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transmission electron microscope (STEM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scanning_transmission_electron_microscope_(STEM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scanning_electron_microscope_(SEM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scanning_electron_microscope_(SEM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scanning_electron_microscope_(SEM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_operating_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_operating_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main operating modes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_operating_modes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main operating modes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_operating_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diffraction_contrast_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffraction_contrast_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diffraction contrast imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffraction_contrast_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_contrast_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_contrast_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Phase contrast imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_contrast_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_resolution_imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_resolution_imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>High resolution imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_resolution_imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chemical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electron_diffraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electron_diffraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Electron diffraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electron_diffraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sample preparation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_preparation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample preparation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scanning_Electron_Microscope_(SEM)_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scanning_Electron_Microscope_(SEM)_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scanning_Electron_Microscope_(SEM)_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission_electron_microscope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_electron_microscope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transmission electron microscope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_electron_microscope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EM_workflows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EM_workflows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>EM workflows</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-EM_workflows-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle EM workflows subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-EM_workflows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serial_imaging_for_volume_EM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_imaging_for_volume_EM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Serial imaging for volume EM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_imaging_for_volume_EM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electron microscope</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenmikroskop" title="Elektronenmikroskop – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektronenmikroskop" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مجهر إلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجهر إلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopiu_electr%C3%B3nicu" title="Microscopiu electrónicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Microscopiu electrónicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_mikroskop" title="Elektron mikroskop – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron mikroskop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ইলেকট্রন অণুবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন অণুবীক্ষণ যন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA_hi%C3%A1n-b%C3%AE-ki%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Tiān-chú hián-bî-kiàⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-chú hián-bî-kiàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Электронны мікраскоп – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электронны мікраскоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Електронен микроскоп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронен микроскоп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektronski mikroskop" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrgreskerezh_elektronek" title="Korrgreskerezh elektronek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Korrgreskerezh elektronek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopi_electr%C3%B2nic" title="Microscopi electrònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microscopi electrònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronov%C3%BD_mikroskop" title="Elektronový mikroskop – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronový mikroskop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meicrosgop_electron" title="Meicrosgop electron – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meicrosgop electron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronmikroskop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%BE_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ميكروسكوپ إليكطروني – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ميكروسكوپ إليكطروني" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenmikroskop" title="Elektronenmikroskop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronenmikroskop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronmikroskoop" title="Elektronmikroskoop – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektronmikroskoop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopio_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Microscopio electrónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Microscopio electrónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrona_mikroskopo" title="Elektrona mikroskopo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrona mikroskopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskopio_elektroniko" title="Mikroskopio elektroniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikroskopio elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="میکروسکوپ الکترونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میکروسکوپ الکترونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Microscope électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Microscope électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroanemikroskoop" title="Elektroanemikroskoop – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektroanemikroskoop" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopio_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Microscopio electrónico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Microscopio electrónico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%ED%98%84%EB%AF%B8%EA%B2%BD" title="전자현미경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자현미경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Էլեկտրոնային մանրադիտակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնային մանրադիտակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="एलेक्ट्रॉन सूक्ष्मदर्शी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलेक्ट्रॉन सूक्ष्मदर्शी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronski mikroskop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikroskop elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isibonancinci_senzuba" title="Isibonancinci senzuba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isibonancinci senzuba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopio_elettronico" title="Microscopio elettronico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Microscopio elettronico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מיקרוסקופ אלקטרונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיקרוסקופ אלקטרונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF" title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮದರ್ಶಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮದರ್ಶಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრონული მიკროსკოპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონული მიკროსკოპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Электронды микроскоп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электронды микроскоп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikwosk%C3%B2p_elektwonik" title="Mikwoskòp elektwonik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mikwoskòp elektwonik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Электрондук микроскоп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электрондук микроскоп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopium_electronicum" title="Microscopium electronicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Microscopium electronicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronmikroskops" title="Elektronmikroskops – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronmikroskops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroninis_mikroskopas" title="Elektroninis mikroskopas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektroninis mikroskopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronmikroszk%C3%B3p" title="Elektronmikroszkóp – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronmikroszkóp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Електронски микроскоп – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронски микроскоп" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ സൂക്ഷ്മദർശിനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ സൂക്ഷ്മദർശിനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mikroskop elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Электрон микросоп – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон микросоп" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အီလက်ထရွန် အဏုကြည့်မှန်ပြောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန် အဏုကြည့်မှန်ပြောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenmicroscoop" title="Elektronenmicroscoop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronenmicroscoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%A1%95%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="電子顕微鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子顕微鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronmikroskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektronmikroskop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA" title="ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋਨ ਮਾਈਕਰੋਸਕੋਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੋਨ ਮਾਈਕਰੋਸਕੋਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="الیکٹران مائکروسکوپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹران مائکروسکوپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F" title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန် မှန်ႏပြောင်ႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန် မှန်ႏပြောင်ႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskop_elektronowy" title="Mikroskop elektronowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mikroskop elektronowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsc%C3%B3pio_eletr%C3%B4nico" title="Microscópio eletrônico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Microscópio eletrônico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscop_electronic" title="Microscop electronic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Microscop electronic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Электронный микроскоп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронный микроскоп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronemikroskop" title="Elektronemikroskop – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektronemikroskop" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micruscopiu_alittr%C3%B2nicu" title="Micruscopiu alittrònicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Micruscopiu alittrònicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron microscope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3nov%C3%BD_mikroskop" title="Elektrónový mikroskop – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrónový mikroskop" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektronski mikroskop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%95%DB%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مایکڕۆسکۆپی ئەلێکتڕۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مایکڕۆسکۆپی ئەلێکتڕۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektronski mikroskop" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronski mikroskop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronimikroskooppi" title="Elektronimikroskooppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektronimikroskooppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronmikroskop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="எதிர்மின்னி நுண்நோக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்மின்னி நுண்நோக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF" title="విద్యుత్కణ సూక్ష్మదర్శిని – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విద్యుత్కణ సూక్ష్మదర్శిని" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="กล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องจุลทรรศน์อิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_mikroskobu" title="Elektron mikroskobu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron mikroskobu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Електронний мікроскоп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронний мікроскоп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnh_hi%E1%BB%83n_vi_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Kính hiển vi điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kính hiển vi điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroskopyo_elektroniko" title="Mikroskopyo elektroniko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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</div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electron+microscope%22">"Electron microscope"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electron+microscope%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electron+microscope%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electron+microscope%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electron+microscope%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electron+microscope%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_Microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Electron_Microscope.jpg/220px-Electron_Microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Electron_Microscope.jpg/330px-Electron_Microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Electron_Microscope.jpg/440px-Electron_Microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A transmission electron microscope from 2002</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ant_SEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ant_SEM.jpg/220px-Ant_SEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ant_SEM.jpg/330px-Ant_SEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ant_SEM.jpg/440px-Ant_SEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>An image of an <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ant</a> in a scanning electron microscope</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>electron microscope</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> that uses a beam of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> as a source of illumination. They use <a href="/wiki/Electron_optics" title="Electron optics">electron optics</a> that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope to control the electron beam, for instance focusing them to produce magnified images or <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">electron diffraction</a> patterns. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times smaller than that of visible light, electron microscopes have a much higher <a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">resolution</a> of about 0.1 nm, which compares to about 200 nm for <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">light microscopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Electron microscope</i> may refer to: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscopy</a> (TEM) where swift electrons go through a thin sample</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">Scanning transmission electron microscopy</a> (STEM) which is similar to TEM with a scanned electron probe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope</a> (SEM) which is similar to STEM, but with thick samples</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">Electron microprobe</a> similar to a SEM, but more for chemical analysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_electron_microscopy" title="Low-energy electron microscopy">Low-energy electron microscopy</a> (LEEM), used to image surfaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoemission_electron_microscopy" title="Photoemission electron microscopy">Photoemission electron microscopy</a> (PEEM) which is similar to LEEM using electrons emitted from surfaces by photons</li></ul> <p>Additional details can be found in the above links. This article contains some general information mainly about transmission electron microscopes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy#History" title="Transmission electron microscopy">Transmission electron microscopy § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg/220px-Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg/330px-Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg/440px-Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of an early electron microscope constructed by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a> in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>Many developments laid the groundwork of the <a href="/wiki/Electron_optics" title="Electron optics">electron optics</a> used in microscopes.<sup id="cite_ref-Calbick-1944_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calbick-1944-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One significant step was the work of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz</a> in 1883<sup id="cite_ref-Hertz-2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hertz-2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who made a cathode-ray tube with electrostatic and magnetic deflection, demonstrating manipulation of the direction of an electron beam. Others were focusing of the electrons by an axial magnetic field by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Emil Wiechert</a> in 1899,<sup id="cite_ref-Wiechert-1899_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiechert-1899-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> improved oxide-coated cathodes which produced more electrons by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wehnelt" title="Arthur Wehnelt">Arthur Wehnelt</a> in 1905<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of the electromagnetic lens in 1926 by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Busch" title="Hans Busch">Hans Busch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Busch-1926_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busch-1926-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>, the physicist <a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leó Szilárd</a> tried in 1928 to convince him to build an electron microscope, for which Szilárd had filed a patent.<sup id="cite_ref-Dannen-1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dannen-1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this day the issue of who invented the transmission electron microscope is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulvey-1962_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulvey-1962-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tao-2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao-2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freundlich-1963_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freundlich-1963-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rüdenberg-2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüdenberg-2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, at the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule" title="Technische Hochschule">Technische Hochschule</a> in Charlottenburg (now <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a>), Adolf Matthias (Professor of High Voltage Technology and Electrical Installations) appointed <a href="/wiki/Max_Knoll" title="Max Knoll">Max Knoll</a> to lead a team of researchers to advance research on electron beams and cathode-ray oscilloscopes. The team consisted of several PhD students including <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a>. In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Max_Knoll" title="Max Knoll">Max Knoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a><sup id="cite_ref-Knoll-1932a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knoll-1932a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knoll-1932b_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knoll-1932b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> successfully generated magnified images of mesh grids placed over an anode aperture. The device, a replicate of which is shown in the figure, used two magnetic lenses to achieve higher magnifications, the first electron microscope. (Max Knoll died in 1969, so did not receive a share of the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel prize</a> for the invention of electron microscopes.) </p><p>Apparently independent of this effort was work at <a href="/wiki/Siemens-Schuckertwerke" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens-Schuckertwerke">Siemens-Schuckert</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Rudenberg" title="Reinhold Rudenberg">Reinhold Rüdenberg</a>. According to patent law (U.S. Patent No. 2058914<sup id="cite_ref-Rüdenberg-1936_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüdenberg-1936-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2070318,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both filed in 1932), he is the inventor of the electron microscope, but it is not clear when he had a working instrument. He stated in a very brief article in 1932<sup id="cite_ref-Rodenberg-1932_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodenberg-1932-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Siemens had been working on this for some years before the patents were filed in 1932, claiming that his effort was parallel to the university development. He died in 1961, so similar to Max Knoll, was not eligible for a share of the 1986 Nobel prize.<sup id="cite_ref-LEO_Electron_Microscopy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEO_Electron_Microscopy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following year, 1933, Ruska and Knoll built the first electron microscope that exceeded the resolution of an optical (light) microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruska,_Ernst-1986_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruska,_Ernst-1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, in 1937, Siemens financed the work of Ernst Ruska and <a href="/wiki/Bodo_von_Borries" title="Bodo von Borries">Bodo von Borries</a>, and employed <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Ruska" title="Helmut Ruska">Helmut Ruska</a>, Ernst's brother, to develop applications for the microscope, especially with biological specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruska,_Ernst-1986_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruska,_Ernst-1986-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kruger-2000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruger-2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1937, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a> pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siemens produced the first commercial electron microscope in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first North American electron microscopes were constructed in the 1930s, at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a> by Anderson and Fitzsimmons <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eli_Franklin_Burton" title="Eli Franklin Burton">Eli Franklin Burton</a> and students Cecil Hall, <a href="/wiki/James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a>, and Albert Prebus. Siemens produced a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although current transmission electron microscopes are capable of two million times magnification, as scientific instruments they remain similar but with improved optics. </p><p>In the 1940s, high-resolution electron microscopes were developed, enabling greater magnification and resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1965, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Crewe" title="Albert Crewe">Albert Crewe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> introduced the scanning transmission electron microscope using a <a href="/wiki/Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">field emission source</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling scanning microscopes at high resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1980s improvements in mechanical stability as well as the use of higher accelerating voltages enabled imaging of materials at the atomic scale.