</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush,_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/220px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/330px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/440px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>US, Canadian, and Mexican dignitaries initialing the draft <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> in October 1992</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dow_jones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Dow_jones.png/228px-Dow_jones.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Dow_jones.png/342px-Dow_jones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/83/Dow_jones.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Index</a> of the 1990s</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The decade is seen as a time of great prosperity in the United States and Canada, largely because of the unexpected advent of the Internet and the explosion of <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">technology industries</a>. The US and Canadian economies experienced their longest period of peacetime economic expansion, beginning in 1991. Personal incomes doubled from the recession in 1990, and there was higher productivity overall. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> stayed over the 10,500 mark from 1999 to 2001.</li> <li>After the 1992 boom of the US <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> coined the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Irrational_exuberance" title="Irrational exuberance">irrational exuberance</a>", a reference to the overenthusiasm of investors that typified the trading of this period, and warned of <a href="/wiki/Overvaluation" class="mw-redirect" title="Overvaluation">overvaluation</a> of assets and the stock market generally.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), which phases out the trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Asia</b> </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, the government announced the major <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of state-owned industries in September 1997. China entered the 1990s in a turbulent period due to the aftermath of both the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square Massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">hardline politicians</a>' efforts to rein in <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">private enterprise</a> and attempt to revive old-fashioned <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> campaigns. Relations with the United States deteriorated sharply, and the Chinese leadership was further embarrassed by the disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in Europe. In 1992 <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">travelled</a> to southern China in his last major public appearance to revitalize faith in <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economics</a> and stop the country's slide back into <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>. Afterward, China recovered and would experience explosive economic growth during the rest of the decade. Despite this, dissent continued to be suppressed, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> launched a brutal crackdown against the <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">religious sect</a> in 1999. Deng Xiaoping died in 1997 at the age of 93. Relations with the US deteriorated again in 1999 after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">bombing of the Chinese embassy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">bombing of Serbia by NATO forces</a>, which caused three deaths, and allegations of Chinese espionage at the Los Alamos Nuclear Facility.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Financial crisis</a> hits <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries between 1997 and 1998 after a long period of phenomenal economic development, which continues into 1999. This crisis begins to be felt by the end of the decade.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, after three decades of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">economic growth</a> put them in second place in the world's economies, the county experienced <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">an economic downturn</a> after 1993. The recession went on into the early first decade of the 21st century, ending the seemingly unlimited prosperity that the country had previously enjoyed.</li> <li>Less affluent nations such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> also saw tremendous improvements in economic prosperity and quality of life during the 1990s. Restructuring following the end of the Cold War was beginning. However, there was also the continuation of terrorism in <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> regions that were once the "frontlines" for American and Soviet foreign politics, particularly in Asia.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/220px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/330px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg/440px-Bush_Gorba_P15623-25A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">1990 Helsinki summit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/250px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/330px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/500px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> share a laugh in October 1995.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li>By 1990, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s reforms were causing major inflation and economic chaos. A <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> attempt by hardliners in August 1991 failed, marking the effective end of the Soviet Union. All its constituent republics declared their independence by 1991, and Gorbachev resigned from office on Christmas. After 73 years, the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. The new <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> was headed by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, and would face severe economic difficulty. <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchs</a> took over Russia's energy and industrial sectors, reducing almost half the country to poverty. With a 3% approval rating, Yeltsin had to <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">buy the support of</a> the oligarchs to win reelection in 1996. Economic turmoil and devaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Ruble" title="Ruble">ruble</a> continued, and with <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol troubles</a>, Yeltsin stepped down from office on the last day of 1999, handing power to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">Russian financial crisis</a> in the 1990s resulted in mass hyperinflation and prompted economic intervention from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and western countries to help Russia's economy recover.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> restaurant opened in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1990 with then-President of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR and future Russian President Boris Yeltsin attending, symbolizing Russia's transition towards a capitalist <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economy and a move towards adopting elements of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gas</a> were discovered in many countries in the former Soviet bloc, leading to economic growth and broader adoption of trade between nations. These trends were also fueled by inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil energy</a>, with low <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> prices caused by increased oil production. Political stability and decreased militarization due to the winding down of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> led to economic development and higher living standards for many citizens.</li> <li>Most of Europe enjoyed growing prosperity during the 1990s. However, problems including the massive <a href="/wiki/1995_strikes_in_France" title="1995 strikes in France">1995 general strikes in France</a> following a recession and the difficulties associated with <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> led to sluggish growth in these countries. However, the French and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> economies improved in the latter half of the decade. Meanwhile, the economies of Spain, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries accelerated at rapid speed during the decade. <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment rates</a> were low due to many having experienced a deep <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> at the start of the decade.</li> <li>After the <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">early 1990s recession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Ireland</a> experienced rapid economic growth and falling unemployment that continued throughout the decade. Economic growth would continue until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, marking the longest uninterrupted period of economic growth in history.</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> economies struggled after the fall of communism, but <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> saw economic growth in the late 1990s.</li> <li>With the creation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), there is <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> between member states, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">1992 and 1995 free trade agreements</a>. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> is adopted by the European Union on 1 January 1999, which begins a process of phasing out the former national currencies of EU countries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>South America</b> </p> <ul><li>A Latin American common market, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>, was established in 1991. Mercosur's origins are linked to the discussions for the constitution of a regional economic market for Latin America, which go back to the treaty that established the Latin American Free Trade Association in 1960, which was succeeded by the Latin American Integration Association in the 1980s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_science_and_technology" title="1990s in science and technology">1990s in science and technology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1990%E2%80%931999" title="Timeline of computing 1990–1999">Timeline of computing 1990–1999</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/225px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/338px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg/450px-CD_autolev_crop_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> reached its peak in popularity in the 1990s, and not once did another <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">audio format</a> surpass the CD in <a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">music sales</a> from 1991 throughout the remainder of the decade. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entire <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> in regard to music sales.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1990s were a revolutionary decade for <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">digital technology</a>. Between 1990 and 1997, household <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> ownership in the US rose from 15% to 35%.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cell phones of the early-1990s and earlier ones were very large, lacked extra features, and were used by only a few percent of the population of even the advanced nations. Only a few million people used online services in 1990, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, which would have a significant impact on technology for many decades, had only just been invented. The first web browser went online in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2001, more than 50% of some Western countries had Internet access, and more than 25% had cell phone access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronics_and_communications">Electronics and communications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electronics and communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Internet">Internet</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 90s were a vital period for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Several inventions and applications were launched to create the web as it's known today. <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, an English computer scientist, released the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> to the general public on April 30, 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, <a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic#:~:text=Mosaic,_the_first_web_browser,Mosaic_appeared_on_the_scene." title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic</a>, one of the first widely available web browsers, was launched as the first browser to display images in line with text and not in a separate window.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, <a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie</a>, the world's first search engine, was released. In the early days of its development, Archie served as an index of <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP) sites, which was a method for moving files between a client and a server network.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early search tool was superseded by more advanced engines like <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> in 1995 and <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the launch of the early Internet and fiber optic capabilities to the public, a significant shift occurred. Consumers, recognizing the potential of the Internet, began to demand more network capacity. This surge in demand spurred developers to seek solutions to reduce the time and cost of laying new fiber, in order to meet the growing needs of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/David_R._Huber" title="David R. Huber">David Huber</a>, an optical networking engineer, joined forces with entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kimberlin" title="Kevin Kimberlin">Kevin Kimberlin</a>. Together, they laid the foundation for a new era in telecommunications with the birth of <a href="/wiki/Ciena" title="Ciena">Ciena Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company would harness the technology physicist <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gould" title="Gordon Gould">Gordon Gould</a>, inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), had pioneered with co-founder William Culver of <a href="/wiki/Optelecom" title="Optelecom">Optelecom</a>, an early creator of fiber optic cable and optical amplifiers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ciena's former <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer#:~:text=A_chief_executive_officer_(CEO,company_or_a_nonprofit_organization." title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> Pat Nettles, and a team of engineers attempted to transmit information on waves of light with a form of a laser.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team began working on a dual-stage optical amplifier that enabled <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">dense wave division multiplexing</a> (DWDM), which allowed large amounts of data to be transmitted across the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm filed a patent on a dual-stage amplifier on November 13, 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, in 1996, Ciena made history by deploying the world's first dense <a href="/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing" title="Wavelength-division multiplexing">wavelength-division multiplexing</a> (WDM) system on the <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Corporation" title="Sprint Corporation">Sprint</a> fiber network.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These developments eventually formed the backbone of every global communications network, and the foundation of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> launched during the decade include <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/GeoCities" title="GeoCities">GeoCities</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> (1994), <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> (1995), <a href="/wiki/AIM_(software)" title="AIM (software)">AIM</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Hotmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotmail">Hotmail</a> (1996), <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> (1999). The pioneering <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) file sharing internet service <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, which launched in Fall 1999, was the first peer-to-peer software to become massively popular. While at the time it was possible to share files in other ways via the Internet (such as <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a> and <a href="/wiki/USENET" class="mw-redirect" title="USENET">USENET</a>), Napster was the first software to focus exclusively on sharing <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3 files</a> for <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. </p> <ul><li>On 6 August 1991, <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, a pan-European organization for particle research, publicized the new World Wide Web project.<sup id="cite_ref-wwwinvent_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwwinvent-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet possible had existed for almost two decades, the network did not gain a public face until the 1990s.</li> <li>Advancements in <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">computer modems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a> led to faster connections to the Internet.</li> <li>Businesses start to build <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> websites; e-commerce-only companies such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> grow rapidly.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Driven by mass adoption, consumer <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> specifications increased dramatically during the 1990s, from 512 KB RAM 12 MHz <a href="/wiki/White_box_(computer_hardware)" title="White box (computer hardware)">Turbo XTs</a> in 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 25–66 MHz <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">80486</a>-class processor<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to over 1 GHz CPUs with close to a <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> of RAM by 2000.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y2K_Logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Y2K_Logo.gif" decoding="async" width="124" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="96" /></a><figcaption>The logo created by The President's Council on the <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Year 2000 Conversion</a>, for use on Y2K.gov</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Y2K</a> spread fear throughout the United States and eventually the world in the last half of the decade, particularly in 1999, about possible massive computer malfunctions on 1 January 2000. As a result, many people stocked up on supplies for fear of a worldwide disaster. After significant effort to upgrade systems on the part of software engineers, no failures occurred when the clocks rolled over into 2000.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">first Pentium microprocessor</a> is introduced and developed by the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel Corporation</a>.</li> <li>Email becomes popular; as a result, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> acquires the popular <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Hotmail</a> webmail service.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Contact_list" title="Contact list">buddy list</a> feature becomes popular. <a href="/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AIM</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICQ" title="ICQ">ICQ</a> are two early protocols.</li> <li>The introduction of affordable, smaller <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">satellite dishes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> standard in the mid-1990s expanded satellite television services that carried up to 500 television channels.</li> <li>The first MP3 player, the <a href="/wiki/MPMan" title="MPMan">MPMan</a>, is released in the late spring of 1998. It came with 32 MB of <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> expandable to 64 MB. By the mid-2000s, the MP3 player would overtake the CD player in popularity.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> network is launched in Finland in 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">Digital single-lens reflex cameras</a> and regular <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> become commercially available. They would replace film cameras by the late 1990s and early 2000s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> introduces the 1-inch (25 mm) wide <a href="/wiki/Microdrive" title="Microdrive">Microdrive</a> hard drive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> in 1998 introduces the <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> all-in-one computer, initiating a trend in computer design towards translucent plastics and multicolour case design, discontinuing many <a href="/wiki/Legacy_system" title="Legacy system">legacy technologies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial ports</a>, and beginning a resurgence in the company's fortunes that continues to this day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD burner</a> drives are introduced.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive became standard for most personal computers during the decade.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> media format is developed and popularized along with a plethora of <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Flash memory card</a> standards in 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pagers</a> are initially popular but ultimately are replaced by mobile phones by the early-2000s.</li> <li>Hand-held <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phones</a> are introduced towards the end of the decade.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a> becomes popular alongside the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> between late 1990 and early 1991, and is solidified with CNN's coverage of <a href="/wiki/Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Storm">Desert Storm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield_(Gulf_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Shield (Gulf War)">Desert Shield</a>. Though CNN had been running 24-hour newscasts since 1980, it was not until the Gulf War that the general public took notice, and others imitated CNN's non-stop news approach.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">Portable CD players</a>, introduced during the late 1980s, became very popular and profoundly impacted the music industry and youth culture during the 1990s.</li> <li>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> introduced the world's first 21-inch (53 cm) full-color display <a href="/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma display</a> television set.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 932px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical early 1990s personal computer."><img alt="A typical early 1990s personal computer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/120px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/250px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical early 1990s <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Discman_D121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121."><img alt="An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Discman_D121.jpg/120px-Discman_D121.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Discman_D121.jpg/250px-Discman_D121.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An early <a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">portable CD player</a>, a Sony Discman model D121.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokia_Mobira_Cityman_5000.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade."><img alt="Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nokia_Mobira_Cityman_5000.jpg/120px-Nokia_Mobira_Cityman_5000.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nokia_Mobira_Cityman_5000.jpg/250px-Nokia_Mobira_Cityman_5000.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="3900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorolapager.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pagers became widely popular."><img alt="Pagers became widely popular." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Motorolapager.jpg/250px-Motorolapager.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Motorolapager.jpg/330px-Motorolapager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Motorolapager.jpg/500px-Motorolapager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pagers</a> became widely popular.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Software">Software</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating systems become virtually ubiquitous on <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> introduces <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">Windows 3.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> to the market, which gain immediate popularity.</li> <li>Macintosh <a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a> was released in 1991. For much of the decade, Apple would struggle to develop a next-generation graphical operating system, starting with <a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> and culminating in its December 1996 buyout of <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> and the 1999 release of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a>.</li> <li>The development of <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> makes surfing the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> easier and more <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">user-friendly</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java programming language</a> is developed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (later acquired by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a> in 2009–2010).</li> <li>In 1991, development of the free <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> was started by 21-year-old <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> in Finland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolidWorks" title="SolidWorks">SolidWorks</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> software for Windows released in 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Shockwave_Player" title="Adobe Shockwave Player">Macromedia Shockwave Player</a> for multimedia in browsers released in 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winamp" title="Winamp">Winamp</a> media player first released 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> media player created in 1991.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail_transportation">Rail transportation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rail transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> between France and the United Kingdom saw the commencement by the three national railway companies of Belgium, France, and the United Kingdom, respectively <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium" title="National Railway Company of Belgium">SNCB/NMBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Rail" title="British Rail">British Rail</a> of the joint <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> service. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurostar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Eurostar.svg/200px-Eurostar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Eurostar.svg/300px-Eurostar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Eurostar.svg/400px-Eurostar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> logo 1994–2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurostars_at_waterloo_international.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Eurostars_at_waterloo_international.jpg/220px-Eurostars_at_waterloo_international.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Eurostars_at_waterloo_international.jpg/330px-Eurostars_at_waterloo_international.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Eurostars_at_waterloo_international.jpg/440px-Eurostars_at_waterloo_international.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_373" title="British Rail Class 373">Eurostar trains</a> at the former <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_International_railway_station" title="Waterloo International railway station">Waterloo International</a> since moved to <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras International</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_International_railway_station" title="Waterloo International railway station">Waterloo International</a> station in London, <a href="/wiki/Gare_du_Nord" title="Gare du Nord">Gare du Nord</a> in Paris and <a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_railway_station" title="Brussels-South railway station">Brussels South</a> in Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-EuroTun_His_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroTun_His-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-waterloovid_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterloovid-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watlooguardi_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watlooguardi-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when <a href="/wiki/Ashford_International_railway_station" title="Ashford International railway station">Ashford International</a> was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of the <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a> line on 14 December 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automobiles">Automobiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Automobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1990s began with a <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a> that dampened car sales. <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> suffered huge losses because of an inefficient structure, stale designs, and poor quality. Sales improved with the economy by the mid-1990s, but GM's US market share gradually declined to less than 40% (from a peak of 50% in the 1970s). While the new <a href="/wiki/Saturn_Corporation" title="Saturn Corporation">Saturn</a> division fared well, <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a> fell sharply, and attempts to remake the division as a European-style luxury car were unsuccessful. </p><p>Cars in the 1990s had a rounder, more streamlined shape than those from the 1970s and 1980s; this style would continue early into the 2000s and to a lesser extent later on. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> ran into financial troubles as it entered the 1990s. Like GM, the Chrysler too had a stale model lineup (except for the best-selling <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_minivans" title="Chrysler minivans">minivans</a>) that were largely based on the aging <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_K_platform" title="Chrysler K platform">K-car platform</a>. In 1992, chairman <a href="/wiki/Lee_Iacocca" title="Lee Iacocca">Lee Iacocca</a> retired, and the company began a remarkable revival, introducing the new <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_LH_platform" title="Chrysler LH platform">LH platform</a> and "Cab-Forward" styling, along with a highly successful redesign of the full-sized <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodge Ram">Dodge Ram</a> in 1994. Chrysler's minivans continued to dominate the market despite increasing competition. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a> (the parent company of <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>) merged with Chrysler. The following year, it was decided to retire <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_(automobile)" title="Plymouth (automobile)">Plymouth</a>, which had been on a long decline since the 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> continued to fare well in the 1990s, with the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus_(second_generation)" title="Ford Taurus (second generation)">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus_(third_generation)" title="Ford Taurus (third generation)">third</a> generations of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus" title="Ford Taurus">Ford Taurus</a> being named the best-selling car in the United States from 1992 to 1996. However, the Taurus would be outsold and dethroned by the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Toyota Camry</a> starting in 1997, which became the best-selling car in the United States for the rest of the decade and into the 2000s. Ford also introduced the Ford Explorer, with the first model being sold in 1991. Ford's Explorer became the best-selling SUV on the market, outselling both the Chevy Blazer and Jeep Cherokee. </p><p>Japanese cars continued to be highly successful during the decade. The <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord" title="Honda Accord">Honda Accord</a> vied with the Taurus most years for being the best-selling car in the United States during the early decade. Although launched in 1989, the luxury brands <a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infiniti" title="Infiniti">Infiniti</a> began car sales of 1990 model year vehicles and saw great success. Lexus would go on to outsell Mercedes-Benz and BMW in the United States by 1991 and outsell Cadillac and Lincoln by the end of the decade. SUVs and trucks became hugely popular during the economic boom in the decade's second half. Many manufacturers that had never built a truck before started selling SUVs. Fabrication during the 1990s became gradually rounder and ovoid, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus_(third_generation)" title="Ford Taurus (third generation)">Ford Taurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Sable" title="Mercury Sable">Mercury Sable</a> being some of the more extreme examples. Safety features such as <a href="/wiki/Airbags" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbags">airbags</a> and shoulder belts became mandatory equipment on new cars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dollyscotland_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dollyscotland_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Dollyscotland_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dollyscotland_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Dollyscotland_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dollyscotland_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Dollyscotland_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a> is the first mammal to be <a href="/wiki/Cloned" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloned">cloned</a> from an adult <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cell</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_Space_Telescope_(27946391011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/250px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/330px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg/500px-Hubble_Space_Telescope_%2827946391011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Physicists develop <a href="/wiki/M-theory" title="M-theory">M-theory</a>.</li> <li>Detection of <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a> orbiting <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> other than the Sun.</li> <li>In the United Kingdom, the first <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloned</a> mammal, <a href="/wiki/Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a> was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Roslin_Institute" title="Roslin Institute">Roslin Institute</a>, and was reported by global media on 26 February 1997. Dolly would trigger a raging controversy on cloning, and <a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">bioethical</a> concerns regarding possible human cloning continue to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The NIH launched the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> in 1990 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a>, with the goal of sequencing the entire human genome.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Mary-Claire_King" title="Mary-Claire King">Mary-Claire King's</a> discovery of the link between heritable breast cancers and a gene found on chromosome 17q21 sparked a wave of collaborative research.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by this breakthrough, scientists <a href="/wiki/Mark_Skolnick" title="Mark Skolnick">Mark Skolnick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a>, in partnership with entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kimberlin" title="Kevin Kimberlin">Kevin Kimberlin</a>, joined forces to establish <a href="/wiki/Myriad_Genetics" title="Myriad Genetics">Myriad Genetics</a>, a company dedicated to sequencing the BRCA1 gene.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, Skolnick and his team of scientists developed a gene mapping method, <a href="/wiki/Restriction_fragment_length_polymorphism" title="Restriction fragment length polymorphism">Restriction Fragment-length Polymorphisms</a> (RFLP), to help locate the cancer gene.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company later introduced the first commercial genetic test for assessing the risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, the BRACAnalysis.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Human Genome Project was partially completed in 2003 with a 92% accuracy. It was not until 2022 that the final complete human genome sequence was published.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> identification of individuals finds wide application in <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>. Brazil, United States, United Kingdom, Russia and The Netherlands established their own national <a href="/wiki/DNA_database" title="DNA database">DNA database</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> was launched in 1990 and revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. Unfortunately, a flaw in its main mirror caused it to produce fuzzy, distorted images. This was corrected by a <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> repair mission in 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)" title="Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)">Protease inhibitors</a> introduced, allowing <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral drug">HAART</a> therapy against HIV; drastically reduces AIDS mortality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Pathfinder</a> lands on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and deploys a small roving vehicle, <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Sojourner</a></i>, which analyzes the planet's geology and atmosphere.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">Hale–Bopp</a> comet swings past the Sun for the first time in 4,200 years in April 1997.</li> <li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable products</a>, replacing products made from <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene foam</a>; advances in methods for <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> of waste products (such as paper, glass, and aluminum).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically engineered crops</a> are developed for commercial use.</li> <li>Discovery of <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>, and first confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i> probe orbits <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, studying the planet and its moons extensively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a> (formally designated D/1993 F2, nicknamed String of Pearls for its appearance) was a comet that broke apart and collided with Jupiter in July 1994, providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) becomes fully operational.</li> <li>Proof of <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem" title="Fermat's Last Theorem">Fermat's Last Theorem</a> is discovered by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a>.</li> <li>Construction started in 1998 on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">Don't ask, don't tell</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm/220px--Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="1377" data-mwtitle="Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_(DADT)_(1993).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_(DADT)_(1993).