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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violent_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violent_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Violent crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violent_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Drug trafficking routes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drug_trafficking_routes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Drug trafficking routes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_and_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 East and South </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Online trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Profits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_free_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_free_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Impact of free trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_free_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Drug trafficking by country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drug_trafficking_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Drug trafficking by country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Political impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Social impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Political influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico's_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico's_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Mexico's economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico's_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_of_drug_cartels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_of_drug_cartels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Culture of drug cartels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_of_drug_cartels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Colombia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_ties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Political ties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia's_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia's_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Colombia's economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia's_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impacts_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impacts_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.3 Social impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impacts_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Western Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_in_specific_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_in_specific_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Trade in specific drugs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trade_in_specific_drugs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trade in specific drugs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trade_in_specific_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cannabis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannabis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cannabis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannabis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Alcohol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heroin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heroin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Heroin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methamphetamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methamphetamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Methamphetamine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methamphetamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temazepam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temazepam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Temazepam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temazepam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cocaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Cocaine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fentanyl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fentanyl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Fentanyl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fentanyl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_coordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_coordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 International coordination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_coordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Illegal drug trade</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تهريب المخدرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تهريب المخدرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotr%C3%A1ficu" title="Narcotráficu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Narcotráficu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Наркагандаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наркагандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Наркагандаль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наркагандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Търговия с наркотици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Търговия с наркотици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotr%C3%A0fic" title="Narcotràfic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Narcotràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileg%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_obchod_s_drogami" title="Ilegální obchod s drogami – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ilegální obchod s drogami" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogenhandel" title="Drogenhandel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drogenhandel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotr%C3%A1fico" title="Narcotráfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narcotráfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkota%C4%B5%C5%9Dakrado" title="Narkotaĵŝakrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Narkotaĵŝakrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droga-trafiko" title="Droga-trafiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Droga-trafiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="قاچاق مواد مخدر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قاچاق مواد مخدر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafic_de_stup%C3%A9fiants" title="Trafic de stupéfiants – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trafic de stupéfiants" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotr%C3%A1fico" title="Narcotráfico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Narcotráfico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%95%BD%EB%B0%80%EB%A7%A4" title="마약밀매 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마약밀매" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թմրավաճառություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թմրավաճառություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilegalna_trgovina_drogom" title="Ilegalna trgovina drogom – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ilegalna trgovina drogom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_obat-obatan_terlarang" title="Perdagangan obat-obatan terlarang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdagangan obat-obatan terlarang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffico_di_droga" title="Traffico di droga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traffico di droga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סחר בסמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סחר בסמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neleg%C4%81l%C4%81_narkotiku_tirdzniec%C4%ABba" title="Nelegālā narkotiku tirdzniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nelegālā narkotiku tirdzniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekyba_narkotikais" title="Prekyba narkotikais – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prekyba narkotikais" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Трговија со дрога – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трговија со дрога" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perniagaan_dadah_haram" title="Perniagaan dadah haram – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perniagaan dadah haram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshandel" title="Drugshandel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Drugshandel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%95%E6%B3%95%E8%96%AC%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%96%E5%BC%95" title="違法薬物取引 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="違法薬物取引" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narkotikahandel" title="Narkotikahandel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Narkotikahandel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_narkotykami" title="Handel narkotykami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Handel narkotykami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotr%C3%A1fico" title="Narcotráfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Narcotráfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C8%9Bul_cu_droguri" title="Comerțul cu droguri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comerțul cu droguri" data-language-autonym="Română" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Global black market</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Drug dealer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Drug_dealer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Drug dealer (disambiguation)">Drug dealer (disambiguation)</a>.</div>The illegal drug trade, drug trafficking, or narcotrafficking is a global <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of <a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition" title="Drug prohibition">prohibited drugs</a>. Most jurisdictions <a href="/wiki/Prohibitionism" title="Prohibitionism">prohibit</a> trade, except under <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a>, of many types of drugs through the use of <a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug prohibition laws">drug prohibition laws</a>. The think tank <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Financial Integrity">Global Financial Integrity</a>'s Transnational Crime and the Developing World report estimates the size of the global illicit drug market between US$426 and US$652 billion in 2014 alone.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> With a <a href="/wiki/Gross_world_product" title="Gross world product">world GDP</a> of US$78 trillion in the same year, the illegal drug trade may be estimated as nearly 1% of total global trade. Consumption of illegal drugs is widespread globally, and it remains very difficult for local authorities to reduce the rates of drug consumption. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_opium_in_China" title="History of opium in China">History of opium in China</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">government of the Qing dynasty</a> issued edicts against <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> smoking in 1730, 1796 and 1800.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">The West</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug prohibition law">prohibited</a> addictive drugs throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Beginning in the 18th century, British merchants from the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> began to illegally sell opium to Chinese merchants, and by the early 19th century, an <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">illegal drug trade in China</a> emerged. As a result, by 1838 the number of Chinese opium-addicts had grown to between four and twelve million. The Chinese government responded by enforcing a ban on the import of opium; this led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–1842) between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing-dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing-dynasty">Qing-dynasty</a> China. The British defeated the Chinese, and in the resulting treaty that ended the war, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>, the Qing government was forced to allow British merchants to sell Indian-grown opium. Trading in opium was lucrative, and smoking it had become common for the Chinese in the 19th century, so British merchants increased trade with the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Hanes_2004-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> broke out in 1856, with the British joined this time by the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tianjin">Treaty of Tianjin</a>, which concluded that conflict, stipulated that the Chinese authorities would open further ports to foreign trade, including opium.