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">field emission gun</a> became common for electron microscopes, improving the image quality due to the additional coherence and lower chromatic aberrations. The 2000s were marked by advancements in aberration-corrected electron microscopy, allowing for significant improvements in resolution and clarity of images.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv/330px--Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="330" height="186" data-durationhint="152" data-mwtitle="Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv/Transmission_Electron_Microscope_operating_principle.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Operating principle of a transmission electron microscope</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_electron_microscope_(TEM)"><span id="Transmission_electron_microscope_.28TEM.29"></span>Transmission electron microscope (TEM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transmission electron microscope (TEM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">Transmission electron microscope</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_Microscope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Electron_Microscope.png/220px-Electron_Microscope.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Electron_Microscope.png/330px-Electron_Microscope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Electron_Microscope.png/440px-Electron_Microscope.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The original form of the electron microscope, the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">transmission electron microscope</a> (TEM), uses a <a href="/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage">high voltage</a> <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam">electron beam</a> to illuminate the specimen and create an image. An electron beam is produced by an <a href="/wiki/Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">electron gun</a>, with the electrons typically having energies in the range 20 to 400 keV, focused by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetic</a> lenses, and transmitted through the specimen. When it emerges from the specimen, the electron beam carries information about the structure of the specimen that is magnified by lenses of the microscope. The spatial variation in this information (the "image") may be viewed by projecting the magnified electron image onto a <a href="/wiki/Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Detectors for transmission electron microscopy">detector</a>. For example, the image may be viewed directly by an operator using a fluorescent viewing screen coated with a <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scintillator" title="Scintillator">scintillator</a> material such as <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a>. A high-resolution phosphor may also be coupled by means of a lens optical system or a <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic">fibre optic</a> light-guide to the sensor of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a>. <a href="/wiki/Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy#Direct_electron_detectors" title="Detectors for transmission electron microscopy">Direct electron detectors</a> have no scintillator and are directly exposed to the electron beam, which addresses some of the limitations of scintillator-coupled cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resolution of TEMs is limited primarily by <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a>, but a new generation of hardware correctors can reduce spherical aberration to increase the resolution in <a href="/wiki/High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="High-resolution transmission electron microscopy">high-resolution transmission electron microscopy</a> (HRTEM) to below 0.5 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a> (50 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">picometres</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Erni-2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erni-2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enabling magnifications above 50 million times.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability of HRTEM to determine the positions of atoms within materials is useful for nano-technologies research and development.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scanning_transmission_electron_microscope_(STEM)"><span id="Scanning_transmission_electron_microscope_.28STEM.29"></span>Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">Scanning transmission electron microscopy</a></div> <p>The STEM rasters a focused incident probe across a specimen. The high resolution of the TEM is thus possible in STEM. The focusing action (and aberrations) occur before the electrons hit the specimen in the STEM, but afterward in the TEM. The STEMs use of SEM-like beam rastering simplifies <a href="/wiki/Annular_dark-field_imaging" title="Annular dark-field imaging">annular dark-field imaging</a>, and other analytical techniques, but also means that image data is acquired in serial rather than in parallel fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scanning_electron_microscope_(SEM)"><span id="Scanning_electron_microscope_.28SEM.29"></span>Scanning electron microscope (SEM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scanning electron microscope (SEM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv/330px--Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="330" height="186" data-durationhint="124" data-mwtitle="Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv/Scanning_Electron_Microscope.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Operating principle of a scanning electron microscope</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacillus_subtilis_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bacillus_subtilis_image.jpg/220px-Bacillus_subtilis_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bacillus_subtilis_image.jpg/330px-Bacillus_subtilis_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bacillus_subtilis_image.jpg/440px-Bacillus_subtilis_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Image of <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">Bacillus subtilis</a></i> taken with a 1960s electron microscope</figcaption></figure> <p>The SEM produces images by probing the specimen with a focused electron beam that is scanned across the specimen (<a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">raster scanning</a>). When the electron beam interacts with the specimen, it loses energy by a variety of mechanisms. These interactions lead to, among other events, emission of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_emission" title="Secondary emission">low-energy secondary electrons</a> and high-energy backscattered electrons, light emission (<a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">cathodoluminescence</a>) or <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> emission, all of which provide signals carrying information about the properties of the specimen surface, such as its topography and composition. The image displayed by SEM represents the varying intensity of any of these signals into the image in a position corresponding to the position of the beam on the specimen when the signal was generated.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SEMs are different from TEMs in that they use electrons with much lower energy, generally below 20 keV,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while TEMs generally use electrons with energies in the range of 80-300 keV.