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm/Pres._Clinton_at_Homosexuals_in_Military_Policy_Announcement_%28DADT%29_%281993%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> speaks on "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">Don't ask, don't tell</a>" on 19 July 1993, which was the United States policy regarding <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuals</a> in the military implemented from 1994 to 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1990s represented continuing social liberalization in most countries, coupled with an increase in the influence of capitalism, which would continue until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> of the late 2000s/early 2010s. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth culture</a> in the 1990s responded to this by embracing both environmentalism and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>. Fashion of the Western world reflected this by often turning highly <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualistic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counter-cultural</a>, which was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">millennials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">body piercings</a> gained popularity, and "retro" styles, inspired by fashions of the 1960s and 1970s, were also prevalent. Some young people became increasingly involved in <a href="/wiki/Extreme_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme sports">extreme sports</a> and outdoor activities that combined embracing athletics with the appreciation of nature.</li> <li>In 1990 the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> removed homosexuality from its list of diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">openly homosexual people</a> occurred in the western world, slowly starting in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a> towards bisexual men became somewhat fashionable amongst heterosexual women and gay men, while lesbians and bisexual women complained of being commodified by publishing and film industries to cater to heterosexual men.</li> <li>Following the murder of actress <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Schaeffer" title="Rebecca Schaeffer">Rebecca Schaeffer</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalker</a>, America's first anti-stalking laws, including California Penal Code 646.9 were passed in 1990. California also passed the first <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking_legislation" title="Cyberstalking legislation">cyberstalking</a> law in 1999 (§646.9 of the California Penal Code).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdisciplinarity" title="Transdisciplinarity">Transdisciplinarity</a> in academia. The 1st World Congress of Transdisciplinarity, Convento da Arrabida, was in Portugal, November 1994.</li> <li>Child abduction warnings on emergency broadcasting systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Amber_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber Alert">Amber Alerts</a> became standard in such cases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlife_crisis" title="Midlife crisis">Midlife crisis</a> is a major concern in <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, social implications and <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicides</a> for <a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">middle-aged</a> adults in the 1990s.</li> <li>Aggressive marketing tactics for <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive drugs">psychoactive drugs</a> and used to treat <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>, inappropriate prescribing by doctors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> became serious issues for governments and the international community. In 1987, the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundtland Report">Brundtland Report</a> by the United Nations paved the way to establish an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_governance" title="Environmental governance">environmental governance</a>. In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, in which several countries <a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">committed</a> to protect the environment, signing a <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>. </p><p>The prevention of the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforests" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical rainforests">tropical rainforests</a> of the world is a major environmental cause that first came into wide public concern in the early 1990s and has continued and accelerated in its prominence. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> had <a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_the_Chernobyl_disaster" title="Cultural impact of the Chernobyl disaster">significant impact on public opinion</a> at the end of the 1980s, and the fallout was still causing cancer deaths well into the 1990s and possibly even into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well into the 1990s, several <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental NGOs</a> helped improve <a href="/wiki/Environmental_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental awareness">environmental awareness</a> among public opinion and governments. The most famous of these organizations during this decade was <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>, which did not hesitate to lead illegal actions in the name of environmental preservation. These organizations also drew attention to the <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest" title="Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest">large deforestation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> during the period. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> as an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> also became a major concern, and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC) after the Earth Summit helped coordinate efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the atmosphere. From 1995, the UNFCCC held annual summits on climate change, leading to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> in December 1997, a binding agreement signed by several developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1989 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> total ban on <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> was overturned in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, (Anderson, et al. v. Pacific Gas & Electric, file BCV 00300) alleged contamination of drinking water with hexavalent chromium and the case was settled for (US) $333 million, a new record for a direct-action lawsuit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-wave_feminism">Third-wave feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Third-wave feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third-wave feminism</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm/220px--First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="1220" data-mwtitle="First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton's_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women's_Conference_in_Beijing,_China.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing,_China.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="654" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm/First_Lady_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton%27s_Remarks_to_the_Fourth_Women%27s_Conference_in_Beijing%2C_China.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="490" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>First Lady <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> addresses the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Women's Conference on 5 September 1995, in which she gave her famous "<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_are_human_rights" title="Women's rights are human rights">Women's rights are human rights</a>" speech.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22I_Believe_Anita_Hill%22_Button.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22I_Believe_Anita_Hill%22_Button.jpg/250px-%22I_Believe_Anita_Hill%22_Button.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22I_Believe_Anita_Hill%22_Button.jpg/330px-%22I_Believe_Anita_Hill%22_Button.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22I_Believe_Anita_Hill%22_Button.jpg/500px-%22I_Believe_Anita_Hill%22_Button.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="2191" /></a><figcaption>An "I Believe <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a>" button pin in support of her <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a> allegations against <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>. Hill testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> arguing against the confirmation of Thomas.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a> and other women testify before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> on being <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexually harassed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>. Thomas was narrowly confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, but Hill's testimony, and the testimony of other harassed women, begins a national debate on the issue.</li> <li>Record numbers of women are elected to high office in the United States in 1992, the "<a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Woman" title="Year of the Woman">Year of the Woman</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a> takes centre stage as an essential issue internationally. The <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> was passed in the United States, which greatly affected the world community through the United Nations. The law's author, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, UN Ambassador and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (see below) have become vocal advocates of action against violence against women.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3evague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/3evague.jpg/200px-3evague.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/3evague.jpg/300px-3evague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/3evague.jpg/400px-3evague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Women's rights demonstration in Paris, November 1995</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Women reach great heights of power in the United States government. Hillary Clinton, leading policy proposals, traveling abroad as a State Department representative to 82 nations, advising her husband, and being elected a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> (in 2000), is the most openly empowered and politically powerful <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> in American history; Madeleine Albright and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> take two of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">the cabinet</a>'s top jobs as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (#1), and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> (#4), respectively. <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila Widnall</a> becomes head and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Air Force">Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> joins <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> as the second woman on the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>.</li> <li>More nations than ever before are led by elected women Presidents and Prime Ministers. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>'s 1988 victory in Pakistan makes great strides for women leaders in Muslim states. In Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a> became the first female prime minister in 1993.</li> <li>In popular culture, British pop group the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a> also played a part in the feminist movement, boosting popularity with their slogan "<a href="/wiki/Girl_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl Power">Girl Power</a>!", while country music superstar <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a> declared female supremacy in her 1995 hit song "<a href="/wiki/Any_Man_of_Mine" title="Any Man of Mine">Any Man of Mine</a>."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baby_boomers">Baby boomers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Baby boomers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marketing campaigns aimed at young adults in wealthy English-Speaking Countries were informed by unscientific theories about selling to so-called <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">Baby boomers</a>. Few people embraced the labels Generation X and Baby Boomer as self-descriptors. Films with characters depicting the Generation X stereotype included <a href="/wiki/Slacker_(film)" title="Slacker (film)">Slacker</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch_Movie" title="The Brady Bunch Movie">The Brady Bunch Movie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austin_Powers" title="Austin Powers">Austin Powers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substance_abuse">Substance abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Substance abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Western countries, Fashion and Music magazines embrace <a href="/wiki/Heroin_chic" title="Heroin chic">heroin chic</a>.</li> <li>Peak in numbers of heroin overdose deaths.</li> <li>An estimated fifty percent of deaths of 15–54 in post-Soviet Russia are blamed on alcohol abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>More restrictions on tobacco advertising in some countries.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery_and_human_trafficking">Slavery and human trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Slavery and human trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Slavery in contemporary Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">Slavery in Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child labour in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nike_sweatshops" title="Nike sweatshops">Nike sweatshops</a> </p> <ul><li>Pakistan</li></ul> <p>Pakistan's government passed laws to end caste based slavery: - 1992 Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act. - 1995 Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Civil rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Women_to_drive_movement" title="Women to drive movement">Women to drive movement</a>. 6 November 1990, 47 Saudi women in Riyadh protested Saudi government's ban on women drivers.</li> <li>United States: 1992 <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a>: My Story, the autobiography of Rosa Parks is published.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_significant_events">Additional significant events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Additional significant events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Worldwide New Year's Eve celebrations on 31 December 1999, welcoming the year 2000.</li></ul> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events (Lithuania)</a> – Soviet Union military troops attack <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> independence supporters in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, killing 14 people and wounding 1000.</li> <li>In Paris, <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> and her fiancé, <a href="/wiki/Dodi_Al-Fayed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodi Al-Fayed">Dodi Al-Fayed</a>, were killed in a car accident in August 1997, when their chauffeured, hired <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class">Mercedes-Benz S-Class</a> crashed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel. The chauffeur, Henri Paul, died at the scene, as did Al-Fayed. Diana and an Al-Fayed bodyguard, Trevor Rees-Jones, survived the accident. The Princess of Wales died at a Paris hospital hours later. The bodyguard, Rees-Jones, is the sole survivor of the now infamous accident.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>, the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a> who won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, dies at age 87.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The birth of the "Second Republic" in Italy, with the <a href="/wiki/Mani_Pulite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Pulite">Mani Pulite</a> investigations of 1994.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> opens in 1994, connecting France and England. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is the third-<a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_railway_tunnels" title="List of longest railway tunnels">longest rail tunnel in the world</a>, but with the undersea section of 37.9 km (23.5 mi) being the longest undersea tunnel in the world.</li> <li>The resignation of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</a> Boris Yeltsin on 31 December 1999 resulted in Prime Minister Vladimir Putin's succession to the position.</li></ul> <p><b>North America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> kill 13 people and then themselves during the <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine High School shooting</a> in April 1999, which would <a href="/wiki/Columbine_effect" title="Columbine effect">inspire</a> a number of future <a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">school shooters</a> to commit similar offenses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._J._Simpson_murder_case" class="mw-redirect" title="O. J. Simpson murder case">O. J. Simpson murder case</a> – <a href="/wiki/O._J._Simpson" title="O. J. Simpson">O. J. Simpson</a>'s trial, described in the American media as the "<a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_century" title="Trial of the century">trial of the century</a>", proceeds for nearly a year under intense media publicity. A majority of the trial was broadcast nightly during <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> television. On 3 October 1995, Simpson was found not guilty of the double-murder of ex-wife <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Brown_Simpson" title="Nicole Brown Simpson">Nicole Brown Simpson</a> and her friend, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Goldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Goldman">Ronald Goldman</a>.</li> <li>With help from clinical <a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">fertility drugs</a>, an Iowa mother, <a href="/wiki/McCaughey_septuplets" title="McCaughey septuplets">Bobbie McCaughey</a>, gave birth to the first surviving <a href="/wiki/Septuplets" class="mw-redirect" title="Septuplets">septuplets</a> in 1997. There followed a media frenzy and widespread support for the family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bessette-Kennedy" title="Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy">Carolyn Bessette</a> and sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bessette" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauren Bessette">Lauren Bessette</a> are killed when Kennedy's private plane crashes off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> in July 1999.</li> <li>Debate on <a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">assisted suicide</a>, highly publicized by <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> doctor <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian" title="Jack Kevorkian">Jack Kevorkian</a>, surfaces when Kevorkian is charged with multiple counts of <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a> of his terminally ill patients through the decade.</li> <li>Beer <a href="/wiki/Keg_registration" title="Keg registration">keg registration</a> becomes a popular public policy in the United States.</li> <li>The 500th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus'</a> purported discovery of the Americas in 1992 was popularly observed in the United States, despite controversy and protests against the victimization of Native Americans by Columbus' expeditions. The holiday was labeled by some as <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>, in view of Native American experiences of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, and cultural destruction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard" title="Matthew Shepard">Matthew Shepard</a> is murdered near the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wyoming" title="University of Wyoming">University of Wyoming</a>, purportedly for being <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">gay</a>. This sparks intense national and international media attention and outrage. Shepard becomes a major symbol in the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> rights movement and the fight against <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>. Claims of crystal methamphetamine related "meth rage" as a contributing factor in the crime surfaced in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Shanda_Sharer" title="Murder of Shanda Sharer">Shanda Sharer</a> was murdered on 11 January 1992. She was lured away from her house and held captive by a group of teenage girls. She was tortured for hours and burned alive. She died from smoke inhalation. Those found guilty and sentenced to prison were <a href="/wiki/Melinda_Loveless" class="mw-redirect" title="Melinda Loveless">Melinda Loveless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Tackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurie Tackett">Laurie Tackett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope_Rippey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hope Rippey">Hope Rippey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Toni Lawrence">Toni Lawrence</a>. According to Loveless, she was jealous of her former partner Amanda Heavrin's relationship with Shanda Sharer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karla_Homolka" title="Karla Homolka">Karla Homolka</a> was arrested with her husband, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bernardo" title="Paul Bernardo">Paul Bernardo</a>, in 1993. Both sexually tortured and killed their victims. Their first victim was Karla's 15-year-old sister, <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Homolka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammy Homolka">Tammy Homolka</a>. The second and third victims were <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Mahaffy" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Mahaffy">Leslie Mahaffy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristen_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristen French">Kristen French</a>. Karla told the investigators that she reluctantly did what Paul told her to do because he was abusive, and was given a <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargaining_in_the_United_States" title="Plea bargaining in the United States">plea deal</a>. She was sentenced to 12 years in prison (10 years for Mahaffy and French, and two years for Tammy). Later, investigators discovered the crime videotapes, proving that Karla was a willing participant. But by that time the deal had already been made. In 1995, Paul was sentenced to life in prison. Karla was released from prison in 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Klaas" class="mw-redirect" title="Polly Klaas">Polly Klaas</a> (3 January 1981 – October 1993) was kidnapped by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_Davis" title="Richard Allen Davis">Richard Allen Davis</a> from her home during a slumber party. She was later strangled to death. After her death, her father, Marc Klaas, established the KlaasKids Foundation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonbenet_Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonbenet Ramsey">Jonbenet Ramsey</a> (6 August 1990 – 25 December 1996) was a child beauty pageant contestant who was missing and found dead in her <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, home. The crime terrified the nation and the world. Her parents were initially considered to be suspects in her death but were cleared in 2003 when DNA from her clothes was tested. To this day, her murderer has not been found and brought to justice.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorena_Bobbitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorena Bobbitt">Lorena Bobbitt</a> was charged with malicious wounding for severing her husband <a href="/wiki/John_and_Lorena_Bobbitt" title="John and Lorena Bobbitt">John Bobbitt</a>'s penis after she was repeatedly sexually assaulted by Bobbitt, for which he was charged. Both parties were acquitted of their respective crimes. The story was notable because of the use of <a href="/wiki/Microsurgery" title="Microsurgery">Microsurgery</a> to re-attach the man's penis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Holloway" title="Wanda Holloway">Wanda Holloway</a> was convicted of solicitation of capital murder when she attempted to hire a <a href="/wiki/Hitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitman">hitman</a> to kill the mother of her daughter's junior high school cheerleading rival.</li> <li>American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a> died in a plane crash in <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bay</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Grove,_California" title="Pacific Grove, California">Pacific Grove</a> on 12 October 1997.</li> <li>Scandal rocked the sport of <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> when skater <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan" title="Nancy Kerrigan">Nancy Kerrigan</a> was <a href="/wiki/1994_Cobo_Arena_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Cobo Arena attack">attacked</a> during practice by an assailant hired by Jeff Gillooly, former husband of skater <a href="/wiki/Tonya_Harding" title="Tonya Harding">Tonya Harding</a>. The attack was carried out in an attempt to injure Kerrigan's leg to the point of her being unable to compete in the upcoming <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a>, thereby securing Harding a better spot to win a <a href="/wiki/Olympic_gold_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic gold medal">gold medal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a> – resulted in 53 deaths and 5,500 property fires in a 100-square-mile (260 km<sup>2</sup>) riot zone. The riots were a result of the state court <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquittal</a> of three white and one <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> L.A. police officer by an <a href="/wiki/All-white_jury" class="mw-redirect" title="All-white jury">all-white jury</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States" title="Police brutality in the United States">police brutality</a> case involving motorist <a href="/wiki/Rodney_King" title="Rodney King">Rodney King</a>. In 1993, all four officers were convicted in a federal civil rights case.</li></ul> <p><b>Asia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">Massive immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel</a> – With the end of the Soviet Union, Israel faced a mass influx of Russian Jews, many of whom had high expectations the country was unable to meet. Israel also came under an Iraqi missile attack during the Gulf War but acquiesced to US pressure not to retaliate militarily, which could have disrupted the US-Arab alliance. The US and Netherlands then rushed anti-missile batteries to Israel to defend the country against missile attacks.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> issue became one of the most controversial islands in Southeast Asia.</li> <li>The closing Mass of the X <a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">World Youth Day 1995</a> was held in <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Park" title="Rizal Park">Rizal Park</a> on 15 January 1995, attended by more than 5 million people. This is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings in history">record gathering</a> of the Roman Catholic Church.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> celebrates the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">Philippine Independence</a> in 1998 with its theme: "Kalayaan: Kayamanan ng Bayan."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_64_with_Mario_Kart_64_cartridge_20040725.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fourth and fifth generation of video game consoles like PlayStation, Sega Genesis and Saturn, and Super Nintendo and N64 (pictured) were a hit in the 1990s. Video games like Super Mario World and 64, Sonic The Hedgehog, Street Fighter II, Mortal Kombat, Donkey Kong Country, Goldeneye 007, Final Fantasy VII, Gran Turismo, Crash Bandicoot, Spyro The Dragon, Metal Gear Solid, Resident Evil, Half-Life, and Doom were all popular."><img alt="The fourth and fifth generation of video game consoles like PlayStation, Sega Genesis and Saturn, and Super Nintendo and N64 (pictured) were a hit in the 1990s. Video games like Super Mario World and 64, Sonic The Hedgehog, Street Fighter II, Mortal Kombat, Donkey Kong Country, Goldeneye 007, Final Fantasy VII, Gran Turismo, Crash Bandicoot, Spyro The Dragon, Metal Gear Solid, Resident Evil, Half-Life, and Doom were all popular." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nintendo_64_with_Mario_Kart_64_cartridge_20040725.jpg/172px-Nintendo_64_with_Mario_Kart_64_cartridge_20040725.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nintendo_64_with_Mario_Kart_64_cartridge_20040725.jpg/258px-Nintendo_64_with_Mario_Kart_64_cartridge_20040725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nintendo_64_with_Mario_Kart_64_cartridge_20040725.jpg/344px-Nintendo_64_with_Mario_Kart_64_cartridge_20040725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">fourth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">fifth generation of video game consoles</a> like <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Saturn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Nintendo">Super Nintendo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">N64</a> (pictured) were a hit in the 1990s. Video games like <i>Super Mario</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_World" title="Super Mario World">World</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_64" title="Super Mario 64">64</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(1991_video_game)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)">Sonic The Hedgehog</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II" title="Street Fighter II">Street Fighter II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(1992_video_game)" title="Mortal Kombat (1992 video game)">Mortal Kombat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country" title="Donkey Kong Country">Donkey Kong Country</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(1997_video_game)" title="GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)">Goldeneye 007</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII" title="Final Fantasy VII">Final Fantasy VII</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(1997_video_game)" title="Gran Turismo (1997 video game)">Gran Turismo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_(video_game)" title="Crash Bandicoot (video game)">Crash Bandicoot</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spyro_the_Dragon" title="Spyro the Dragon">Spyro The Dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_(1998_video_game)" title="Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)">Metal Gear Solid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)" title="Resident Evil (1996 video game)">Resident Evil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)" title="Half-Life (video game)">Half-Life</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i> were all popular.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dreamcast-Console-Set.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dreamcast (Sega's final video game console) launched in Japan in 1998, and launched in North America and Europe the following year. The system saw the release of games like Sonic Adventure and Soulcalibur."><img alt="The Dreamcast (Sega's final video game console) launched in Japan in 1998, and launched in North America and Europe the following year. The system saw the release of games like Sonic Adventure and Soulcalibur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dreamcast-Console-Set.png/190px-Dreamcast-Console-Set.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dreamcast-Console-Set.png/285px-Dreamcast-Console-Set.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dreamcast-Console-Set.png/380px-Dreamcast-Console-Set.png 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s final video game console) launched in Japan in 1998, and launched in North America and Europe the following year. The system saw the release of games like <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Adventure" title="Sonic Adventure">Sonic Adventure</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Soulcalibur_(video_game)" title="Soulcalibur (video game)">Soulcalibur</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Simpsons_Ride_at_Universal_Studios_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Popular animated TV shows of the 1990s included Doug, Rugrats, The Ren & Stimpy Show, Beavis and Butt-Head, Daria, Rocko's Modern Life, Hey Arnold!, Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, The Simpsons, Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Batman: The Animated Series, and Eek! The Cat."><img alt="Popular animated TV shows of the 1990s included Doug, Rugrats, The Ren & Stimpy Show, Beavis and Butt-Head, Daria, Rocko's Modern Life, Hey Arnold!, Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain, The Simpsons, Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Batman: The Animated Series, and Eek! The Cat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Simpsons_Ride_at_Universal_Studios_Florida.jpg/160px-The_Simpsons_Ride_at_Universal_Studios_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Simpsons_Ride_at_Universal_Studios_Florida.jpg/240px-The_Simpsons_Ride_at_Universal_Studios_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Simpsons_Ride_at_Universal_Studios_Florida.jpg/320px-The_Simpsons_Ride_at_Universal_Studios_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Popular animated TV shows of the 1990s included <i><a href="/wiki/Doug_(TV_series)" title="Doug (TV series)">Doug</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rugrats" title="Rugrats">Rugrats</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ren_%26_Stimpy_Show" title="The Ren & Stimpy Show">The Ren & Stimpy Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head" title="Beavis and Butt-Head">Beavis and Butt-Head</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daria" title="Daria">Daria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rocko%27s_Modern_Life" title="Rocko's Modern Life">Rocko's Modern Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hey_Arnold!" title="Hey Arnold!">Hey Arnold!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Toon_Adventures" title="Tiny Toon Adventures">Tiny Toon Adventures</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Animaniacs" title="Animaniacs">Animaniacs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain" title="Pinky and the Brain">Pinky and the Brain</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Dexter%27s_Laboratory" title="Dexter's Laboratory">Dexter's Laboratory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Bravo" title="Johnny Bravo">Johnny Bravo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">Batman: The Animated Series</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Eek!_The_Cat" title="Eek! The Cat">Eek! The Cat</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_Seinfeld_Julia_Louis-Dreyfus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="TV shows like Seinfeld, Frasier, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Friends, The X-Files, ER, Beverly Hills, 90210, Mr. Bean, Home Improvement, Baywatch, Cops, Wings, Prime Suspect, and Law & Order were popular in the 1990s."><img alt="TV shows like Seinfeld, Frasier, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Friends, The X-Files, ER, Beverly Hills, 90210, Mr. Bean, Home Improvement, Baywatch, Cops, Wings, Prime Suspect, and Law & Order were popular in the 1990s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jerry_Seinfeld_Julia_Louis-Dreyfus2.jpg/250px-Jerry_Seinfeld_Julia_Louis-Dreyfus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jerry_Seinfeld_Julia_Louis-Dreyfus2.jpg/330px-Jerry_Seinfeld_Julia_Louis-Dreyfus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jerry_Seinfeld_Julia_Louis-Dreyfus2.jpg/500px-Jerry_Seinfeld_Julia_Louis-Dreyfus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">TV shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air" title="The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air">The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/ER_(TV_series)" title="ER (TV series)">ER</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210" title="Beverly Hills, 90210">Beverly Hills, 90210</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Bean" title="Mr. Bean">Mr. Bean</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Home_Improvement_(TV_series)" title="Home Improvement (TV series)">Home Improvement</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baywatch" title="Baywatch">Baywatch</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cops_(TV_program)" title="Cops (TV program)">Cops</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wings_(1990_TV_series)" title="Wings (1990 TV series)">Wings</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Suspect" title="Prime Suspect">Prime Suspect</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order" title="Law & Order">Law & Order</a></i> were popular in the 1990s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grunge was a genre of music and subculture popular in the 1990s, as modeled here by Krist Novoselic (left) and Kurt Cobain of the band Nirvana, one of the most influential bands of the decade. Pearl Jam, Soundgarden and Alice in Chains were also popular bands of this genre."><img alt="Grunge was a genre of music and subculture popular in the 1990s, as modeled here by Krist Novoselic (left) and Kurt Cobain of the band Nirvana, one of the most influential bands of the decade. Pearl Jam, Soundgarden and Alice in Chains were also popular bands of this genre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/127px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/191px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nirvana_around_1992.jpg/255px-Nirvana_around_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a> was a genre of music and subculture popular in the 1990s, as modeled here by <a href="/wiki/Krist_Novoselic" title="Krist Novoselic">Krist Novoselic</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> of the band <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, one of the most influential bands of the decade. <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a> were also popular bands of this genre. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_internet_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Technological advancements like the internet, personal computers, and the World Wide Web were popular in the 1990s. The Y2K bug in the late 1990s affected popular culture. Y2K was a computer bug occurring when computers switched from the years 1999 to 2000, some computers reset to 1900."><img alt="Technological advancements like the internet, personal computers, and the World Wide Web were popular in the 1990s. The Y2K bug in the late 1990s affected popular culture. Y2K was a computer bug occurring when computers switched from the years 1999 to 2000, some computers reset to 1900." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Early_internet_%28cropped%29.png/135px-Early_internet_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Early_internet_%28cropped%29.png/203px-Early_internet_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Early_internet_%28cropped%29.png/270px-Early_internet_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Technological advancements like the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> were popular in the 1990s. The <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Y2K bug</a> in the late 1990s affected popular culture. Y2K was a computer bug occurring when computers switched from the years 1999 to 2000, some computers reset to 1900.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMac_G3_Bondi_Blue,_three-quarters_view.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The futuristic Y2K aesthetic was popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, named after the Y2K bug. This period was defined by then-new technology such as the iMac G3, digital cameras, and fashion such as shiny metallic clothing."><img alt="The futuristic Y2K aesthetic was popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, named after the Y2K bug. This period was defined by then-new technology such as the iMac G3, digital cameras, and fashion such as shiny metallic clothing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/IMac_G3_Bondi_Blue%2C_three-quarters_view.png/129px-IMac_G3_Bondi_Blue%2C_three-quarters_view.