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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Overview table </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Letter construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_that_do_not_link_to_a_following_letter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_that_do_not_link_to_a_following_letter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Letters that do not link to a following letter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_that_do_not_link_to_a_following_letter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Diacritics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Short vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanvin_(nunation)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanvin_(nunation)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Tanvin (nunation) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanvin_(nunation)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tašdid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tašdid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Tašdid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tašdid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Other characters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novel_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novel_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Novel letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novel_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deviations_from_the_Arabic_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deviations_from_the_Arabic_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Deviations from the Arabic script </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deviations_from_the_Arabic_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_different_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_different_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Comparison of different numerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_different_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Word boundaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyrillic_Persian_alphabet_in_Tajikistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyrillic_Persian_alphabet_in_Tajikistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cyrillic Persian alphabet in Tajikistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyrillic_Persian_alphabet_in_Tajikistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Persian alphabet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية فارسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية فارسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فارس الیفباسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فارس الیفباسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="ফার্সি লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফার্সি লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_persa" title="Alfabet persa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet persa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persk%C3%A9_p%C3%ADsmo" title="Perské písmo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perské písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persisches_Alphabet" title="Persisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Persisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_persa" title="Alfabeto persa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto persa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba-persa_alfabeto" title="Araba-persa alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba-persa alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="الفبای فارسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای فارسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_perso-arabe" title="Alphabet perso-arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet perso-arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_persa" title="Alfabeto persa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto persa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="페르시아 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르시아 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պարսկերենի այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարսկերենի այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="फ़ारसी-अरबी लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ारसी-अरबी लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad_Persia" title="Abjad Persia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abjad Persia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_arabo-persiano" title="Alfabeto arabo-persiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto arabo-persiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სპარსული დამწერლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპარსული დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzsa_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Perzsa ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perzsa ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Персиско писмо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Персиско писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="फारसी वर्णमाला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फारसी वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89" title="حروف فارسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حروف فارسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="فارسی الفبا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فارسی الفبا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perzisch_alfabet" title="Perzisch alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perzisch alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="फारसी वर्णमाला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फारसी वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ペルシア文字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルシア文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_persiske_alfabetet" title="Det persiske alfabetet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det persiske alfabetet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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data-title="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_-_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="فارسی - عربی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فارسی - عربی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_perski" title="Alfabet perski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet perski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_persa" title="Alfabeto persa – Portuguese" 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing system used for the Persian language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other scripts that have been used to write the Persian language, see <a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Orthography" title="Persian language">Persian language § Orthography</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Persian_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Persian alphabet">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Persian_alphabet" title="Talk:Persian alphabet">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Persian_alphabet" title="Special:EditPage/Persian alphabet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Persian+alphabet%22">"Persian alphabet"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Persian+alphabet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Persian+alphabet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Persian+alphabet%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Persian+alphabet%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Persian+alphabet%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations. (September 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Persian alphabet <div style="font-weight:normal">الفبای فارسی Alefbâ-ye Fârsi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/345px-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/460px-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="2489" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">A page from a 12th century manuscript of "Kitab al-Abniya 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya" by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_Muwaffaq" title="Abu Mansur Muwaffaq">Abu Mansur Muwaffaq</a> with special Persian letters p (پ), ch (چ) and g (گ = ڭـ).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> Abjad </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7th century CE – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">Right-to-left script</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744068?uselang=en#P1406" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabataean</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Persian alphabet</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Adyghe_Arabic_alphabet" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Arabi Malayalam</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> (indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Arabic Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a> (indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet#Azerbaijani_Arabic_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language#Orthography" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet#Arabic_script" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar#Arabic_alphabet" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language#Writing_system" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets#Arabic_script" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language#Arabic_alphabet_(1921–1928)" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets#Arabic" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language#Uyghur_alphabet" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> (with some influence from Pashto orthography)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen Arabic</a> (indirectly)</li> <li>Gilaki</li> <li>Indo-Arabic<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language#Alphabet" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language#Perso-Arabic_Script" title="Marwari language">Marwari Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko#Alphabet" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_alphabets" title="Balochi alphabets">Balochi</a> (indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language#Perso-Arabic_alphabet" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language#Orthography" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a> (can also be considered a descendant of the Pashto alphabet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language#Writing_system" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language#Pakistani_Perso-Arabic_alphabet" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> (in Pakistan)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Kabardian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic#Writing_system" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Kurdo-Arabic_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_alphabets#Lezgin_Arabic_alphabet" title="Lezgin alphabets">Lezgin Arabic</a></li> <li>Luri <ul><li>Northern Luri</li> <li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Southern Luri</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language#Orthography" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri#Orthography" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language#Persian_alphabet" title="Shughni language">Shughni Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language#Afghan_Perso-Arabic_alphabet" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a> (in Afghanistan)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language#Orthography" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari Koli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Arebica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet#Arabic_script" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar Arabic</a> (could instead be a descendant of Chagatai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek Aljamiado</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet#Turkmen_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/40px-Farsi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/60px-Farsi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/80px-Farsi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian text</a>. 