<sup id="cite_ref-Saha-2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saha-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the electron sources and optics of the two microscopes have different designs, and they are normally separate instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_operating_modes">Main operating modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main operating modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffraction_contrast_imaging">Diffraction contrast imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diffraction contrast imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Diffraction contrast uses the variation in either or both the direction of diffracted electrons or their amplitude as the contrast mechanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_contrast_imaging">Phase contrast imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phase contrast imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Phase contrast imaging involves generating contrast, for instance around edges, by defocusing the micriscope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_resolution_imaging">High resolution imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: High resolution imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="High-resolution transmission electron microscopy">High-resolution transmission electron microscopy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_analysis">Chemical analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microanalysis" title="Microanalysis">Microanalysis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electron_diffraction">Electron diffraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electron diffraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Electron diffraction</a></div> <p>Transmission electron microscopes can be used in <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">electron diffraction</a> mode where a map of the angles of the electrons leaving the sample is produced. The advantages of electron diffraction over <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> are primarily in the size of the crystals. In X-ray crystallography, crystals are commonly visible by the naked eye and are generally in the hundreds of micrometers in length. In comparison, crystals for electron diffraction must be less than a few hundred nanometers in thickness, and have no lower boundary of size. Additionally, electron diffraction is done on a TEM, which can also be used to obtain many other types of information, rather than requiring a separate instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saha-2022_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saha-2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_preparation">Sample preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sample preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samples for electron microscopes mostly cannot be observed directly. The samples need to be prepared to stabilize the sample and enhance contrast. Preparation techniques differ vastly in respect to the sample and its specific qualities to be observed as well as the specific microscope used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scanning_Electron_Microscope_(SEM)_2"><span id="Scanning_Electron_Microscope_.28SEM.29_2"></span>Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_insect_01_Pengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Golden_insect_01_Pengo.jpg/220px-Golden_insect_01_Pengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Golden_insect_01_Pengo.jpg/330px-Golden_insect_01_Pengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Golden_insect_01_Pengo.jpg/440px-Golden_insect_01_Pengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>An insect <a href="/wiki/Sputter_coating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputter coating">coated in gold</a> for viewing with a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope (SEM)</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To prevent charging and enhance the signal in SEM, non-conductive samples (e.g. biological samples as in figure) can be <a href="/wiki/Sputter_deposition" title="Sputter deposition">sputter-coated</a> in a thin film of metal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_electron_microscope">Transmission electron microscope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transmission electron microscope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy#Sample_preparation" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM Sample preparation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultramicrotomy" title="Ultramicrotomy">Ultramicrotomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">Staining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryofixation" title="Cryofixation">Cryofixation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">Chemical milling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a></div> <p>Materials to be viewed in a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">transmission electron microscope</a> (TEM) may require processing to produce a suitable sample. The technique required varies depending on the specimen and the analysis required: </p> <ul><li><i>Chemical <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(histology)" title="Fixation (histology)">fixation</a></i> – for biological specimens this aims to stabilize the specimen's mobile macromolecular structure by chemical crosslinking of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glutaraldehyde" title="Glutaraldehyde">glutaraldehyde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> with <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">osmium tetroxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryofixation" title="Cryofixation">Cryofixation</a></i> – freezing a specimen so that the water forms <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous ice">vitreous (non-crystalline) ice</a>. This preserves the specimen in a snapshot of its native state. Methods to achieve this vitrification include plunge freezing rapidly in liquid <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, and high pressure freezing. An entire field called <a href="/wiki/Cryo-electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryo-electron microscopy">cryo-electron microscopy</a> has branched from this technique. With the development of <a href="/wiki/Cryo-electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryo-electron microscopy">cryo-electron microscopy</a> of vitreous sections (CEMOVIS)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cryo-<a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">focused ion beam</a> milling of lamellae,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner-2020_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-2020-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is now possible to observe samples from virtually any biological specimen close to its native state.</li> <li><i>Dehydration</i> – replacement of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> with organic solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical point drying">critical point drying</a> or infiltration with embedding <a href="/wiki/Resins" class="mw-redirect" title="Resins">resins</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Freeze_drying" title="Freeze drying">freeze drying</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Embedding, biological specimens</i> – after dehydration, tissue for observation in the transmission electron microscope is embedded so it can be sectioned ready for viewing. To do this the tissue is passed through a 'transition solvent' such as <a href="/wiki/Propylene_oxide" title="Propylene oxide">propylene oxide</a> (epoxypropane) or <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> and then infiltrated with an <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Araldite" title="Araldite">Araldite</a>, Epon, or <a href="/wiki/Durcupan" title="Durcupan">Durcupan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tissues may also be embedded directly in water-miscible <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">acrylic resin</a>. After the resin has been polymerized (hardened) the sample is sectioned by <a href="/wiki/Ultramicrotomy" title="Ultramicrotomy">ultramicrotomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">stained</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Embedding, materials</i> – after embedding in resin, the specimen is usually ground and polished to a mirror-like finish using ultra-fine abrasives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="freeze-fracture"></span><i>Freeze-fracture or freeze-etch</i> – a preparation method<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly useful for examining lipid membranes and their incorporated proteins in "face on" view.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stillwell-2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillwell-2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreezeFracture_final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FreezeFracture_final.jpg/220px-FreezeFracture_final.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FreezeFracture_final.jpg/330px-FreezeFracture_final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FreezeFracture_final.jpg/440px-FreezeFracture_final.