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1868, as a result of the increased use of opium in Britain, the British government restricted the sale of opium by implementing the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_Act_1868" title="Pharmacy Act 1868">1868 Pharmacy Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In the United States, control of opium remained under the control of individual <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">US states</a> until the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Act">Harrison Act</a> in 1914, after 12 international powers signed the <a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a> in 1912. Between 1920 and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1933 the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">banned alcohol in the United States</a>. Prohibition proved almost impossible to enforce and resulted in the rise of organized crime, including the modern <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">American Mafia</a>, which identified enormous business opportunities in the manufacturing, smuggling and sale of illicit liquor.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The beginning of the 21st century saw drug use increase in North America and Europe, with a particularly increased demand for <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As a result, international <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a> syndicates such as the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> and <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a> have increased cooperation among each other in order to facilitate trans-Atlantic drug-trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Use of another illicit drug, <a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">hashish</a>, has also increased in Europe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></div> Drug trafficking is widely regarded by lawmakers as a serious offense around the world. Penalties often depend on the type of drug (and its classification in the country into which it is being trafficked), the quantity trafficked, where the drugs are sold and how they are distributed. If the drugs are sold to underage people, then the penalties for trafficking may be harsher than in other circumstances. Drug smuggling carries severe penalties in many countries. Sentencing may include lengthy periods of incarceration, <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">flogging</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> (in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and elsewhere). In December 2005, <a href="/wiki/Van_Tuong_Nguyen" title="Van Tuong Nguyen">Van Tuong Nguyen</a>, a 25-year-old Australian drug smuggler, was hanged in Singapore after being convicted in March 2004.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 2010, two people were sentenced to death in Malaysia for trafficking 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> into the country.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Execution is mostly used as a deterrent, and many have called upon much more effective measures to be taken by countries to tackle drug trafficking;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> for example, targeting specific criminal organisations that are often also active in the smuggling of other goods (i.e. wildlife) and even people.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In many cases, links between politicians and the criminal organisations have been proven to exist.<a href="#cite_note-McCollum2002-18">[18]</a> In June 2021, <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> revealed an operation in 92 countries that shut down 113,000 websites and online marketplaces selling counterfeit or illicit medicines and medical products a month earlier, led to the arrests of 227 people worldwide, recovered pharmaceutical products worth $23 million, and led to the seizure of approximately nine million devices and drugs, including large quantities of fake <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> tests and face masks.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Societal_effects">Societal effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Societal effects">edit</a>]</div> The countries of drug production and transit are some of the most affected by the trade, though countries receiving the illegally imported substances are also adversely affected. For example, Ecuador has absorbed up to 300,000 refugees from Colombia who are running from guerrillas, paramilitaries and drug lords. While some applied for asylum, others are still illegal immigrants. The drugs that pass from Colombia through Ecuador to other parts of South America create economic and social problems.<a href="#cite_note-inwent1-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, through which an estimated 79% of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> passes on its way to the United States,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> had, as of 2011, the highest <a href="/wiki/Murder_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder rate">murder rate</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>, the most violent regions in Central America, particularly along the Guatemala–Honduras border, are highly correlated with an abundance of drug trafficking activity.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violent_crime">Violent crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Violent crime">edit</a>]</div> In several countries, the illegal drug trade is thought to be directly linked to <a href="/wiki/Violent_crime" title="Violent crime">violent crimes</a> such as murder and gun violence. This is especially true in all developing countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, but is also an issue for many developed countries worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-whitehousedrugpolicy-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the late 1990s in the United States the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> estimated that 5% of murders were drug-related.<a href="#cite_note-whitehousedrugpolicy-24">[24]</a> In Colombia, drug violence can be caused by factors such as the economy, poor governments, and no authority within law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> After a crackdown by US and Mexican authorities in the first decade of the 21st century as part of tightened border security in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, border violence inside Mexico surged. The Mexican government estimates that 90% of the killings are drug-related.<a href="#cite_note-AP_Drenched-27">[27]</a> A report by the UK government's Drug Strategy Unit that was leaked to the press, stated that due to the expensive price of highly addictive drugs <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and cocaine, drug use was responsible for the great majority of crime, including 85% of shoplifting, 70–80% of burglaries and 54% of robberies. It concluded "[t]he cost of crime committed to support illegal cocaine and heroin habits amounts to £16 billion a year in the UK"<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_trafficking_routes">Drug trafficking routes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drug trafficking routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm/220px--CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="90" data-mwtitle="CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm/CG_intercepts_2300_lbs_of_cocaine_in_Eastern_Pacific_Ocean_DOD_107053964-5d3cf307ae098.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>US Coast Guard video of drug smugglers in high-speed boat dumping 2,300 pounds (1,000 kg) of cocaine in Eastern Pacific Ocean</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg/220px-Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg/330px-Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg/440px-Narcosobrinos_arrest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>The nephews of Venezuelan President <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>, Efraín Antonio Campo Flores and Francisco Flores de Freitas, after their arrest by the US Drug Enforcement Administration on 10 November 2015</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_and_South">East and South</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: East and South">edit</a>]</div> Heroin is increasingly trafficked from Afghanistan to Europe and America through eastern and southern African countries. This path is known as the "southern route" or "smack track". Repercussions of this trade include burgeoning heroin use and political corruption among intermediary African nations.<a href="#cite_note-veconomist-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West">West</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: West">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Drug_trade_in_West_Africa" title="Drug trade in West Africa">Drug trade in West Africa</a></div> Cocaine produced in Colombia and Bolivia increasingly has been shipped via <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>).<a href="#cite_note-africaecon-30">[30]</a> The money is often <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">laundered</a> in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. According to the Africa Economic Institute, the value of illicit drug smuggling in Guinea-Bissau is almost twice the value of the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-africaecon-30">[30]</a> Police officers are often bribed. A police officer's normal monthly wage of $93 is less than 2% of the value of 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of cocaine (€7000 or $8750).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The money can also be laundered using real estate. A house is built using illegal funds, and when the house is sold, legal money is earned.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> When drugs are sent over land, through the Sahara, the drug traders have been forced to cooperate with terrorist organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> in Islamic <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> Drugs in Asia traditionally traveled the southern routes – the main caravan axes of Southeast Asia and Southern China – and include the former opium-producing countries of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> After the 1990s, particularly after the <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="End of the Cold War">end of the Cold War</a> (1991), borders were opened and trading and customs agreements were signed so that the routes expanded to include China, Central Asia, and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> There are, therefore, diversified drug trafficking routes available today, particularly in the heroin trade and these thrive due to the continuous development of new markets. A large amount of drugs are smuggled into Europe from Asia. The main sources of these drugs are <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, along with countries that constituted the so-called <a href="/wiki/Golden_Crescent" title="Golden Crescent">Golden Crescent</a>. From these producers, drugs are smuggled into the West and Central Asia to its destinations in Europe and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Iran is now a common route for smugglers, having been previously a primary trading route, due to its large-scale and costly war against drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[34]</a> The Border Police Chief of Iran said that his country "is a strong barrier against the trafficking of illegal drugs to Caucasus, especially the Republic of Azerbaijan."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The drugs produced by the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand, on the other hand, pass through the southern routes to feed the Australian, US, and Asian markets.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Illegal drug trade in Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Illegal drug trade in Latin America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_barons_of_Colombia" title="Drug barons of Colombia">Drug barons of Colombia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Illegal_drug_trade##" title="Talk:Illegal drug trade">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (July 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSOUTHCOM_Suspect_Air_Activity_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USSOUTHCOM_Suspect_Air_Activity_2010.png/220px-USSOUTHCOM_Suspect_Air_Activity_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USSOUTHCOM_Suspect_Air_Activity_2010.png/330px-USSOUTHCOM_Suspect_Air_Activity_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USSOUTHCOM_Suspect_Air_Activity_2010.png/440px-USSOUTHCOM_Suspect_Air_Activity_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>Drug trafficking air routes in South America monitored by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command" title="United States Southern Command">United States Southern Command</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> has been a path to the United States and Europe for <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">illegal drugs originating in Colombia</a>, through Central America, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and Caribbean countries such as <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the United Nations, cocaine trafficking through Venezuela increased from 2002 to 2008.