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/IMac_G3_Bondi_Blue%2C_three-quarters_view.png/193px-IMac_G3_Bondi_Blue%2C_three-quarters_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/IMac_G3_Bondi_Blue%2C_three-quarters_view.png/257px-IMac_G3_Bondi_Blue%2C_three-quarters_view.png 2x" data-file-width="3869" data-file-height="3608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The futuristic <a href="/wiki/Y2K_aesthetic" title="Y2K aesthetic">Y2K aesthetic</a> was popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, named after the Y2K bug. This period was defined by then-new technology such as the <a href="/wiki/IMac_G3" title="IMac G3">iMac G3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, and fashion such as shiny metallic clothing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Pepsi_20oz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crystal Pepsi was a popular drink in the 1990s, which was re-released for a limited run in the summer of 2016. Drinks like Surge released in 1997 and were also popular in the 1990s."><img alt="Crystal Pepsi was a popular drink in the 1990s, which was re-released for a limited run in the summer of 2016. Drinks like Surge released in 1997 and were also popular in the 1990s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crystal_Pepsi_20oz.jpg/55px-Crystal_Pepsi_20oz.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crystal_Pepsi_20oz.jpg/82px-Crystal_Pepsi_20oz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Crystal_Pepsi_20oz.jpg/109px-Crystal_Pepsi_20oz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Pepsi" title="Crystal Pepsi">Crystal Pepsi</a> was a popular drink in the 1990s, which was re-released for a limited run in the summer of 2016. Drinks like <a href="/wiki/Surge_(drink)" title="Surge (drink)">Surge</a> released in 1997 and were also popular in the 1990s. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the 1990s videotapes were used for personal home video recordings and recording television airings. VHS tapes could be put in devices such as VCRs, which were popular in the decade."><img alt="In the 1990s videotapes were used for personal home video recordings and recording television airings. VHS tapes could be put in devices such as VCRs, which were popular in the decade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg/250px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg/330px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg/500px-VHS-Video-Tape-Top-Flat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotapes</a> were used for personal home video recordings and recording television airings. VHS tapes could be put in devices such as <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCRs</a>, which were popular in the decade. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PokemonRedBlueYellowBack.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow released in the late 1990s, which launched the globally popular Pokémon franchise, pictured above the GameBoy cartridges."><img alt="Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow released in the late 1990s, which launched the globally popular Pokémon franchise, pictured above the GameBoy cartridges." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PokemonRedBlueYellowBack.jpg/190px-PokemonRedBlueYellowBack.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PokemonRedBlueYellowBack.jpg/285px-PokemonRedBlueYellowBack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PokemonRedBlueYellowBack.jpg/380px-PokemonRedBlueYellowBack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="1480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red,_Blue,_and_Yellow" title="Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow">Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow</a></i> released in the late 1990s, which launched the globally popular <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i> franchise, pictured above the GameBoy cartridges. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona_AUGUST_1992_the_Olympic_Games_(Juegos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Barcelona_1992)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Five Olympic Games were held in the 1990s, Albertville and Barcelona in 1992, Lillehammer in 1994, Atlanta in 1996 and Nagano in 1998 (all held in the post-Cold War decade)."><img alt="Five Olympic Games were held in the 1990s, Albertville and Barcelona in 1992, Lillehammer in 1994, Atlanta in 1996 and Nagano in 1998 (all held in the post-Cold War decade)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Barcelona_AUGUST_1992_the_Olympic_Games_%28Juegos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Barcelona_1992%29_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Barcelona_AUGUST_1992_the_Olympic_Games_%28Juegos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Barcelona_1992%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Barcelona_AUGUST_1992_the_Olympic_Games_%28Juegos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Barcelona_1992%29_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Barcelona_AUGUST_1992_the_Olympic_Games_%28Juegos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_Barcelona_1992%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Five <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> were held in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">Albertville</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">Barcelona in 1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">Lillehammer in 1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">Atlanta in 1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">Nagano in 1998</a> (all held in the post-Cold War decade).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyE.DisneyAnimationBuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Disney Renaissance" of the 1990s produced critically and commercially successful animated films like the first ever CGI motion picture Toy Story (produced with Pixar), and traditionally animated films such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King, later it was adapted into live-action remakes."><img alt="The "Disney Renaissance" of the 1990s produced critically and commercially successful animated films like the first ever CGI motion picture Toy Story (produced with Pixar), and traditionally animated films such as Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin and The Lion King, later it was adapted into live-action remakes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RoyE.DisneyAnimationBuilding.jpg/160px-RoyE.DisneyAnimationBuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RoyE.DisneyAnimationBuilding.jpg/240px-RoyE.DisneyAnimationBuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RoyE.DisneyAnimationBuilding.jpg/320px-RoyE.DisneyAnimationBuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/wiki/Disney_Renaissance" title="Disney Renaissance">Disney Renaissance</a>" of the 1990s produced critically and commercially successful animated films like the first ever CGI motion picture <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> (produced with <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>), and traditionally animated films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i>, later it was adapted into <a href="/wiki/List_of_Disney_live-action_adaptations_and_remakes_of_Disney_animated_films" title="List of Disney live-action adaptations and remakes of Disney animated films">live-action remakes</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Clinton_and_SDLP_leader_John_Hume_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US President Bill Clinton merged with popular culture in the 1990s. Bill Clinton played saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, and the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal made TV headlines in 1998."><img alt="US President Bill Clinton merged with popular culture in the 1990s. Bill Clinton played saxophone on The Arsenio Hall Show, and the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal made TV headlines in 1998." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Clinton_and_SDLP_leader_John_Hume_02.jpg/147px-President_Clinton_and_SDLP_leader_John_Hume_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Clinton_and_SDLP_leader_John_Hume_02.jpg/220px-President_Clinton_and_SDLP_leader_John_Hume_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/President_Clinton_and_SDLP_leader_John_Hume_02.jpg/294px-President_Clinton_and_SDLP_leader_John_Hume_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4477" data-file-height="3662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> merged with popular culture in the 1990s. Bill Clinton played saxophone on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Arsenio_Hall_Show" title="The Arsenio Hall Show">The Arsenio Hall Show</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Lewinsky_scandal" title="Clinton–Lewinsky scandal">Clinton–Lewinsky scandal</a> made TV headlines in 1998.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shibuya became Tokyo's popular youth hangout in the 1990s, part of the Heisei Power cultural movement during the Lost Decades in Japan."><img alt="Shibuya became Tokyo's popular youth hangout in the 1990s, part of the Heisei Power cultural movement during the Lost Decades in Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg/250px-Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg/330px-Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg/500px-Tokyo_Shibuya_Scramble_Crossing_2018-10-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5853" data-file-height="3902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shibuya" title="Shibuya">Shibuya</a> became <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>'s popular youth hangout in the 1990s, part of the <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei Power</a> cultural movement during the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a> in Japan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RELAP_Desktop_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Popular computing software like Windows 95 and 98 by Microsoft defined 1990s aesthetics."><img alt="Popular computing software like Windows 95 and 98 by Microsoft defined 1990s aesthetics." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RELAP_Desktop_View.jpg/160px-RELAP_Desktop_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RELAP_Desktop_View.jpg/240px-RELAP_Desktop_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/RELAP_Desktop_View.jpg/320px-RELAP_Desktop_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Popular computing software like <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">98</a> by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> defined 1990s aesthetics.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PulpFictionPosterSpoof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the 1990s crime and spy comedy films were extremely popular like Wild at Heart, Hana-bi, Pulp Fiction (depicted), L.A. Confidential, New Jack City, Boyz n the Hood, Menace II Society, Goodfellas, and the Austin Powers film series."><img alt="In the 1990s crime and spy comedy films were extremely popular like Wild at Heart, Hana-bi, Pulp Fiction (depicted), L.A. Confidential, New Jack City, Boyz n the Hood, Menace II Society, Goodfellas, and the Austin Powers film series." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PulpFictionPosterSpoof.jpg/103px-PulpFictionPosterSpoof.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PulpFictionPosterSpoof.jpg/154px-PulpFictionPosterSpoof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/PulpFictionPosterSpoof.jpg/205px-PulpFictionPosterSpoof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the 1990s crime and spy comedy films were extremely popular like <a href="/wiki/Wild_at_Heart_(film)" title="Wild at Heart (film)"><i>Wild at Heart</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hana-bi" title="Hana-bi">Hana-bi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a></i> (depicted), <a href="/wiki/L.A._Confidential_(film)" title="L.A. Confidential (film)"><i>L.A. Confidential</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_Jack_City" title="New Jack City">New Jack City</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boyz_n_the_Hood" title="Boyz n the Hood">Boyz n the Hood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Menace_II_Society" title="Menace II Society">Menace II Society</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Goodfellas" title="Goodfellas">Goodfellas</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_Powers" title="Austin Powers">Austin Powers</a></i> film series.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1990s saw the use of earlier internet search engines, such as Google in its infancy, JumpStation, Ask.com, and AltaVista."><img alt="The 1990s saw the use of earlier internet search engines, such as Google in its infancy, JumpStation, Ask.com, and AltaVista." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Google_1998.jpg/190px-Google_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Google_1998.jpg/285px-Google_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Google_1998.jpg/380px-Google_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1990s saw the use of earlier internet search engines, such as <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> in its infancy, <a href="/wiki/JumpStation" title="JumpStation">JumpStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask.com</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TLC_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the 1990s girl groups such as TLC (pictured), Destiny's Child, and The Spice Girls gained popularity. These bands are among the highest selling girl groups of all time."><img alt="In the 1990s girl groups such as TLC (pictured), Destiny's Child, and The Spice Girls gained popularity. These bands are among the highest selling girl groups of all time." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TLC_2016.jpg/180px-TLC_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TLC_2016.jpg/270px-TLC_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TLC_2016.jpg/360px-TLC_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In the 1990s <a href="/wiki/Girl_group" title="Girl group">girl groups</a> such as <a href="/wiki/TLC_(group)" title="TLC (group)">TLC</a> (pictured), <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Spice_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spice Girls">The Spice Girls</a> gained popularity. These bands are among the highest selling girl groups of all time. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_film" title="1990s in film">1990s in film</a></div><p><b>Live-action films</b></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic_Movie_Cinema_shooting._Airstar_Lighting_balloons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Titanic_Movie_Cinema_shooting._Airstar_Lighting_balloons.jpg/250px-Titanic_Movie_Cinema_shooting._Airstar_Lighting_balloons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Titanic_Movie_Cinema_shooting._Airstar_Lighting_balloons.jpg/330px-Titanic_Movie_Cinema_shooting._Airstar_Lighting_balloons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Titanic_Movie_Cinema_shooting._Airstar_Lighting_balloons.jpg/500px-Titanic_Movie_Cinema_shooting._Airstar_Lighting_balloons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The highest-grossing film of the decade was <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i> (1997), which remains one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films" title="List of highest-grossing films">highest-grossing films of all time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a> became an important European artistic motion picture movement by the decade's end. Also in 1998, <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i> by director <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (released in late 1997) became the highest-grossing film of all time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide. It would hold this record for over a decade until 2010 when James Cameron's <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> (released in December 2009), took the title.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crime_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime films">Crime films</a> were also extremely popular during the 1990s and garnered several awards throughout the decade, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_at_Heart_(film)" title="Wild at Heart (film)">Wild at Heart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Goodfellas" title="Goodfellas">Goodfellas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fargo_(1996_film)" title="Fargo (1996 film)">Fargo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Confidential_(film)" title="L.A. Confidential (film)">L.A. Confidential</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Heat_(1995_film)" title="Heat (1995 film)">Heat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Godfather_Part_III" title="The Godfather Part III">The Godfather Part III</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)">Seven</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trainspotting_(film)" title="Trainspotting (film)">Trainspotting</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Simple_Plan_(film)" title="A Simple Plan (film)">A Simple Plan</a></i>, and many others. </p><p>Live-action films featuring computer-animated characters became popular, with films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Casper_(film)" title="Casper (film)">Casper</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/James_and_the_Giant_Peach_(film)" title="James and the Giant Peach (film)">James and the Giant Peach</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/101_Dalmatians_(1996_film)" title="101 Dalmatians (1996 film)">101 Dalmatians</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)" title="Men in Black (1997 film)">Men in Black</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Soldiers" title="Small Soldiers">Small Soldiers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Little_(film)" title="Stuart Little (film)">Stuart Little</a></i> proving financially successful. Live-action/traditional cel animated film featuring traditional characters like <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_World" title="Cool World">Cool World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pagemaster" title="The Pagemaster">The Pagemaster</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Jam" title="Space Jam">Space Jam</a></i> were prevalent as well. </p><p><b>Animated films</b> </p><p>In 1994, former Disney employee <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> founded <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_SKG" class="mw-redirect" title="DreamWorks SKG">DreamWorks SKG</a>, which would produce its first two animated films: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Egypt" title="The Prince of Egypt">The Prince of Egypt</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Antz" title="Antz">Antz</a></i> which were both aimed more at adults than children and were both critically and commercially successful. <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i>, the first full-length <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> movie, made by <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>, was released in 1995 and revolutionized animated films. In 1998, with the release of <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Antz" title="Antz">Antz</a></i> and Pixar's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life" title="A Bug's Life">A Bug's Life</a></i>, the rivalry between DreamWorks and Pixar began between the studios due to the similarities between both films. </p><p>Meanwhile, films by Pixar's parent company, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> became popular once more when the studio returned to making family-oriented animated musical films. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Disney Animation</a> was navigating the "<a href="/wiki/Disney_Renaissance" title="Disney Renaissance">Disney Renaissance</a>", through both animated theatrical films and animated television series on the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Disney_General_Entertainment_Content" title="Disney General Entertainment Content">Walt Disney Television</a>). The "Disney Renaissance" began with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)">The Little Mermaid</a></i> in 1989 and ended with <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_(1999_film)" title="Tarzan (1999 film)">Tarzan</a></i> in 1999. Films of this era include <i><a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare_Before_Christmas" title="The Nightmare Before Christmas">The Nightmare Before Christmas</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)" title="Pocahontas (1995 film)">Pocahontas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)" title="Hercules (1997 film)">Hercules</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)" title="Mulan (1998 film)">Mulan</a></i>. </p><p>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> films remained popular throughout the 1990s with the release of <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a> films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Only_Yesterday_(1991_film)" title="Only Yesterday (1991 film)">Only Yesterday</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Porco_Rosso" title="Porco Rosso">Porco Rosso</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pom_Poko" title="Pom Poko">Pom Poko</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Whisper_of_the_Heart" title="Whisper of the Heart">Whisper of the Heart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mononoke" title="Princess Mononoke">Princess Mononoke</a></i> (which became the highest-grossing anime film at the time) and <i><a href="/wiki/My_Neighbors_the_Yamadas" title="My Neighbors the Yamadas">My Neighbors the Yamadas</a></i>. Other significant anime films which gained cult status include <i><a href="/wiki/Roujin_Z" title="Roujin Z">Roujin Z</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana:_The_Legend_of_Prince_Rama" title="Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama">Ramayana: The Legend of Prince Rama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Patlabor_2:_The_Movie" title="Patlabor 2: The Movie">Patlabor 2: The Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Scroll" title="Ninja Scroll">Ninja Scroll</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II:_The_Animated_Movie" title="Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie">Street Fighter II: The Animated Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell_(1995_film)" title="Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)">Ghost in the Shell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Memories_(1995_film)" title="Memories (1995 film)">Memories</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Evangelion" title="The End of Evangelion">The End of Evangelion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Blue" title="Perfect Blue">Perfect Blue</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jin-Roh:_The_Wolf_Brigade" title="Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade">Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon_films" title="List of Pokémon films"><i>Pokémon</i> film series</a>, which started with <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon:_The_First_Movie" title="Pokémon: The First Movie">Pokémon: The First Movie</a></i>. </p><p>Other significant animated films have also gained cult status, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jetsons:_The_Movie" title="Jetsons: The Movie">The Jetsons Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Princess_and_the_Goblin_(film)" title="The Princess and the Goblin (film)">The Princess and the Goblin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Happily_Ever_After_(1990_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Happily Ever After (1990 film)">Happily Ever After</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tail:_Fievel_Goes_West" title="An American Tail: Fievel Goes West">An American Tail: Fievel Goes West</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ferngully:_The_Last_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferngully: The Last Rainforest">Ferngully: The Last Rainforest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_The_Movie" title="Tom and Jerry: The Movie">Tom and Jerry: The Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thief_and_the_Cobbler" title="The Thief and the Cobbler">The Thief and the Cobbler</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Forest" title="Once Upon a Forest">Once Upon a Forest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/We%27re_Back!_A_Dinosaur%27s_Story_(film)" title="We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (film)">We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_Mask_of_the_Phantasm" title="Batman: Mask of the Phantasm">Batman: Mask of the Phantasm</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Felidae_(film)" title="Felidae (film)">Felidae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Swan_Princess" title="The Swan Princess">The Swan Princess</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Goofy_Movie" title="A Goofy Movie">A Goofy Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Balto_(film)" title="Balto (film)">Balto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head_Do_America" title="Beavis and Butt-Head Do America">Beavis and Butt-Head Do America</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cats_Don%27t_Dance" title="Cats Don't Dance">Cats Don't Dance</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film)" title="Anastasia (1997 film)">Anastasia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_Camelot" title="Quest for Camelot">Quest for Camelot</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rugrats_Movie" title="The Rugrats Movie">The Rugrats Movie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kirikou_and_the_Sorceress" title="Kirikou and the Sorceress">Kirikou and the Sorceress</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_and_I_(1999_film)" title="The King and I (1999 film)">The King and I</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park:_Bigger,_Longer,_Uncut" class="mw-redirect" title="South Park: Bigger, Longer, Uncut">South Park: Bigger, Longer, Uncut</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Giant" title="The Iron Giant">The Iron Giant</a></i>. Family-centric animated feature films began to gain popularity through the late-1990s (<a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_feature_films_of_1997" title="List of animated feature films of 1997">1997</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_feature_films_of_1998" title="List of animated feature films of 1998">1998</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_feature_films_of_1999" title="List of animated feature films of 1999">1999</a>). <a href="/wiki/Don_Bluth" title="Don Bluth">Don Bluth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Bluth_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Sullivan Bluth Studios">animation studio</a> released a number of underperforming family animated films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rock-a-Doodle" title="Rock-a-Doodle">Rock-a-Doodle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thumbelina_(1994_film)" title="Thumbelina (1994 film)">Thumbelina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pebble_and_the_Penguin" title="The Pebble and the Penguin">The Pebble and the Penguin</a></i> and closed down in 1995. </p><p>In India, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a> got rise in his stardom by <a href="/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge" title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai" title="Dil To Pagal Hai">Dil To Pagal Hai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Award_winners">Award winners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Award winners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:9%">Award </th> <th style="width:9%">1990 </th> <th style="width:9%">1991 </th> <th style="width:9%">1992 </th> <th style="width:9%">1993 </th> <th style="width:9%">1994 </th> <th style="width:9%">1995 </th> <th style="width:9%">1996 </th> <th style="width:9%">1997 </th> <th style="width:9%">1998 </th> <th style="width:9%">1999 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Academy Award for Best Picture winners</b> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances with Wolves">Dances with Wolves</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Unforgiven" title="Unforgiven">Unforgiven</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Schindler%27s_List" title="Schindler's List">Schindler's List</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Forrest_Gump" title="Forrest Gump">Forrest Gump</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Braveheart" title="Braveheart">Braveheart</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Patient_(film)" title="The English Patient (film)">The English Patient</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_Love" title="Shakespeare in Love">Shakespeare in Love</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/American_Beauty_(1999_film)" title="American Beauty (1999 film)">American Beauty</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><i>Palme d'Or</i> winners at the Cannes Film Festival</b> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_at_Heart_(film)" title="Wild at Heart (film)">Wild at Heart</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Barton_Fink" title="Barton Fink">Barton Fink</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Best_Intentions" title="The Best Intentions">The Best Intentions</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_My_Concubine_(film)" title="Farewell My Concubine (film)">Farewell My Concubine</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Piano" title="The Piano">The Piano</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction" title="Pulp Fiction">Pulp Fiction</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(1995_film)" title="Underground (1995 film)">Underground</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_%26_Lies_(film)" title="Secrets & Lies (film)">Secrets & Lies</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Taste_of_Cherry" title="Taste of Cherry">Taste of Cherry</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Eel_(film)" title="The Eel (film)">The Eel</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Eternity_and_a_Day" title="Eternity and a Day">Eternity and a Day</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(film)" title="Rosetta (film)">Rosetta</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>César Award for Best Film winners</b> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(1990_film)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (1990 film)">Cyrano de Bergerac</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tous_les_Matins_du_Monde" title="Tous les Matins du Monde">Tous les matin du monde</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Savage_Nights" title="Savage Nights">Savage Nights</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Smoking/No_Smoking" title="Smoking/No Smoking">Smoking/No Smoking</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Reeds" title="Wild Reeds">Wild Reeds</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/La_haine" class="mw-redirect" title="La haine">La haine</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ridicule_(film)" title="Ridicule (film)">Ridicule</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Same_Old_Song" title="Same Old Song">Same Old Song</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dreamlife_of_Angels" title="The Dreamlife of Angels">The Dreamlife of Angels</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Beauty_Institute" title="Venus Beauty Institute">Venus Beauty Institute</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><i>Golden Lion</i> winners at the Venice Film Festival</b> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_%26_Guildenstern_Are_Dead_(film)" title="Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film)">Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Close_to_Eden" title="Close to Eden">Close to Eden</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Qiu_Ju" title="The Story of Qiu Ju">The Story of Qiu Ju</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Short_Cuts" title="Short Cuts">Short Cuts</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Colours:_Blue" title="Three Colours: Blue">Three Colours: Blue</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Vive_L%27Amour" class="mw-redirect" title="Vive L'Amour">Vive L'Amour</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Before_the_Rain_(1994_film)" title="Before the Rain (1994 film)">Before the Rain</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclo_(film)" title="Cyclo (film)">Cyclo</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(film)" title="Michael Collins (film)">Michael Collins</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Hana-bi" title="Hana-bi">Fireworks</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_We_Laughed" title="The Way We Laughed">The Way We Laughed</a></i> </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Not_One_Less" title="Not One Less">Not One Less</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Highest-grossing">Highest-grossing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Highest-grossing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 25 highest-grossing films of the decade are:<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 65%"> <caption>Films by worldwide box office </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">No. </th> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Box office </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1997 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$1,850,197,130 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_I_%E2%80%93_The_Phantom_Menace" title="Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace">Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$924,305,084 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">Jurassic Park</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1993 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$912,667,947 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1996 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$817,400,891 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1994 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$763,455,561 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Forrest_Gump" title="Forrest Gump">Forrest Gump</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1994 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$677,387,716 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Sense" title="The Sixth Sense">The Sixth Sense</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$672,806,292 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_World:_Jurassic_Park" title="The Lost World: Jurassic Park">The Lost World: Jurassic Park</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1997 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$618,638,999 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)" title="Men in Black (1997 film)">Men in Black</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1997 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$589,390,539 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Armageddon_(1998_film)" title="Armageddon (1998 film)">Armageddon</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1998 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$553,709,788 </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$516,950,043 </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(1990_film)" title="Ghost (1990 film)">Ghost</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$505,702,588 </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1992 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$504,050,219 </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Twister_(1996_film)" title="Twister (1996 film)">Twister</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1996 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$494,471,524 </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_2" title="Toy Story 2">Toy Story 2</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$487,059,677 </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1998 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$481,840,909 </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Home_Alone" title="Home Alone">Home Alone</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$476,684,675 </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$463,517,383 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Woman" title="Pretty Woman">Pretty Woman</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$463,406,268 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_(film)" title="Mission: Impossible (film)">Mission: Impossible</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1996 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$457,696,391 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_(1999_film)" title="Tarzan (1999 film)">Tarzan</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$448,191,819 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Doubtfire" title="Mrs. Doubtfire">Mrs. Doubtfire</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1993 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$441,286,195 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dances_with_Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances with Wolves">Dances with Wolves</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$424,208,848 </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1999_film)" title="The Mummy (1999 film)">The Mummy</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$415,933,406 </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 </th> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bodyguard_(1992_film)" title="The Bodyguard (1992 film)">The Bodyguard</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1992 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$410,945,720 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_music" title="1990s in music">1990s in music</a></div> <p><b>Music artists and genres</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:428px;max-width:428px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitney_Houston_(cropped3).JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Whitney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Whitney_Houston_%28cropped3%29.JPEG/118px-Whitney_Houston_%28cropped3%29.JPEG" decoding="async" width="118" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Whitney_Houston_%28cropped3%29.JPEG/177px-Whitney_Houston_%28cropped3%29.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Whitney_Houston_%28cropped3%29.JPEG/236px-Whitney_Houston_%28cropped3%29.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="736" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celine_Dion_Concert_Singing_Taking_Chances_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Celine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Celine_Dion_Concert_Singing_Taking_Chances_2008.jpg/128px-Celine_Dion_Concert_Singing_Taking_Chances_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Celine_Dion_Concert_Singing_Taking_Chances_2008.jpg/192px-Celine_Dion_Concert_Singing_Taking_Chances_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Celine_Dion_Concert_Singing_Taking_Chances_2008.jpg/256px-Celine_Dion_Concert_Singing_Taking_Chances_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1541" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariah_Carey13_Edwards_Dec_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mariah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mariah_Carey13_Edwards_Dec_1998.jpg/250px-Mariah_Carey13_Edwards_Dec_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mariah_Carey13_Edwards_Dec_1998.jpg/330px-Mariah_Carey13_Edwards_Dec_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Mariah_Carey13_Edwards_Dec_1998.jpg/500px-Mariah_Carey13_Edwards_Dec_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a> (center) and <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a> (right) were three of the highest-selling and most popular female artists of the decade.</div></div></div></div> <p>Music marketing became more segmented in the 1990s, as <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> gradually shifted away from music videos and radio splintered into narrower formats aimed at various niches.