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3799" data-file-height="2698" /></a><figcaption>Freeze-fracturing helps to peel open membranes to allow visualization of what is inside</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:External_face_of_bakers_yeast_membrane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/External_face_of_bakers_yeast_membrane.jpg/220px-External_face_of_bakers_yeast_membrane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/External_face_of_bakers_yeast_membrane.jpg/330px-External_face_of_bakers_yeast_membrane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/External_face_of_bakers_yeast_membrane.jpg/440px-External_face_of_bakers_yeast_membrane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption>External face of bakers yeast membrane showing the small holes where proteins are fractured out, sometimes as small ring patterns.</figcaption></figure>The fresh tissue or cell suspension is frozen rapidly (cryofixation), then fractured by breaking<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or by using a microtome)<sup id="cite_ref-Stillwell-2016_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillwell-2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while maintained at liquid nitrogen temperature. The cold fractured surface (sometimes "etched" by increasing the temperature to about −100 °C for several minutes to let some ice sublime)<sup id="cite_ref-Stillwell-2016_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stillwell-2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is then shadowed with evaporated platinum or gold at an average angle of 45° in a high vacuum evaporator. The second coat of carbon, evaporated perpendicular to the average surface plane is often performed to improve the stability of the replica coating. The specimen is returned to room temperature and pressure, then the extremely fragile "pre-shadowed" metal replica of the fracture surface is released from the underlying biological material by careful chemical digestion with acids, <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> solution or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_dodecyl_sulfate" title="Sodium dodecyl sulfate">SDS</a> detergent. The still-floating replica is thoroughly washed free from residual chemicals, carefully fished up on fine grids, dried then viewed in the TEM.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Freeze-fracture replica immunogold labeling (FRIL)</i> – the freeze-fracture method has been modified to allow the identification of the components of the fracture face by immunogold labeling. Instead of removing all the underlying tissue of the thawed replica as the final step before viewing in the microscope the tissue thickness is minimized during or after the fracture process. The thin layer of tissue remains bound to the metal replica so it can be immunogold labeled with antibodies to the structures of choice. The thin layer of the original specimen on the replica with gold attached allows the identification of structures in the fracture plane.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also related methods which label the surface of etched cells<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other replica labeling variations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ion beam milling</i> – thins samples until they are transparent to electrons by firing <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> (typically <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>) at the surface from an angle and sputtering material from the surface. A subclass of this is <a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">focused ion beam</a> milling, where <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> ions are used to produce an electron transparent membrane or 'lamella' in a specific region of the sample, for example through a device within a microprocessor or a <a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">focused ion beam</a> SEM. Ion beam milling may also be used for cross-section polishing prior to analysis of materials that are difficult to prepare using mechanical polishing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Negative_stain" title="Negative stain">Negative stain</a></i> – suspensions containing <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> or fine biological material (such as viruses and bacteria) are briefly mixed with a dilute solution of an electron-opaque solution such as ammonium molybdate, <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate" title="Uranyl acetate">uranyl acetate</a> (or formate), or <a href="/wiki/Phosphotungstic_acid" title="Phosphotungstic acid">phosphotungstic acid</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This mixture is applied to an EM grid, pre-coated with a plastic film such as formvar, blotted, then allowed to dry. Viewing of this preparation in the TEM should be carried out without delay for best results. The method is important in microbiology for fast but crude morphological identification, but can also be used as the basis for high-resolution 3D reconstruction using EM tomography methodology when carbon films are used for support.</li> <li><i>Sectioning</i> – produces thin slices of the specimen, semitransparent to electrons. These can be cut using <a href="/wiki/Ultramicrotomy" title="Ultramicrotomy">ultramicrotomy</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Ultramicrotome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramicrotome">ultramicrotome</a> with a glass or <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> knife to produce ultra-thin sections about 60–90 nm thick. Disposable <a href="/wiki/Glass_knives" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass knives">glass knives</a> are also used because they can be made in the lab and are much cheaper. Sections can also be created in situ by milling in a <a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">focused ion beam</a> SEM, where the section is known as a lamella.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner-2020_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-2020-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">Staining</a></i> – uses heavy metals such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> to scatter imaging electrons and thus give contrast between different structures, since many (especially biological) materials are nearly "transparent" to electrons (weak phase objects). In biology, specimens can be stained "en bloc" before embedding and also later after sectioning. Typically thin sections are stained for several minutes with an aqueous or alcoholic solution of <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate" title="Uranyl acetate">uranyl acetate</a> followed by aqueous lead citrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds-1963_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-1963-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EM_workflows">EM workflows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: EM workflows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In their most common configurations, electron microscopes produce images with a single brightness value per pixel, with the results usually rendered in <a href="/wiki/Greyscale" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyscale">greyscale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, often these images are then colourized through the use of feature-detection software, or simply by hand-editing using a graphics editor. This may be done to clarify structure or for aesthetic effect and generally does not add new information about the specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Electron microscopes are now frequently used in more complex workflows, with each workflow typically using multiple technologies to enable more complex and/or more quantitative analyses of a sample. A few examples are outlined below, but this should not be considered an exhaustive list. The choice of workflow will be highly dependent on the application and the requirements of the corresponding scientific questions, such as resolution, volume, nature of the target molecule, etc. </p><p>For example, images from light and electron microscopy of the same region of a sample can be overlaid to correlate the data from the two modalities. This is commonly used to provide higher resolution contextual EM information about a fluorescently labelled structure. This correlative light and electron microscopy (<a href="/wiki/Correlative_light-electron_microscopy" title="Correlative light-electron microscopy">CLEM</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of a range of correlative workflows now available. Another example is high resolution mass spectrometry (ion microscopy), which has been used to provide correlative information about subcellular antibiotic localisation,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> data that would be difficult to obtain by other means. </p><p>The initial role of electron microscopes in imaging two-dimensional slices (TEM) or a specimen surface (SEM with secondary electrons) has also increasingly expanded into the depth of samples.