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 2005, the government of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> severed ties with the United States <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA), accusing its representatives of spying.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2012-39">[39]</a> Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers.<a href="#cite_note-VICEdrugs-40">[40]</a> Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008<a href="#cite_note-unodc.org-41">[41]</a> to sixth in the world in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> On 18 November 2016, following what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Narcosobrinos_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcosobrinos incident">Narcosobrinos incident</a>, Venezuelan President <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>'s two nephews were found guilty of trying to ship drugs into the United States so they could "obtain a large amount of cash to help their family stay in power".<a href="#cite_note-REUT18nov-43">[43]</a> According to a research conducted by the Israel-based Abba Eban Institute<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> as part of an initiative called Janus Initiative, the main routes that Hezbollah uses for smuggling drugs are from Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil into West Africa and then transported through northern Africa into Europe. This route serves Hezbollah in making a profit in the cocaine smuggling market in order to leverage it for their activities.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_trafficking">Online trafficking</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Online trafficking">edit</a>]</div> Drugs are increasingly traded online on the <a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">dark web</a> on <a href="/wiki/Darknet_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Darknet markets">darknet markets</a>. Internet-based drug trafficking is the global distribution of narcotics, making extensive use of technology. Similarly, the use of the Internet for the illegal trafficking of two controlled categories of drugs can also be identified as Internet-related drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The platform <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)" title="Silk Road (marketplace)">Silk Road</a> provided goods and services to 100,000 buyers before being shut down in October 2013.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ars-48">[48]</a> This prompted the creation of new platforms such as Silk Road 2.0, which were also shut down.<a href="#cite_note-green1113-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profits">Profits</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Profits">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YeGon_millions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YeGon_millions.jpg/220px-YeGon_millions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YeGon_millions.jpg/330px-YeGon_millions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YeGon_millions.jpg/440px-YeGon_millions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>US$207 million and additional amounts in other currencies were confiscated from Mexican <a href="/wiki/Zhenli_Ye_Gon" title="Zhenli Ye Gon">Zhenli Ye Gon</a> in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hashish_seized_during_Operation_Albatross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hashish_seized_during_Operation_Albatross.jpg/220px-Hashish_seized_during_Operation_Albatross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hashish_seized_during_Operation_Albatross.jpg/330px-Hashish_seized_during_Operation_Albatross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hashish_seized_during_Operation_Albatross.jpg/440px-Hashish_seized_during_Operation_Albatross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> seized in Operation Albatross, a joint operation of Afghan officials, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></figcaption></figure> Statistics about profits from the drug trade are largely unknown due to its illicit nature. An online report published by the UK Home Office in 2007 estimated the illicit drug market in the UK at £4–6.6 billion a year.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In December 2009 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> Executive Director <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Costa" title="Antonio Maria Costa">Antonio Maria Costa</a> claimed illegal drug money saved the banking industry from collapse. He claimed he had seen evidence that the proceeds of organized crime were "the only liquid investment capital" available to some banks on the brink of collapse during 2008. He said that a majority of the $352 billion (£216bn) of drug profits was absorbed into the economic system as a result: <blockquote>"In many instances, the money from drugs was the only liquid investment capital. In the second half of 2008, liquidity was the banking system's main problem and hence liquid capital became an important factor ... Inter-bank loans were funded by money that originated from the drugs trade and other illegal activities...there were signs that some banks were rescued that way".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smuggled_Hashish_Packages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Smuggled_Hashish_Packages.png/220px-Smuggled_Hashish_Packages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Smuggled_Hashish_Packages.png/330px-Smuggled_Hashish_Packages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Smuggled_Hashish_Packages.png/440px-Smuggled_Hashish_Packages.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>5 cm hashish packages taken from a smuggler by police</figcaption></figure> Costa declined to identify countries or banks that may have received any drug money, saying that would be inappropriate because his office is supposed to address the problem, not apportion blame. Though street-level drug sales are widely viewed as lucrative, a study by <a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Venkatesh" title="Sudhir Venkatesh">Sudhir Venkatesh</a> suggested that many low-level employees receive low wages. In a study he made in the 1990s working closely with members of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Gangster_Disciple_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Gangster Disciple Nation">Black Gangster Disciple Nation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, he found that one gang (essentially a <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchise</a>) consisted of a leader (a college graduate named J.T.), three senior officers, and 25 to 75 street level salesmen ('foot soldiers') depending on season. Selling <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">crack cocaine</a>, they took in approximately $32,000 per month over a six-year period. This was spent as follows: $5,000 to the board of twenty directors of the <a href="/wiki/Gangster_Disciples" title="Gangster Disciples">Black Gangster Disciple Nation</a>, who oversaw 100 such gangs for approximately $500,000 in monthly income. Another $5,000 monthly was paid for cocaine, and $4,000 for other non-wage expenses. J.T. took $8,500 monthly for his own salary. The remaining $9,500 monthly went to pay the employees a $7 per hour wage for officers and a $3.30 per hour wage for foot soldiers. Contrary to a popular image of drug sales as a lucrative profession, many of the employees were living with their mothers by necessity. Despite this, the gang had four times as many unpaid members who dreamed of becoming foot soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_free_trade">Impact of free trade</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact of free trade">edit</a>]</div> There are several arguments on whether or not free trade has a correlation to an increased activity in the illicit drug trade. Currently, the structure and operation of the illicit drug industry is described mainly in terms of an international division of labor.<a href="#cite_note-Free_Trade-53">[53]</a> Free trade can open new markets to domestic producers who would otherwise resort to exporting illicit drugs. Additionally, extensive free trade among states increases cross-border drug enforcement and coordination between law enforcement agencies in different countries.<a href="#cite_note-Free_Trade-53">[53]</a> However, free trade also increases the sheer volume of legal cross-border trade and provides cover for drug smuggling—by providing ample opportunity to conceal illicit cargo in legal trade. While international free trade continues to expand the volume of legal trade, the ability to detect and interdict drug trafficking is severely diminished. Towards the late 1990s, the top ten seaports in the world processed 33.6 million containers.<a href="#cite_note-Free_Trade-53">[53]</a> Free trade has fostered integration of financial markets and has provided drug traffickers with more opportunities to launder money and invest in other activities. This strengthens the drug industry while weakening the efforts of law enforcement to monitor the flow of drug money into the legitimate economy. Cooperation among cartels expands their scope to distant markets and strengthens their abilities to evade detection by local law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-Free_Trade-53">[53]</a> Additionally, criminal organizations work together to coordinate money-laundering activities by having separate organizations handle specific stages of laundering process.<a href="#cite_note-Free_Trade-53">[53]</a> One organization structures the process of how financial transactions will be laundered, while another criminal group provides the "dirty" money to be cleaned.<a href="#cite_note-Free_Trade-53">[53]</a> By fostering expansion of trade and global transportation networks, free trade encourages cooperation and formation of alliances among criminal organizations across different countries. The drug trade in Latin America emerged in the early 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> It saw significant growth in the Andean countries, including Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> The underground market in the early half of the 20th century mainly had ties to Europe. After World War II, the Andean countries saw an expansion of trade, specifically with cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_trafficking_by_country">Drug trafficking by country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Drug trafficking by country">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maher_al-Assad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Maher_al-Assad.jpg/220px-Maher_al-Assad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Maher_al-Assad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a>, younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> and commander of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Syria)" title="Republican Guard (Syria)">Syrian Republican Guards</a>, oversees the operations of Syria's drug trade.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Narco-state#Syria" title="Narco-state">Narco-state § Syria</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist government</a> of Syria ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">Al-Assad</a> family is known for its extensive involvement in drug trade since the 1970s. As of 2022, the Syrian government finances the biggest multi-billion dollar drug trade in the world, mostly focused on an illegal drug known as <a href="/wiki/Captagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Captagon">Captagon</a>, making it the world's <a href="/wiki/Narco-state#Syria" title="Narco-state">largest narco-state</a>. Its revenues from Captagon smuggling alone is estimated to worth 57 billion dollars annually in 2022, which is approximately thrice the total trade of all Mexican cartels. General <a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a>, younger brother of Syrian dictator <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> and commander of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">Fourth Armoured Division</a>, directly supervises the production, smuggling and profiteering of the drug business. Already suffering from severe financial problems as a result of corruption and civil war, profits from Captagon are said to be the "lifeline" of the Assad regime, through which it earns more than 90% of its total revenue.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The smugglers receive direct training from <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Military">Syrian military</a> to successfully conduct trafficking operations.