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Persian Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'IranNastaliq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">گ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a> <a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perso-Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="clear:right; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 85%; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align: center; border-spacing:0px; width:300px; white-space:nowrap; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal;">Part of a series on </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; background:transparent; text-align:center; border-spacing:0px; margin:0px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg/220px-Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg/330px-Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg/440px-Different_scripts_of_different_languages_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="font-size:100%;">Writing systems used in India </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic scripts</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia script</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu script</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;">Arabic derived scripts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu script</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;">Alphabetical scripts </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; border: 1px solid #FFFFFF;">Related </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffffff;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Republic of India">Official scripts of the Republic of India</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Writing systems of India</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ccccff; font-size: 70%; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/16px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/24px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/32px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/16px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/24px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/32px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></li></ul> </div> </th></tr></tbody></table> The Persian alphabet (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: الفبای فارسی, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Alefbâ-ye Fârsi), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">right-to-left</a> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> used for the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>. It is a variation of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> with five additional letters: پ چ ژ گ (the sounds 'g', 'zh', 'ch', and 'p', respectively), in addition to the obsolete ڤ that was used for the sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>/. This letter is no longer used in Persian, as the [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]-sound changed to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>], e.g. archaic زڤان /zaβɑn/ > زبان /zæbɒn/ 'language'.<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[3]</a> It was the basis of many <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic-based scripts</a> used in Central and South Asia. It is used for the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard varieties</a> of Persian; and is one of two <a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">official</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> for the Persian language, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a>. The script is mostly but not exclusively <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">right-to-left</a>; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script is <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a>, meaning most letters in a word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a> automatically join adjacent letter forms. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The Persian alphabet is directly derived and developed from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>. The Arabic alphabet was introduced to the Persian-speaking world after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in the 7th century. Following this, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language became the principal language of government and religious institutions in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, which led to the widespread usage of the Arabic script. Classical <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> and poetry were affected by this simultaneous usage of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. A new influx of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> vocabulary soon entered the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[4]</a> In the 8th century, the <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid dynasty</a> officially adopted the Arabic script for writing Persian, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a> in the 9th century, gradually displacing the various <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a> used for the Persian language prior. By the 9th-century, the Perso-Arabic alphabet became the dominant form of writing in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus2002-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> Under the influence of various Persian Empires, many languages in Central and South Asia that adopted the Arabic script use the Persian Alphabet as the basis of their writing systems. Today, extended versions of the Persian alphabet are used to write a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Classical Hindostani</a>), <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Panjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Perso-Arabic_script" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>. In the past the use of the Persian alphabet was common amongst <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, but today is relegated to those spoken within Iran, such as <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a> in western China is the most notable exception to this. During the colonization of Central Asia, many languages in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, including Persian, were reformed by the government. This ultimately resulted in the Cyrillic-based alphabet used in Tajikistan today. See: <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet#History" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet § History</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Letters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq%27s_proportions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Persian_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq%27s_proportions.jpg/220px-Persian_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq%27s_proportions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Persian_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq%27s_proportions.jpg/330px-Persian_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq%27s_proportions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Persian_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq%27s_proportions.jpg/440px-Persian_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq%27s_proportions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>Example showing the <a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a> calligraphic style's proportion rules[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on the left), medial (joined on both sides) and final (joined on the right) of a word.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> These include 28 letters of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>, in addition to 4 other letters. The names of the letters are mostly the ones used in Arabic except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is he, which is used for both ح and ه. For clarification, they are often called hâ-ye jimi (literally "jim-like he" after jim, the name for the letter ج that uses the same base form) and hâ-ye do-češm (literally "two-eyed he", after the contextual middle letterform ـهـ), respectively. There are eight Persian letters that are mainly used in Arabic or foreign loanwords and not in native words: ث, ح, ذ, ص, ض, ط, ظ, ع and غ. These eight letters are also common used in proper names only. Unlike Arabic, the Persian language absolutely does not have <a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealization</a> at all. Although the letter غ is mainly used in Arabic loanwords, there are some native Persian words with this letter: آغاز, زغال, etc. The pronunciation of these letters in Persian can differ from their pronunciation in Arabic. For example, the letter ث is pronounced as /s/ in Persian, while it is pronounced as /θ/ in Arabic. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th>Persian </th> <th>Arabic </th></tr> <tr> <td>ث </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">/s/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">/θ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ح </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">/h/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">/ħ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ذ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">/z/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">/ð/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ص </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">/s/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">/sˤ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ض </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">/z/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">/dˤ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ط </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_plosives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives">/t/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">/tˤ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ظ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">/z/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">/ðˤ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ع </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">/ʔ/</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">/ʕ/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>غ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">/ɣ/</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_table">Overview table</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview table">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"># </th> <th rowspan="2">Name (in Persian) </th> <th rowspan="2">Name (transliterated) </th> <th rowspan="2">Transliteration </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Contextual forms </th></tr> <tr> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Isolated </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="4">0 </td> <td rowspan="4">همزه </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamze</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">ʾ </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">Glottal stop</a> [<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">U+0621</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ء </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="أ">U+0623</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـأ </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">أ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ئ">U+0626</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـئ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـئـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ئـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ئ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ؤ">U+0624</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـؤ </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ؤ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>1 </td> <td>الف </td> <td>alef </td> <td>â </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">U+0627</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـا </td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ا </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>2 </td> <td>ب </td> <td>be </td> <td>b </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">U+0628</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـب </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـبـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">بـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ب </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>3 </td> <td>پ </td> <td>pe </td> <td>p </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">U+067E</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـپ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـپـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">پـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">پ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>4 </td> <td>ت </td> <td>te </td> <td>t </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">U+062A</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـت </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـتـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">تـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ت </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>5 </td> <td>ث </td> <td>se </td> <td>s </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">U+062B</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـث </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـثـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ثـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ث </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>6 </td> <td>جیم </td> <td>jim </td> <td>j </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">U+062C</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـج </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـجـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">جـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ج </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>7 </td> <td>چ </td> <td>če </td> <td>č </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">U+0686</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـچ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـچـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">چـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">چ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>8 </td> <td>ح </td> <td>he (hâ-ye jimi) </td> <td>h </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">U+062D</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـح </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـحـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">حـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ح </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>9 </td> <td>خ </td> <td>xe </td> <td>x </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">U+062E</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـخ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـخـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">خـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">خ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>10 </td> <td>دال </td> <td>dâl </td> <td>d </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">U+062F</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ـد </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">د </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>11 </td> <td>ذال </td> <td>zâl </td> <td>z </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">U+0630</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ـذ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ذ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>12 </td> <td>ر </td> <td>re </td> <td>r </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">U+0631</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ـر </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ر </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>13 </td> <td>ز </td> <td>ze </td> <td>z </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">U+0632</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ـز </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ز </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>14 </td> <td>ژ </td> <td>že </td> <td>ž </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">U+0698</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ـژ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;" colspan="2">ژ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>15 </td> <td>سین </td> <td>sin </td> <td>s </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">U+0633</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـس </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـسـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">سـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">س </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>16 </td> <td>شین </td> <td>šin </td> <td>š </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">U+0634</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـش </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـشـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">شـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ش </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>17 </td> <td>صاد </td> <td>sâd </td> <td>s </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">U+0635</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـص </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـصـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">صـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ص </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>18 </td> <td>ضاد </td> <td>zâd </td> <td>z </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">U+0636</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـض </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـضـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ضـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ض </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>19 </td> <td>طا </td> <td>tâ </td> <td>t </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">U+0637</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـط </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـطـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">طـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ط </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>20 </td> <td>ظا </td> <td>zâ </td> <td>z </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">U+0638</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـظ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـظـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ظـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ظ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>21 </td> <td>عین </td> <td>ʿeyn </td> <td>ʿ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>]/[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">U+0639</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـع </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـعـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">عـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ع </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>22 </td> <td>غین </td> <td>ġeyn </td> <td>ġ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">U+063A</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـغ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـغـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">غـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">غ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>23 </td> <td>ف </td> <td>fe </td> <td>f </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">U+0641</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـف </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـفـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">فـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ف </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>24 </td> <td>قاف </td> <td>qâf </td> <td>q </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">U+0642</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـق </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـقـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">قـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ق </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>25 </td> <td>کاف </td> <td>kâf </td> <td>k </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">U+06A9</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـک </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـکـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">کـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ک </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>26 </td> <td>گاف </td> <td>gâf </td> <td>g </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">U+06AF</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـگ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـگـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">گـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">گ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>27 </td> <td>لام </td> <td>lâm </td> <td>l </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">U+0644</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـل </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـلـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">لـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ل </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>28 </td> <td>میم </td> <td>mim </td> <td>m </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">U+0645</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـم </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـمـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">مـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">م </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>29 </td> <td>نون </td> <td>nun </td> <td>n </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">U+0646</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـن </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـنـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">نـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ن </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td rowspan="2">30 </td> <td rowspan="2">واو </td> <td>vâv (in Farsi) </td> <td>v / ū / ow / o </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>] (only word-finally) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">U+0648</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـو </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">و </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>wâw (in Dari) </td> <td>w / ū / aw / ō </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>] </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>31 </td> <td>ه </td> <td>he (hā-ye do-češm) </td> <td>h </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>], or [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] (word-finally) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">U+0647</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـه </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـهـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">هـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ه </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>32 </td> <td>ی </td> <td>ye </td> <td>y / ī / á / (Also ay / ē in Dari) </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a>] ([<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>] / [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>] in Dari) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">U+06CC</a> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـی </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ـیـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">یـ </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;font-size:200%;">ی </td></tr></tbody></table> Historically, in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early New Persian">Early New Persian</a>, there was a special letter for the sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>/. This letter is no longer used, as the /β/-sound changed to /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/, e.g. archaic زڤان /zaβān/ > زبان /zæbɒːn/ 'language'.