<sup id="cite_ref-Peddie-2022_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peddie-2022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early example of these ‘<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume_EM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume EM (page does not exist)">volume EM</a>’ workflows was simply to stack TEM images of serial sections cut through a sample. The next development was virtual reconstruction of a thick section (200-500 nm) volume by backprojection of a set of images taken at different tilt angles - <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy#Three-dimensional_imaging" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM tomography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serial_imaging_for_volume_EM">Serial imaging for volume EM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Serial imaging for volume EM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To acquire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume_EM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume EM (page does not exist)">volume EM</a> datasets of larger depths than TEM tomography (micrometers or millimeters in the z axis), a series of images taken through the sample depth can be used. For example, ribbons of serial sections can be imaged in a TEM as described above, and when thicker sections are used, serial TEM tomography can be used to increase the z-resolution. More recently, back scattered electron (BSE) images can be acquired of a larger series of sections collected on silicon wafers, known as SEM array tomography.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative approach is to use BSE SEM to image the block surface instead of the section, after each section has been removed. By this method, an ultramicrotome installed in an SEM chamber can increase automation of the workflow; the specimen block is loaded in the chamber and the system programmed to continuously cut and image through the sample. This is known as serial block face SEM.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related method uses <a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">focused ion beam</a> milling instead of an ultramicrotome to remove sections. In these serial imaging methods, the output is essentially a sequence of images through a specimen block that can be digitally aligned in sequence and thus reconstructed into a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volume_EM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volume EM (page does not exist)">volume EM</a> dataset. The increased volume available in these methods has expanded the capability of electron microscopy to address new questions,<sup id="cite_ref-Peddie-2022_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peddie-2022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as mapping neural connectivity in the brain,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and membrane contact sites between organelles.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeol_Transmission_and_scanning_EM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jeol_Transmission_and_scanning_EM.jpg/220px-Jeol_Transmission_and_scanning_EM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jeol_Transmission_and_scanning_EM.jpg/330px-Jeol_Transmission_and_scanning_EM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Jeol_Transmission_and_scanning_EM.jpg/440px-Jeol_Transmission_and_scanning_EM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="2443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/JEOL" title="JEOL">JEOL</a> transmission and scanning electron microscope made in the mid-1970s</figcaption></figure> <p>Electron microscopes are expensive to build and maintain. Microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions must be housed in stable buildings (sometimes underground) with special services such as magnetic field canceling systems.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The samples largely have to be viewed in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>, as the molecules that make up air would scatter the electrons. An exception is <a href="/wiki/Liquid-Phase_Electron_Microscopy" title="Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy">liquid-phase electron microscopy</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using either a closed liquid cell or an environmental chamber, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope" title="Environmental scanning electron microscope">environmental scanning electron microscope</a>, which allows hydrated samples to be viewed in a low-pressure (up to 20 <a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">Torr</a> or 2.7 kPa) wet environment. Various techniques for <a href="/wiki/In_situ_electron_microscopy" title="In situ electron microscopy">in situ electron microscopy</a> of gaseous samples have been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens; therefore non-conductive materials require conductive coating (gold/palladium alloy, carbon, osmium, etc.). The low-voltage mode of modern microscopes makes possible the observation of non-conductive specimens without coating. Non-conductive materials can be imaged also by a variable pressure (or environmental) scanning electron microscope.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Small, stable specimens such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nanotubes">carbon nanotubes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatom</a> frustules and small mineral crystals (asbestos fibres, for example) require no special treatment before being examined in the electron microscope. Samples of hydrated materials, including almost all biological specimens, have to be prepared in various ways to stabilize them, reduce their thickness (ultrathin sectioning) and increase their electron optical contrast (staining). These processes may result in <i><a href="/wiki/Visual_artifact#In_microscopy" title="Visual artifact">artifacts</a></i>, but these can usually be identified by comparing the results obtained by using radically different specimen preparation methods. Since the 1980s, analysis of <a href="/wiki/Cryofixation" title="Cryofixation">cryofixed</a>, vitrified specimens has also become increasingly used by scientists, further confirming the validity of this technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Adrian-1984_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adrian-1984-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabanay-1991_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabanay-1991-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_materials_analysis_methods" title="List of materials analysis methods">List of materials analysis methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy" title="Electron energy loss spectroscopy">Electron energy loss spectroscopy</a> (EELS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electron_microscope_images" title="Category:Electron microscope images">Electron microscope images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_filtered_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy">Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy</a> (EFTEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope" title="Environmental scanning electron microscope">Environmental scanning electron microscope</a> (ESEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_electron_microscopy" title="Immune electron microscopy">Immune electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_electron_microscopy" title="In situ electron microscopy">In situ electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_electron_microscopy" title="Low-energy electron microscopy">Low-energy electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope_image_processing" title="Microscope image processing">Microscope image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">Microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_confocal_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning confocal electron microscopy">Scanning confocal electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope</a> (SEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">Thin section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Electron_Aberration-Corrected_Microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope">Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_microscope&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopaedia_Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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"Vitrification of cryoelectron microscopy specimens revealed by high-speed photographic imaging". <i>Journal of Microscopy</i>. <b>211</b> (Pt 1): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2818.2003.01193.x">10.1046/j.1365-2818.2003.01193.