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 1990s are perhaps best known for <a href="/wiki/Grunge_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Grunge music">grunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teen_pop" title="Teen pop">teen pop</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, the renewed popularity of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> from the band <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a> and their 1994 album <i><a href="/wiki/Dookie_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dookie (album)">Dookie</a></i> (which would also help create a new genre <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">pop punk</a>), and for the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a> into the mainstream. <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> was one of the most popular 1990s bands; their groundbreaking <a href="/wiki/Zoo_TV_Tour" title="Zoo TV Tour">Zoo TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/PopMart_Tour" title="PopMart Tour">PopMart</a> tours were the top-selling tours of 1992 and 1997, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a> died out in the music mainstream by 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a> became popular in the early 1990s due to the success of <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nevermind" title="Nevermind">Nevermind</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_(Pearl_Jam_album)" title="Ten (Pearl Jam album)">Ten</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Dirt_(Alice_in_Chains_album)" title="Dirt (Alice in Chains album)">Dirt</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Soundgarden" title="Soundgarden">Soundgarden</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Badmotorfinger" title="Badmotorfinger">Badmotorfinger</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_Temple_Pilots" title="Stone Temple Pilots">Stone Temple Pilots</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Core_(Stone_Temple_Pilots_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (Stone Temple Pilots album)">Core</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">Pop punk</a> also becomes popular with such artists as Green Day, <a href="/wiki/Blink-182" title="Blink-182">Blink-182</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weezer" title="Weezer">Weezer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Distortion" title="Social Distortion">Social Distortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Offspring" title="The Offspring">the Offspring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Religion" title="Bad Religion">Bad Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/NOFX" title="NOFX">NOFX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rancid_(band)" title="Rancid (band)">Rancid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other successful alternative acts included <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickelback" title="Nickelback">Nickelback</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creed_(band)" title="Creed (band)">Creed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gin_Blossoms" title="Gin Blossoms">Gin Blossoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_Asylum" title="Soul Asylum">Soul Asylum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Eye_Blind" title="Third Eye Blind">Third Eye Blind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_No_More" title="Faith No More">Faith No More</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">the Smashing Pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_(band)" title="Live (band)">Live</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everclear_(band)" title="Everclear (band)">Everclear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bush_(British_band)" title="Bush (British band)">Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screaming_Trees" title="Screaming Trees">Screaming Trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ween" title="Ween">Ween</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:291px;max-width:291px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupac_graffiti_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tupac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tupac_graffiti_New_York.jpg/137px-Tupac_graffiti_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tupac_graffiti_New_York.jpg/206px-Tupac_graffiti_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tupac_graffiti_New_York.jpg/274px-Tupac_graffiti_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Biggie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg/146px-Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg/219px-Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg/292px-Bushwick_Collective_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Murals of <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a> (right), two significant cultural figures throughout the 1990s who helped popularize the genre of <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Rappers <a href="/wiki/Salt-n-Pepa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-n-Pepa">Salt-n-Pepa</a> continued to have hit songs until 1994. <a href="/wiki/Dr._Dre" title="Dr. Dre">Dr. Dre</a>'s 1992 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronic" title="The Chronic">The Chronic</a></i> provided a template for modern <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a>, and gave rise to other emerging artists of the genre, including <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the success of <a href="/wiki/Death_Row_Records" title="Death Row Records">Death Row Records</a> and Tupac Shakur, <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> gangsta rap commercially dominated hip hop during the early-to-mid 1990s, along with <a href="/wiki/Bad_Boy_Records" title="Bad Boy Records">Bad Boy Records</a> and the Notorious B.I.G. on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hip hop became the best-selling music genre by the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1994 became a breakthrough year for <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_California" title="Punk rock in California">punk rock in California</a>, with the success of bands like <a href="/wiki/Bad_Religion" title="Bad Religion">Bad Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Distortion" title="Social Distortion">Social Distortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blink-182" title="Blink-182">Blink-182</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Offspring" title="The Offspring">the Offspring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rancid_(band)" title="Rancid (band)">Rancid</a> and similar groups following. This success would continue to grow over the next decade. The 1990s also became the most important decade for <a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">ska punk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reggae_fusion" title="Reggae fusion">reggae rock</a>, with the success of many bands like <a href="/wiki/Smash_Mouth" title="Smash Mouth">Smash Mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buck-O-Nine" title="Buck-O-Nine">Buck-O-Nine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldfinger_(band)" title="Goldfinger (band)">Goldfinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Less_Than_Jake" title="Less Than Jake">Less Than Jake</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mighty_Mighty_Bosstones" title="The Mighty Mighty Bosstones">the Mighty Mighty Bosstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_Law_(band)" title="Murphy's Law (band)">Murphy's Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_Doubt" title="No Doubt">No Doubt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reel_Big_Fish" title="Reel Big Fish">Reel Big Fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Save_Ferris" title="Save Ferris">Save Ferris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(band)" title="Sublime (band)">Sublime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray" title="Sugar Ray">Sugar Ray</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rave_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave music">rave</a> movement that emerged in the late 1980s continued to grow in popularity. This movement spawned genres such as <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a>. The latter is an offshoot of jungle techno and <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat_hardcore" title="Breakbeat hardcore">breakbeat</a>. Popular artists included <a href="/wiki/Moby" title="Moby">Moby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatboy_Slim" title="Fatboy Slim">Fatboy Slim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk" title="Björk">Björk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphex_Twin" title="Aphex Twin">Aphex Twin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbital_(band)" title="Orbital (band)">Orbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Orb" title="The Orb">the Orb</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers" title="The Chemical Brothers">the Chemical Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basement_Jaxx" title="Basement Jaxx">Basement Jaxx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todd_Terry" title="Todd Terry">Todd Terry</a>, <a href="/wiki/808_State" title="808 State">808 State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primal_Scream" title="Primal Scream">Primal Scream</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shamen" title="The Shamen">the Shamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_KLF" title="The KLF">the KLF</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">the Prodigy</a>. </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial music</a>, somewhat a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Synthpop" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthpop">synthpop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, rose to worldwide popularity with bands like <a href="/wiki/Godflesh" title="Godflesh">Godflesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(band)" title="Ministry (band)">Ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson_(band)" title="Marilyn Manson (band)">Marilyn Manson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">Groove metal</a> was born through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Pantera" title="Pantera">Pantera</a>, whose seventh studio album <i><a href="/wiki/Far_Beyond_Driven" title="Far Beyond Driven">Far Beyond Driven</a></i> (1994) was notable for going number one on <a href="/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a>. Another heavy metal subgenre called nu metal, which mixed metal with hip hop influences, became popular with bands like <a href="/wiki/Korn" title="Korn">Korn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slipknot_(band)" title="Slipknot (band)">Slipknot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limp_Bizkit" title="Limp Bizkit">Limp Bizkit</a> selling millions of albums worldwide. <a href="/wiki/Metallica" title="Metallica">Metallica</a>'s 1991 eponymous album <i><a href="/wiki/Metallica_(album)" title="Metallica (album)">Metallica</a></i> is the best-selling album of the <a href="/wiki/Soundscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soundscan">SoundScan</a> era, while <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a> acts such as <a href="/wiki/Death_(metal_band)" title="Death (metal band)">Death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(band)" title="Mayhem (band)">Mayhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkthrone" title="Darkthrone">Darkthrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_(Norwegian_band)" title="Emperor (Norwegian band)">Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannibal_Corpse" title="Cannibal Corpse">Cannibal Corpse</a> and others experienced popularity throughout the decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Country_music">Country music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Country music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s, country music became a worldwide phenomenon thanks to <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus" title="Billy Ray Cyrus">Billy Ray Cyrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garth_Brooks" title="Garth Brooks">Garth Brooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Country_Worldwide_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_Worldwide-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Country_Worldwide2_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_Worldwide2-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Country_Worldwide3_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_Worldwide3-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter enjoyed one of the most successful careers in popular music history, breaking records for both sales and concert attendance throughout the decade. The <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> has certified his recordings at a combined (128× <a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">platinum</a>), denoting roughly 113 million United States shipments.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other artists that experienced success during this time included <a href="/wiki/Clint_Black" title="Clint Black">Clint Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Kershaw" title="Sammy Kershaw">Sammy Kershaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Tippin" title="Aaron Tippin">Aaron Tippin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Travis_Tritt" title="Travis Tritt">Travis Tritt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzy_Bogguss" title="Suzy Bogguss">Suzy Bogguss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Jackson" title="Alan Jackson">Alan Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorrie_Morgan" title="Lorrie Morgan">Lorrie Morgan</a> and the newly formed duo of <a href="/wiki/Brooks_%26_Dunn" title="Brooks & Dunn">Brooks & Dunn</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Strait" title="George Strait">George Strait</a>, whose career began in the 1980s, also continued to have widespread success in this decade and beyond. Female artists such as <a href="/wiki/Reba_McEntire" title="Reba McEntire">Reba McEntire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_Hill" title="Faith Hill">Faith Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martina_McBride" title="Martina McBride">Martina McBride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deana_Carter" title="Deana Carter">Deana Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/LeAnn_Rimes" title="LeAnn Rimes">LeAnn Rimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter" title="Mary Chapin Carpenter">Mary Chapin Carpenter</a> all released platinum-selling albums in the 1990s. Rimes, a teenager at the time, spawned a "teen movement" in country music; with fellow teen artists <a href="/wiki/Lila_McCann" title="Lila McCann">Lila McCann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Andrews" title="Jessica Andrews">Jessica Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Gillman" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Gillman">Billy Gillman</a>, and others following suit; a feat that hasn't been duplicated since <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Tucker" title="Tanya Tucker">Tanya Tucker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Osmond" title="Marie Osmond">Marie Osmond</a> in the early 1970s. The <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Chicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie Chicks">Dixie Chicks</a> became one of the most popular country bands in the 1990s and early 2000s. Their 1998 debut album <i><a href="/wiki/Wide_Open_Spaces_(album)" title="Wide Open Spaces (album)">Wide Open Spaces</a></i> went on to become certified 12× platinum, while their 1999 album <i><a href="/wiki/Fly_(Dixie_Chicks_album)" title="Fly (Dixie Chicks album)">Fly</a></i> went on to become 10× platinum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="R&B_and_related"><span id="R.26B_and_related"></span>R&B and related</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: R&B and related"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">quiet storm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a> continued to be quite popular among adult audiences originating from African-American communities, which began during the 1980s. Popular African-American contemporary R&B artists included <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%27Angelo" title="D'Angelo">D'Angelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandy_Norwood" title="Brandy Norwood">Brandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/En_Vogue" title="En Vogue">En Vogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/TLC_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="TLC (band)">TLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Braxton" title="Toni Braxton">Toni Braxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyz_II_Men" title="Boyz II Men">Boyz II Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dru_Hill" title="Dru Hill">Dru Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Williams" title="Vanessa Williams">Vanessa Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a>. </p><p>Also, British R&B artists <a href="/wiki/Sade_(singer)" title="Sade (singer)">Sade</a> (active since 1982), <a href="/wiki/Des%27Ree" class="mw-redirect" title="Des'Ree">Des'Ree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Morrison" title="Mark Morrison">Mark Morrison</a> became quite popular during this decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_from_around_the_world">Music from around the world</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Music from around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:360px;max-width:360px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlurWembley090723_(166_of_172)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BlurWembley090723_%28166_of_172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-BlurWembley090723_%28166_of_172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BlurWembley090723_%28166_of_172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-BlurWembley090723_%28166_of_172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/BlurWembley090723_%28166_of_172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-BlurWembley090723_%28166_of_172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3801" data-file-height="2138" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oasis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/162px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/243px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/324px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a> (right) became some of the most internationally popular <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> bands of the decade.</div></div></div></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the alternative rock <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> genre emerged as part of the more general <a href="/wiki/Cool_Britannia" title="Cool Britannia">Cool Britannia</a> culture, with <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(band)" title="Pulp (band)">Pulp</a> (already founded in 1978), <a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a> (active since 1988), <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Colour_Scene" title="Ocean Colour Scene">Ocean Colour Scene</a> (since 1989), <a href="/wiki/Suede_(band)" title="Suede (band)">Suede</a> (existing since 1989 with hiatus), <a href="/wiki/The_Verve" title="The Verve">the Verve</a> (1990–1993), <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a> (formed in 1991), <a href="/wiki/Elastica" title="Elastica">Elastica</a> (1992–2001), <a href="/wiki/Ash_(band)" title="Ash (band)">Ash</a> (since 1992), <a href="/wiki/Supergrass" title="Supergrass">Supergrass</a> (1993–2022 with hiatus) and <a href="/wiki/Kula_Shaker" title="Kula Shaker">Kula Shaker</a> (since 1995) serving as popular examples of this emergence. </p><p>The impact of boy band pop sensation <a href="/wiki/Take_That" title="Take That">Take That</a>, founded in 1990, lead to the formation of other boy bands in the UK and Ireland, such as <a href="/wiki/East_17" title="East 17">East 17</a> in 1991 and the Irish boy band <a href="/wiki/Boyzone" title="Boyzone">Boyzone</a> in 1993. Female pop icons <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a> took the world by storm since 1994, becoming the most commercially successful British group since <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their global success brought about a widespread scene of teen pop acts around the world<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_(group)" title="All Saints (group)">All Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backstreet_Boys" title="Backstreet Boys">Backstreet Boys</a> (both formed in 1993) as well as American acts as <a href="/wiki/Hanson_(band)" title="Hanson (band)">Hanson</a> (from 1992), <a href="/wiki/NSYNC" title="NSYNC">NSYNC</a> (1995–2002, reunited 2003), <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christina_Aguilera" title="Christina Aguilera">Christina Aguilera</a> who came to prominence into the new millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many musicians from Canada, such as <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maestro_Fresh_Wes" title="Maestro Fresh Wes">Maestro Fresh Wes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_(musician)" title="Snow (musician)">Snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies" title="Barenaked Ladies">Barenaked Ladies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Len_(band)" title="Len (band)">Len</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan" title="Sarah McLachlan">Sarah McLachlan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alanis_Morissette" title="Alanis Morissette">Alanis Morissette</a> became known worldwide. </p><p>In 1991, Australian children's music group <a href="/wiki/The_Wiggles" title="The Wiggles">The Wiggles</a>. </p><p>In Japan, the <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a> genre emerged as part of the more general <a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei Power</a> cultural movement, with <a href="/wiki/B%27z" title="B'z">B'z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr._Children" title="Mr. Children">Mr. Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_All_Stars" title="Southern All Stars">Southern All Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yumi_Matsutoya" title="Yumi Matsutoya">Yumi Matsutoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dreams_Come_True_(band)" title="Dreams Come True (band)">Dreams Come True</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glay" title="Glay">Glay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zard" title="Zard">Zard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hikaru_Utada" title="Hikaru Utada">Hikaru Utada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namie_Amuro" title="Namie Amuro">Namie Amuro</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMAP" title="SMAP">SMAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chage_and_Aska" title="Chage and Aska">Chage and Aska</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%27Arc-en-Ciel" title="L'Arc-en-Ciel">L'Arc-en-Ciel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Fukuyama" title="Masaharu Fukuyama">Masaharu Fukuyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globe_(band)" title="Globe (band)">Globe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tube_(band)" title="Tube (band)">Tube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kome_Kome_Club" title="Kome Kome Club">Kome Kome Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maki_Ohguro" title="Maki Ohguro">Maki Ohguro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatsuro_Yamashita" title="Tatsuro Yamashita">Tatsuro Yamashita</a>, <a href="/wiki/TRF_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRF (band)">TRF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_(Japanese_band)" title="Speed (Japanese band)">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wands_(band)" title="Wands (band)">Wands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Field_of_View" title="Field of View">Field of View</a> became more popular for Japanese youth audiences during the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decades" title="Lost Decades">Lost Decades</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Freedom_Concert" title="Tibetan Freedom Concert">Tibetan Freedom Concert</a>, organized by <a href="/wiki/Beastie_Boys" title="Beastie Boys">Beastie Boys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Milarepa_Fund" title="Milarepa Fund">Milarepa Fund</a>, brought 120,000 people together in the interest of increased human rights and autonomy for <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> from China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversies">Controversies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blink-182_at_the_Showcase_Theater_in_Corona_July_18,1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Blink-182_at_the_Showcase_Theater_in_Corona_July_18%2C1995.jpg/250px-Blink-182_at_the_Showcase_Theater_in_Corona_July_18%2C1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Blink-182_at_the_Showcase_Theater_in_Corona_July_18%2C1995.jpg/375px-Blink-182_at_the_Showcase_Theater_in_Corona_July_18%2C1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Blink-182_at_the_Showcase_Theater_in_Corona_July_18%2C1995.jpg/500px-Blink-182_at_the_Showcase_Theater_in_Corona_July_18%2C1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blink-182" title="Blink-182">Blink-182</a> performing in 1995, whose 1999 album <i><a href="/wiki/Enema_of_The_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Enema of The State">Enema of The State</a></i> became a pivotal moment for contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">pop punk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Controversy surrounded <a href="/wiki/The_Prodigy" title="The Prodigy">the Prodigy</a> with the release of the track "<a href="/wiki/Smack_My_Bitch_Up" title="Smack My Bitch Up">Smack My Bitch Up</a>". The National Organization for Women (NOW) claimed that the track was "advocating violence against women" due to the song's lyrics, which are themselves sampled from <a href="/wiki/Ultramagnetic_MCs" title="Ultramagnetic MCs">Ultramagnetic MCs</a>' "Give the Drummer Some". The music video (directed by Jonas Åkerlund) featured a first-person POV of someone going clubbing, indulging in drugs and alcohol, getting into fist fights, abusing women and picking up a prostitute. At the end of the video, the camera pans over to a mirror, revealing the subject to be a woman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deaths_of_artists">Deaths of artists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Deaths of artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1991 also saw the death of <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> frontman <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a> from AIDS-related pneumonia. Next to this <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Cobain" title="Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eazy-E" title="Eazy-E">Eazy-E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G." title="The Notorious B.I.G.">the Notorious B.I.G.</a> were the most publicized music-related deaths of the decade, in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 respectively. <a href="/wiki/Richey_Edwards" title="Richey Edwards">Richey Edwards</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers" title="Manic Street Preachers">Manic Street Preachers</a> was publicized in the media in 1991 following an incident involving <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lamacq" title="Steve Lamacq">Steve Lamacq</a> backstage after a live show, in which Edwards carved '4 Real' into his arm. Edwards' disappearance in 1995 was highly publicized. He is still missing but was presumed dead in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_television" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s in television">1990s in television</a></div><p><b>Comedies and sitcoms</b></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seinfeld_actors_montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Seinfeld_actors_montage.jpg/220px-Seinfeld_actors_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Seinfeld_actors_montage.jpg/330px-Seinfeld_actors_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Seinfeld_actors_montage.jpg/440px-Seinfeld_actors_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, which premiered on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> in 1989, became a commercial success and cultural phenomenon by 1993.</figcaption></figure> <p>TV shows, mostly <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcoms</a>, were popular with American audiences. Series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roseanne (TV series)">Roseanne</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coach_(TV_series)" title="Coach (TV series)">Coach</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Empty_Nest" title="Empty Nest">Empty Nest</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Belvedere" title="Mr. Belvedere">Mr. Belvedere</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/227_(TV_series)" title="227 (TV series)">227</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cosby_Show" title="The Cosby Show">The Cosby Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Growing_Pains" title="Growing Pains">Growing Pains</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Court" title="Night Court">Night Court</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hogan_Family" title="The Hogan Family">The Hogan Family</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Brown" title="Murphy Brown">Murphy Brown</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Full_House" title="Full House">Full House</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_Years" title="The Wonder Years">The Wonder Years</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Different_World" title="A Different World">A Different World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amen_(TV_series)" title="Amen (TV series)">Amen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/ALF_(TV_series)" title="ALF (TV series)">ALF</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_(TV_series)" title="Perfect Strangers (TV series)">Perfect Strangers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Married..._with_Children" title="Married... with Children">Married... with Children</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Matters" title="Family Matters">Family Matters</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_in_Charge" title="Charles in Charge">Charles in Charge</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saved_by_the_Bell" title="Saved by the Bell">Saved by the Bell</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Two_Dads" title="My Two Dads">My Two Dads</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Major_Dad" title="Major Dad">Major Dad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Newhart" title="Newhart">Newhart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dear_John_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dear John (U.S. TV series)">Dear John</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Designing_Women" title="Designing Women">Designing Women</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Girls" title="The Golden Girls">The Golden Girls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F" title="Who's the Boss?">Who's the Boss?</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Class" title="Head of the Class">Head of the Class</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, which premiered in the eighties, and <i><a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a></i>, a spin-off of the 1980s hit <i><a href="/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a></i> were viewed throughout the 1990s. </p><p>These sitcoms, along with <i><a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/That_%2770s_Show" title="That '70s Show">That '70s Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ellen_(TV_series)" title="Ellen (TV series)">Ellen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air" title="The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air">The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nurses_(American_TV_series)" title="Nurses (American TV series)">Nurses</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Single" title="Living Single">Living Single</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Step_by_Step_(TV_series)" title="Step by Step (TV series)">Step by Step</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/NewsRadio" title="NewsRadio">NewsRadio</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Blossom_(American_TV_series)" title="Blossom (American TV series)">Blossom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Queens" title="The King of Queens">The King of Queens</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fired_Up_(TV_series)" title="Fired Up (TV series)">Fired Up</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jesse_(TV_series)" title="Jesse (TV series)">Jesse</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parker_Lewis_Can%27t_Lose" title="Parker Lewis Can't Lose">Parker Lewis Can't Lose</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/For_Your_Love_(TV_series)" title="For Your Love (TV series)">For Your Love</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Steve_Harvey_Show" title="The Steve Harvey Show">The Steve Harvey Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Larry_Sanders_Show" title="The Larry Sanders Show">The Larry Sanders Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_City" title="Sex and the City">Sex and the City</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arliss_(TV_series)" title="Arliss (TV series)">Arliss</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_On_(TV_series)" title="Dream On (TV series)">Dream On</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grace_Under_Fire" title="Grace Under Fire">Grace Under Fire</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mad_About_You" title="Mad About You">Mad About You</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch_(1996_TV_series)" title="Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)">Sabrina the Teenage Witch</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Truth_(TV_series)" title="The Naked Truth (TV series)">The Naked Truth</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jeff_Foxworthy_Show" title="The Jeff Foxworthy Show">The Jeff Foxworthy Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jamie_Foxx_Show" title="The Jamie Foxx Show">The Jamie Foxx Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Smart_Guy" title="Smart Guy">Smart Guy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wayans_Bros." title="The Wayans Bros.">The Wayans Bros.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_%26_Eddie" title="Malcolm & Eddie">Malcolm & Eddie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Clueless_(TV_series)" title="Clueless (TV series)">Clueless</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moesha" title="Moesha">Moesha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Parent_%27Hood" title="The Parent 'Hood">The Parent 'Hood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Unhappily_Ever_After" title="Unhappily Ever After">Unhappily Ever After</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Roc_(TV_series)" title="Roc (TV series)">Roc</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_(TV_series)" title="Martin (TV series)">Martin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hangin%27_with_Mr._Cooper" title="Hangin' with Mr. Cooper">Hangin' with Mr. Cooper</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/In_Living_Color" title="In Living Color">In Living Color</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sister,_Sister_(TV_series)" title="Sister, Sister (TV series)">Sister, Sister</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Meets_World" title="Boy Meets World">Boy Meets World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ned_and_Stacey" title="Ned and Stacey">Ned and Stacey</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Becker_(TV_series)" title="Becker (TV series)">Becker</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Veronica%27s_Closet" title="Veronica's Closet">Veronica's Closet</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Guys_and_a_Girl" title="Two Guys and a Girl">Two Guys and a Girl</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show" title="The Drew Carey Show">The Drew Carey Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wings_(1990_TV_series)" title="Wings (1990 TV series)">Wings</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_John_Larroquette_Show" title="The John Larroquette Show">The John Larroquette Show</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caroline_in_the_City" title="Caroline in the City">Caroline in the City</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Night" title="Sports Night">Sports Night</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Home_Improvement_(TV_series)" title="Home Improvement (TV series)">Home Improvement</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Will_%26_Grace" title="Will & Grace">Will & Grace</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Shade" title="Evening Shade">Evening Shade</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cosby_(TV_series)" title="Cosby (TV series)">Cosby</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spin_City" title="Spin City">Spin City</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nanny" title="The Nanny">The Nanny</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun" title="3rd Rock from the Sun">3rd Rock from the Sun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Suddenly_Susan" title="Suddenly Susan">Suddenly Susan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cybill" title="Cybill">Cybill</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Just_Shoot_Me!" title="Just Shoot Me!">Just Shoot Me!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond" title="Everybody Loves Raymond">Everybody Loves Raymond</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma_and_Greg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma and Greg">Dharma and Greg</a></i> from the 90s turned TV in new directions and defined the humor of the decade. </p><p>Furthermore, <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i> experienced a new era of success during the 1990s, launching the careers of popular comedians and actors such as <a href="/wiki/Chris_Farley" title="Chris Farley">Chris Farley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dana_Carvey" title="Dana Carvey">Dana Carvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Hartman" title="Phil Hartman">Phil Hartman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Ferrell" title="Will Ferrell">Will Ferrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molly_Shannon" title="Molly Shannon">Molly Shannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Myers" title="Mike Myers">Mike Myers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Rock" title="Chris Rock">Chris Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norm_Macdonald" title="Norm Macdonald">Norm Macdonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Spade" title="David Spade">David Spade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheri_Oteri" title="Cheri Oteri">Cheri Oteri</a> and others. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friends_actors_montage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Friends_actors_montage.jpg/280px-Friends_actors_montage.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Friends_actors_montage.jpg/420px-Friends_actors_montage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Friends_actors_montage.jpg/560px-Friends_actors_montage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a>,</i> which premiered on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> in 1994 became one of the most popular sitcoms of all time. From left, clockwise: <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow" title="Lisa Kudrow">Lisa Kudrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston" title="Jennifer Aniston">Jennifer Aniston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courteney_Cox" title="Courteney Cox">Courteney Cox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perry" title="Matthew Perry">Matthew Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matt_LeBlanc" title="Matt LeBlanc">Matt LeBlanc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Schwimmer" title="David Schwimmer">David Schwimmer</a>, the six main actors of <i>Friends.