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Isolated form </th> <th>Final form </th> <th>Medial form </th> <th>Initial form </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ڤ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـڤ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـڤـ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ڤـ </td> <td>βe </td></tr></tbody></table> Another obsolete variant of the twenty-sixth letter گ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ is ݣ‎ which used to appear in old manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[3]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Isolated form </th> <th>Final form </th> <th>Medial form </th> <th>Initial form </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ݣ‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـݣ‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـݣـ‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ڭـ </td> <td>gâf </td></tr></tbody></table> Another obsolete variant of the twenty-fifth letter ک /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ is ك‎ which used to appear in old manuscripts. <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Isolated form </th> <th>Final form </th> <th>Medial form </th> <th>Initial form </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ك‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">‎ـك </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـكـ‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">كـ </td> <td>kâf </td></tr></tbody></table> The archaic letter ݿ /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/ was also used as a substitute for the twenty-sixth letter of the Persian alphabet, گ, which was used to appear in the older manuscripts of Persian in the late 18th century to the early 19th century. <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Isolated form </th> <th>Final form </th> <th>Medial form </th> <th>Initial form </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 1.25em;">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ݿ‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">‎ـݿ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ـݿـ‎ </td> <td style="font-size: 2em;">ݿـ </td> <td>kâf </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variants">Variants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;font-size:200%"> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%DB%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ی">ی</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farsi_in_16_fonts_2020-03-22_213757.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Farsi_in_16_fonts_2020-03-22_213757.png/1024px-Farsi_in_16_fonts_2020-03-22_213757.png" decoding="async" width="1024" height="491" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Farsi_in_16_fonts_2020-03-22_213757.png/1536px-Farsi_in_16_fonts_2020-03-22_213757.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Farsi_in_16_fonts_2020-03-22_213757.png 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#3f007f">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Noto Nastaliq Urdu </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#003399">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Scheherazade </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#00549a">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Lateef </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#007670">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Noto Naskh Arabic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#00b050">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Markazi Text </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#49da00">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Noto Sans Arabic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#ffc900">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Baloo Bhaijaan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#ff9800">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">El Messiri SemiBold </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#ff3300">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Lemonada Medium </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#ff00aa">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Changa Medium </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#c900ff">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Mada </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#9933ff">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Noto Kufi Arabic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#6600ff">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Reem Kufi </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#0000cc">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Lalezar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#003399">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Jomhuria </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;background-color:#002570">• </td> <td style="font-size=80%;white-space:nowrap;">Rakkas </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">The alphabet in 16 fonts: Noto Nastaliq Urdu, Scheherazade, Lateef, Noto Naskh Arabic, Markazi Text, Noto Sans Arabic, Baloo Bhaijaan, El Messiri SemiBold, Lemonada Medium, Changa Medium, Mada, Noto Kufi Arabic, Reem Kufi, Lalezar, Jomhuria, and Rakkas. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Letter_construction">Letter construction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Letter construction">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="5" colspan="1">forms <a href="#endnote_illustrative_only">(i)</a> </th> <th colspan="3">isolated </th> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ى">ى </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ں">ں </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ٮ">ٮ </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ڡ">ڡ </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ٯ">ٯ </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ک">ک </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و </a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ه">ه </a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">start </th> <td style="font-size:150%;">ء </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ا </td> <td colspan="3" style="font-size:150%;">ٮـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">حـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">سـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">صـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">طـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">عـ </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;">ڡـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">کـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">لـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">مـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">د </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ر </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">و </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">هـ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">mid </th> <td style="font-size:150%;">ء </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـا </td> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;">ـٮـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـحـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـسـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـصـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـطـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـعـ </td> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;">ـڡـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـکـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـلـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـمـ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـد </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـر </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـو </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـهـ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">end </th> <td style="font-size:150%;">ء </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـا </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـى </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـں </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـٮ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـح </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـس </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـص </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـط </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـع </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـڡ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـٯ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـک </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـل </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـم </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـد </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـر </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـو </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ـه </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/I%27jam" class="mw-redirect" title="I'jam">i'jam</a> <a href="#endnote_illustrative_only">(i)</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621">0621 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627">0627 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649">0649 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0649">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA">06BA .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066E">066E .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066E">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D">062D .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633">0633 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635">0635 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637">0637 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639">0639 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A1">06A1 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A1">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=066F">066F .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+066F">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9">066F .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644">0644 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645">0645 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F">062F .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631">0631 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648">0648. .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647">0647 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647">.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;">1 dot below </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">﮳ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ب </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ج </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB3">FBB3</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB3">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0628">0628 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0628">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062C">062C .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062C">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;">1 dot above </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">﮲ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ن </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">خ </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ض </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ظ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">غ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ف </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ذ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ز </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB2">FBB2</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB2">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0646">0646 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0646">.</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062E">062E .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062E">.</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0636">0636 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0636">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0638">0638 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0638">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=063A">063A .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+063A">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0641">0641 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0641">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0630">0630 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0630">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0632">0632 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0632">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;">2 dots below <a href="#endnote_start_mid_only">(ii)</a> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">﮵ </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;">ی </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB5">FBB5</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB5">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06CC">06CC .