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12839550">12839550</a>.</cite><span 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href="https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/collection/bb5940732k">Cell Centered Database – Electron microscopy data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/cell/analysingcells.html">Science Aid: Electron Microscopy</a>:By Kaden park</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a> interaction<br />with matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auger_effect" title="Auger effect">Auger effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Electron scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_lines_(physics)" title="Kikuchi lines (physics)">Kikuchi lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_electrons" title="Secondary electrons">Secondary electrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Detectors for transmission electron microscopy">Detectors for transmission electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">Electron gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everhart%E2%80%93Thornley_detector" title="Everhart–Thornley detector">Everhart–Thornley detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">Field electron emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">Field emission gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_lens" title="Magnetic lens">Magnetic lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmator" title="Stigmator">Stigmator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microscopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">EM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlative_light-electron_microscopy" title="Correlative light-electron microscopy">Correlative light EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">Cryo-EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">EMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-Phase_Electron_Microscopy" title="Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy">Liquid-Phase EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_electron_microscopy" title="Low-energy electron microscopy">Low-energy EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoemission_electron_microscopy" title="Photoemission electron microscopy">Photoemission EM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope" title="Environmental scanning electron microscope">Environmental SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Scanning electron cryomicroscopy">CryoSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_confocal_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning confocal electron microscopy">Confocal SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEM-XRF" title="SEM-XRF">SEM-XRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Transmission electron cryomicroscopy">Cryo-TEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_cryotomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron cryotomography">Cryo-ET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_filtered_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy">EFTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="High-resolution transmission electron microscopy">HRTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">STEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="4D scanning transmission electron microscopy">4D STEM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberration-Corrected_Transmission_Electron_Microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy">Aberration-Corrected TEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="4D scanning transmission electron microscopy">4D STEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annular_dark-field_imaging" title="Annular dark-field imaging">Annular dark-field imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_contrast_imaging" title="Charge contrast imaging">Charge contrast imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_beam_electron_diffraction" title="Convergent beam electron diffraction">CBED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">cryoEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">Dark-field microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">EDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">EBSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction" title="Transmission Kikuchi diffraction">TKD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_channelling_contrast_imaging" title="Electron channelling contrast imaging">ECCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy" title="Electron energy loss spectroscopy">EELS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam-induced_current" title="Electron beam-induced current">EBIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_holography" title="Electron holography">Electron holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_tomography" title="Electron tomography">Electron tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">FIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluctuation_electron_microscopy" title="Fluctuation electron microscopy">FEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_electron_microscopy" title="Immune electron microscopy">Immune electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_phase_analysis" title="Geometric phase analysis">Geometric phase analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon-Induced_Near-field_Electron_Microscopy" title="Photon-Induced Near-field Electron Microscopy">PINEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession_electron_diffraction" title="Precession electron diffraction">Precession electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_block-face_scanning_electron_microscopy" title="Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">WDXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak-beam_dark-field_microscopy" title="Weak-beam dark-field microscopy">WBDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Crewe" title="Albert Crewe">Albert Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_von_Borries" title="Bodo von Borries">Bodo von Borries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_G._Bauer" title="Ernst G. Bauer">Ernst G. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimos_Danilatos" title="Gerasimos Danilatos">Gerasimos Danilatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Knoll" title="Max Knoll">Max Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_J._Zaluzec" title="Nestor J. Zaluzec">Nestor J. Zaluzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondrej_Krivanek" title="Ondrej Krivanek">Ondrej Krivanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Everhart" title="Thomas Eugene Everhart">Thomas Eugene Everhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Ellis_Cosslett" title="Vernon Ellis Cosslett">Vernon Ellis Cosslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEI_Company" title="FEI Company">FEI Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi High-Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEOL" title="JEOL">JEOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Microsystems" title="Leica Microsystems">Leica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nion_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nion Company">Nion Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESCAN" title="TESCAN">TESCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gegi.usherbrooke.ca/casino/index.html">CASINO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrysTBox" title="CrysTBox">CrysTBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM_Data_Bank" title="EM Data Bank">EM Data Bank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/EMsoft-org/EMsoft">EMsoft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gatan.com/products/tem-analysis/gatan-microscopy-suite-software">Digital Micrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)" title="Direct methods (electron microscopy)">Direct methods</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucr.org/resources/commissions/electron-crystallography/software">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTEX" title="MTEX">MTEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multislice" title="Multislice">Multislice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Electron_microscopy" title="Category:Electron microscopy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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