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Syria)" title="Republican Guard (Syria)">Republican Guard</a>, commanded by Maher al-Assad was one of the main Ba'athist military divisions that was engaged in perpetrating brutal crackdowns and mass violence against protestors across the country. In 2018, Bashar al-Assad assigned Maher as the commander of the 4th Armoured Division, a military unit that supervised Assad regime's criminal enterprises like smuggling, drug trafficking, narcotics production and <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">plunder</a> of goods and resources. Under Maher's supervision, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">4th Armoured Division</a> expanded captagon production and trafficking from Syria into a "business model controlled by the regime".<a href="#cite_note-Matsarsky-60">[60]</a> In 2022, 90% of all captagon pills manufactured in Syria exported by drug cartels affiliated with Assad regime arrived at its customer destinations across the world. Although hundreds of millions of pills were intercepted and seized by police forces, these accounted only for 10% of the total captagon exports of the drug cartels linked to the Assad regime. In 2020, Italian police seized 84 million captagon pills originating from Syrian ports while intercepting a single shipment. In June 2023, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a> published a detailed report to the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a>, elucidating a strategy to eliminate the narcotics production, drug trafficking and drug cartel networks affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Assad_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Assad regime">Assad regime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matsarsky-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A joint investigation conducted by <a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_and_Corruption_Reporting_Project" title="Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project">Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Arabic" title="BBC News Arabic">BBC News Arabic</a> published a documentary in June 2023, revealing further details about the activities of regime officials, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Military">Ba'athist military</a> commanders and Assad family members in their involvement in Syria's drug cartel. The investigation found that Lebanese criminal and drug kingpin Hassan Daqou collaborated with Syria's <a href="/wiki/4th_Armoured_Division_(Syria)" title="4th Armoured Division (Syria)">Fourth Armoured Division</a> on trafficiking billions of dollars of drugs, under the command of General Ghassan Bilal, the right-hand man of <a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher al-Assad</a>. The report also unearthed <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>'s close participation in the drug production and smuggling networks. The Fourth Armoured Division, being an elite military unit permitted to move freely across Assad regime's checkpoints, oversees the smuggling operations from Syria, including the trafficking of cash, weapons, illegal drugs, etc.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Days after the publication of the joint BBC-OCCRP documentary; Assad government banned all activities of <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC</a> media outlets and entry of affiliated media personnel in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The extensive involvement of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a> in sponsorship of drug production and trade has led to pervasive <a href="/wiki/Drug-addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug-addiction">drug addiction</a> problems amongst pro-Assad soldiers. In many instances, military officials encourage the soldiers to consume <a href="/wiki/Captagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Captagon">Captagon</a> and other illegal drugs, leading to overdose or drug abuse. Pro-Assad fighters in the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Forces" title="National Defence Forces">National Defence Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> also consume illegal drugs in large quantities.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In July 2023, German police busted a major captagon network run by two Syrian-born men in southern German state of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Assad regime sponsors the largest Captagon production network in Syria; which is the source of about 80% of total <a href="/wiki/Captagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Captagon">captagon</a> supply in the world.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In an investigative report published by <a href="/wiki/The_Insider_(website)" title="The Insider (website)">The Insider</a> news-outlet in 2024, journalist Yuriy Matsarsky stated:<blockquote>"...Captagon produced in underground labs—and in actual Syrian pharmaceutical facilities—is distributed to the fighters of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Armed Forces">Bashar Assad's army</a>. Interestingly, however, the quantities the country produces far exceed its own military’s demand. ... By some estimates, this business gives Syria more money than its entire legal export, and the regime constantly works to increase its profits, primarily by expanding its market reach. To this end, criminal gangs associated with Damascus or Hezbollah have built distribution networks for <a href="/wiki/Captagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Captagon">Captagon</a> in countries where the drug was not previously popular."<a href="#cite_note-Matsarsky-60">[60]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">Illegal drug trade in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast-guard-cutter-paul-clark-crew-members-offloads-contraband_--_.VHh5A8m_w6w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coast-guard-cutter-paul-clark-crew-members-offloads-contraband_--_.VHh5A8m_w6w.jpg/220px-Coast-guard-cutter-paul-clark-crew-members-offloads-contraband_--_.VHh5A8m_w6w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coast-guard-cutter-paul-clark-crew-members-offloads-contraband_--_.VHh5A8m_w6w.jpg/330px-Coast-guard-cutter-paul-clark-crew-members-offloads-contraband_--_.VHh5A8m_w6w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coast-guard-cutter-paul-clark-crew-members-offloads-contraband_--_.VHh5A8m_w6w.jpg/440px-Coast-guard-cutter-paul-clark-crew-members-offloads-contraband_--_.VHh5A8m_w6w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">US Coast Guard</a> offloads seized cocaine in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach</a>, Florida, May 2014.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> The effects of the illegal drug trade in the United States can be seen in a range of political, economic and social aspects. Increasing drug related violence can be tied to the racial tension that arose during the late 20th century along with the political upheaval prevalent throughout the 1960s and 70s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The second half of the 20th century was a period when increased wealth, and increased discretionary spending, increased the demand for illicit drugs in certain areas of the United States. Large-scale drug trafficking is one of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_the_United_States_federal_government" title="Capital punishment by the United States federal government">capital crimes</a>, and may result in a <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentence">death sentence</a> prescribed at the federal level when it involves murder. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_impact">Political impact</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political impact">edit</a>]</div> A large generation, the <a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">baby boomers</a>, came of age in the 1960s. Their social tendency to confront the law on specific issues, including illegal drugs, overwhelmed the understaffed judicial system. The federal government attempted to enforce the law, but with meager effect.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Marijuana was a popular drug seen through the Latin American trade route in the 1960s. Cocaine became a major drug product in the later decades.<a href="#cite_note-Real_War_in_Mexico-67">[67]</a> Much of the cocaine is smuggled from Colombia and Mexico via Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> This led to several administrations combating the popularity of these drugs. Due to the influence of this development on the US economy, the Reagan administration began "certifying" countries for their attempts at controlling drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-Real_War_in_Mexico-67">[67]</a> This allowed the United States to intervene in activities related to illegal drug transport in Latin America. Continuing into the 1980s, the United States instated stricter policy pertaining to drug transit through sea. As a result, there was an influx in drug-trafficking across the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–US border</a>, which increased the drug cartel activity in Mexico. By the early 1990s, so much as 50% of the cocaine available in the United States market originated from Mexico, and by the 2000s, over 90% of the cocaine in the United States was imported from Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Real_War_in_Mexico-67">[67]</a> In Colombia, however, there was a fall of the major drug cartels in the mid-1990s. Visible shifts occurred in the drug market in the United States. Between 1996 and 2000, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_in_the_United_States" title="Cocaine in the United States">US cocaine consumption</a> dropped by 11%.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> In 2008, the US government initiated another program, known as the <a href="/wiki/Merida_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida Initiative">Merida Initiative</a>, to help combat drug trafficking in Mexico. This program increased US security assistance to $1.4 billion over several years, which helped supply Mexican forces with "high-end equipment from helicopters to surveillance technology".<a href="#cite_note-State_of_War-70">[70]</a> Despite US aid, Mexican "narcogangs" continue to outnumber and outgun the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Mexican Army</a>, allowing for continued activities of drug cartels across the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">US–Mexico border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-State_of_War-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_impacts">Social impacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Social impacts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_05.jpg/220px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_05.jpg/330px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_05.jpg/440px-111031.ICE.HSI.OperationPipelineExpress.herb_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>ICE arresting an individual in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, October 2011</figcaption></figure> Although narcotics are illegal in the US, they have become integrated into the nation's culture and are seen as a recreational activity by sections of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Drug_Wars_in_the_US-71">[71]</a> Illicit drugs are considered to be a commodity with strong demand, as they are typically sold at a high value. This high price is caused by a combination of factors that include the potential legal ramifications that exist for suppliers of illicit drugs and their high demand.<a href="#cite_note-American_Prohibition-72">[72]</a> Despite the constant effort by politicians to win the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>, the US is still the world's largest importer of illegal drugs.<a href="#cite_note-American_Prohibition-72">[72]</a> Throughout the 20th century, narcotics other than cocaine also crossed the Mexican border, meeting the US demand for alcohol during the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug prohibition law">Prohibition</a>, opiates in the 1940s, marijuana in the 1960s, and heroin in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Cocaine-73">[73]</a> Most of the US imports of drugs come from Mexican drug cartels. In the United States, around 195 cities have been infiltrated by drug trafficking that originated in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Drug_Wars_in_the_US-71">[71]</a> An estimated $10bn of the Mexican drug cartel's profits come from the United States, not only supplying the Mexican drug cartels with the profit necessary for survival, but also furthering America's economic dependence on drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Drug_Wars_in_the_US-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Demographics">Demographics</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> With a large wave of immigrants in the 1960s and onwards, the United States saw an increased heterogeneity in its public.