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06CC">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;">2 dots above </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">﮴ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ت </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ق </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ة </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB4">FBB4</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB4">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062A">062A .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062A">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0642">0642 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0642">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0629">0629 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0629">.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;">3 dots below </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">﮹ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">پ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">چ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB9">FBB9</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB9">.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB7">FBB7</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB7">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=067E">067E .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+067E">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0686">0686 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0686">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;">3 dots above </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">﮶ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ث </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ش </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ژ </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%;"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=FBB6">FBB6</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+FBB6">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062B">062B .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062B">.</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0634">0634 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0634">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0698">0698 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0698">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;">line above </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">‾ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">گ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=203E">203E</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+203E">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06AF">06AF .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06AF">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">none </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ء </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ا </td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:150%;">ی </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ں </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ح </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">س </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ص </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ط </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ع </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ک </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ل </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">م </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">د </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ر </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">و </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ه </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="4">Unicode </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0621">0621 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0621">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0627">0627 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0627">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0649">0649 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0649">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06BA">06BA .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06BA">.</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062D">062D .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062D">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0633">0633 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0633">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0635">0635 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0635">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0637">0637 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0637">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0639">0639 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0639">.</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06A9">066F .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06A9">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0644">0644 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0644">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0645">0645 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0645">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=062F">062F .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+062F">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0631">0631 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0631">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0648">0648. .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0648">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0647">0647 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0647">.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Maddah" title="Arabic diacritics">madda</a> above </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ۤ </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">آ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06E4">06E4</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06E4">.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0653">0653</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0653">.</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0622">0622 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0622">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a> below </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ــٕـ </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">إ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0655">0655</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0655">.</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0625">0625 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0625">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a> above </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ــٔـ </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">أ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ئ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ؤ </td> <td style="font-size:150%;">ۀ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:80%;"> <th colspan="1">Unicode </th> <td colspan="3"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0674">0674</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0674">.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0654">0654</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0654">.</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0623">0623 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0623">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0626">0626 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0626">.</a> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=0624">0624 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+0624">.</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/cldr/utility/character.jsp?a=06C0">06C0 .</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+06C0">.</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_illustrative_only">^i.</a> The <a href="/wiki/I%27jam" class="mw-redirect" title="I'jam">i'jam</a> diacritic characters are illustrative only; in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_start_mid_only">^ii.</a> Persian yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Arabic">standard Arabic</a> version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_that_do_not_link_to_a_following_letter">Letters that do not link to a following letter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Letters that do not link to a following letter">edit</a>]</div> Seven letters (و, ژ, ز, ر, ذ, د, ا) do not connect to the following letter, unlike the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter ا alef is at the beginning of a word such as اینجا injâ ("here"), the same form is used as in an isolated alef. In the case of امروز emruz ("today"), the letter ر re takes the final form and the letter و vâv takes the isolated form, but they are in the middle of the word, and ز also has its isolated form, but it occurs at the end of the word. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diacritics">edit</a>]</div> Persian script has adopted a subset of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a>: zabar /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ (fatḥah in Arabic), zēr /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ (kasrah in Arabic), and pēš /<a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">ou̯</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ (ḍammah in Arabic, pronounced zamme in <a href="/wiki/Western_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Persian">Western Persian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">tanwīne nasb</a> /<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ and <a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">šaddah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loanwords in Persian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_vowels">Short vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Short vowels">edit</a>]</div> Of the four Arabic diacritics, the Persian language has adopted the following three for short vowels. The last one, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Sukūn" title="Arabic diacritics">sukūn</a>, which indicates the lack of a vowel, has not been adopted. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Short vowels (fully <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">vocalized</a> text) </th> <th>Name (in Persian) </th> <th>Name (transliterated) </th> <th>Trans.<a href="#endnote_transliteration">(a)</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Value <a href="#endnote_vowels">(b)</a> (Farsi/Dari) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">064E <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>◌َ‎ </td> <td>زبر (فتحه) </td> <td>zebar/zibar </td> <td>a </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">0650 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ِ‎ </td> <td>زیر (کسره) </td> <td>zer/zir </td> <td>e; i </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/; /<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">064F <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">◌ُ‎ </td> <td>پیش (ضمّه) </td> <td>peš/piš </td> <td>o; u </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_transliteration">^a.</a> There is no standard transliteration for Persian. The letters 'i' and 'u' are only ever used as short vowels when transliterating Dari or Tajik Persian. See <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian Phonology</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_vowels">^b.