</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Drama shows</b> </p><p>1993 saw the debut of the <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a>–<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mystery" class="extiw" title="wikt:mystery">mystery</a> drama, <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_Murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnosis Murder">Diagnosis Murder</a></i>, a comeback vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a>, who guest-starred on an episode of its parent series, <i><a href="/wiki/Jake_and_the_Fatman" title="Jake and the Fatman">Jake and the Fatman</a></i>, where the show got off to a rocky start and became one of television's long-running mysteries, that lasted until its cancellation in 2001. It was one of a number of shows that made CBS popular with a distinctly older audience than its competitors, with a lineup consisting mainly of murder mysteries, westerns and religious dramas, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Walker,_Texas_Ranger" title="Walker, Texas Ranger">Walker, Texas Ranger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Touched_by_an_Angel" title="Touched by an Angel">Touched by an Angel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote" title="Murder, She Wrote">Murder, She Wrote</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Quinn,_Medicine_Woman" title="Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman">Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman</a></i>. </p><p>Medical dramas started to return to television in the 1990s after the end of <i><a href="/wiki/St._Elsewhere" title="St. Elsewhere">St. Elsewhere</a></i> in 1988. In 1994, <i><a href="/wiki/ER_(TV_series)" title="ER (TV series)">ER</a></i>, which originally starred <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Edwards_(actor)" title="Anthony Edwards (actor)">Anthony Edwards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah_Wyle" title="Noah Wyle">Noah Wyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a>, was instantly a domestic and international success, lasting until 2009 and spawning similar series to compete against it, such as the more soap opera-esque <i><a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_Anatomy" title="Grey's Anatomy">Grey's Anatomy</a></i> (2005–present), and the short lived <i><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Ball_(TV_series)" title="Medicine Ball (TV series)">Medicine Ball</a></i> (1995). It was one of the many successful shows during that period (as well as sitcoms such as <i>Seinfeld</i> and <i>Friends</i>) which made <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> the most-watched channel in the United States. This show launched the career of <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a>. That same year, <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hope" title="Chicago Hope">Chicago Hope</a></i>, that starred <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Elizondo" title="Héctor Elizondo">Héctor Elizondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandy_Patinkin" title="Mandy Patinkin">Mandy Patinkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Arkin" title="Adam Arkin">Adam Arkin</a>, was also a popular series for <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, lasting between 1994 and 2000. </p><p>Crime drama and police detective shows returned to the spotlight after soap operas died down. After the successful debuts of <i><a href="/wiki/Law_%26_Order" title="Law & Order">Law & Order</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/NYPD_Blue" title="NYPD Blue">NYPD Blue</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street" title="Homicide: Life on the Street">Homicide: Life on the Street</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> debuted <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Undercover" title="New York Undercover">New York Undercover</a>, </i>which starred <a href="/wiki/Malik_Yoba" title="Malik Yoba">Malik Yoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_DeLorenzo" title="Michael DeLorenzo">Micheal DeLorenzo</a>, is notable for featuring two people of color in the main roles. <i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Bridges" title="Nash Bridges">Nash Bridges</a>,</i> a comeback vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Don_Johnson" title="Don Johnson">Don Johnson</a>, lasting six seasons (1996–2001), dealt with escapist entertainment instead of tackling social issues.<i><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210" title="Beverly Hills, 90210">Beverly Hills, 90210</a></i> ran on Fox from 1990 to 2000. It established the teen soap genre, paving the way for <i><a href="/wiki/Dawson%27s_Creek" title="Dawson's Creek">Dawson's Creek</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Felicity_(TV_series)" title="Felicity (TV series)">Felicity</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Five" title="Party of Five">Party of Five</a></i>, and other shows airing later in the decade, and into the 2000s. The show was then remade and renamed simply <i><a href="/wiki/90210_(TV_series)" title="90210 (TV series)">90210</a></i> and premiered in 2008. <i>Beverly Hills, 90210</i>, and its spin-off <i><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Place" title="Melrose Place">Melrose Place</a></i> also became a popular TV show throughout the 1990s. <i><a href="/wiki/Baywatch" title="Baywatch">Baywatch</a></i> became the most-watched TV show in history <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and influenced pop culture. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_City" title="Sex and the City">Sex and the City</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> portrayal of relationships and sexuality caused controversy and acclaim, leading to a new generation of sexually progressive television shows in the 2000s, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Queer_as_Folk_(American_TV_series)" title="Queer as Folk (American TV series)">Queer as Folk</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_L_Word" title="The L Word">The L Word</a></i>. </p><p><b>Other television shows and genres</b> </p><p>Fantasy and science fiction shows were popular on television, with NBC airing <i><a href="/wiki/SeaQuest_DSV" title="SeaQuest DSV">SeaQuest DSV</a></i> beginning in 1993, which made <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brandis" title="Jonathan Brandis">Jonathan Brandis</a> a popular <a href="/wiki/Teen_idol" title="Teen idol">teen idol</a>, but was cancelled after three seasons. The 1990s saw a multitude of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> content: in 1993, following the success of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>, Paramount released the follow-up shows <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</a></i> (1993–1999) and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Star Trek: Voyager</a></i> (1995–2001). <i><a href="/wiki/Touched_By_an_Angel" class="mw-redirect" title="Touched By an Angel">Touched By an Angel</a></i>, broadcast by CBS in 1994, was intended as the comeback vehicle of <a href="/wiki/Della_Reese" title="Della Reese">Della Reese</a>, and also launched the career of <a href="/wiki/Roma_Downey" title="Roma Downey">Roma Downey</a>. It wasn't an immediate success and was cancelled, but was revived the following year due to a fan letter-writing campaign, and ran for eight more seasons. At the end of the decade, the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy drama">fantasy drama</a> series <a href="/wiki/Charmed" title="Charmed">Charmed</a> gained a <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult following</a> and helped popularize <a href="/wiki/The_WB" title="The WB">the WB</a>. </p><p>In 1993, one of the last <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">westerns</a> to air on television was <i><a href="/wiki/Walker,_Texas_Ranger" title="Walker, Texas Ranger">Walker, Texas Ranger</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Crime_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime drama">crime drama</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> as the title character. Running for nine seasons, the show tackled a wide variety of subjects and was one of few shows to feature an actor performing karate stunts at that time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">Reality television</a> was not an entirely new concept (<i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Family" title="An American Family">An American Family</a></i> aired on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> in 1973) but proliferated for <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> audiences with titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Judge_Judy" title="Judge Judy">Judge Judy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eco-Challenge" title="Eco-Challenge">Eco-Challenge</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cops_(TV_program)" title="Cops (TV program)">Cops</a></i>. </p><p>The 1990s saw the debut of live-action children's programs such as the educational <i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye_the_Science_Guy" title="Bill Nye the Science Guy">Bill Nye the Science Guy</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Blue%27s_Clues" title="Blue's Clues">Blue's Clues</a></i> as well as the superhero show <i><a href="/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers" title="Mighty Morphin Power Rangers">Mighty Morphin Power Rangers</a></i>, the latter becoming a pop culture phenomenon along with a line of action figures and other toys by Japanese toy manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a>. This can also be said for the British pre-school series <i><a href="/wiki/Teletubbies" title="Teletubbies">Teletubbies</a></i>, which was a massive hit loved by very young children. It also saw long time running shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Barney_%26_Friends" title="Barney & Friends">Barney & Friends</a></i> and the continuation of <i><a href="/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i>, both of which would continue in the following decades and so. </p><p>During the mid-1990s, two of the biggest professional wrestling companies: <i><a href="/wiki/World_Championship_Wrestling" title="World Championship Wrestling">World Championship Wrestling</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wrestling Federation">World Wrestling Federation</a></i> were in a ratings battle that was called the <a href="/wiki/Monday_Night_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Monday Night Wars">Monday Night War</a> (1995–2001). Each company fought to draw more viewers to their respective Monday night wrestling show. The "War" ended in 2001 when <i><a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a></i> bought <i><a href="/wiki/WCW" class="mw-redirect" title="WCW">WCW</a></i>. In November 2001, there was a Winner Takes All match with both companies in a Pay-Per-View called <i><a href="/wiki/Survivor_Series" title="Survivor Series">Survivor Series</a></i>. WWF won the match, putting an end to WCW. </p><p>The late 1990s also saw the evolution of a new TV genre: primetime game shows, popularized by the quiz show <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F" title="Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?">Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?</a></i>, hosted originally by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Tarrant" title="Chris Tarrant">Chris Tarrant</a> on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> in the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Regis_Philbin" title="Regis Philbin">Regis Philbin</a> on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> in the United States, as well as other first-run game shows aired in prime time on the newly launched <a href="/wiki/Game_Show_Network" title="Game Show Network">Game Show Network</a>. </p><p><b>Animated shows</b> </p><p>An animated sitcom, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>, premiered on <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> in December 1989 and became a domestic and international success in the 1990s. The show has since aired more than 600 episodes and has become an institution of pop culture. In addition, it has spawned the adult-oriented <a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">animated sitcom</a> genre, inspiring more adult-oriented animated shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Beavis_and_Butt-Head" title="Beavis and Butt-Head">Beavis and Butt-Head</a></i> (1993–1997), <i><a href="/wiki/Daria" title="Daria">Daria</a></i> (1997–2001), along with <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i>, the latter two of which began in 1997 and 1999, respectively, and continue to air new episodes through the 2000s and into the 2020s. </p><p>Cartoons produced in the 1990s are sometimes referred to as the "Renaissance Age of Animation" for cartoons in general, particularly for American animated children's programs. <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a> (owned by Viacom, now Paramount Global) and <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> (owned by Warner Bros. Discovery) would dominate the animated television industry. These three channels are considered the "Big Three", of children's entertainment, even today, but especially during the 1990s. </p><p>Other channels such as <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation" title="Warner Bros. Animation">Warner Bros. Animation</a> would create shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Toon_Adventures" title="Tiny Toon Adventures">Tiny Toon Adventures</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Animaniacs" title="Animaniacs">Animaniacs</a></i>, and the start of the <a href="/wiki/DC_Animated_Universe" title="DC Animated Universe">DC Animated Universe</a> with shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Batman: The Animated Series">Batman: The Animated Series</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Superman:_The_Animated_Series" title="Superman: The Animated Series">Superman: The Animated Series</a></i>, as well as syndicated shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Phantom_2040" title="Phantom 2040">Phantom 2040</a></i>. Nickelodeon's first three animated series (<i><a href="/wiki/Doug_(TV_series)" title="Doug (TV series)">Doug</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rugrats" title="Rugrats">Rugrats</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ren_%26_Stimpy_Show" title="The Ren & Stimpy Show">The Ren & Stimpy Show</a></i>) all premiered in 1991 along with shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hey_Arnold!" title="Hey Arnold!">Hey Arnold!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/CatDog" title="CatDog">CatDog</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Thornberrys" title="The Wild Thornberrys">The Wild Thornberrys</a></i>, and in 1999 saw the debut of Nickelodeon's well known animated comedy series <i><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i>. Cartoon Network would create shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Dexter%27s_Laboratory" title="Dexter's Laboratory">Dexter's Laboratory</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls" title="The Powerpuff Girls">The Powerpuff Girls</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy" title="Ed, Edd n Eddy">Ed, Edd n Eddy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Bravo" title="Johnny Bravo">Johnny Bravo</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Courage_the_Cowardly_Dog" title="Courage the Cowardly Dog">Courage the Cowardly Dog</a></i>. Disney Channel would make shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Recess_(TV_series)" title="Recess (TV series)">Recess</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Ann" title="Pepper Ann">Pepper Ann</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Darkwing_Duck" title="Darkwing Duck">Darkwing Duck</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/TaleSpin" title="TaleSpin">TaleSpin</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Gargoyles_(TV_series)" title="Gargoyles (TV series)">Gargoyles</a></i>. The 1990s also saw animated shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Oggy_and_the_Cockroaches" title="Oggy and the Cockroaches">Oggy and the Cockroaches</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bobby%27s_World" title="Bobby's World">Bobby's World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_(TV_series)" title="Arthur (TV series)">Arthur</a></i> achieve popularity, alongside British stop-motion animated film series <i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit" title="Wallace & Gromit">Wallace & Gromit</a></i>, which spawned over four short films and two feature-length films. </p><p>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> was popular in the 1980s and expanded to a worldwide audience by the 1990s for its expansive spectrum of story subjects and themes not limited to comedy and superhero action found in the US. It featured well-produced, well-written, visual, and story content that came to showcase animation's potential for emotional and intellectual depth and integrity on par with live action media to its viewers. Anime expanded to older and adult audiences in the medium of <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a>. Anime shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Sailor Moon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Digimon" title="Digimon">Digimon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(TV_series)" title="Pokémon (TV series)">Pokémon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tenchi_Muyo!" title="Tenchi Muyo!">Tenchi Muyo!</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Berserk_(1997_TV_series)" title="Berserk (1997 TV series)">Berserk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trigun" title="Trigun">Trigun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gundam_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundam Wing">Gundam Wing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion" title="Neon Genesis Evangelion">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ranma_%C2%BD" title="Ranma ½">Ranma ½</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yu_Yu_Hakusho" class="mw-redirect" title="Yu Yu Hakusho">Yu Yu Hakusho</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Slayers" title="Slayers">Slayers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rurouni_Kenshin" title="Rurouni Kenshin">Rurouni Kenshin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Initial_D" title="Initial D">Initial D</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith_Cats" title="Gunsmith Cats">Gunsmith Cats</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Slam_Dunk_(manga)" title="Slam Dunk (manga)">Slam Dunk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nadia:_The_Secret_of_Blue_Water" title="Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water">Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_Star" title="Outlaw Star">Outlaw Star</a></i>, to anime movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">Akira</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vampire_Hunter_D" title="Vampire Hunter D">Vampire Hunter D</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jin-Roh:_The_Wolf_Brigade" title="Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade">Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro" title="My Neighbor Totoro">My Neighbor Totoro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mononoke" title="Princess Mononoke">Princess Mononoke</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Sky" title="Castle in the Sky">Castle in the Sky</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_of_Cagliostro" title="The Castle of Cagliostro">The Castle of Cagliostro</a></i>, and imports by various distributors such as <a href="/wiki/Viz_Media" title="Viz Media">Viz</a>, <a href="/wiki/AnimEigo" title="AnimEigo">AnimEigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Media" title="Central Park Media">Central Park Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.D._Vision" title="A.D. Vision">A.D. Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_Blasters" title="Media Blasters">Media Blasters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manga_Entertainment" title="Manga Entertainment">Manga Entertainment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Home_Entertainment" title="Celebrity Home Entertainment">Celebrity</a>, helped begin the mid to late 1990s and turn of the millennium introductory anime craze in the US, and the <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network" title="Cartoon Network">Cartoon Network</a> anime programming block <a href="/wiki/Toonami" title="Toonami">Toonami</a> in 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_and_body_modification">Fashion and body modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Fashion and body modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_fashion" title="1990s in fashion">1990s in fashion</a></div> <p>Significant fashion trends of the 1990s include: </p> <ul><li>Earth and jewel tones, as well as an array of minimalist style and design influences, characterize the 1990s, a stark contrast to the camp and bombast seen in the brightly colored fashion and design trends of the <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_fashion" title="1980s in fashion">1980s</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_haircut" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachel haircut">The Rachel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston" title="Jennifer Aniston">Jennifer Aniston</a>'s hairstyle on the hit TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i>, became a cultural phenomenon, with millions of women copying it worldwide.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hi-top_fade" title="Hi-top fade">Hi-top fade</a> was trendy among <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a> in the early 1990s.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Curtained_hair" title="Curtained hair">Curtained Haircut</a> increased in popularity in fashion and culture among teenage boys and young men in the 1990s, mainly after it was popularized in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Terminator_2:_Judgment_Day" title="Terminator 2: Judgment Day">Terminator 2: Judgment Day</a></i> by the actor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Furlong" title="Edward Furlong">Edward Furlong</a>.</li> <li>The model 1300 <a href="/wiki/Wonderbra" title="Wonderbra">Wonderbra</a> style has a resurgence of popularity in Europe in 1992, which kicks off an international media sensation, the 1994 return of "The Wonderbra" brand, and a spike in the push-up, plunge bras around the world.</li> <li>Additional fashion trends of the 1990s include the <a href="/wiki/Tamagotchi" title="Tamagotchi">Tamagotchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">Rollerblades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogs">Pogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Dr. Martens</a> shoes.</li> <li>Bleached-blond hair became very popular in the late 1990s, as were men with short hair with the bangs "flipped up."</li> <li>The 1990s also saw the return of the 1970s teenage female fashion with long, straight hair and denim <a href="/wiki/Hotpants" title="Hotpants">hot pants</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_90210" title="Beverly Hills, 90210">Beverly Hills, 90210</a></i> sideburns also became popular in the early and mid-1990s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_bracelet" title="Slap bracelet">Slap bracelets</a> were a popular fad among children, preteens, and teenagers in the early 1990s and were available in a wide variety of patterns and colors. Also popular among children were light-up sneakers, <a href="/wiki/Jelly_shoes" title="Jelly shoes">jelly shoes</a>, and shoelace hair clips.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a> hype at the beginning of the decade popularized <a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">flannel</a> shirts among both genders during the 1990s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin_chic" title="Heroin chic">Heroin chic</a> appeared sporadically across film, fashion models and grunge music, but gave way by end of the US recession and the emergence of internet "geek" culture (a sassy tech-literate style centered on web searching and drinking coffee).</li> <li>Grunge- and <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a>-inspired anti-fashion saw an expansion of the slouchy, casual styles of past decades, mostly seen in baggy and distressed jeans, cargo shorts and pants, baseball caps (often worn backward), chunky sneakers, oversized sweatshirts, and loose-fitting tees with <a href="/wiki/Grandiloquence" title="Grandiloquence">grandiloquent</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics" title="Graphics">graphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_fashion" title="2000s in fashion">Svelte fashion</a> was also popular from the beginning of the 1990s and into the 2000s, as the new millennium began. The rivalry of sloppy grunge fashion versus more expensive clothing made for fitter bodies was a repeat of the rock versus disco rivalry of a decade ago. Nineties fashion became darker, slinkier, and more <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">futuristic-looking</a> clothing in the late 1990s, with Keanu Reeves in The Matrix as a style icon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">piercings</a> became part of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mainstream" class="extiw" title="wikt:mainstream">mainstream</a> aesthetic. American model <a href="/wiki/Christy_Turlington" title="Christy Turlington">Christy Turlington</a> revealed her <a href="/wiki/Navel_piercing" title="Navel piercing">belly button piercing</a> at a fashion show in London in 1993. In the late 1990s, some females got <a href="/wiki/Lower-back_tattoo" title="Lower-back tattoo">lower back tattoos</a> and men opted for tribal style arm bands or back pieces.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamagotchi_0124_ubt.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tamagotchi and Furby were popular iconic toys among children around the world in the 1990s, also in the 2000s"><img alt="Tamagotchi and Furby were popular iconic toys among children around the world in the 1990s, also in the 2000s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tamagotchi_0124_ubt.jpeg/250px-Tamagotchi_0124_ubt.jpeg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tamagotchi_0124_ubt.jpeg/330px-Tamagotchi_0124_ubt.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="694" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tamagotchi" title="Tamagotchi">Tamagotchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Furby" title="Furby">Furby</a> were popular iconic toys among children around the world in the 1990s, also in the 2000s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kids_playing_pogs.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pogs was a popular street game among children around the world during the decade"><img alt="Pogs was a popular street game among children around the world during the decade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kids_playing_pogs.jpeg/106px-Kids_playing_pogs.jpeg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kids_playing_pogs.jpeg/159px-Kids_playing_pogs.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kids_playing_pogs.jpeg/212px-Kids_playing_pogs.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogs">Pogs</a> was a popular street game among children around the world during the decade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Brandis_Wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grunge-style fashion became a trend in the 1990s, modeled here by teen actor Jonathan Brandis"><img alt="Grunge-style fashion became a trend in the 1990s, modeled here by teen actor Jonathan Brandis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jonathan_Brandis_Wiki.jpg/96px-Jonathan_Brandis_Wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jonathan_Brandis_Wiki.jpg/144px-Jonathan_Brandis_Wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jonathan_Brandis_Wiki.jpg/192px-Jonathan_Brandis_Wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a>-style fashion became a trend in the 1990s, modeled here by teen actor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brandis" title="Jonathan Brandis">Jonathan Brandis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Martens,_black,_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boots like Timberlands and Dr. Martens became popular. Hiking, motorcyclist and safety boots were all part of the general trend towards grunge fashion in footwear"><img alt="Boots like Timberlands and Dr. Martens became popular. Hiking, motorcyclist and safety boots were all part of the general trend towards grunge fashion in footwear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dr_Martens%2C_black%2C_old.jpg/250px-Dr_Martens%2C_black%2C_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dr_Martens%2C_black%2C_old.jpg/330px-Dr_Martens%2C_black%2C_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dr_Martens%2C_black%2C_old.jpg/500px-Dr_Martens%2C_black%2C_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="382" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boots like <a href="/wiki/Timberland_(company)" title="Timberland (company)">Timberlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dr._Martens" title="Dr. Martens">Dr. Martens</a> became popular. Hiking, motorcyclist and safety boots were all part of the general trend towards grunge fashion in footwear</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Will_Smith_(2078379272)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Will Smith donning a Hi-top fade in 1993, a popular hairstyle of the early decade"><img alt="Will Smith donning a Hi-top fade in 1993, a popular hairstyle of the early decade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Will_Smith_%282078379272%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Will_Smith_%282078379272%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Will_Smith_%282078379272%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Will_Smith_%282078379272%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Will_Smith_%282078379272%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Will_Smith_%282078379272%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> donning a <a href="/wiki/Hi-top_fade" title="Hi-top fade">Hi-top fade</a> in 1993, a popular hairstyle of the early decade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paula_Abdul_(2105865065).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paula Abdul modeling a semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup at the 62nd Academy Awards in 1990"><img alt="Paula Abdul modeling a semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup at the 62nd Academy Awards in 1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paula_Abdul_%282105865065%29.jpg/79px-Paula_Abdul_%282105865065%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paula_Abdul_%282105865065%29.jpg/119px-Paula_Abdul_%282105865065%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Paula_Abdul_%282105865065%29.jpg/159px-Paula_Abdul_%282105865065%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Abdul" title="Paula Abdul">Paula Abdul</a> modeling a semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup at the <a href="/wiki/62nd_Academy_Awards" title="62nd Academy Awards">62nd Academy Awards</a> in 1990 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jane_Leeves_(1995).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jane Leeves sporting a slip dress in 1995"><img alt="Jane Leeves sporting a slip dress in 1995" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jane_Leeves_%281995%29.jpg/79px-Jane_Leeves_%281995%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jane_Leeves_%281995%29.jpg/119px-Jane_Leeves_%281995%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jane_Leeves_%281995%29.jpg/158px-Jane_Leeves_%281995%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Leeves" title="Jane Leeves">Jane Leeves</a> sporting a <a href="/wiki/Slip_dress" title="Slip dress">slip dress</a> in 1995</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladygoth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of late 1990s goth fashion"><img alt="Example of late 1990s goth fashion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ladygoth.jpg/170px-Ladygoth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ladygoth.jpg/255px-Ladygoth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ladygoth.jpg/339px-Ladygoth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of late 1990s <a href="/wiki/Goth_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Goth fashion">goth fashion</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_video_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s in video gaming">1990s in video gaming</a></div> <p><b>Video game consoles</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a> released in this decade include the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Geo (system)">Neo Geo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Atari Jaguar</a>, <a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a>. Portable video game consoles include the <a href="/wiki/Game_Gear" title="Game Gear">Game Gear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atari_Lynx" title="Atari Lynx">Atari Lynx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_World" title="Super Mario World">Super Mario World</a></i> was the decade's best-selling home console video game, while <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue">Pokémon Red and Blue</a></i> was the decade's best-selling portable video game; <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_64" title="Super Mario 64">Super Mario 64</a></i> was the decade's best-selling <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">fifth-generation video game</a>, while <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II" title="Street Fighter II">Street Fighter II</a></i> was the decade's highest-grossing <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Console_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Console wars">console wars</a>, primarily between <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> (Mega Drive, marketed as the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Genesis</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, introduced in 1988) and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super NES</a>, introduced in 1990), sees the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> with the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> in 1994, which becomes the first successful CD-based console (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">cartridges</a>). By the end of the decade, Sega's hold on the market becomes tenuous after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Saturn</a> in 1999 and the <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> in 2002. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">Arcade games</a> rapidly decreased in popularity, mainly due to the dominance of handheld and home consoles.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Video games</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a> finds a rival in <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(character)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (character)">Sonic the Hedgehog</a> with the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(1991_video_game)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Sega Mega Drive/Genesis</a> in 1991. <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog" title="Sonic the Hedgehog">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i> would go on to become one of the most successful <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_franchises" title="List of video game franchises">video game franchises</a> of the decade and of all time. </p><p>Notable video games of the 1990s include: <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Metroid" title="Super Metroid">Super Metroid</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_(1998_video_game)" title="Metal Gear Solid (1998 video game)">Metal Gear Solid</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_World" title="Super Mario World">Super Mario World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country" title="Donkey Kong Country">Donkey Kong Country</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_64" title="Donkey Kong 64">Donkey Kong 64</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue"><i>Pokémon Red</i> and <i>Blue</i> Versions</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Yellow">Pokémon Yellow Version</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(1997_video_game)" title="GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)">GoldenEye 007</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_64" title="Super Mario 64">Super Mario 64</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time" title="The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time">The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(1997_video_game)" title="Gran Turismo (1997 video game)">Gran Turismo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kart_64" title="Mario Kart 64">Mario Kart 64</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)" title="Half-Life (video game)">Half-Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Kart" title="Super Mario Kart">Super Mario Kart</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Radiant_Silvergun" title="Radiant Silvergun">Radiant Silvergun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rayman_(video_game)" title="Rayman (video game)">Rayman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gunstar_Heroes" title="Gunstar Heroes">Gunstar Heroes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Banjo-Kazooie_(video_game)" title="Banjo-Kazooie (video game)">Banjo-Kazooie</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Soulcalibur_(video_game)" title="Soulcalibur (video game)">Soulcalibur</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Fox" title="Star Fox">Star Fox</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Tomb_Raider" title="Tomb Raider">Tomb Raider</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">Final Fantasy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog" title="Sonic the Hedgehog">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_Seasons" title="Story of Seasons">Story of Seasons</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Hawk's (series)">Tony Hawk's</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot" title="Crash Bandicoot">Crash Bandicoot</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Slug" title="Metal Slug">Metal Slug</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II" title="Street Fighter II">Street Fighter II</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spyro" title="Spyro">Spyro the Dragon</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Commander_Keen" title="Commander Keen">Commander Keen</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Test_Drive" title="Test Drive">Test Drive</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Dance_Dance_Revolution" title="Dance Dance Revolution">Dance Dance Revolution</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Island" title="Monkey Island">Monkey Island</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_computer_and_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Dune computer and video games">Dune</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat" title="Mortal Kombat">Mortal Kombat</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Warcraft" title="Warcraft">Warcraft</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tekken" title="Tekken">Tekken</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/EarthBound" title="EarthBound">EarthBound</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fallout_(video_game)" title="Fallout (video game)">Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> becomes the top-selling video game console and changes the standard media storage type from <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">cartridges</a> to <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> (CDs) in home consoles. <a href="/wiki/Crash_Bandicoot_(video_game)" title="Crash Bandicoot (video game)"><i>Crash Bandicoot</i></a> is released on 9 September 1996, becoming one of the most successful platforming series for the Sony PlayStation. <a href="/wiki/Spyro_the_Dragon" title="Spyro the Dragon"><i>Spyro The Dragon</i></a>, released on 9 September 1998, also became a successful platforming series. <i><a href="/wiki/Tomb_Raider" title="Tomb Raider">Tomb Raider</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</a> became a video game <a href="/wiki/Sex_symbol" title="Sex symbol">sex symbol</a>, becoming one of the most recognizable figures in the entertainment industry throughout the late 1990s. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i> enters the world scene with the release of the original <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue">Pokémon Red</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue">Pokémon Green</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> in Japan in 1996, later changed to <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue">Pokémon Red</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue">Pokémon Blue</a></i> for worldwide release in 1998. It soon becomes popular in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, creating the term <i>Pokémonia</i>, and is adapted into a popular <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(TV_series)" title="Pokémon (TV series)">anime series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Trading_Card_Game" title="Pokémon Trading Card Game">trading card</a> game, among other media forms. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)" title="Resident Evil (1996 video game)">Resident Evil</a></i> is released in 1996 and <i><a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_2" title="Resident Evil 2">Resident Evil 2</a></i>. Both games became the most highly acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">survival-horror</a> series on the PlayStation at the time it was released. It is credited with defining the survival horror genre and with returning zombies to <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, leading to a renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/Zombie_film" title="Zombie film">zombie films</a> by the 2000s. </p><p><b>Video game genres</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> graphics become the standard by the decade's end. Although <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">FPS games</a> had long since seen the transition to full 3D, other genres began to copy this trend by the end of the decade. The most notable first shooter games in the 1990s are <i><a href="/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(1997_video_game)" title="GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)">GoldenEye 007</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six_(video_game)" title="Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six (video game)">Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six</a></i>. </p><p>The violent nature of fighting games like <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II" title="Street Fighter II">Street Fighter II</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Virtua_Fighter_(arcade_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtua Fighter (arcade game)">Virtua Fighter</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Midway_Games" title="Midway Games">Midway</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(1992_video_game)" title="Mortal Kombat (1992 video game)">Mortal Kombat</a></i> prompted the video game industry to accept a <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">game rating system</a>. Hundreds of knockoffs are widely popular in the mid-to-late 1990s. <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i> (1993) bursts onto the world scene, and instantly popularizes the <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">FPS</a> genre. <i><a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)" title="Half-Life (video game)">Half-Life</a></i> (1998) builds upon this, using gameplay without <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">levels</a> and an immersive <a href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">first-person perspective</a>. Half-Life became one of the most popular FPS games in history. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> (RTS) genre is introduced in 1992 with the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_II" title="Dune II">Dune II</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Warcraft:_Orcs_%26_Humans" title="Warcraft: Orcs & Humans">Warcraft: Orcs & Humans</a></i> (1994) popularizing the genre, and <i><a href="/wiki/Command_%26_Conquer" title="Command & Conquer">Command & Conquer</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Warcraft_II:_Tides_of_Darkness" title="Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness">Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness</a></i> in 1995, setting up the first major real-time strategy competition and popularizing multiplayer capabilities in RTS games. <i><a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i> in 1998 becomes the second best-selling computer game of all time. It remains among the most popular multiplayer RTS games today, especially in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Homeworld" title="Homeworld">Homeworld</a></i> in 1999 becomes the first successful 3D RTS game. The rise of the RTS genre is often credited with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based strategy">turn-based strategy</a> (TBS) genre, popularized with <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_(video_game)" title="Civilization (video game)">Civilization</a></i> in 1991. <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_(video_game)" title="Final Fantasy (video game)">Final Fantasy</a></i> was introduced (in North America) in 1990 for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> and remains among the most popular video game <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy" title="Final Fantasy">franchises</a>, with many new titles to date and more in development, plus numerous spin-offs, sequels, films and related titles. <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII" title="Final Fantasy VII">Final Fantasy VII</a></i>, released in 1997, especially popularized the series. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">Massively multiplayer online role-playing games</a> (MMORPGs) see their entrance with <i><a href="/wiki/Ultima_Online" title="Ultima Online">Ultima Online</a></i> in 1997. However, they do not gain widespread popularity until <i><a href="/wiki/EverQuest" title="EverQuest">EverQuest</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Asheron%27s_Call" title="Asheron's Call">Asheron's Call</a></i> in 1999. MMORPGs become among the most popular video game genres until the <a href="/wiki/2010s" title="2010s">2010s</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_video_games" title="List of best-selling video games">best-selling games</a> of the 1990s are listed below (note that some sources disagree on particular years): </p> <ul><li>1990: <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_World" title="Super Mario World">Super Mario World</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(1991_video_game)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (1991 video game)"><i>Sonic the Hedgehog</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992: <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Land_2:_6_Golden_Coins" title="Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins">Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993: <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_All-Stars" title="Super Mario All-Stars">Super Mario All-Stars</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994: <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country" title="Donkey Kong Country">Donkey Kong Country</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_World_2:_Yoshi%27s_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island"><i>Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Islan</i>d</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_3" title="Mortal Kombat 3">Mortal Kombat 3</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996: <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue">Pokémon Red and Blue</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_64" title="Super Mario 64">Super Mario 64</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(1997_video_game)" title="Gran Turismo (1997 video game)">Gran Turismo</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kart_64" title="Mario Kart 64">Mario Kart 64</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998: <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Yellow">Pokémon Yellow</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time" title="The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time">The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_141-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999: <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Gold_and_Silver" title="Pokémon Gold and Silver">Pokémon Gold and Silver</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_140-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_64" title="Donkey Kong 64">Donkey Kong 64</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_141-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1165px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Geo-AES-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neo Geo AES released in 1990. The console was supposed to bring an experience similar to Arcade games to be played."><img alt="Neo Geo AES released in 1990. The console was supposed to bring an experience similar to Arcade games to be played." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Neo-Geo-AES-Console-Set.jpg/190px-Neo-Geo-AES-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Neo-Geo-AES-Console-Set.jpg/285px-Neo-Geo-AES-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Neo-Geo-AES-Console-Set.jpg/380px-Neo-Geo-AES-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4060" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo" title="Neo Geo">Neo Geo</a> AES</b> released in 1990. The console was supposed to bring an experience similar to <a href="/wiki/Arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade games">Arcade games</a> to be played.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-SNES_-_JPN-SuperFamicom.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) released in 1990 and is the successor to the Nintendo Entertainment System"><img alt="Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) released in 1990 and is the successor to the Nintendo Entertainment System" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USA-SNES_-_JPN-SuperFamicom.png/190px-USA-SNES_-_JPN-SuperFamicom.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USA-SNES_-_JPN-SuperFamicom.png/285px-USA-SNES_-_JPN-SuperFamicom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/USA-SNES_-_JPN-SuperFamicom.png/380px-USA-SNES_-_JPN-SuperFamicom.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a></b> (SNES) released in 1990 and is the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sega-Mega-Drive-EU-Mk1-wController-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The European PAL version of the Mega Drive launched in 1990, later becoming the highest-selling fourth-gen console in Europe."><img alt="The European PAL version of the Mega Drive launched in 1990, later becoming the highest-selling fourth-gen console in Europe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sega-Mega-Drive-EU-Mk1-wController-FL.jpg/250px-Sega-Mega-Drive-EU-Mk1-wController-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sega-Mega-Drive-EU-Mk1-wController-FL.jpg/330px-Sega-Mega-Drive-EU-Mk1-wController-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sega-Mega-Drive-EU-Mk1-wController-FL.jpg/500px-Sega-Mega-Drive-EU-Mk1-wController-FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The European PAL version of the <b><a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Mega Drive</a></b> launched in 1990, later becoming the highest-selling <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">fourth-gen</a> console in Europe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Game-Boy-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nintendo's Game Boy was a popular handheld game console during the 1990s."><img alt="Nintendo's Game Boy was a popular handheld game console during the 1990s." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/99px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/148px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Game-Boy-FL.jpg/198px-Game-Boy-FL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="3420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nintendo's <b><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a></b> was a popular handheld game console during the 1990s.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atari-Jaguar-CD-wController.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Atari Jaguar released in 1993, becoming part Fifth-gen of video game consoles."><img alt="The Atari Jaguar released in 1993, becoming part Fifth-gen of video game consoles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Atari-Jaguar-CD-wController.jpg/190px-Atari-Jaguar-CD-wController.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Atari-Jaguar-CD-wController.jpg/285px-Atari-Jaguar-CD-wController.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Atari-Jaguar-CD-wController.jpg/380px-Atari-Jaguar-CD-wController.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5820" data-file-height="2940" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <b><a href="/wiki/Atari_Jaguar" title="Atari Jaguar">Atari Jaguar</a></b> released in 1993, becoming part <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth-gen</a> of video game consoles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N64-Console-Set.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Nintendo 64 was released in 1996. Super Mario 64 was the best-selling game of the decade."><img alt="The Nintendo 64 was released in 1996. Super Mario 64 was the best-selling game of the decade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/N64-Console-Set.png/190px-N64-Console-Set.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/N64-Console-Set.png/285px-N64-Console-Set.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/N64-Console-Set.png/380px-N64-Console-Set.png 2x" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="2108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <b><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a></b> was released in 1996. <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_64" title="Super Mario 64">Super Mario 64</a></i> was the best-selling game of the decade.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSX-Console-wController.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The PlayStation was released in the mid-1990s and became the best-selling gaming console of its time."><img alt="The PlayStation was released in the mid-1990s and became the best-selling gaming console of its time." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PSX-Console-wController.png/250px-PSX-Console-wController.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PSX-Console-wController.png/330px-PSX-Console-wController.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/PSX-Console-wController.png/500px-PSX-Console-wController.png 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <b><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a></b> was released in the mid-1990s and became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-selling_game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of million-selling game consoles">best-selling gaming console</a> of its time.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diana_Maria_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The game Tomb Raider, launched in 1996, became particularly popular during the decade and as a result Lara Croft's character eventually became a cultural icon in the video game industry"><img alt="The game Tomb Raider, launched in 1996, became particularly popular during the decade and as a result Lara Croft's character eventually became a cultural icon in the video game industry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diana_Maria_%28cropped%29.jpg/74px-Diana_Maria_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diana_Maria_%28cropped%29.jpg/111px-Diana_Maria_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diana_Maria_%28cropped%29.jpg/149px-Diana_Maria_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The game <i><b><a href="/wiki/Tomb_Raider_(1996_video_game)" title="Tomb Raider (1996 video game)">Tomb Raider</a></b></i>, launched in 1996, became particularly popular during the decade and as a result <a href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</a>'s character eventually became a cultural icon in the video game industry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittelgrosse_lan-party.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Private LAN parties were at the peak of their popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s when broadband Internet access was unavailable or too expensive for most people"><img alt="Private LAN parties were at the peak of their popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s when broadband Internet access was unavailable or too expensive for most people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mittelgrosse_lan-party.jpg/160px-Mittelgrosse_lan-party.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mittelgrosse_lan-party.jpg/240px-Mittelgrosse_lan-party.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Mittelgrosse_lan-party.jpg/320px-Mittelgrosse_lan-party.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Private <b><a href="/wiki/LAN_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN parties">LAN parties</a></b> were at the peak of their popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s when broadband Internet access was unavailable or too expensive for most people</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_architecture" title="Category:1990s architecture">Category:1990s architecture</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Petronas_Towers" title="Petronas Towers">Petronas Twin Towers</a> became two of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the world">tallest man-made structures</a> ever built after they officially opened on 31 August 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_by_Lipofsky_16577.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jordan_by_Lipofsky_16577.jpg/170px-Jordan_by_Lipofsky_16577.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Jordan_by_Lipofsky_16577.jpg/255px-Jordan_by_Lipofsky_16577.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Jordan_by_Lipofsky_16577.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a>, the most popular NBA player of the 1990s.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">Inaugural</a> 1992 <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">SEC</a> Championship Game occurred at Legion Field in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide" title="Alabama Crimson Tide">Alabama Crimson Tide</a> football team, under then-Coach <a href="/wiki/Gene_Stallings" title="Gene Stallings">Gene Stallings</a>, went 11-0 and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Gators" title="Florida Gators">Florida Gators</a> under then-Coach <a href="/wiki/Steve_Spurrier" title="Steve Spurrier">Steve Spurrier</a>. The Tide would later finish 13–0 to win the National Championship and beat the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Hurricanes" title="Miami Hurricanes">Miami Hurricanes</a> in the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Bowl" title="Sugar Bowl">Sugar Bowl</a>. However, Spurrier and the Gators would later win Four SEC Championships from 1993 to 1996. They went on to win their first National Championship in the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Bowl" title="Sugar Bowl">Sugar Bowl</a> by defeating the <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_football" title="Florida State Seminoles football">Florida State Seminoles</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> are held in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> are held in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_men%27s_Olympic_basketball_team" title="1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team">1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team</a>, nicknamed the "Dream Team", was the first American Olympic team to feature active <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional</a> players from the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>. Described as the "greatest team ever assembled", its roster included the likes of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Bird" title="Larry Bird">Larry Bird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> players went on <a href="/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Major_League_Baseball_strike" title="1994–95 Major League Baseball strike">strike</a> on 12 August 1994, thus ending the season and canceling the <a href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</a> for the first time in 90 years. The players' strike ended on 29 March 1995, when players and team owners agreed.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1991_World_Series" title="1991 World Series">1991 World Series</a> pitted the <a href="/wiki/1991_Atlanta_Braves_season" title="1991 Atlanta Braves season">Atlanta Braves</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1991_Minnesota_Twins_season" title="1991 Minnesota Twins season">Minnesota Twins</a>, two teams who finished last place in their respective divisions, the <a href="/wiki/1990_Major_League_Baseball_season" title="1990 Major League Baseball season">previous season</a>. The series would go all seven games won by the home teams, concluding dramatically with the Minnesota Twins claiming their second World Series title.</li> <li>American <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> player <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a> became a major sports and <a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">pop culture icon</a>, idolized by millions worldwide. He revolutionized <a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">sports marketing</a> through deals with companies such as <a href="/wiki/Gatorade" title="Gatorade">Gatorade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanes" title="Hanes">Hanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls" title="Chicago Bulls">Chicago Bulls</a> team won six NBA titles during the decade (<a href="/wiki/1991_NBA_Finals" title="1991 NBA Finals">1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992_NBA_Finals" title="1992 NBA Finals">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/1993_NBA_Finals" title="1993 NBA Finals">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996_NBA_Finals" title="1996 NBA Finals">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997_NBA_Finals" title="1997 NBA Finals">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_NBA_Finals" title="1998 NBA Finals">1998</a>). He was also notable in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> thanks to his self-portrayal in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Jam" title="Space Jam">Space Jam</a></i> with the <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a></i> characters.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> would expand from 21 to 30 teams. During the expansion years, several teams would relocate to new cities: the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets_(1972-96)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg Jets (1972-96)">Winnipeg Jets</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Coyotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Coyotes">Phoenix Coyotes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques" title="Quebec Nordiques">Quebec Nordiques</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche" title="Colorado Avalanche">Colorado Avalanche</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Whalers" title="Hartford Whalers">Hartford Whalers</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes" title="Carolina Hurricanes">Carolina Hurricanes</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars" title="Minnesota North Stars">Minnesota North Stars</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Stars" title="Dallas Stars">Dallas Stars</a>. <ul><li>The NHL's 1990s expansion saw new teams in cities that previously never had NHL hockey: <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks" title="San Jose Sharks">San Jose Sharks</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anaheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaheim">Anaheim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mighty_Ducks_of_Anaheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mighty Ducks of Anaheim">Mighty Ducks of Anaheim</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nashville_Predators" title="Nashville Predators">Nashville Predators</a>), Miami (<a href="/wiki/Florida_Panthers" title="Florida Panthers">Florida Panthers</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning" title="Tampa Bay Lightning">Tampa Bay Lightning</a>). The NHL also returned to Atlanta with the expansion <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Thrashers" title="Atlanta Thrashers">Atlanta Thrashers</a>.</li> <li>Two of the NHL's <a href="/wiki/Original_Six" title="Original Six">Original Six</a> teams, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Rangers" title="New York Rangers">New York Rangers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings" title="Detroit Red Wings">Detroit Red Wings</a>, would end long <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a> championship droughts; the Rangers in <a href="/wiki/1994_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1994 Stanley Cup Finals">1994</a> after <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_1940" title="Curse of 1940">54 years</a>, and the Red Wings would win back-to-back Cups in <a href="/wiki/1997_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1997 Stanley Cup Finals">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1998 Stanley Cup Finals">1998</a> after <a href="/wiki/1955_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1955 Stanley Cup Finals">42 years</a>.</li> <li>Canadian hockey star <a href="/wiki/Mario_Lemieux" title="Mario Lemieux">Mario Lemieux</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins" title="Pittsburgh Penguins">Pittsburgh Penguins</a>, one of the original NHL expansion teams, to back-to-back Stanley Cup championships in <a href="/wiki/1991_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1991 Stanley Cup Finals">1991</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1992 Stanley Cup Finals">1992</a>.</li> <li>In addition to the Pittsburgh Penguins, three other NHL expansion teams went on to earn their first Stanley Cup championships: the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Devils" title="New Jersey Devils">New Jersey Devils</a> in <a href="/wiki/1995_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1995 Stanley Cup Finals">1995</a>, the Colorado Avalanche in <a href="/wiki/1996_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1996 Stanley Cup Finals">1996</a>, and the Dallas Stars in <a href="/wiki/1999_Stanley_Cup_Finals" title="1999 Stanley Cup Finals">1999</a>.</li> <li>Canadian hockey star <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a> announced his retirement from the NHL in 1999. Upon his final game on 18 April, he held 40 regular-season records, 15 playoff records, and six All-Star records. He is the leading point-scorer in NHL history and the only NHL player to total over 200 points in one season – a feat he accomplished four times. In addition, he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons, 14 of them consecutive. He played for four teams during his NHL career: the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings" title="Los Angeles Kings">Los Angeles Kings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Blues" title="St. Louis Blues">St. Louis Blues</a>, and the New York Rangers.</li></ul></li> <li>American cyclist <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a> won his first <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> in 1999, less than two years after battling <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>. Armstrong would later become embattled in a major <a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong_doping_case" title="Lance Armstrong doping case">doping investigation</a>, stripping him of this and all of his major cycling titles.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestling</a>, as the popularity brought on by the <a href="/wiki/1980s_professional_wrestling_boom" title="1980s professional wrestling boom">1980s boom period</a> slowly declined in the former half of the 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWF</a> continued its "<a href="/wiki/History_of_WWE#Golden_Era_(1980–1993)" title="History of WWE">Golden Era</a>" until 1993, led by such stars as <a href="/wiki/Hulk_Hogan" title="Hulk Hogan">Hulk Hogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ultimate_Warrior" title="The Ultimate Warrior">The Ultimate Warrior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Undertaker" title="The Undertaker">The Undertaker</a> (who would go on to have an <a href="/wiki/The_Streak_(wrestling)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Streak (wrestling)">undefeated streak at WrestleMania</a> that continued until <a href="/wiki/WrestleMania_XXX" title="WrestleMania XXX">WrestleMania XXX</a> in April 2014). Afterwards, a second boom period from the middle of the decade was initiated due to the <a href="/wiki/Monday_Night_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Monday Night Wars">Monday Night War</a> between the WWF and <a href="/wiki/WCW" class="mw-redirect" title="WCW">WCW</a> to later spawn the WWF's <a href="/wiki/Attitude_Era" title="Attitude Era">Attitude Era</a>, home to some of the biggest names in wrestling history such as <a href="/wiki/Stone_Cold_Steve_Austin" title="Stone Cold Steve Austin">Stone Cold Steve Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson" title="Dwayne Johnson">The Rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triple_H" title="Triple H">Triple H</a>. Meanwhile, the highly popular <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(professional_wrestling)" title="New World Order (professional wrestling)">nWo</a> stable, along with <a href="/wiki/Sting_(wrestler)" title="Sting (wrestler)">Sting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Goldberg" title="Bill Goldberg">Goldberg</a>, brought WCW major success.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> won an unprecedented <a href="/wiki/Treble_(association_football)" title="Treble (association football)">treble</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>, <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/1999_UEFA_Champions_League_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 UEFA Champions League Final">Champions League</a> after defeating <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">Bayern Munich</a> 2–1 in May 1999.</li> <li>The United States hosted the 15th staging of the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994 FIFA World Cup</a>. It holds the record for the largest attendance per game during the World Cup finals (even after the tournament's expansion to 32 teams and 64 matches). Additionally, this led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">MLS</a>.</li> <li>In motor racing, triple <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> World Champion <a href="/wiki/Ayrton_Senna" title="Ayrton Senna">Ayrton Senna</a> is fatally injured in a crash at <a href="/wiki/1994_San_Marino_Grand_Prix" title="1994 San Marino Grand Prix">San Marino</a> in 1994. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schumacher" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a> enters into the sport – winning his first two championships in <a href="/wiki/1994_Formula_One_season" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Formula One season">1994</a> and <a href="/wiki/1995_Formula_One_season" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Formula One season">1995</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt" title="Dale Earnhardt">Dale Earnhardt</a> wins the <a href="/wiki/1998_Daytona_500" title="1998 Daytona 500">1998 Daytona 500</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Cup Series">Winston Cup</a> championship in 1990, 1991, 1993, and 1994. <a href="/wiki/American_Championship_car_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="American Championship car racing">Indy Car racing</a> delves into an organizational <a href="/wiki/1996_Indianapolis_500#IRL/CART_split" title="1996 Indianapolis 500">"Split"</a>.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers" title="San Francisco 49ers">San Francisco 49ers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Redskins">Washington Redskins</a> showed promise of continuing their '80s glory by each team winning another Super Bowl at the beginning of the decade. However, it was the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> who made a gradual return to dynasty status, winning three Super Bowls (<a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVII" title="Super Bowl XXVII">1992</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXVIII" title="Super Bowl XXVIII">1993</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXX" title="Super Bowl XXX">1995</a>) in four years after a 14-year NFL championship drought. The <a href="/wiki/Denver_Broncos" title="Denver Broncos">Denver Broncos</a> also won their first two Super Bowls after having lost four, winning consecutive championships of the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXII" title="Super Bowl XXXII">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIII" title="Super Bowl XXXIII">1998</a> seasons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_football" title="Florida State Seminoles football">Florida State</a>, 1987–2000 – At the height of <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bowden" title="Bobby Bowden">Bobby Bowden</a>'s dominance, the Florida State Seminoles went 152–19–1, won nine <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">ACC</a> championships (1992–2000), two national championships (1993 and 1999), played for three more national championships (1996, 1998, and 2000), were ranked #1 in the preseason AP poll five times (1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1999), never lost the #1 AP ranking during 1999, produced 20 1st round NFL draft picks (including the 1997 offensive and defensive rookies of the year), won at least ten games every year, and never finished a season ranked lower than fourth in the AP poll. Quarterbacks <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Ward" title="Charlie Ward">Charlie Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Weinke" title="Chris Weinke">Chris Weinke</a> won <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-College_Football's_12_Greatest_Dynasties_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-College_Football's_12_Greatest_Dynasties-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers" title="Nebraska Cornhuskers">Nebraska Cornhuskers</a> led by head coach <a href="/wiki/Tom_Osborne" title="Tom Osborne">Tom Osborne</a> won three national championships in college football in four years (1994, 1995, 1997)</li> <li>Led by head coach <a href="/wiki/Jim_Tressel" title="Jim Tressel">Jim Tressel</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_State_Penguins" title="Youngstown State Penguins">Youngstown State Penguins</a> claimed to be the "team of the '90s" by winning four national championships (1991, 1993, 1994, 1997) in division I-AA college football<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a> (1993) and <a href="/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride Fighting Championship">Pride Fighting Championship</a> (1997) debut and evolve into the modern sport of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Martial Arts">Mixed Martial Arts</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> added four teams, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Marlins" title="Miami Marlins">Miami Marlins</a> (as Florida Marlins), <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Rockies" title="Colorado Rockies">Colorado Rockies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays" title="Tampa Bay Rays">Tampa Bay Rays</a> (as Tampa Bay Devil Rays), and the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks" title="Arizona Diamondbacks">Arizona Diamondbacks</a>, and moved one (<a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers" title="Milwaukee Brewers">Milwaukee Brewers</a>) into the National League. The Florida Marlins would win the World Series in <a href="/wiki/1997_World_Series" title="1997 World Series">1997</a> and <a href="/wiki/2003_World_Series" title="2003 World Series">2003</a>; the Arizona Diamondbacks would win the World Series in <a href="/wiki/2001_World_Series" title="2001 World Series">2001</a>, becoming the fastest expansion team to win a major championship for any major sport; the Colorado Rockies and Tampa Bay Rays would appear in the World Series in <a href="/wiki/2007_World_Series" title="2007 World Series">2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_World_Series" title="2008 World Series">2008</a> respectively.</li> <li>In 1998, Canada wins gold medals for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Disc ultimate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/World_Flying_Disc_Federation#WFDF_World_Ultimate_Championship" title="World Flying Disc Federation">WFDF World Ultimate Championship</a> in Open, Mixed, and Masters.</li> <li>In the 1996 Summer Olympics, the <a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Seven_(gymnastics)" title="Magnificent Seven (gymnastics)">Women's Gymnastics team</a> won the first team gold medal for the US in Olympic Gymnastics history.</li> <li>In 1997, eight Australian Rugby League Premiership clubs defect to the <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Super_League_(Australia)" title="Super League (Australia)">Super League</a>, before a resolution sees the two parties form the <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> in 1998. The British competition is bought out by <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a>, and renamed <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a>, which it is still currently named (although it was sold by News Corporation).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Leading talk show host <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> became an important book influencer in 1996 when she launched the highly successful <a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Book_Club" title="Oprah's Book Club">Oprah's Book Club</a>.</li> <li>The hugely successful <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> was introduced in 1997. The series, with seven main novels, would go on to become the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">best-selling book</a> series in world history and adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">film series</a> in 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a> was the bestselling author in the United States in the 1990s, with over 60 million copies sold of novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pelican_Brief" title="The Pelican Brief">The Pelican Brief</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Client_(novel)" title="The Client (novel)"><i>The Client</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Firm_(novel)" title="The Firm (novel)"><i>The Firm</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bestseller_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestseller-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other successful authors of the 1990s include <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natsuo_Kirino" title="Natsuo Kirino">Natsuo Kirino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Steel" title="Danielle Steel">Danielle Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Redfield" title="James Redfield">James Redfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keigo_Higashino" title="Keigo Higashino">Keigo Higashino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bestseller_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestseller-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goosebumps" title="Goosebumps">Goosebumps</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/R._L._Stine" title="R. L. Stine">R. L. Stine</a>, the second highest-grossing book series in the world, was introduced in 1992 and remained a dominant player in children's literature throughout and after the decade. A <a href="/wiki/Goosebumps_(1995_TV_series)" title="Goosebumps (1995 TV series)">television series</a> released on <a href="/wiki/Fox_Kids" title="Fox Kids">Fox Kids</a> alongside a <a href="/wiki/Goosebumps_(film)" title="Goosebumps (film)">film version</a> that released in 2015.</li> <li>The decline of diverse study options in university humanities schools due to <a href="/wiki/Economic_rationalism" title="Economic rationalism">economic rationalism</a>, leading to a boom in <a href="/wiki/Purple_prose" title="Purple prose">purple prose</a> heavily influenced by 20th century European <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>. In 1996 in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Sokal_affair" title="Sokal affair">Sokal affair</a>, a mathematician pranked a cultural studies by tricking them into publishing his nonsensical essay "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" on the basis that the journal wasn't peer-reviewed and would publish anything that seemed fashionably left-wing. In 1996 the <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_Generator" title="Postmodernism Generator">Postmodernism Generator</a> used a <a href="/wiki/Recursive_transition_network" title="Recursive transition network">recursive transition network</a> to imitate the postmodernist style of humanities writing.</li> <li>1990s saw the rise of independent literature and notable <a href="/wiki/Self-help_book" title="Self-help book">self-help books</a>, included <i><a href="/wiki/Men_Are_from_Mars,_Women_Are_from_Venus" title="Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus">Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(American_author)" title="John Gray (American author)">John Gray</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Who_Moved_My_Cheese%3F" title="Who Moved My Cheese?">Who Moved My Cheese?