<a href="#cite_note-Immigrants-74">[74]</a> In the 1980s and 90s, drug-related homicide was at a record high. This increase in drug violence became increasingly tied to these ethnic minorities. Though the rate of violence varied tremendously among cities in America, it was a common anxiety in communities across urban America. An example of this could be seen in Miami, a city with a host of ethnic enclaves.<a href="#cite_note-Immigrants-74">[74]</a> Between 1985 and 1995, the homicide rate in Miami was one of the highest in the nation—four times the national homicide average. This crime rate was correlated with regions with low employment and was not entirely dependent on ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-Immigrants-74">[74]</a> The baby boomer generation also felt the effects of the drug trade in their increased drug use from the 1960s to 80s.<a href="#cite_note-Baby_Boomers-75">[75]</a> Along with substance use, criminal involvement, suicide and murder were also on the rise. Due to the large amount of baby boomers, commercial marijuana use was on the rise. This increased the supply and demand for marijuana during this time period.<a href="#cite_note-Baby_Boomers-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_influences">Political influences</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Political influences">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption in Mexico</a> has contributed to the domination of Mexican cartels in the illicit drug trade. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Mexico's political environment allowed the growth of drug-related activity. The loose regulation over the transportation of illegal drugs and the failure to prosecute known drug traffickers and gangs increased the growth of the drug industry. Toleration of drug trafficking has undermined the authority of the Mexican government and has decreased the power of law enforcement officers in regulation over such activities. These policies of tolerance fostered the growing power of drug cartels in the Mexican economy and have made drug traders wealthier.<a href="#cite_note-Combatting_Drugs_in_Mexico-76">[76]</a> Many states in Mexico lack policies that establish stability in governance. There also is a lack of local stability, as mayors cannot be re-elected. This requires electing a new mayor each term. Drug gangs have manipulated this, using vacuums in local leadership to their own advantage.<a href="#cite_note-Real_War_in_Mexico-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/220px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/330px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/440px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Drug trafficking tunnel discovered near US-Mexico border in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area">San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area</a></figcaption></figure> In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI) was formed to resolve the chaos resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>. Over time, this party gained political influence and had a major impact on Mexico's social and economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-Real_War_in_Mexico-67">[67]</a> The party created ties with various groups as a power play in order to gain influence, and as a result created more corruption in the government. One such power play was an alliance with drug traffickers. This <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> obscured justice, making it difficult to identify violence when it related to drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Michoacan-77">[77]</a> By the 1940s, the tie between the drug cartels and the PRI had solidified. This arrangement created immunity for the leaders of the drug cartels and allowed drug trafficking to grow under the protection of the government officials. During the 1990s, the PRI lost some elections to the new <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a> (PAN). Chaos again emerged as elected government in Mexico changed drastically.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> As the PAN party took control, drug cartel leaders took advantage of the ensuing confusion and used their existing influence to further gain power.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> Instead of negotiating with the central government as was done with the PRI party, drug cartels utilized new ways to distribute their supply and continued operating through force and intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> As Mexico became more democratized, the corruption fell from a centralized power to the local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> Cartels began to bribe local authorities, thus eliminating the structure and rules placed by the government—giving cartels more freedom.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> As a response, Mexico saw an increase in violence caused by drug trafficking. The corruption cartels created resulted in distrust of government by the Mexican public.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> This distrust became more prominent after the collapse of the PRI party.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">presidents of Mexico</a>, in the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century, implemented several different programs relating to law enforcement and regulation. In 1993, President Salinas created the National Institute for the Combat of Drugs in Mexico. From 1995 to 1998, President Zedillo established policies regarding increased punishment of organized crime, allowing "[wire taps], protected witnesses, covert agents and seizures of goods", and increasing the quality of law enforcement at the federal level. From 2001 to 2005, President <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_Federal_Ministerial" class="mw-redirect" title="Policía Federal Ministerial">Federal Agency of Investigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Combatting_Drugs_in_Mexico-76">[76]</a> These policies resulted in the arrests of major drug-trafficking bosses: <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>Arrested drug traffickers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Person </th> <th scope="col">Cartel </th></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Angel_Felix_Gallardo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo">Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Cartel" title="Guadalajara Cartel">Guadalajara Cartel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Archivaldo_Guzm%C3%A1n_Loera" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera">Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Luis_Palma_Salazar" title="Héctor Luis Palma Salazar">Héctor Luis Palma Salazar</a></td> <td>Sinaloa Cartel </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garcia_Abrego" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Garcia Abrego">Juan Garcia Abrego</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2002</td> <td>Ismael Higuera Guerrero<a href="#cite_note-Combatting_Drugs_in_Mexico-76">[76]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Cartel" title="Tijuana Cartel">Tijuana Cartel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jesus Labra</td> <td>Tijuana Cartel </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adan Amezcua</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colima_Cartel" title="Colima Cartel">Colima Cartel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Arellano_Felix" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Arellano Felix">Benjamin Arellano Felix</a></td> <td>Tijuana Cartel </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osiel_Cardenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Osiel Cardenas">Osiel Cardenas</a><a href="#cite_note-Combatting_Drugs_in_Mexico-76">[76]</a></td> <td>Gulf Cartel </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico's_economy">Mexico's economy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mexico's economy">edit</a>]</div> Over the past few decades drug cartels have become integrated into Mexico's economy. Approximately 500 cities are directly engaged in drug trafficking and nearly 450,000 people are employed by drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> Additionally, the livelihood of 3.2 million people is dependent on the drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> Between local and international sales, such as to Europe and the United States, drug cartels in Mexico see a $25–30 bn yearly profit, a great deal of which circulates through international banks such as <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> Drug cartels are fundamental in local economics. A percentage of the profits seen from the trade are invested in the local community.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> Such profits contribute to the education and healthcare of the community.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> While these cartels bring violence and hazards into communities, they create jobs and provide income for its many members.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culture_of_drug_cartels">Culture of drug cartels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture of drug cartels">edit</a>]</div> Major cartels saw growth due to a prominent set culture of Mexican society that created the means for drug capital. One of the sites of origin for drug trafficking within Mexico, was the state of <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>. In the past, Michoacán was mainly an agricultural society. This provided an initial growth of trade. Industrialization of rural areas of Mexico facilitated a greater distribution of drugs, expanding the drug market into different provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Michoacan-77">[77]</a> Once towns became industrialized, cartels such as the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> started to form and expand. The proliferation of drug cartel culture largely stemmed from the ranchero culture seen in Michoacán. Ranchero culture values the individual as opposed to the society as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Michoacan-77">[77]</a> This culture fostered the drug culture of valuing the family that is formed within the cartel. This ideal allowed for greater organization within the cartels. Gangs play a major role in the activity of drug cartels. <a href="/wiki/MS-13" title="MS-13">MS-13</a> and the <a href="/wiki/18th_Street_gang" title="18th Street gang">18th Street gang</a> are notorious for their contributions and influence over drug trafficking throughout Latin America. MS-13 has controlled much of the activity in the drug trade spanning from Mexico to Panama.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs_Violence_and_Life_in_Mexico-78">[78]</a> Female involvement is present in the Mexican drug culture. Although females are not treated as equals to males, they typically hold more power than their culture allows and acquire some independence. The increase in power has attracted females from higher social classes.<a href="#cite_note-Female_Drug_Smugglers-79">[79]</a> Financial gain has also prompted women to become involved in the illegal drug market. Many women in the lower levels of major drug cartels belong to a low economic class. Drug trafficking offers women an accessible way to earn income.<a href="#cite_note-Female_Drug_Smugglers-79">[79]</a> Females from all social classes have become involved in the trade due to outside pressure from their social and economic environments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Colombia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Illegal drug trade in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5.879_kilos_de_marihuana_fueron_incautados_en_Bogot%C3%A1_(8674591889).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/5.879_kilos_de_marihuana_fueron_incautados_en_Bogot%C3%A1_%288674591889%29.jpg/220px-5.879_kilos_de_marihuana_fueron_incautados_en_Bogot%C3%A1_%288674591889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/5.879_kilos_de_marihuana_fueron_incautados_en_Bogot%C3%A1_%288674591889%29.jpg/330px-5.879_kilos_de_marihuana_fueron_incautados_en_Bogot%C3%A1_%288674591889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/5.879_kilos_de_marihuana_fueron_incautados_en_Bogot%C3%A1_%288674591889%29.jpg/440px-5.879_kilos_de_marihuana_fueron_incautados_en_Bogot%C3%A1_%288674591889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Seized drugs in <a href="/wiki/Bogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogota">Bogota</a>, Colombia, April 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_ties">Political ties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Political ties">edit</a>]</div> It was common for smugglers in Colombia to import liquor, alcohol, cigarettes and textiles, while exporting cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> Personnel with knowledge of the terrain were able to supply the local market while also exporting a large amount of product.