</a> Diacritics differ by dialect, due to Dari having 8 distinct vowels compared to the 6 vowels of Farsi. See <a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian Phonology</a> In Farsi, none of these short vowels may be the initial or final grapheme in an isolated word, although they may appear in the final position as an <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>, when the word is part of a noun group. In a word that starts with a vowel, the first grapheme is a silent alef which carries the short vowel, e.g. اُمید (omid, meaning "hope"). In a word that ends with a vowel, letters ع, ه and و respectively become the proxy letters for zebar, zir and piš, e.g. نو (now, meaning "new") or بسته (bast-e, meaning "package"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanvin_(nunation)">Tanvin (nunation)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tanvin (nunation)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a></div> Nunation (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: تنوین, tanvin) is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics to a noun or adjective to indicate that the word ends in an alveolar nasal sound without the addition of the letter nun. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nunation (fully <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">vocalized</a> text) </th> <th>Name (in Persian) </th> <th>Name (transliterated) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">064B <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> َاً، ـاً، ءً ‎ </td> <td>تنوین نَصْبْ </td> <td>Tanvine nasb </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">064D <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ٍِ ‎ </td> <td>تنوین جَرّ </td> <td>Tanvine jarr </td> <td rowspan="2">Never used in the Persian language. Taught in <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> nations to complement <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> education. </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">064C <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ٌ ‎ </td> <td>تنوین رَفْعْ </td> <td>Tanvine rafʿ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tašdid">Tašdid</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tašdid">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">Shadda</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Name (in Persian) </th> <th>Name (transliteration) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;">0651 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ّ ‎ </td> <td>تشدید </td> <td>tašdid </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_characters">Other characters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other characters">edit</a>]</div> The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, a ligature in the case of the lâm alef. As to ﺀ (<a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a>), it has only one graphical form since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vâv, ye or alef, and in that case, the seat behaves like an ordinary vâv, ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamza is not a letter but a diacritic. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th> <th>Stand-alone </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>alef madde </td> <td>â </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] </td> <td>U+0622 </td> <td style="font-size: larger">ـآ </td> <td>— </td> <td style="font-size: larger">آ </td> <td style="font-size: larger"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="آ">آ</a> </td> <td>The final form is very rare and is freely replaced with ordinary alef. </td></tr> <tr> <td>he ye </td> <td>-eye or -eyeh </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>] </td> <td>U+06C0 </td> <td style="font-size: larger">ـۀ </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="font-size: larger"><a href="/wiki/%DB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ۀ">ۀ</a> </td> <td>Validity of this form depends on region and dialect. Some may use the two-letter ـه‌ی or ه‌ی combinations instead. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81m_alef" class="mw-redirect" title="Lām alef">lām alef</a> </td> <td>lā </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] </td> <td>U+0644 (lām) and U+0627 (alef) </td> <td style="font-size: larger">ـلا </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="font-size: larger"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="لا">لا</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashida" title="Kashida">kašida</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>U+0640 </td> <td>— </td> <td style="font-size: larger"><a href="/wiki/%D9%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ـ">ـ</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>This is the medial character which connects other characters </td></tr></tbody></table> Although at first glance, they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently. Unicode has accepted <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+262B ☫ FARSI SYMBOL in the <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols" title="Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous Symbols</a> range.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> In Unicode 1.0 this symbol was known as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>SYMBOL OF IRAN.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> It is a stylization of الله (Allah) used as the <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Iran" title="Emblem of Iran">emblem of Iran</a>. It is also a part of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iran" title="Flag of Iran">flag of Iran</a>. The Unicode Standard has a compatibility character defined <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+FDFC ﷼ RIAL SIGN that can represent ریال, the Persian name of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">currency of Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novel_letters">Novel letters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Novel letters">edit</a>]</div> The Persian alphabet has four extra letters that are not in the Arabic alphabet: /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/ (ch in chair), /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ (s in measure), /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/. An additional fifth letter <a href="/wiki/%DA%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ڤ">ڤ</a> was used for /β/ (v in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> huevo) but it is no longer used. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound </th> <th>Shape </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Unicode code point </th></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ </td> <td style="font-size: larger"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> </td> <td>pe </td> <td>U+067E </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/ (ch) </td> <td style="font-size: larger"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> </td> <td>če </td> <td>U+0686 </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ (zh) </td> <td style="font-size: larger"><a href="/wiki/%DA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ژ">ژ</a> </td> <td>že </td> <td>U+0698 </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ </td> <td style="font-size: larger"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a> </td> <td>gâf </td> <td>U+06AF </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deviations_from_the_Arabic_script">Deviations from the Arabic script</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deviations from the Arabic script">edit</a>]</div> Persian uses the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a>, but the shapes of the digits 'four' (۴), 'five' (۵), and 'six' (۶) are different from the shapes used in Arabic. All the digits also have different codepoints in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>:<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hindu-Arabic</th> <th>Persian </th> <th>Name</th> <th>Unicode</th> <th>Arabic</th> <th>Unicode </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><big>۰</big> </td> <td>صفر sefr </td> <td>U+06F0</td> <td><big>٠</big></td> <td>U+0660 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><big>۱</big> </td> <td>يک yek </td> <td>U+06F1</td> <td><big>١</big></td> <td>U+0661 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><big>۲</big> </td> <td>دو do </td> <td>U+06F2</td> <td><big>٢</big></td> <td>U+0662 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><big>۳</big> </td> <td>سه se </td> <td>U+06F3</td> <td><big>٣</big></td> <td>U+0663 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><big>۴</big> </td> <td>چهار čahâr </td> <td>U+06F4</td> <td><big>٤</big></td> <td>U+0664 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><big>۵</big> </td> <td>پنج panj </td> <td>U+06F5</td> <td><big>٥</big></td> <td>U+0665 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><big>۶</big> </td> <td>شش šeš </td> <td>U+06F6</td> <td><big>٦</big></td> <td>U+0666 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><big>۷</big> </td> <td>هفت haft </td> <td>U+06F7</td> <td><big>٧</big></td> <td>U+0667 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><big>۸</big> </td> <td>هشت hašt </td> <td>U+06F8</td> <td><big>٨</big></td> <td>U+0668 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><big>۹</big> </td> <td>نه no </td> <td>U+06F9</td> <td><big>٩</big></td> <td>U+0669 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-</td> <td><big>ی</big> </td> <td>ye</td> <td>U+06CC </td> <td><big>ي</big> <a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a></td> <td>U+064A </td></tr> <tr> <td>-</td> <td><big>ک</big> </td> <td>kâf</td> <td>U+06A9</td> <td><big>ك</big></td> <td>U+0643 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The alphabet Mazanderani uses is identical to that of Persian's, having no additional modified letters </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Many Perso-Arabic scripts in South Asia share close similarities (use of Nastaliq, use of superscript ط to represent retroflex consonants, etc.) due to mutual contact during development. It is inaccurate to say that one Indo-Arabic script directly descends from another, and instead, they are best seen as a cluster of scripts with common origin. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> However, the Arabic variant continues to be used in its traditional style in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>, similarly as it is used in Persian and Ottoman Turkish. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_different_numerals">Comparison of different numerals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparison of different numerals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals#Numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals § Numerals</a></div> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;line-height:normal"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:120%"> <td style="font-size:85%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/0_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)">0</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1 (number)">1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/2_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="2 (number)">2</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/3_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (number)">3</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/4_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="4 (number)">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/5_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="5 (number)">5</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/6_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="6 (number)">6</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/7_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (number)">7</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/8_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="8 (number)">8</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/9_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="9 (number)">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/10_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="10 (number)">10</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:160%"> <td style="font-size:63%">Eastern Arabic<a href="#cite_note-17">[a]</a> </td> <td>٠</td> <td>١</td> <td>٢</td> <td>٣</td> <td>٤ </td> <td>٥</td> <td>٦</td> <td>٧</td> <td>٨</td> <td>٩ </td> <td>١٠ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:160%"> <td style="font-size:63%">Persian<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a> </td> <td>۰</td> <td>۱</td> <td>۲</td> <td>۳</td> <td>۴ </td> <td>۵</td> <td>۶</td> <td>۷</td> <td>۸</td> <td>۹ </td> <td>۱۰ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:160%"> <td style="font-size:63%"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[c]</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۰</td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۱</td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۲</td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۳</td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۴ </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۵</td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۶</td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۷</td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۸</td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۹ </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">۱۰ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:160%"> <td style="font-size:63%"><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad numerals</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td> <td>ا</td> <td>ب</td> <td>ج</td> <td>د</td> <td>ه </td> <td>و</td> <td>ز</td> <td>ح</td> <td>ط</td> <td>ي </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_(Unicode_block)" title="Arabic (Unicode block)">U+0660 through U+0669</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_(Unicode_block)" title="Arabic (Unicode block)">U+06F0 through U+06F9</a>. The numbers 4, 5, and 6 are different from Eastern Arabic. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Same Unicode characters as the Persian, but language is set to Urdu. The numerals 4, 6 and 7 are different from Persian. On some devices, this row may appear identical to Persian. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_boundaries">Word boundaries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Word boundaries">edit</a>]</div> Typically, words are separated from each other by a space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hâ'), however, are written without a space. On a computer, they are separated from the word using the <a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">zero-width non-joiner</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyrillic_Persian_alphabet_in_Tajikistan">Cyrillic Persian alphabet in Tajikistan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cyrillic Persian alphabet in Tajikistan">edit</a>]</div> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">russification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> The alphabet has remained Cyrillic since then. In 1989, with the growth in <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81jik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tājik people">Tajik</a> nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">state language</a>. In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, placing the word Farsi (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] The Persian alphabet was introduced into <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and public life, although the banning of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan">Islamic Renaissance Party</a> in 1993 slowed adoption. In 1999, the word Farsi was removed from the state-language law, reverting the name to simply Tajik.<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_alphabet#endnote_siddikzoda2002">[1]</a> As of 2004<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit">[update]</a> the de facto standard in use is the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik Cyrillic alphabet">Tajik Cyrillic alphabet</a>,<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_alphabet#endnote_un2004">[2]</a> and as of 1996<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit">[update]</a> only a very small part of the population can read the Persian alphabet.<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_alphabet#endnote_loc1996">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Orthography" title="Persian language">Scripts used for Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanization of Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian braille">Persian braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastaʿlīq">Nastaʿlīq</a>, the calligraphy used to write Persian before the 20th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318235926/http://www.e-malabari.net/culture/arabimalayalam.htm">"THE ARABI - MALAYALAM SCRIPTURE"</a>. 2008-03-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-malabari.net/culture/arabimalayalam.htm">the original</a> on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 2023-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+ARABI+-+MALAYALAM+SCRIPTURE&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-malabari.net%2Fculture%2Farabimalayalam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian">"PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iranica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranica Online">Iranica Online</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persianacademy.ir/fa/vijegidas.aspx">the original</a> on 2017-09-07. Retrieved 2017-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%89%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%89+%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%91+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89&rft.pub=Academy+of+Persian+Language+and+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persianacademy.ir%2Ffa%2Fvijegidas.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071650/http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/Image/Dastoor-e%20khat/d02.pdf">"??"</a> (PDF). Persianacademy.ir. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/Image/Dastoor-e%20khat/d02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3F%3F&rft.pub=Persianacademy.ir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persianacademy.ir%2FUserFiles%2FImage%2FDastoor-e%2520khat%2Fd02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/persian-language-1-early-new-persian">"PERSIAN LANGUAGE i. Early New Persian"</a>. Iranica Online. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iranica+Online&rft.atitle=PERSIAN+LANGUAGE+i.+Early+New+Persian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpersian-language-1-early-new-persian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf#page=4">"Miscellaneous Symbols"</a>. p. 4. The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0. Unicode.org </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/CodeCharts2.pdf#page=155">"3.8 Block-by-block Charts"</a> § Miscellaneous Dingbats p. 325 (155 electronically). The Unicode Standard Version 1.0. Unicode.org </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> For the proposal, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPournader2001" class="citation web cs1">Pournader, Roozbeh (2001-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2373.pdf">"Proposal to add Arabic Currency Sign Rial to the UCS"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposal+to+add+Arabic+Currency+Sign+Rial+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.aulast=Pournader&rft.aufirst=Roozbeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn2373.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> It proposes the character under the name of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">ARABIC CURRENCY SIGN RIAL, which was changed by the standard committees to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">RIAL SIGN. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/category/Nd/list.htm">"Unicode Characters in the 'Number, Decimal Digit' Category"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Characters+in+the+%27Number%2C+Decimal+Digit%27+Category&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fileformat.info%2Finfo%2Funicode%2Fcategory%2FNd%2Flist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämmerle2008" class="citation book cs1">Hämmerle, Christa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5kXyj82xfQC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA76">Gender Politics in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives and Current Living Conditions of Women</a>. Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20140-1"><bdi>978-3-412-20140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Politics+in+Central+Asia%3A+Historical+Perspectives+and+Current+Living+Conditions+of+Women&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+K%C3%B6ln+Weimar&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-412-20140-1&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4mmerle&rft.aufirst=Christa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5kXyj82xfQC%26dq%3Dtajikistan%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2006" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA656">World and Its Peoples</a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C%26dq%3Dtajikistan%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauLandauKellner-Heinkele2001" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Jacob M.; Landau, Yaʿaqov M.; Kellner-Heinkele, Barbara (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arF2f10EQYUC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA125">Politics of Language in the Ex-Soviet Muslim States: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan</a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11226-5"><bdi>978-0-472-11226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Language+in+the+Ex-Soviet+Muslim+States%3A+Azerbayjan%2C+Uzbekistan%2C+Kazakhstan%2C+Kyrgyzstan%2C+Turkmenistan%2C+and+Tajikistan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11226-5&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Jacob+M.&rft.au=Landau%2C+Ya%CA%BFaqov+M.&rft.au=Kellner-Heinkele%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarF2f10EQYUC%26dq%3Dtajikistan%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuyers2003" class="citation book cs1">Buyers, Lydia M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9KgjQQgMC-cC&dq=central+asia+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA132">Central Asia in Focus: Political and Economic Issues</a>. Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-153-8"><bdi>978-1-59033-153-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+in+Focus%3A+Political+and+Economic+Issues&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-153-8&rft.aulast=Buyers&rft.aufirst=Lydia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9KgjQQgMC-cC%26dq%3Dcentral%2Basia%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhteshami1994" class="citation book cs1">Ehteshami, Anoushiravan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgW_HEcULMYC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA219">From the Gulf to Central Asia: Players in the New Great Game</a>. University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-451-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-451-7"><bdi>978-0-85989-451-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Gulf+to+Central+Asia%3A+Players+in+the+New+Great+Game&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-451-7&rft.aulast=Ehteshami&rft.aufirst=Anoushiravan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgW_HEcULMYC%26dq%3Dtajikistan%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1996" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Hafeez (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qkKOpAYG7zMC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA274">Central Asia: Its Strategic Importance and Future Prospects</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16452-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16452-2"><bdi>978-0-312-16452-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia%3A+Its+Strategic+Importance+and+Future+Prospects&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16452-2&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Hafeez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqkKOpAYG7zMC%26dq%3Dtajikistan%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanuaziziWeiner1994" class="citation book cs1">Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BrM_Ms9OVsEC&dq=central+asia+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA33">The New Geopolitics of Central Asia and Its Borderlands</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20918-4"><bdi>978-0-253-20918-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Geopolitics+of+Central+Asia+and+Its+Borderlands&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20918-4&rft.aulast=Banuazizi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Myron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBrM_Ms9OVsEC%26dq%3Dcentral%2Basia%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesterlundSvanberg1999" class="citation book cs1">Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=weYQMv2RqCgC&dq=tajikistan+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA186">Islam Outside the Arab