</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Johnson_(writer)" title="Spencer Johnson (writer)">Spencer Johnson</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_Monsters:_False_Memories,_Psychotherapy,_and_Sexual_Hysteria" title="Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria">Making Monsters: False Memories, Psychotherapy, and Sexual Hysteria</a> (1994) by Richard Ofshe and Ethan Watters was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Repressed_memory" title="Repressed memory">repressed memory</a> therapy that was gaining some traction in <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actors_and_directors">Actors and directors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Actors and directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Alexander" title="Jason Alexander">Jason Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Allen" title="Tim Allen">Tim Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Conchita_Alonso" title="María Conchita Alonso">María Conchita Alonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benyamin_Sueb" title="Benyamin Sueb">Benyamin Sueb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Anderson" title="Gillian Anderson">Gillian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Thomas_Anderson" title="Paul Thomas Anderson">Paul Thomas Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston" title="Jennifer Aniston">Jennifer Aniston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Applegate" title="Christina Applegate">Christina Applegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Arquette" title="Rosanna Arquette">Rosanna Arquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Azaria" title="Hank Azaria">Hank Azaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Bacon" title="Kevin Bacon">Kevin Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Baldwin" title="Alec Baldwin">Alec Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Daniel_Barnes" title="Christopher Daniel Barnes">Christopher Daniel Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roseanne_Barr" title="Roseanne Barr">Roseanne Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Barrymore" title="Drew Barrymore">Drew Barrymore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Berenger" title="Tom Berenger">Tom Berenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Beretta" title="Daniel Beretta">Daniel Beretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Berkley" title="Elizabeth Berkley">Elizabeth Berkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bernhard" title="Sandra Bernhard">Sandra Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_Berry" title="Halle Berry">Halle Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_Boothe" title="Powers Boothe">Powers Boothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Borgnine" title="Ernest Borgnine">Ernest Borgnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Broderick" title="Matthew Broderick">Matthew Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Brooks" title="Avery Brooks">Avery Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Brosnan" title="Pierce Brosnan">Pierce Brosnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clancy_Brown" title="Clancy Brown">Clancy Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Butler_(actress)" title="Brett Butler (actress)">Brett Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yancy_Butler" title="Yancy Butler">Yancy Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne" title="Gabriel Byrne">Gabriel Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Caan" title="James Caan">James Caan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cage" title="Nicolas Cage">Nicolas Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Cain" title="Dean Cain">Dean Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kaige" title="Chen Kaige">Chen Kaige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Campbell" title="Neve Campbell">Neve Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Carey" title="Drew Carey">Drew Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carlin" title="George Carlin">George Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Carvey" title="Dana Carvey">Dana Carvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Castellaneta" title="Dan Castellaneta">Dan Castellaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Chappelle" title="Dave Chappelle">Dave Chappelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Conroy" title="Kevin Conroy">Kevin Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Conway" title="Tim Conway">Tim Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Coen brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courteney_Cox" title="Courteney Cox">Courteney Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Cross" title="Marcia Cross">Marcia Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Crystal" title="Billy Crystal">Billy Crystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin" title="Macaulay Culkin">Macaulay Culkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vondie_Curtis-Hall" title="Vondie Curtis-Hall">Vondie Curtis-Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Dafoe" title="Willem Dafoe">Willem Dafoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Darabont" title="Frank Darabont">Frank Darabont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Darbois" title="Richard Darbois">Richard Darbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Davi" title="Robert Davi">Robert Davi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres" title="Ellen DeGeneres">Ellen DeGeneres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_DeVito" title="Danny DeVito">Danny DeVito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannen_Doherty" title="Shannen Doherty">Shannen Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Dourif" title="Brad Dourif">Brad Dourif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran_Drescher" title="Fran Drescher">Fran Drescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9a_Drucker" title="Léa Drucker">Léa Drucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duchovny" title="David Duchovny">David Duchovny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Dutton" title="Charles S. Dutton">Charles S. Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Edwards_(actor)" title="Anthony Edwards (actor)">Anthony Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Falk" title="Peter Falk">Peter Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Farley" title="Chris Farley">Chris Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Faustino" title="David Faustino">David Faustino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Ferrara" title="Abel Ferrara">Abel Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Ferrell" title="Will Ferrell">Will Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Fishburne" title="Laurence Fishburne">Laurence Fishburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calista_Flockhart" title="Calista Flockhart">Calista Flockhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Forsythe_(actor)" title="William Forsythe (actor)">William Forsythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Frantz" title="Jacques Frantz">Jacques Frantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Franz" title="Dennis Franz">Dennis Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Fraser" title="Brendan Fraser">Brendan Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Furlong" title="Edward Furlong">Edward Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Gabor" title="Eva Gabor">Eva Gabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gandolfini" title="James Gandolfini">James Gandolfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeane_Garofalo" title="Janeane Garofalo">Janeane Garofalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Garth" title="Jennie Garth">Jennie Garth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar" title="Sarah Michelle Gellar">Sarah Michelle Gellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri_Gilpin" title="Peri Gilpin">Peri Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Goldblum" title="Jeff Goldblum">Jeff Goldblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Goddard" title="Trevor Goddard">Trevor Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodman" title="John Goodman">John Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gordon-Levitt" title="Joseph Gordon-Levitt">Joseph Gordon-Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark-Paul_Gosselaar" title="Mark-Paul Gosselaar">Mark-Paul Gosselaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Grammer" title="Kelsey Grammer">Kelsey Grammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Austin_Green" title="Brian Austin Green">Brian Austin Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene_(actor)" title="Graham Greene (actor)">Graham Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ian_Griffith" title="Thomas Ian Griffith">Thomas Ian Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Hall" title="Arsenio Hall">Arsenio Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hamilton" title="Linda Hamilton">Linda Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hanson" title="Curtis Hanson">Curtis Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Hartman" title="Phil Hartman">Phil Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Harrelson" title="Woody Harrelson">Woody Harrelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Harris" title="Ed Harris">Ed Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teri_Hatcher" title="Teri Hatcher">Teri Hatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutger_Hauer" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Hawke" title="Ethan Hawke">Ethan Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salma_Hayek" title="Salma Hayek">Salma Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Hedberg" title="Mitch Hedberg">Mitch Hedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Henriksen" title="Lance Henriksen">Lance Henriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hicks" title="Bill Hicks">Bill Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland" title="Agnieszka Holland">Agnieszka Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hopper" title="Dennis Hopper">Dennis Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoskins" title="Bob Hoskins">Bob Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Hudson" title="Ernie Hudson">Ernie Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hunt" title="Helen Hunt">Helen Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Judge" title="Mike Judge">Mike Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur" title="Shekhar Kapur">Shekhar Kapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tch%C3%A9ky_Karyo" title="Tchéky Karyo">Tchéky Karyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Keitel" title="Harvey Keitel">Harvey Keitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kenny" title="Tom Kenny">Tom Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Kilmer" title="Val Kilmer">Val Kilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Kinnear" title="Greg Kinnear">Greg Kinnear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Kudrow" title="Lisa Kudrow">Lisa Kudrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lambert" title="Christopher Lambert">Christopher Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Lane" title="Nathan Lane">Nathan Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriq_La_Salle" title="Eriq La Salle">Eriq La Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lawrence" title="Martin Lawrence">Martin Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_LeBlanc" title="Matt LeBlanc">Matt LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Leeves" title="Jane Leeves">Jane Leeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leguizamo" title="John Leguizamo">John Leguizamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Jason_Leigh" title="Jennifer Jason Leigh">Jennifer Jason Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Lemercier" title="Valérie Lemercier">Valérie Lemercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Leto" title="Jared Leto">Jared Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Levine" title="Ted Levine">Ted Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachael_Lillis" title="Rachael Lillis">Rachael Lillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delroy_Lindo" title="Delroy Lindo">Delroy Lindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Liotta" title="Ray Liotta">Ray Liotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lithgow" title="John Lithgow">John Lithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Locklear" title="Heather Locklear">Heather Locklear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Lopez" title="Mario Lopez">Mario Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Louis-Dreyfus" title="Julia Louis-Dreyfus">Julia Louis-Dreyfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolph_Lundgren" title="Dolph Lundgren">Dolph Lundgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madsen" title="Michael Madsen">Michael Madsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mahoney" title="John Mahoney">John Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julianna_Margulies" title="Julianna Margulies">Julianna Margulies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_McDormand" title="Frances McDormand">Frances McDormand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McTiernan" title="John McTiernan">John McTiernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Milano" title="Alyssa Milano">Alyssa Milano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi_Moore" title="Demi Moore">Demi Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julianne_Moore" title="Julianne Moore">Julianne Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Morton" title="Joe Morton">Joe Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie-Anne_Moss" title="Carrie-Anne Moss">Carrie-Anne Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mulgrew" title="Kate Mulgrew">Kate Mulgrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Murphy" title="Eddie Murphy">Eddie Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Myers" title="Mike Myers">Mike Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samy_Naceri" title="Samy Naceri">Samy Naceri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Nakata" title="Hideo Nakata">Hideo Nakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Neeson" title="Liam Neeson">Liam Neeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_T._Nelson" title="Craig T. Nelson">Craig T. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Newhart" title="Bob Newhart">Bob Newhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Norris" title="Aaron Norris">Aaron Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nunn" title="Bill Nunn">Bill Nunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_O%27Brien" title="Conan O'Brien">Conan O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_O%27Neill" title="Ed O'Neill">Ed O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Orbach" title="Jerry Orbach">Jerry Orbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Paltrow" title="Gwyneth Paltrow">Gwyneth Paltrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Patrick" title="Robert Patrick">Robert Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Paul" title="Alexandra Paul">Alexandra Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Penn" title="Chris Penn">Chris Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Perlman" title="Ron Perlman">Ron Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Perry" title="Luke Perry">Luke Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Perry" title="Matthew Perry">Matthew Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Pesci" title="Joe Pesci">Joe Pesci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Phoenix" title="River Phoenix">River Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hyde_Pierce" title="David Hyde Pierce">David Hyde Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Pollak" title="Kevin Pollak">Kevin Pollak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Priestley" title="Jason Priestley">Jason Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Proyas" title="Alex Proyas">Alex Proyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Quaid" title="Dennis Quaid">Dennis Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Quaid" title="Randy Quaid">Randy Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reiser" title="Paul Reiser">Paul Reiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Richards" title="Michael Richards">Michael Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Robbins" title="Tim Robbins">Tim Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Roberts" title="Eric Roberts">Eric Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Rock" title="Chris Rock">Chris Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rooker" title="Michael Rooker">Michael Rooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Roundtree" title="Richard Roundtree">Richard Roundtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rourke" title="Mickey Rourke">Mickey Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Roth" title="Tim Roth">Tim Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuPaul" title="RuPaul">RuPaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Russell" title="Kurt Russell">Kurt Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Russo" title="Daniel Russo">Daniel Russo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Russo" title="Rene Russo">Rene Russo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Ryan" title="Meg Ryan">Meg Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_Ryder" title="Winona Ryder">Winona Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katey_Sagal" title="Katey Sagal">Katey Sagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Saget" title="Bob Saget">Bob Saget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sandler" title="Adam Sandler">Adam Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schwimmer" title="David Schwimmer">David Schwimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_Shandling" title="Garry Shandling">Garry Shandling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Shue" title="Elisabeth Shue">Elisabeth Shue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Silverman" title="Sarah Silverman">Sarah Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sirico" title="Tony Sirico">Tony Sirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Slater" title="Christian Slater">Christian Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Smits" title="Jimmy Smits">Jimmy Smits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Spade" title="David Spade">David Spade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Spelling" title="Tori Spelling">Tori Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Stallone" title="Sage Stallone">Sage Stallone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone" title="Sylvester Stallone">Sylvester Stallone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stamos" title="John Stamos">John Stamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Starr_(actor)" title="Mike Starr (actor)">Mike Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Stewart" title="Patrick Stewart">Patrick Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Stone" title="Sharon Stone">Sharon Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Swayze" title="Patrick Swayze">Patrick Swayze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tambor" title="Jeffrey Tambor">Jeffrey Tambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Taylor" title="Veronica Taylor">Veronica Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffani_Thiessen" title="Tiffani Thiessen">Tiffani-Amber Thiessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Thurman" title="Uma Thurman">Uma Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Tilly" title="Jennifer Tilly">Jennifer Tilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Todd" title="Tony Todd">Tony Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Trejo" title="Danny Trejo">Danny Trejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Tunney" title="Robin Tunney">Robin Tunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Van_Dyke" title="Dick Van Dyke">Dick Van Dyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Van_Sant" title="Gus Van Sant">Gus Van Sant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Vosloo" title="Arnold Vosloo">Arnold Vosloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Walken" title="Christopher Walken">Christopher Walken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Ward" title="Fred Ward">Fred Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Waterston" title="Sam Waterston">Sam Waterston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver" title="Sigourney Weaver">Sigourney Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Weaving" title="Hugo Weaving">Hugo Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Wells_(actor)" title="Vernon Wells (actor)">Vernon Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jai_White" title="Michael Jai White">Michael Jai White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Wilson" title="Rita Wilson">Rita Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Winterbottom" title="Michael Winterbottom">Michael Winterbottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Woods" title="James Woods">James Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Wyle" title="Noah Wyle">Noah Wyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Ziering" title="Ian Ziering">Ian Ziering</a></li></ul> </div><p><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 840px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnny_Depp_Cannes_nineties.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Johnny Depp"><img alt="Johnny Depp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Johnny_Depp_Cannes_nineties.jpg/93px-Johnny_Depp_Cannes_nineties.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Johnny_Depp_Cannes_nineties.jpg/139px-Johnny_Depp_Cannes_nineties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Johnny_Depp_Cannes_nineties.jpg/185px-Johnny_Depp_Cannes_nineties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jodie_Foster_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jodie Foster"><img alt="Jodie Foster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jodie_Foster_1995.jpg/120px-Jodie_Foster_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jodie_Foster_1995.jpg/250px-Jodie_Foster_1995.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="881" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan_Freeman_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morgan Freeman"><img alt="Morgan Freeman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Morgan_Freeman_1998.jpg/120px-Morgan_Freeman_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Morgan_Freeman_1998.jpg/250px-Morgan_Freeman_1998.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sean_Penn_Cannes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sean Penn"><img alt="Sean Penn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sean_Penn_Cannes.jpg/92px-Sean_Penn_Cannes.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sean_Penn_Cannes.jpg/138px-Sean_Penn_Cannes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sean_Penn_Cannes.jpg/184px-Sean_Penn_Cannes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robin_Williams_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robin Williams"><img alt="Robin Williams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Robin_Williams_1996.jpg/94px-Robin_Williams_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Robin_Williams_1996.jpg/141px-Robin_Williams_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Robin_Williams_1996.jpg/187px-Robin_Williams_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="1974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletes">Athletes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Athletes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basketball">Basketball</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkley" title="Charles Barkley">Charles Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Bird" title="Larry Bird">Larry Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Drexler" title="Clyde Drexler">Clyde Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Duncan" title="Tim Duncan">Tim Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ewing" title="Patrick Ewing">Patrick Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Garnett" title="Kevin Garnett">Kevin Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Iverson" title="Allen Iverson">Allen Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Kuko%C4%8D" title="Toni Kukoč">Toni Kukoč</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Malone" title="Karl Malone">Karl Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Miller" title="Reggie Miller">Reggie Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaquille_O%27Neal" title="Shaquille O'Neal">Shaquille O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon" title="Hakeem Olajuwon">Hakeem Olajuwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Payton" title="Gary Payton">Gary Payton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottie_Pippen" title="Scottie Pippen">Scottie Pippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Robinson" title="David Robinson">David Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Rodman" title="Dennis Rodman">Dennis Rodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvydas_Sabonis" title="Arvydas Sabonis">Arvydas Sabonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stockton" title="John Stockton">John Stockton</a></li></ul> </div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boxing">Boxing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Boxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_De_La_Hoya" title="Oscar De La Hoya">Oscar De La Hoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jones_Jr." title="Roy Jones Jr.">Roy Jones Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carbajal" title="Michael Carbajal">Michael Carbajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tyson" title="Mike Tyson">Mike Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_Lewis" title="Lennox Lewis">Lennox Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_Holyfield" title="Evander Holyfield">Evander Holyfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernell_Whitaker" title="Pernell Whitaker">Pernell Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Savon" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Savon">Felix Savon</a></li></ul> </div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cricket">Cricket</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Waugh" title="Steve Waugh">Steve Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Warne" title="Shane Warne">Shane Warne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_McGrath" title="Glenn McGrath">Glenn McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lara" title="Brian Lara">Brian Lara</a></li></ul> </div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Football">Football</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Chilavert" title="José Luis Chilavert">José Luis Chilavert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantona" title="Eric Cantona">Eric Cantona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_van_Basten" title="Marco van Basten">Marco van Basten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Baggio" title="Roberto Baggio">Roberto Baggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Stoitchkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Hristo Stoitchkov">Hristo Stoitchkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Weah" title="George Weah">George Weah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)" title="Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)">Ronaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Beckham" title="David Beckham">David Beckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zinedine Zidane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_McManaman" title="Steve McManaman">Steve McManaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbie_Fowler" title="Robbie Fowler">Robbie Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Owen" title="Michael Owen">Michael Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A1rio" title="Romário">Romário</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Carlos" title="Roberto Carlos">Roberto Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Batistuta" title="Gabriel Batistuta">Gabriel Batistuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Maldini" title="Paolo Maldini">Paolo Maldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Klinsmann" title="Jürgen Klinsmann">Jürgen Klinsmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_V%C3%B6ller" title="Rudi Völler">Rudi Völler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Raúl González">Raúl González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vieri" title="Christian Vieri">Christian Vieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Baresi" title="Franco Baresi">Franco Baresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero" title="Alessandro Del Piero">Alessandro Del Piero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Maradona" title="Diego Maradona">Diego Maradona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Milla" title="Roger Milla">Roger Milla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Bergkamp" title="Dennis Bergkamp">Dennis Bergkamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Matth%C3%A4us" title="Lothar Matthäus">Lothar Matthäus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rijkaard" title="Frank Rijkaard">Frank Rijkaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Koeman" title="Ronald Koeman">Ronald Koeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruud_Gullit" title="Ruud Gullit">Ruud Gullit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Hagi" title="Gheorghe Hagi">Gheorghe Hagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davor_%C5%A0uker" title="Davor Šuker">Davor Šuker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Keane" title="Roy Keane">Roy Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gascoigne" title="Paul Gascoigne">Paul Gascoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shearer" title="Alan Shearer">Alan Shearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Seaman" title="David Seaman">David Seaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Adams" title="Tony Adams">Tony Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafu" title="Cafu">Cafu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ginola" title="David Ginola">David Ginola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Laudrup" title="Michael Laudrup">Michael Laudrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schmeichel" title="Peter Schmeichel">Peter Schmeichel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Giggs" title="Ryan Giggs">Ryan Giggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scholes" title="Paul Scholes">Paul Scholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Barthez" title="Fabien Barthez">Fabien Barthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Bierhoff" title="Oliver Bierhoff">Oliver Bierhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Papin" title="Jean-Pierre Papin">Jean-Pierre Papin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivaldo" title="Rivaldo">Rivaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Valderrama" title="Carlos Valderrama">Carlos Valderrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustino_Asprilla" title="Faustino Asprilla">Faustino Asprilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Higuita" title="René Higuita">René Higuita</a></li></ul> </div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ice_Hockey">Ice Hockey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Ice Hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Lemieux" title="Mario Lemieux">Mario Lemieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Messier" title="Mark Messier">Mark Messier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Roy" title="Patrick Roy">Patrick Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarom%C3%ADr_J%C3%A1gr" title="Jaromír Jágr">Jaromír Jágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Brodeur" title="Martin Brodeur">Martin Brodeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominik_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Dominik Hašek">Dominik Hašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Yzerman" title="Steve Yzerman">Steve Yzerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forsberg" title="Peter Forsberg">Peter Forsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Hull" title="Brett Hull">Brett Hull</a></li></ul> </div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby">Rugby</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Rugby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Back" title="Neil Back">Neil Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johns" title="Andrew Johns">Andrew Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellery_Hanley" title="Ellery Hanley">Ellery Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Lomu" title="Jonah Lomu">Jonah Lomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Offiah" title="Martin Offiah">Martin Offiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francois_Pienaar" title="Francois Pienaar">Francois Pienaar</a></li></ul> </div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wrestling">Wrestling</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Wrestling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%22Stone_Cold%22_Steve_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title=""Stone Cold" Steve Austin">"Stone Cold" Steve Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwayne_%22The_Rock%22_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson">Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_Hogan" title="Hulk Hogan">Hulk Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Macho_Man%22_Randy_Savage" class="mw-redirect" title=""Macho Man" Randy Savage">"Macho Man" Randy Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawn_Michaels" title="Shawn Michaels">Shawn Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Hart" title="Bret Hart">Bret Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Goldberg" title="Bill Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Undertaker" title="The Undertaker">The Undertaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Borden" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Borden">Steve Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_H" title="Triple H">Triple H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Show" title="Big Show">Big Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Foley" title="Mick Foley">Mick Foley</a></li></ul> </div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Agassi" title="Andre Agassi">Andre Agassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Aikman" title="Troy Aikman">Troy Aikman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Armstrong" title="Lance Armstrong">Lance Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Bonds" title="Barry Bonds">Barry Bonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt" title="Dale Earnhardt">Dale Earnhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Indurain" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Indurain">Miguel Indurain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Favre" title="Brett Favre">Brett Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rice" title="Jerry Rice">Jerry Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Slater" title="Kelly Slater">Kelly Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Sampras" title="Pete Sampras">Pete Sampras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schumacher" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Hill" title="Damon Hill">Damon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Johnson_(athlete)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Johnson (athlete)">Michael Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_McGwire" title="Mark McGwire">Mark McGwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffi_Graf" title="Steffi Graf">Steffi Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elway" title="John Elway">John Elway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Karelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Karelin">Alexander Karelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Griffey_Jr." title="Ken Griffey Jr.">Ken Griffey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Prost" title="Alain Prost">Alain Prost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayrton_Senna" title="Ayrton Senna">Ayrton Senna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Mansell" title="Nigel Mansell">Nigel Mansell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(triple_jumper)" title="Jonathan Edwards (triple jumper)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donovan_Bailey" title="Donovan Bailey">Donovan Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Masterkova" title="Svetlana Masterkova">Svetlana Masterkova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rec" title="Marie-José Pérec">Marie-José Pérec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Bubka" title="Sergey Bubka">Sergey Bubka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_S%C3%BCleymano%C4%9Flu" title="Naim Süleymanoğlu">Naim Süleymanoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmitt_Smith" title="Emmitt Smith">Emmitt Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrros_Dimas" title="Pyrros Dimas">Pyrros Dimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Rainey" title="Wayne Rainey">Wayne Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Doohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Doohan">Michael Doohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilia_Podkopayeva" title="Lilia Podkopayeva">Lilia Podkopayeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Scherbo" title="Vitaly Scherbo">Vitaly Scherbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Jeter" title="Derek Jeter">Derek Jeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Hingis" title="Martina Hingis">Martina Hingis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royce_Gracie" title="Royce Gracie">Royce Gracie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Perez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Perez">Jefferson Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Carey" title="Wayne Carey">Wayne Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harvey_(footballer)" title="Robert Harvey (footballer)">Robert Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Lockett" title="Tony Lockett">Tony Lockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Dunstall" title="Jason Dunstall">Jason Dunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Sanders" title="Barry Sanders">Barry Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deion_Sanders" title="Deion Sanders">Deion Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Taylor_(darts_player)" title="Phil Taylor (darts player)">Phil Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve" title="Jacques Villeneuve">Jacques Villeneuve</a></li></ul> </div><p>  </p><table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /> <tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 840px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_Lipofsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michael Jordan"><img alt="Michael Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jordan_Lipofsky.jpg/111px-Jordan_Lipofsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jordan_Lipofsky.jpg/168px-Jordan_Lipofsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Jordan_Lipofsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wgretz_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wayne Gretzky"><img alt="Wayne Gretzky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wgretz_edit2.jpg/91px-Wgretz_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wgretz_edit2.jpg/137px-Wgretz_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wgretz_edit2.jpg/182px-Wgretz_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BarryBonds1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barry Bonds"><img alt="Barry Bonds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BarryBonds1993.jpg/94px-BarryBonds1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BarryBonds1993.jpg/142px-BarryBonds1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BarryBonds1993.jpg/189px-BarryBonds1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Bonds" title="Barry Bonds">Barry Bonds</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dale_Earnhardt_-_NASCAR_Photography_By_Darryl_Moran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dale Earnhardt"><img alt="Dale Earnhardt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dale_Earnhardt_-_NASCAR_Photography_By_Darryl_Moran.jpg/120px-Dale_Earnhardt_-_NASCAR_Photography_By_Darryl_Moran.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Dale_Earnhardt_-_NASCAR_Photography_By_Darryl_Moran.jpg/250px-Dale_Earnhardt_-_NASCAR_Photography_By_Darryl_Moran.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2789" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt" title="Dale Earnhardt">Dale Earnhardt</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musicians">Musicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1990s saw the rise of diverse musical trends, identifiable through the decade's top-selling pop songs and the continued prominence of established genres such as <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">industrial rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deep_house" title="Deep house">deep house</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative hip hop">Alternative hip hop</a> gained visibility at the start of the decade, while the public's interest in independent music surged as a counter to commercial radio <a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">payola</a>. </p><p>Some of the notable artists and bands of the 1990s include <a href="/wiki/AC/DC" title="AC/DC">AC/DC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ace_of_Base" title="Ace of Base">Ace of Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alanis_Morissette" title="Alanis Morissette">Alanis Morissette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Chains" title="Alice in Chains">Alice in Chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backstreet_Boys" title="Backstreet Boys">Backstreet Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beck" title="Beck">Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daft_Punk" title="Daft Punk">Daft Punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Day" title="Green Day">Green Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauryn_Hill" title="Lauryn Hill">Lauryn Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariah_Carey" title="Mariah Carey">Mariah Carey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(band)" title="Nirvana (band)">Nirvana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Jam" title="Pearl Jam">Pearl Jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound Garden">Sound Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/R.E.M." title="R.E.M.">R.E.M.