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> The established trade initially involved Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela and Cuba. Peasant farmers produced coca paste in Peru and Bolivia, while Colombian smugglers would process the coca paste into cocaine in Colombia, and trafficked product through <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Batista</a>'s Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> This trade route established ties between Cuban and Colombian organized crime. From Cuba, cocaine would be transported to <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, Florida; and <a href="/wiki/Union_City,_New_Jersey" title="Union City, New Jersey">Union City, New Jersey</a>. Quantities of the drug were then smuggled throughout the US.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> The international drug trade created political ties between the involved countries, encouraging the governments of the countries involved to collaborate and instate common policies to eradicate drug cartels. Cuba stopped being a center for transport of cocaine following the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s communist government in 1959. As a result, Miami and Union City became the sole locations for trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> The relations between Cuban and Colombian organized crime remained strong until the 1970s, when Colombian cartels began to vie for power. In the 1980s and 90s, Colombia emerged as a key contributor of the drug trade industry in the Western Hemisphere. While the smuggling of drugs such as marijuana, poppy, opium and heroin became more ubiquitous during this time period, the activity of cocaine cartels drove the development of the Latin American drug trade. The trade emerged as a multinational effort as supplies (i.e. coca plant substances) were imported from countries such as Bolivia and Peru, were refined in Colombian cocaine labs and smuggled through Colombia, and exported to countries such as the US.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia's_economy">Colombia's economy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Colombia's economy">edit</a>]</div> Colombia has had a significant role in the illegal drug trade in Latin America. While active in the drug trade since the 1930s, Colombia's role in the drug trade did not truly become dominant until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> When Mexico eradicated marijuana plantations, demand stayed the same. Colombia met much of the demand by growing more marijuana. Grown in the strategic northeast region of Colombia, marijuana soon became the leading cash crop in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> This success was short-lived due to anti-marijuana campaigns that were enforced by the US military throughout the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> Instead, drug traffickers in Colombia continued their focus on exporting cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> Having been an export of Colombia since the early 1950s, cocaine remained popular for a host of reasons. Colombia's location facilitated its transportation from South America into Central America, and then to its destination of North America. This continued into the 1990s, when Colombia remained the chief exporter of cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> The business of drug trafficking can be seen in several stages in Colombia towards the latter half of the 20th century. Colombia served as the dominant force in the distribution and sale of cocaine by the 1980s. As drug producers gained more power, they became more centralized and organized into what became drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> Cartels controlled the major aspects of each stage in the traffic of their product. Their organization allowed cocaine to be distributed in great amounts throughout the United States. By the late 1980s, intra-industry strife arose within the cartels.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> This stage was marked by increased violence as different cartels fought for control of export markets. Despite this strife, this power struggle led to then having multiple producers of coca leaf farms. This in turn caused an improvement in quality control and reduction of police interdiction in the distribution of cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> This also led to cartels attempting to repatriate their earnings which would eventually make up 5.5% of Colombia's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> This drive to repatriate earnings led to the pressure of legitimizing their wealth, causing an increase in violence throughout Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berna2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Berna2.jpg/220px-Berna2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Berna2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Colombian drug lord <a href="/wiki/Diego_Murillo_Bejarano" title="Diego Murillo Bejarano">Diego Murillo Bejarano</a> was extradited from Colombia to the US in May 2008.</figcaption></figure> Throughout the 1980s, estimates of illegal drug value in Colombia ranged from $2bn to $4bn.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> This made up about 7–10% of the $36bn estimated GNP of Colombia during this decade. In the 1990s, the estimates of the illegal drug value remained roughly within the same range (~$2.5bn).<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> As the Colombian GNP rose throughout the 1990s ($68.5bn in 1994 and $96.3bn in 1997),<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> illegal drug values began to comprise a decreasing fraction of the national economy.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> By the early 1990s, although Colombia led in the exportation of cocaine, it found increasing confrontations within its state. These confrontations were primarily between cartels and government institutions. This led to a decrease in the drug trade's contribution to the GDP of Colombia; dropping from 5.5% to 2.6%.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> Though a contributor of wealth, the distribution of cocaine has had negative effects on the socio-political situation of Colombia and has weakened its economy as well.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_impacts_2">Social impacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Social impacts">edit</a>]</div> By the 1980s, Colombian cartels became the dominant cocaine distributors in the US.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> This led to the spread of increased violence throughout both Latin America and Miami.<a href="#cite_note-From_Smugglers_to_Warlords-54">[54]</a> In the 1980s, two major drug cartels emerged in Colombia: the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali</a> groups. Throughout the 1990s however, several factors led to the decline of these major cartels and to the rise of smaller Colombian cartels.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> The US demand for cocaine dropped while Colombian production rose, pressuring traffickers to find new drugs and markets. In this time period, there was an increase in activity of Caribbean cartels that led to the rise of an alternate route of smuggling through Mexico. This led to the increased collaboration between major Colombian and Mexican drug traffickers. Such drastic changes in the execution of drug trade in Colombia paired with the political instabilities and rise of drug wars in Medellin and Cali, gave way for the rise of the smaller Colombian drug trafficking organizations (and the rise of heroin trade).<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> As the drug trade's influence over the economy increased, drug lords and their networks grew in their power and influence in society. The occurrences in drug-related violence increased during this time period as drug lords fought to maintain their control in the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> Typically, a drug cartel had support networks that consisted of a number of individuals. These people individuals ranged from those directly involved in the trade (such as suppliers, chemists, transporters, smugglers, etc.) as well as those involved indirectly in the trade (such as politicians, bankers, police, etc.). As these smaller Colombian drug cartels grew in prevalence, several notable aspects of the Colombian society gave way for further development of the Colombian drug industry. For example, until the late 1980s, the long-term effects of the drug industry were not realized by much of society. Additionally, there was a lack of regulation in prisons where captured traffickers were sent. These prisons were under-regulated, under-funded, and under-staffed, which allowed for the formation of prison gangs, for the smuggling of arms/weapons/etc., for feasible escapes, and even for captured drug lords to continue running their businesses from prison.<a href="#cite_note-Colombia:_Social_Crisis-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Balkans">Western Balkans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Western Balkans">edit</a>]</div> Since the beginning of the 21st century, the global drug trade network witnessed the emergence of criminal groups from the Western <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> as crucial players. These groups have moved up from being small-time crooks to major drug distributors. Most of these organized crime groups belonged to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. The illicit trade activities of the Balkans primarily involved <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> These groups keep their operations outside the Western Balkans, while staying connected to their homeland. Within the network of these groups, the dealmakers operate in a proximity of supply sources and the distribution networks are managed by foot soldiers. However, the bosses of the organized criminal groups stay and keep their wealth in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GI-19-04-2022-82">[82]</a> The UAE is amongst the enablers of global corruption and illicit financial flows. Analysts have claimed that criminal actors across the world either operate from or through the Emirates. It was a haven for criminals, where the risk for illicit activities remains low.<a href="#cite_note-GI-19-04-2022-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> For the Balkan criminals, a growing trend was to relocate to the UAE, which became an attraction to dirty money and kingpins from several European nations and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GI-19-04-2022-82">[82]</a> Besides, Dubai was also dubbed as the "new Costa del Crime", replacing the crime hideaway of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Costa_del_Sol" title="Costa del Sol">Costa del Sol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The UAE had poor regulations for <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and for screening of suspicious transactions. The lack of regulations against illicit financial activities prompted the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force" title="Financial Action Task Force">Financial Action Task Force</a> (FATF) to place the Gulf country on its grey list in March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Consequently, the Emirates' remained a safe option for the criminals. Nearly two-thirds of the Albanian criminal groups, who were active in trade of drugs like <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, were believed to be hiding in the UAE. One of such individuals, Eldi Dizdari was accused of international drug trafficking and was living in Dubai. Research revealed that these criminals invested huge amounts in the Emirates' real estate and other economical sectors to live there.<a href="#cite_note-GI-19-04-2022-82">[82]</a> Another trafficker of cocaine from <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, Edin Gačanin was living in the UAE using his extensive profits to buy property and protection in the country. Dubbed as the "European Escobar", he connected the supply network between production markets of Latin America and consumer markets of Western European. He was able to evade the arrest and investigations, including by the <a href="/wiki/US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="US Drug Enforcement Administration">US Drug Enforcement Administration</a>, by seeking shelter in the Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-GI-19-04-2022-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_in_specific_drugs">Trade in specific drugs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Trade in specific drugs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Special:EditPage/Illegal drug trade">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannabis">Cannabis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cannabis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4_ounces_of_marijuana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/4_ounces_of_marijuana.JPG/220px-4_ounces_of_marijuana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/4_ounces_of_marijuana.JPG/330px-4_ounces_of_marijuana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/4_ounces_of_marijuana.JPG/440px-4_ounces_of_marijuana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Four ounces (110 g) of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ver%C3%A3o_da_Lata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ver%C3%A3o_da_Lata.jpg/220px-Ver%C3%A3o_da_Lata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ver%C3%A3o_da_Lata.jpg/330px-Ver%C3%A3o_da_Lata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ver%C3%A3o_da_Lata.jpg/440px-Ver%C3%A3o_da_Lata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Trafficked cannabis in Brazil. Each can contained 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb).</figcaption></figure> While the recreational use of (and consequently the distribution of) <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> is illegal in most countries throughout the world, recreational distribution is legal in some countries, such as Canada, and medical distribution is permitted in some places, such as 38 of the 50 US states (although importation and distribution is still federally prohibited).<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Beginning in 2014, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> became the first country to legalize cultivation, sale, and consumption of cannabis for recreational use for adult residents.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2018, Canada became the second country to legalize use, sale and cultivation of cannabis. The first few weeks were met with extremely high demand, most shops being out of stock after operating for only four days. Cannabis use is tolerated in some areas, most notably the Netherlands, which has legalized the possession and licensed sale (but not cultivation) of the drug. Many nations have decriminalized the possession of small amounts of marijuana. Due to the hardy nature of the cannabis plant, marijuana is grown all across the world and is today the world's most popular illegal drug with the highest level of availability.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Cannabis is grown legally in many countries for industrial, non-drug use (known as <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>) as well. Cannabis-hemp may also be planted for other non-drug domestic purposes, such as seasoning that occurs in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The demand for cannabis around the world, coupled with the drug's relative ease of cultivation, makes the illicit cannabis trade one of the primary ways in which organized criminal groups finance many of their activities. In Mexico, for example, the illicit trafficking of cannabis is thought to constitute the majority of many of the cartels' earnings,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and the main way in which the cartels finance many other illegal activities; including the purchase of other illegal drugs for trafficking, and for acquiring weapons that are ultimately used to commit murders (causing a burgeoning in the homicide rates of many areas of the world, but particularly Latin America).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Some studies show that the increased legalization of cannabis in the United States (beginning in 2012 with <a href="/wiki/Washington_Initiative_502" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 502">Washington Initiative 502</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Amendment_64" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Amendment 64">Colorado Amendment 64</a>) has led Mexican cartels to smuggle less cannabis in exchange for more heroin.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol">Alcohol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Alcohol">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></div> Alcohol, in the context of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">denatured alcohol</a>, is illegal in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_alcohol_prohibition" title="List of countries with alcohol prohibition">a number of Muslim countries</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and this has resulted in a thriving illegal trade in alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] The manufacture, sale, transportation, import, and export of alcoholic beverages were illegal in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the time known as the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> in the 1920s and early 1930s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroin">Heroin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Heroin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Crescent" title="Golden Crescent">Golden Crescent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heroin_hidden_in_carpets_seized_at_Manchester_Airport,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Heroin_hidden_in_carpets_seized_at_Manchester_Airport%2C_England.jpg/220px-Heroin_hidden_in_carpets_seized_at_Manchester_Airport%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Heroin_hidden_in_carpets_seized_at_Manchester_Airport%2C_England.jpg/330px-Heroin_hidden_in_carpets_seized_at_Manchester_Airport%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Heroin_hidden_in_carpets_seized_at_Manchester_Airport%2C_England.jpg/440px-Heroin_hidden_in_carpets_seized_at_Manchester_Airport%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a> woven into a hand-made knotted <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpet</a> seized at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> In the 1950s and 1960s, most heroin was produced in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and transshipped in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> via the <a href="/wiki/French_Connection" title="French Connection">French Connection</a> crime ring, with much of it arriving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1972-97">[97]</a> This resulted in the record setting April 26, 1968 seizure of 246 lb (111.6 kg) of heroin smuggled in a vehicle on the <a href="/wiki/SS_France_(1960)" title="SS France (1960)">SS France (1960)</a> ocean liner.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> By the time of <a href="/wiki/The_French_Connection_(film)" title="The French Connection (film)">The French Connection (1971 film)</a>, this route was being supplanted.<a href="#cite_note-NYT1972-97">[97]</a> Then, until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2004, the majority of the world's heroin was produced in an area known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However, by 2007, 93% of the opiates on the world market originated in <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> This amounted to an export value of about US$4 billion, with a quarter being earned by opium farmers and the rest going to district officials, insurgents, warlords and drug traffickers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Another significant area where poppy fields are grown for the manufacture of heroin is Mexico. In November 2023, a U.N report showed that in the entirety of Afghanistan, poppy cultivation dropped by over 95%, removing it from its place as being the world's largest opium producer.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">United States Drug Enforcement Administration</a>, the price of heroin is typically valued 8 to 10 times that of cocaine on American streets, making it a high-profit substance for smugglers and dealers.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In Europe (except the transit countries Portugal and the Netherlands), for example, a purported gram of street heroin, usually consisting of 700–800 mg of a light to dark brown powder containing 5–10% heroin base, costs €30–70, making the effective value per gram of pure heroin €300–700. Heroin is generally a preferred product for smuggling and distribution—over unrefined opium due to the cost-effectiveness and increased <a href="/wiki/Efficacy#Pharmacology" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] of heroin. Because of the high cost per volume, heroin is easily smuggled. A US quarter-sized (2.5 cm) cylindrical vial can contain hundreds of doses. From the 1930s to the early 1970s, the so-called <a href="/wiki/French_Connection" title="French Connection">French Connection</a> supplied the majority of US demand. Allegedly, during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, drug lords such as <a href="/wiki/Ike_Atkinson" title="Ike Atkinson">Ike Atkinson</a> used to smuggle hundreds of kilograms of heroin to the US in coffins of dead American soldiers (see <a href="/wiki/Ike_Atkinson#Cadaver_Connection" title="Ike Atkinson">Cadaver Connection</a>). Since that time it has become more difficult for drugs to be imported into the US than it had been in previous decades, but that does not stop the heroin smugglers from getting their product across US borders. Purity levels vary greatly by region with Northeastern cities having the most pure heroin in the United States.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 17 October 2018 police in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> discovered 270 kg of heroin hidden in a ship coming from the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> southern port of <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a>. The ship had already passed and stopped at <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Penalties for smuggling heroin or morphine are often harsh in most countries. Some countries will readily hand down a death sentence (e.g. Singapore) or life in prison for the illegal smuggling of heroin or morphine, which are both internationally Schedule I drugs under the <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In May 2021, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> seized 1.4 tonnes of heroin at <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> port of a shipment from Iran that was headed for Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Methamphetamine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nogales_CBP_Officers_Seize_$377K_in_Hard_Drugs_(48749211542).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nogales_CBP_Officers_Seize_%24377K_in_Hard_Drugs_%2848749211542%29.jpg/220px-Nogales_CBP_Officers_Seize_%24377K_in_Hard_Drugs_%2848749211542%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nogales_CBP_Officers_Seize_%24377K_in_Hard_Drugs_%2848749211542%29.jpg/330px-Nogales_CBP_Officers_Seize_%24377K_in_Hard_Drugs_%2848749211542%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nogales_CBP_Officers_Seize_%24377K_in_Hard_Drugs_%2848749211542%29.jpg/440px-Nogales_CBP_Officers_Seize_%24377K_in_Hard_Drugs_%2848749211542%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Methamphetamine smuggled inside a car tire</figcaption></figure> Methamphetamine is another popular drug among distributors. Three common street names are "meth", "crank", and "ice".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> According to the Community Epidemiology Work Group, the number of <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">clandestine methamphetamine laboratory</a> incidents reported to the National Clandestine Laboratory Database decreased from 1999 to 2009. During this period, methamphetamine lab incidents increased in mid-western States (Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Ohio), and in Pennsylvania. In 2004, more lab incidents were reported in Missouri (2,788) and Illinois (1,058) than in California (764). In 2003, methamphetamine lab incidents reached new highs in Georgia (250), Minnesota (309), and Texas (677). There were only seven methamphetamine lab incidents reported in Hawaii in 2004, though nearly 59 percent of substance use treatment admissions (excluding alcohol) were for primary methamphetamine use during the first six months of 2004. As of 2007, Missouri leads the United States in drug-lab seizures, with 1,268 incidents reported.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Often canine units are used for detecting <a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">rolling meth labs</a> which can be concealed on large vehicles, or transported on something as small as a motorcycle. These labs are more difficult to detect than stationary ones, and can often be obscured among legal cargo in big trucks.<a href="#cite_note-CBSNEWS1-111">[111]</a> Methamphetamine is sometimes used intravenously, placing users and their partners at risk for transmission of <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> "Meth" can also be inhaled, most commonly vaporized on aluminum foil or in a glass pipe. This method is reported to give "an unnatural high" and a "brief intense rush".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In South Africa, methamphetamine is called "tik" or "tik-tik". Known locally as "tik", the substance was virtually unknown as late as 2003. Now, it is the country's main addictive substance, even when alcohol is included.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Children as young as eight are abusing the substance, smoking it in crude glass vials made from light bulbs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since methamphetamine is easy to produce, the substance is manufactured locally in staggering quantities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The government of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> currently operates methamphetamine production facilities. There, the drug is used as medicine because no alternatives are available; it also is smuggled across the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> border.