World</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22691-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22691-6"><bdi>978-0-312-22691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Outside+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22691-6&rft.aulast=Westerlund&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Svanberg%2C+Ingvar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DweYQMv2RqCgC%26dq%3Dtajikistan%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespieHenry1995" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Kate; Henry, Clement M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VuYDPDHttQkC&dq=Tajikistan+iran+alphabet+struggle&pg=PA172">Oil in the New World Order</a>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1367-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1367-1"><bdi>978-0-8130-1367-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil+in+the+New+World+Order&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1367-1&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Henry%2C+Clement+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVuYDPDHttQkC%26dq%3DTajikistan%2Biran%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan2001" class="citation book cs1">Badan, Phool (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chlpAAAAMAAJ&q=Tajikistan+iran+alphabet+struggle">Dynamics of Political Development in Central Asia</a>. Lancers' Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+Political+Development+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Lancers%27+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Badan&rft.aufirst=Phool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchlpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTajikistan%2Biran%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinrow1995" class="citation book cs1">Winrow, Gareth M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xakTAQAAIAAJ&q=+alphabet+struggle">Turkey in Post-Soviet Central Asia</a>. Royal Institute of International Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905031-99-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905031-99-6"><bdi>978-0-905031-99-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+in+Post-Soviet+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Royal+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-905031-99-6&rft.aulast=Winrow&rft.aufirst=Gareth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxakTAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1993" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Anthony (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cE8dAQAAMAAJ&q=+alphabet+struggle">Central Asia, the Last Decolonization</a>. David Davies Memorial Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia%2C+the+Last+Decolonization&rft.pub=David+Davies+Memorial+Institute&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcE8dAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yo7wAAAAMAAJ&q=+alphabet+struggle">Report on the USSR</a>. RFE/RL, Incorporated. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+USSR.&rft.pub=RFE%2FRL%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyo7wAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QswKAQAAMAAJ&q=++alphabet+struggle">Middle East Monitor</a>. Middle East Institute. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.pub=Middle+East+Institute&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQswKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2B%2Balphabet%2Bstruggle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchsenwaldFisher2010" class="citation book cs1">Ochsenwald, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2010-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUotAQAAMAAJ&q=+iran+alphabet+replaced">The Middle East: A History</a>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338562-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338562-4"><bdi>978-0-07-338562-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+A+History&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft.isbn=978-0-07-338562-4&rft.aulast=Ochsenwald&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Sydney+Nettleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUotAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2Biran%2Balphabet%2Breplaced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallHobby2009" class="citation book cs1">Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLhZAAAAYAAJ&q=+alphabets+non+literary">Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life</a>. Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-4892-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-4892-3"><bdi>978-1-4144-4892-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Cultures+and+Daily+Life&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4144-4892-3&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rft.au=Hobby%2C+Jeneen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLhZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2Balphabets%2Bnon%2Bliterary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersian+alphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_alphabet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persian_language199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persian_language" title="Template:Persian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persian_language" title="Template talk:Persian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persian_language199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#History" title="Persian language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (c. 3000 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (c. 2000 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> (c. 1500 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> (c. 525 – 300 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> (from 800)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Varieties" title="Persian language">Dialects and varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Persian" title="Standard Persian">Standard Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_dialect" title="Aimaq dialect">Aimaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Persian" title="Kuwaiti Persian">Kuwaiti Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori dialect">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_dialect" title="Sistani dialect">Sistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_vocabulary" title="Persian vocabulary">Vocabulary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_nouns" title="Persian nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_verbs" title="Persian verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ez%C4%81fe" title="Ezāfe">Ezāfe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanized Persian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Persian_Language_and_Literature" title="Academy of Persian Language and Literature">Academy of Persian Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaki_Institute_of_Language_and_Literature" title="Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature">Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Persian_origin" title="List of English words of Persian origin">List of English words of Persian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_loanwords_in_Persian" title="List of French loanwords in Persian">List of French loanwords in Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arabic_alphabets166" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_script" title="Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_script" title="Template talk:Arabic script"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_script" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic script"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_alphabets166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language#Writing_systems" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Arabic_alphabet" title="Belarusian Arabic alphabet">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language#Alphabets" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li>Circassian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language#Other_writing_systems" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language#Orthography" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_alphabet" title="Dobrujan Tatar alphabet">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Aljamiado" title="Greek Aljamiado">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_language#Writing_Comparison_Table" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arebica" title="Arebica">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_Standard_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochi Standard Alphabet">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_alphabet" title="Bashkir alphabet">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski#Writing_system" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Jawi" title="Cham Jawi">Cham Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language#Writing_system" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_alphabet" title="Khowar alphabet">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_alphabets" title="Kyrgyz alphabets">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabi_Malayalam_script" title="Arabi Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari (Rajasthani)</a></li> <li>Pamir (<a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_Arabic_Alphabet" title="Rohingya Arabic Alphabet">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_alphabet" title="Saraiki alphabet">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing_system" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li>Shina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language#Orthography" title="Shina language">Gilgiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina#Alphabet" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Sulat Sug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Tamil</a></li> <li>Tatar (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ske_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="İske imlâ alphabet">İske imlâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language#Alphabet" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Arabic_alphabet" title="Uyghur Arabic alphabet">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Afrikaans" title="Arabic Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Arabic_alphabet" title="Berber Arabic alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian language">Comorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_alphabets" title="Fula alphabets">Fula Ajami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Adamawa Fulfulde">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagirmi_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Bagirmi Fulfulde">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Fulfulde" title="Nigerian Fulfulde">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pular_language#Writing" title="Pular language">Fuuta Jalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language#Orthography" title="Pulaar language">Fuuta Tooro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasina_Fulfulde#Orthography" title="Maasina Fulfulde">Maasina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_language" title="Harari language">Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Hausa Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanembu_language" title="Kanembu language">Kanembu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language#Writing_system" title="Serer language">Serer Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humburi_Senni_language" title="Humburi Senni language">Humburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyra_Chiini_language" title="Koyra Chiini language">Koyra Chiini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyraboro_Senni" title="Koyraboro Senni">Koyraboro Senni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tamajeq_language" title="Air Tamajeq language">Air Tamajeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawellemmet_language" title="Tawellemmet language">Tawellemmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Swahili Ajami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing" title="Wadaad's writing">Wadaad's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofal_alphabet" title="Wolofal alphabet">Wolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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