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins" title="The Smashing Pumpkins">The Smashing Pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notorious_B.I.G." class="mw-redirect" title="Notorious B.I.G.">Notorious B.I.G.</a>, <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">Nas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wu-Tang_Clan" title="Wu-Tang Clan">Wu-Tang Clan</a>. These artists and bands defined the soundscape of the decade, shaping popular music and influencing future generations. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 672px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trent_Reznor_Lollapalooza_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nine Inch Nails"><img alt="Nine Inch Nails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Trent_Reznor_Lollapalooza_1991.jpg/120px-Trent_Reznor_Lollapalooza_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Trent_Reznor_Lollapalooza_1991.jpg/250px-Trent_Reznor_Lollapalooza_1991.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cranberries,_Palalido,_Italy,_April_20,_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cranberries"><img alt="The Cranberries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Cranberries%2C_Palalido%2C_Italy%2C_April_20%2C_1999.jpg/125px-The_Cranberries%2C_Palalido%2C_Italy%2C_April_20%2C_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Cranberries%2C_Palalido%2C_Italy%2C_April_20%2C_1999.jpg/188px-The_Cranberries%2C_Palalido%2C_Italy%2C_April_20%2C_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Cranberries%2C_Palalido%2C_Italy%2C_April_20%2C_1999.jpg/250px-The_Cranberries%2C_Palalido%2C_Italy%2C_April_20%2C_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Cranberries" title="The Cranberries">The Cranberries</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers"><img alt="Red Hot Chili Peppers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg/125px-RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg/188px-RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg/250px-RedHotChiliPeppersAdam1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3679" data-file-height="2442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155px; height: 155px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DeLa_Soul-mika.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De La Soul"><img alt="De La Soul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DeLa_Soul-mika.jpg/125px-DeLa_Soul-mika.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DeLa_Soul-mika.jpg/188px-DeLa_Soul-mika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DeLa_Soul-mika.jpg/250px-DeLa_Soul-mika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/De_La_Soul" title="De La Soul">De La Soul</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EC1835_C_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/40px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/60px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">List of decades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_music" title="1990s in music">1990s in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_fashion" title="1990s in fashion">1990s in fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_television" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s in television">1990s in television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_science_and_technology" title="1990s in science and technology">1990s in science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_video_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s in video gaming">1990s in video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature#1990s" title="List of years in literature">1990s in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a> (when the majority of that demographic had matured).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> (when the <a href="/wiki/Xennials" title="Xennials">oldest members</a> of that demographic had matured in the decade's <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">final year</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following articles contain timelines that list the most prominent events of the decade: </p><p><a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> • <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> • <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> • <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> • <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a> • <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> • <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a> • <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> • <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> • <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Nineties, A Book by Chuck Klosterman, pg. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLovell2022" class="citation web cs1">Lovell, Julia (15 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/15/the-1980s-are-buried-but-not-dead-in-china/">"The 1980s Are Buried but Not Dead in China"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+1980s+Are+Buried+but+Not+Dead+in+China&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2022%2F10%2F15%2Fthe-1980s-are-buried-but-not-dead-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/WLD/world/population-growth-rate">"World Population Growth Rate 1950-2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Growth+Rate+1950-2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrotrends.net%2Fcountries%2FWLD%2Fworld%2Fpopulation-growth-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/educational-resources/fact-sheets/human-genome-project">"Human Genome Project Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>www.genome.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.genome.gov&rft.atitle=Human+Genome+Project+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.gov%2Fabout-genomics%2Feducational-resources%2Ffact-sheets%2Fhuman-genome-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cern/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">"The Large Hadron Collider"</a>. <i>CERN</i>. 4 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CERN&rft.atitle=The+Large+Hadron+Collider&rft.date=2024-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cern%2Fscience%2Faccelerators%2Flarge-hadron-collider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/capital-markets/nasdaq/">"NASDAQ"</a>. <i>Corporate Finance Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Finance+Institute&rft.atitle=NASDAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporatefinanceinstitute.com%2Fresources%2Fcareer-map%2Fsell-side%2Fcapital-markets%2Fnasdaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Chris Llewellyn (13 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2014.0037">"Genesis of the Large Hadron Collider"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>373</b> (2032): 20140037. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0037">10.1098/rsta.2014.0037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genesis+of+the+Large+Hadron+Collider&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=2032&rft.pages=20140037&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0037&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chris+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz2004" class="citation book cs1">Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2004). <i>The Roaring Nineties</i>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32618-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32618-5"><bdi>978-0-393-32618-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roaring+Nineties&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32618-5&rft.aulast=Stiglitz&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritsch2008" class="citation book cs1">Fritsch, Helmut (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queensu.ca/cidp/publications/martello-papers"><i>EUFOR RD Congo: A Misunderstood Operation?</i></a>. Martello Papers. Vol. 33. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>6, 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55339-101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55339-101-2"><bdi>978-1-55339-101-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EUFOR+RD+Congo%3A+A+Misunderstood+Operation%3F&rft.series=Martello+Papers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6%2C+8&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University+at+Kingston&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55339-101-2&rft.aulast=Fritsch&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fcidp%2Fpublications%2Fmartello-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4548754.stm">"International commission: Eritrea triggered the border war with Ethiopia"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=International+commission%3A+Eritrea+triggered+the+border+war+with+Ethiopia&rft.date=2005-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4548754.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tens-of-thousands-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tens-of-thousands_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tens of thousands <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1053983.stm">Eritrea: Final deal with Ethiopia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060224212710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1053983.stm">Archived</a> 24 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC 4 December 2000 <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/07/news/eritrea.php">Eritrea orders Westerners in UN mission out in 10 days</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619042941/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/07/news/eritrea.php">Archived</a> 19 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune">International Herald Tribune</a>, 7 December 2005</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1066401.stm">"Horn peace deal: Full text"</a>. 11 December 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Horn+peace+deal%3A+Full+text&rft.date=2000-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1066401.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoh2018" class="citation web cs1">Noh, Yuree (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/politics-and-education-post-war-algeria">"Politics and education in post-war Algeria"</a>. <i>Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121093357/https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/politics-and-education-post-war-algeria">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Politics+and+education+in+post-war+Algeria&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Noh&rft.aufirst=Yuree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfercenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fpolitics-and-education-post-war-algeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDes_Forges1999" class="citation book cs1">Des Forges, Alison (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda"><i>Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-171-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-171-8"><bdi>978-1-56432-171-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leave+None+to+Tell+the+Story%3A+Genocide+in+Rwanda&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-171-8&rft.aulast=Des+Forges&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1999%2Frwanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1288230.stm">Rwanda: How the genocide happened</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221233819/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1288230.stm">Archived</a> 21 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1 April 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/subjindx/121rwan.htm">OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225085128/http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/subjindx/121rwan.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of every 10 Tutsis were killed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPruitt2020" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt, Sarah (2 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/how-ruby-ridge-and-waco-led-to-the-oklahoma-city-bombing">"How Ruby Ridge and Waco Led to the Oklahoma City Bombing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV channel)">History</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=How+Ruby+Ridge+and+Waco+Led+to+the+Oklahoma+City+Bombing&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft.aulast=Pruitt&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-ruby-ridge-and-waco-led-to-the-oklahoma-city-bombing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-between-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-between_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-between_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntohiTismăneanu2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sorin_Antohi" title="Sorin Antohi">Antohi, Sorin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Tismăneanu, Vladimir</a> (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pl5T45FwIwC&pg=PA85">"Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution"</a>. <i>Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath</i>. Central European University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-71-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-71-9"><bdi>978-963-9116-71-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Independence+Reborn+and+the+Demons+of+the+Velvet+Revolution&rft.btitle=Between+Past+and+Future%3A+The+Revolutions+of+1989+and+Their+Aftermath&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-71-9&rft.aulast=Antohi&rft.aufirst=Sorin&rft.au=Tism%C4%83neanu%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pl5T45FwIwC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mandela-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mandela_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mandela_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Evans, Martha (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411112626/https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/10475"><i>Transmitting the Transition: Media Events and Post-Apartheid South African National Identity</i></a> (Doctoral Thesis). University of Cape Town. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11427%2F10475">11427/10475</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/10475">the original</a> on 11 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Transmitting+the+Transition%3A+Media+Events+and+Post-Apartheid+South+African+National+Identity&rft.inst=University+of+Cape+Town&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11427%2F10475&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.uct.ac.za%2Fhandle%2F11427%2F10475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Peatling, Gary (2004). <i>The failure of the Northern Ireland peace process</i>. Irish Academic Press, p. 58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7165-3336-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7165-3336-7">0-7165-3336-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Michael, Guelke, Adrian and Stephen, Fiona (2006). <i>A farewell to arms?: beyond the Good Friday Agreement</i>. Manchester University Press, p. 486. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-7115-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-7115-1">0-7190-7115-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Desmond, and Jones, Charles (1999). <i>The rights of nations: nations and nationalism in a changing world</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, p. 168. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22595-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22595-4">0-312-22595-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox & Guelke, pp. 487–488</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARK01-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARK01_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ARK: Northern Ireland Elections, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/fref98.htm">The 1998 Referendums</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209230657/http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/fref98.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/analysis/rozenberg2.shtml">Politics 97</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125091119/http://www.bbc.co.uk/politics97/analysis/rozenberg2.shtml">Archived</a> 25 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Joshua Rozenberg: BBC website. Retrieved 9 July 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScotlandReferendum-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScotlandReferendum_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207062754/http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/referendums/Scotland1997.cfm">"Past Referendums – Scotland 1997"</a>. The Electoral Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/referendums/Scotland1997.cfm">the original</a> on 7 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Referendums+%E2%80%93+Scotland+1997&rft.pub=The+Electoral+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electoralcommission.org.uk%2Freferendums%2FScotland1997.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScotlandElections-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScotlandElections_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1999" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Bryn (8 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp99/rp99-050.pdf">"House of Commons Research Paper – Scottish Parliament Elections: 6 May 1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. House of Commons Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Research+Paper+%E2%80%93+Scottish+Parliament+Elections%3A+6+May+1999&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=1999-10-08&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Bryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcommons%2Flib%2Fresearch%2Frp99%2Frp99-050.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/144562/pt-5-liberia-samuel-doe-death-washed-down-with-budweiser/">"Liberia : Samuel Doe, death washed down with a Budweiser"</a>. 10 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026154025/https://www.theafricareport.com/144562/pt-5-liberia-samuel-doe-death-washed-down-with-budweiser/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberia+%3A+Samuel+Doe%2C+death+washed+down+with+a+Budweiser&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F144562%2Fpt-5-liberia-samuel-doe-death-washed-down-with-budweiser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2504000/2504739.stm">"1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi"</a>. 21 May 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621194715/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2504000/2504739.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1991%3A+Bomb+kills+India%27s+former+leader+Rajiv+Gandhi&rft.date=1991-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmay%2F21%2Fnewsid_2504000%2F2504739.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20100518-ali-vakili-rad-perfect-murder-imperfect-getaway-shapour-bakhtiar">"Ali Vakili Rad: The perfect murder and an imperfect getaway"</a>. 18 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022021441/https://www.france24.com/en/20100518-ali-vakili-rad-perfect-murder-imperfect-getaway-shapour-bakhtiar">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ali+Vakili+Rad%3A+The+perfect+murder+and+an+imperfect+getaway&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20100518-ali-vakili-rad-perfect-murder-imperfect-getaway-shapour-bakhtiar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/144038/the-killing-of-algerias-mohamed-boudiaf-a-parricide-on-live-television/">"The killing of Algeria's Mohamed Boudiaf: A 'parricide' on live television"</a>. 9 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026154027/https://www.theafricareport.com/144038/the-killing-of-algerias-mohamed-boudiaf-a-parricide-on-live-television/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+killing+of+Algeria%27s+Mohamed+Boudiaf%3A+A+%27parricide%27+on+live+television&rft.date=2021-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F144038%2Fthe-killing-of-algerias-mohamed-boudiaf-a-parricide-on-live-television%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHersh1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Hersh, Seymour M (1 November 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021014165340/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/?020930fr_archive02">"A Case Not Closed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/archive/content/?020930fr_archive02">the original</a> on 14 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+Case+Not+Closed&rft.date=1993-11-01&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Farchive%2Fcontent%2F%3F020930fr_archive02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/05/09/sri-lanka-a-nation-divided/0270089c-e650-4e10-a89f-28ac273bb676/">"SRI LANKA: A NATION 'DIVIDED' - the Washington Post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013040000/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/05/09/sri-lanka-a-nation-divided/0270089c-e650-4e10-a89f-28ac273bb676/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=SRI+LANKA%3A+A+NATION+%27DIVIDED%27+-+the+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1993%2F05%2F09%2Fsri-lanka-a-nation-divided%2F0270089c-e650-4e10-a89f-28ac273bb676%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKruegerKrueger2007" class="citation book cs1">Krueger, Robert; Krueger, Kathleen Tobin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/ambassador_robert_krueger_kathleen_tobin_kruegerbook4you.pdf"><i>From Bloodshed to Hope in Burundi: Our Embassy Years During Genocide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Texas Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292714861" title="Special:BookSources/9780292714861"><bdi>9780292714861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bloodshed+to+Hope+in+Burundi%3A+Our+Embassy+Years+During+Genocide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780292714861&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Kathleen+Tobin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchive-files3%2Fambassador_robert_krueger_kathleen_tobin_kruegerbook4you.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-pablo-escobar-2136126">"Biography of Pablo Escobar, Colombian Drug Kingpin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414133446/https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-pablo-escobar-2136126">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Pablo+Escobar%2C+Colombian+Drug+Kingpin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fbiography-of-pablo-escobar-2136126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940406-1">"ASN Aircraft accident Dassault Falcon 50 9XR-NN Kigali Airport (KGL)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026154025/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940406-1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Dassault+Falcon+50+9XR-NN+Kigali+Airport+%28KGL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19940406-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/570/transcript">"570: The Night in Question"</a>. 14 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026154035/https://www.thisamericanlife.org/570/transcript">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=570%3A+The+Night+in+Question&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisamericanlife.org%2F570%2Ftranscript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/325347.stm">"BBC News | Europe | 'Dual attack' killed president"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727220538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/325347.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+News+%26%23124%3B+Europe+%26%23124%3B+%27Dual+attack%27+killed+president&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F325347.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-andrei-lukanov-1356634.html">"Obituary: Andrei Lukanov"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 3 October 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026154025/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-andrei-lukanov-1356634.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Andrei+Lukanov&rft.date=1996-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-andrei-lukanov-1356634.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/paraguay/gunman.htm">"Arrested gunman implactes Oviedo, Cubas in Argaña"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026154026/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/paraguay/gunman.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arrested+gunman+implactes+Oviedo%2C+Cubas+in+Arga%C3%B1a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Fparaguay%2Fgunman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm">"1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 9 April 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415001633/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/9/newsid_2463000/2463927.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1999%3A+President+of+Niger+%27killed+in+ambush%27&rft.date=1999-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fapril%2F9%2Fnewsid_2463000%2F2463927.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbramovitz2001" class="citation book cs1">Abramovitz, Janet N. (2001). "Averting Natural Disasters". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPEf1AmFGmMC"><i>State of the World 2001</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPEf1AmFGmMC&pg=PA123">123</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPEf1AmFGmMC&pg=PA126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04866-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04866-7"><bdi>0-393-04866-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Averting+Natural+Disasters&rft.btitle=State+of+the+World+2001&rft.pages=123%2C+126&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-393-04866-7&rft.aulast=Abramovitz&rft.aufirst=Janet+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPEf1AmFGmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inflationdata.com/articles/inflation-in-the-1990s/">"Inflation in the 1990s"</a>. <i>InflationData.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InflationData.com&rft.atitle=Inflation+in+the+1990s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finflationdata.com%2Farticles%2Finflation-in-the-1990s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoschkerSieberson2007" class="citation web cs1">Boschker, Karen; Sieberson, Eric (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsis.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/05/the_euro.pdf">"The Euro: Money Changes Everything"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Euro%3A+Money+Changes+Everything&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Boschker&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Sieberson%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsis.washington.edu%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2016%2F05%2Fthe_euro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riaa.com/u-s-sales-database/">"U.S. Music Revenue Database"</a>. <i>RIAA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2009</span>. <q>The decline of arcade video games would come back in the 1990s, despite attempts to redefine the arcade experience and attract players back to the arcade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arcade+Games+of+the+1990s+and+Beyond&rft.btitle=The+video+game+explosion%3A+a+history+from+PONG+to+PlayStation+and+beyond&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154776597&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33868-7&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dto5zEwOC9BcC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_140-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch2013" class="citation web cs1">Welch, Hanuman (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112230159/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/04/the-best-video-games-to-come-out-every-year-since-the-atari-2600/">"The Best Selling Video Game Of Every Year Since 1977"</a>. <i>Complex</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2013/04/the-best-video-games-to-come-out-every-year-since-the-atari-2600/">the original</a> on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complex&rft.atitle=The+Best+Selling+Video+Game+Of+Every+Year+Since+1977&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Hanuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fpop-culture%2F2013%2F04%2Fthe-best-video-games-to-come-out-every-year-since-the-atari-2600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_141-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_141-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebb2019" class="citation web cs1">Webb, Kevin (12 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.nl/best-selling-video-game-every-year-2018-11/">"The best-selling video game of every year, from 1995 to 2018"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+best-selling+video+game+of+every+year%2C+from+1995+to+2018&rft.date=2019-09-12&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.nl%2Fbest-selling-video-game-every-year-2018-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCallum2013" class="citation book cs1">McCallum, Jack (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8KJGlUvrPYC&pg=PA313"><i>Dream Team: How Michael, Magic, Larry, Charles, and the Greatest Team of All Time Conquered the World and Changed the Game of Basketball Forever</i></a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345520494" title="Special:BookSources/9780345520494"><bdi>9780345520494</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dream+Team%3A+How+Michael%2C+Magic%2C+Larry%2C+Charles%2C+and+the+Greatest+Team+of+All+Time+Conquered+the+World+and+Changed+the+Game+of+Basketball+Forever&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780345520494&rft.aulast=McCallum&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8KJGlUvrPYC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/blog/sportscenter/post/_/id/71610/this-day-in-sports-the-dream-team-takes-gold-in-barcelona">This Day in Sports: The Dream Team Takes Gold in Barcelona</a>". ESPN. 8 August 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-College_Football's_12_Greatest_Dynasties-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-College_Football's_12_Greatest_Dynasties_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228042510/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/2005/12/25/gallery.dynasty/content.7.html">"College Football's 12 Greatest Dynasties"</a>. <i>Sports Illustrated</i>. 25 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/2005/12/25/gallery.dynasty/content.7.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>At the height of Bobby Bowden's dominance, the Florida State Seminoles won two national championships (1993 and 1999), played for three others (1996, 1998 and 2000) and never finished outside the AP top four. Quarterbacks Charlie Ward and Chris Weinke won Heisman Trophies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=College+Football%27s+12+Greatest+Dynasties&rft.date=2005-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2Fmultimedia%2Fphoto_gallery%2F2005%2F12%2F25%2Fgallery.dynasty%2Fcontent.7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ysusports.com/fan_zone/traditions/football_traditions">"Football Traditions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Football+Traditions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ysusports.com%2Ffan_zone%2Ftraditions%2Ffootball_traditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bestseller-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bestseller_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bestseller_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030220172348/http://edition.cnn.com/1999/books/news/12/31/1990.sellers/">"Grisham ranks as top-selling author of decade"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 31 December 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/1999/books/news/12/31/1990.sellers/">the original</a> on 20 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Grisham+ranks+as+top-selling+author+of+decade&rft.date=1999-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F1999%2Fbooks%2Fnews%2F12%2F31%2F1990.sellers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/list/ls000076723/">"Top Actors – Actresses of the 90's"</a>. imdb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Actors+%E2%80%93+Actresses+of+the+90%27s&rft.pub=imdb.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Flist%2Fls000076723%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVorel2014" class="citation web cs1">Vorel, Jim (20 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/tv/the-90-best-tv-shows-of-the-1990s/">"The 90 Best TV Shows of the 1990s"</a>. <i>Paste Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paste+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+90+Best+TV+Shows+of+the+1990s&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.aulast=Vorel&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Ftv%2Fthe-90-best-tv-shows-of-the-1990s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ash, Timothy Garton. <i>History of the Present: Essays, Sketches, and Dispatches from Europe in the 1990s</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Present-Essays-Sketches-Dispatches-ebook/dp/B002GKGBNW/">excerpts</a></li> <li>Bender, Thomas. "'Venturesome and Cautious': American History in the 1990s." <i>Journal of American History</i> (1994): 992–1003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2081439">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Bentley, Nick, ed. <i>British Fiction of the 1990s</i> (Routledge, 2007).</li> <li>Berman, Milton. <i>The Nineties in America</i> (2009).</li> <li>Brügger, Niels, ed, <i>Web25: Histories from the first 25 years of the World Wide Web</i> (Peter Lang, 2017).</li> <li>Cornia, Giovanni Andrea, Ralph van der Hoeven, and Thandika Mkandawire. <i>Africa's recovery in the 1990s: from stagnation and adjustment to human development</i> (St. Martin's Press, 1992)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2011" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Thomas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZycX04rxTcC"><i>Music of the 1990s</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313379437" title="Special:BookSources/9780313379437"><bdi>9780313379437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+the+1990s&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313379437&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZycX04rxTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1990s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Neill, William. <i>A Bubble in Time: America During the Interwar Years, 1989-2001</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Bubble-Time-America-Interwar-1989-2001-ebook/dp/B009R6GYKI/">Excerpt</a>, popular history</li> <li>Parratt, Catriona M. "About Turns: Reflecting on Sport History in the 1990s." <i>Sport History Review</i> (1998) 29#1 pp: 4–17.</li> <li>Rubin, Robert, and Jacob Weisberg. <i>In an uncertain world: tough choices from Wall Street to Washington</i> (2015), economic history.</li> <li>Sierz, Aleks. <i>Modern British Playwriting: The 1990s: Voices, Documents, New Interpretations</i> (A&C Black, 2012)</li> <li>Stiglitz, Joseph E. <i>The roaring nineties: A new history of the world's most prosperous decade</i> (Norton, 2004), economic history</li> <li>Turner, Alwyn. <i>A Classless Society: Britain in the 1990s</i> <a href="/wiki/Aurum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurum Press">Aurum Press</a> (2013)</li> <li>van der Hoeven, Arno. "Remembering the popular music of the 1990s: dance music and the cultural meanings of decade-based nostalgia." <i>International Journal of heritage studies</i> (2014) 20#3 pp: 316–330.</li> <li>Yoda, Tomiko, and Harry Harootunian, eds. <i>Japan After Japan: Social and Cultural Life from the Recessionary 1990s to the Present</i> (2006)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1990s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1990s">1990s</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urg0E2FlbnQ"><span class="plainlinks">The 90s: Tonight Tonight - A Pop Culture Tribute</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_20th_century240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:20th_century" title="Template:20th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:20th_century" title="Template talk:20th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:20th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:20th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_20th_century240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the 20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Key_events_of_the_20th_century" title="Key events of the 20th century">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of the 20th century">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1900s" title="1900s">1900s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910s" title="1910s">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940s" title="1940s">1940s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s" title="1950s">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_art" title="20th-century art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_music" title="20th-century music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_science" title="20th century in science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_science_and_technology" title="1970s in science and technology">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_science_and_technology" title="1980s in science and technology">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_science_and_technology" title="1990s in science and technology">1990s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth-century_theatre" title="Twentieth-century theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>State leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_20th_century_(1901%E2%80%931950)" title="List of state leaders in the 20th century (1901–1950)">1901–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_20th_century_(1951%E2%80%932000)" title="List of state leaders in the 20th century (1951–2000)">1951–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_20th-century_earthquakes" title="Lists of 20th-century earthquakes">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_eclipses_in_the_20th_century" title="List of lunar eclipses in the 20th century">Lunar eclipses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots#20th_century" title="List of riots">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_20th_century" title="List of solar eclipses in the 20th century">Solar eclipses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_large_volcanic_eruptions_of_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="List of large volcanic eruptions of the 20th century">Volcanic eruptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1990s" title="Template:1990s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:1990s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:1990s (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1990s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1990s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1990s9" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1990s</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_comics" title="1990s in comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_fashion" title="1990s in fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_film" title="1990s in film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_animation#1990s" title="History of animation">animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_motorsport" title="1990s in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_music" title="1990s in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_jazz" title="1990s in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Latin_music" title="1990s in Latin music">Latin music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_video_games" title="1990s in video games">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_science_and_technology" title="1990s in science and technology">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_anthropology" title="1990s in anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_sociology" title="1990s in sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>By country:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Angola" title="1990s in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_India" title="1990s in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Japan" title="1990s in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="1990s in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Zimbabwe" 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