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The Australian Crime Commission's illicit drug data report for 2011–2012 stated that the average strength of crystal methamphetamine doubled in most Australian jurisdictions within a 12-month period, and the majority of domestic laboratory closures involved small "addict-based" operations.<a href="#cite_note-Acc-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temazepam">Temazepam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Temazepam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></div> Temazepam, a strong hypnotic <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a>, is illicitly manufactured in clandestine laboratories (called jellie labs) to supply the increasingly high demand for the drug internationally.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Many clandestine temazepam labs are in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. The labs manufacture temazepam by chemically altering diazepam, oxazepam or lorazepam.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> "Jellie labs" have been identified and shut down in Russia, Ukraine, Latvia and Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cocaine">Cocaine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cocaine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741,_Berlin,_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-07741%2C_Berlin%2C_%22Koks_Emil%22_der_Kokain-Verk%C3%A4ufer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Prostitutes buy cocaine capsules from a drug dealer in Berlin, 1930. The capsules sold for 5 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> each (equivalent to €18 in 2021).</figcaption></figure> Cocaine is a highly trafficked drug. In 2017 the value of the global market for illicit cocaine was estimated at between $94 and $143 billion.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 2022, illicit sales in Europe were estimated at $11.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2020, almost 2,000 tons of cocaine were produced for distribution through illicit markets.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Fentanyl">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></div> Fentanyl, a synthetic <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a>, is 20 to 40 times more <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> than <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and 100 times more potent than <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>;<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> its primary clinical utility is in <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain management</a> for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Illicit use of fentanyl continues to fuel an <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">epidemic of synthetic opioid drug overdose deaths in the US</a>. From 2011 to 2021, synthetic opioid deaths per year increased from 2,600 <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdoses</a> to 70,601.<a href="#cite_note-NIDA_overdose-126">[126]</a> Since 2018, fentanyl and its analogues have been responsible for most drug overdose deaths in the US, causing over 71,238 deaths in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-www.cbsnews.com_2018-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIDA_overdose-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Fentanyl is often mixed, cut, or ingested alongside other drugs, including cocaine and heroin.<a href="#cite_note-www.dea.gov-129">[129]</a> The fentanyl epidemic has erupted in a highly acrimonious dispute between the US and Mexican governments. While US officials blame the flood of fentanyl crossing the border primarily on Mexican crime groups, President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a> insists that the main source of this synthetic drug is <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. He believes that the crisis of a lack of family values in the US drives people to use the drug.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of CIA drug trafficking">Allegations of CIA drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_medications" title="Counterfeit medications">Counterfeit medications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">Counterfeit money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_illicit_drug_production" title="Environmental impact of illicit drug production">Environmental impact of illicit drug production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum running">Rum running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_cigarette_trade" title="Illicit cigarette trade">Illicit cigarette trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife trafficking">Wildlife trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_organ_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal organ trade">Illegal organ trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_organizations" title="Drug trafficking organizations">Drug trafficking organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Crescent" title="Golden Crescent">Golden Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_drug_smuggling_into_Australia" title="Maritime drug smuggling into Australia">Maritime drug smuggling into Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Narco-capitalism">Narco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-state" title="Narco-state">Narco-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Show_Me_How" title="Operation Show Me How">Operation Show Me How</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_coordination">International coordination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: International coordination">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_Against_Drug_Abuse_and_Illicit_Trafficking" title="International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking">International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMay2017" class="citation journal cs1">May, Channing (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secureservercdn.net/45.40.149.159/34n.8bd.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Transnational_Crime-final.pdf">"Transnational Crime and the 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Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+French+Connection%E2%80%94In+Real+Life&rft.date=1972-02-06&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Lapierre%2C+Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F02%2F06%2Farchives%2Fthe-french-connection-in-real-life-super-sleuths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/406671233/">"Agents Seize Heroin Worth Record 22M"</a>. Daily News. New York City. 27 June 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024140051/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/406671233/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Agents+Seize+Heroin+Worth+Record+22M&rft.date=1968-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F406671233%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigart1968" class="citation web cs1">Bigart, Homer (27 June 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/27/archives/224million-in-heroin-found-in-car-at-city-pier-narcotics-secreted.html">"$22.4-Million in Heroin Found in Car at City Pier; Narcotics, Secreted in Auto Sent From France, Called Largest Seizure in U.S. $22.4-Million in Heroin Is Found Hidden in a Car at Pier in City"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021094307/https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/27/archives/224million-in-heroin-found-in-car-at-city-pier-narcotics-secreted.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%2422.4-Million+in+Heroin+Found+in+Car+at+City+Pier%3B+Narcotics%2C+Secreted+in+Auto+Sent+From+France%2C+Called+Largest+Seizure+in+U.S.+%2422.4-Million+in+Heroin+Is+Found+Hidden+in+a+Car+at+Pier+in+City&rft.date=1968-06-27&rft.aulast=Bigart&rft.aufirst=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1968%2F06%2F27%2Farchives%2F224million-in-heroin-found-in-car-at-city-pier-narcotics-secreted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19680626.2.5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"Biggest Heroin Haul Told"</a>. Desert Sun. 26 June 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022063353/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19680626.2.5&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+Heroin+Haul+Told&rft.pub=Desert+Sun&rft.date=1968-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DDS19680626.2.5%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> See McCoy, A; The Politics of Heroin, Lawrence Hill, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128143609/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/AFG07_ExSum_web.pdf">Afghanistan Opium Survey 2007</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (Report). 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Retrieved 2008-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+Opium+Survey+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fpdf%2Fresearch%2FAFG07_ExSum_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071202093437/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/opium-amounts-to-half-of-afghanistans-gdp-in-2007,-reports-unodc.html">"Opium Amounts to Half of Afghanistan's GDP in 2007, Reports UNODC"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/UNODC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNODC">UNODC</a>. 2008-11-16. 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Retrieved 2007-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opium+Amounts+to+Half+of+Afghanistan%27s+GDP+in+2007%2C+Reports+UNODC&rft.pub=UNODC&rft.date=2008-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fen%2Fpress%2Freleases%2Fopium-amounts-to-half-of-afghanistans-gdp-in-2007%2C-reports-unodc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/5/afghan-opium-poppy-cultivation-plunges-by-95-percent-under-taliban-un">"Afghan opium poppy cultivation plunges by 95 percent under Taliban: UN"</a>. 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Retrieved 2023-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Afghan+opium+poppy+cultivation+plunges+by+95+percent+under+Taliban%3A+UN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F5%2Fafghan-opium-poppy-cultivation-plunges-by-95-percent-under-taliban-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143232">"Opium cultivation declines by 95 per cent in Afghanistan: UN survey | UN News"</a>. news.un.org. 2023-11-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125184514/https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/11/1143232">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-25. 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Retrieved 10 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Farda&rft.atitle=Italian+Police+Make+Major+Heroin+Haul+On+Ship+From+Iran&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.radiofarda.com%2Fa%2Fitalian-police-make-major-heroin-haul-on-ship-from-iran%2F29591353.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2021/05/20/romania-seizes-1-4-tons-of-heroin-bound-for-western-europe/">"Romania Seizes 1.4 Tons of Heroin Bound for Western Europe"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight&rft.atitle=Romania+Seizes+1.4+Tons+of+Heroin+Bound+for+Western+Europe&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2021%2F05%2F20%2Fromania-seizes-1-4-tons-of-heroin-bound-for-western-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/streetterms/ByType.asp?intTypeID=14">Street Terms: Methamphetamine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801101556/http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/streetterms/ByType.asp?intTypeID=14">Archived</a> 2010-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Office of National Drug Control Policy </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDEA2008" class="citation web cs1">DEA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909170858/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/map_lab_seizures.html">"Maps of Methamphetamine Lab Incidents"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=As+fentanyl+crisis+grows%2C+U.S.-Mexico+divide+deepens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F04%2F29%2Fmexico-us-fentanyl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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trade</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/drugs/">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (UNODC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html">Illicit drug issues by country, by the CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229044611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html">Archived</a> 2010-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug production and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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