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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contraindications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pregnancy_and_lactation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy_and_lactation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pregnancy and lactation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy_and_lactation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_and_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_and_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Labor and delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_and_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elderly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elderly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Elderly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elderly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liver_and_kidney_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liver_and_kidney_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Liver and kidney failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver_and_kidney_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Side effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Side effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dependence_and_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependence_and_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dependence and withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependence_and_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overdose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correspondence_to_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correspondence_to_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Correspondence to effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correspondence_to_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pharmacokinetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_stereoisomerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_stereoisomerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Synthesis and stereoisomerism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_and_stereoisomerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_in_biological_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_in_biological_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Detection in biological fluids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_in_biological_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrepant_reports_on_natural_agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrepant_reports_on_natural_agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Discrepant reports on natural agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrepant_reports_on_natural_agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Formulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Patent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Misuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Investigational_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigational_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Investigational uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigational_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Veterinary medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tramadol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ترامادول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترامادول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ترامادول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترامادول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трамадол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трамадол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadool" title="Tramadool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tramadool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Τραμαδόλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τραμαδόλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ترامادول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترامادول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%8F%8C" title="트라마돌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라마돌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadolo" title="Tramadolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tramadolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="טרמדול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרמדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ٹرامادول – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹرامادول" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трамадол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трамадол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="ട്രമാഡോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രമാഡോൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ترامادول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ترامادول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ترامادول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترامادول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="トラマドール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラマドール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%B2" title="ଟ୍ରାମାଡଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟ୍ରାମାଡଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трамадол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трамадол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трамадол – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Трамадол" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трамадол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трамадол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadoli" title="Tramadoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tramadoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ทรามาดอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทรามาดอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Трамадол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трамадол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tramadol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%9A" title="曲马多 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曲马多" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Opioid pain medication</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): Tramadol">Tramadol</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramadol_as_a_racemic_mixture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tramadol_as_a_racemic_mixture.svg/250px-Tramadol_as_a_racemic_mixture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tramadol_as_a_racemic_mixture.svg/375px-Tramadol_as_a_racemic_mixture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tramadol_as_a_racemic_mixture.svg/500px-Tramadol_as_a_racemic_mixture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="width:100%; margin:0;"><tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;"><span class="mw-default-size dark_mode_safe" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:(1S,2S)-Tramadol_molecule_ball.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_molecule_ball.png/110px-%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_molecule_ball.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_molecule_ball.png/165px-%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_molecule_ball.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_molecule_ball.png/220px-%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_molecule_ball.png 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;"><span class="mw-default-size dark_mode_safe" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:(1R,2R)-Tramadol_molecule_spacefill.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol_molecule_spacefill.png/110px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol_molecule_spacefill.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol_molecule_spacefill.png/165px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol_molecule_spacefill.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol_molecule_spacefill.png/220px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol_molecule_spacefill.png 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data">/ˈtræməˌdɒl/ </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ultram, others<sup id="cite_ref-generics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tramadol-hydrochloride.html">Monograph</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="medlineplus.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a695011.html">a695011</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr></small> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <span title="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Tramadol">Tramadol</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy<br />category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> C<sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">intramuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">rectal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02" title="ATC code N02">N02AX02</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AX02">WHO</a></span>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02" title="ATC code N02">N02AJ13</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AJ13">WHO</a></span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_A2" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class A2</a> (Narcotic drugs)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr></small>: <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Schedule I</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="New Zealand">NZ</abbr></small>: Class C2 Controlled Drug</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only) /<span class="nowrap"> </span>Class C<sup id="cite_ref-Tramadol_SmPC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tramadol_SmPC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UK_scheduling_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_scheduling-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>:</small> <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV_drugs" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule IV</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ultram_FDA_label_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ultram_FDA_label-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>:</small> Unscheduled</li> <li><small><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>:</small> Rx-only<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">68% (by mouth),<sup id="cite_ref-FiresteinBudd2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FiresteinBudd2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 77% (rectal), 100% (IM)<sup id="cite_ref-MD_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20%<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>-mediated <a href="/wiki/Demethylation" title="Demethylation">demethylation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glucuronidation" title="Glucuronidation">glucuronidation</a> via <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> & <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a><sup id="cite_ref-MD_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSR_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/O-desmethyltramadol" class="mw-redirect" title="O-desmethyltramadol">O-desmethyltramadol</a><br />N-desmethyltramadol</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">< 1 hour (by mouth)<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination <span class="nowrap">half-life</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.3 ± 1.4 h<sup id="cite_ref-MSR_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSR-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 hours<sup id="cite_ref-Pharmacology_of_tramadol_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pharmacology_of_tramadol-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Urine (95%)<sup id="cite_ref-TGAIR_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGAIR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-ol</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=27203-92-5">27203-92-5</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/33741">33741</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00193">DB00193</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.31105.html">31105</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/39J1LGJ30J">39J1LGJ30J</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D08623">D08623</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li><li>as HCl: <span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01355">D01355</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:9648">CHEBI:9648</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1066">ChEMBL1066</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID90858931,">DTXSID401167150 DTXSID90858931, DTXSID401167150</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407592#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.043.912">100.043.912</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407592#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>16</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>25</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>2</sub></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002263380999999999♠"></span>263.381</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CN%28C%29C%5BC%40H%5D1CCCC%5BC%40%40%5D1%28C2%3DCC%28%3DCC%3DC2%29OC%29O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180 to 181 °C (356 to 358 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CN(C)C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C16H25NO2/c1-17(2)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)19-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:TVYLLZQTGLZFBW-ZBFHGGJFSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">(what is this?)</a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=451973921&page2=Tramadol">(verify)</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tramadol</b>, sold under the brand name <b>Ultram</b> among others,<sup id="cite_ref-generics_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a> <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">pain medication</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNRI) used to treat moderately severe <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHR2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHR2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also available by injection.<sup id="cite_ref-BNF74_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF74-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is available in combination with <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> (acetaminophen). </p><p>As is typical of opioids, common side effects include <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pruritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritis">itchiness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serious side effects may include <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a>, decreased alertness, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addiction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A change in dosage may be recommended in those with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">kidney</a> or liver problems.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not recommended in those who are at risk of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> or in those who are <a href="/wiki/Pregnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregnant">pregnant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BNF74_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BNF74-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not recommended in women who are <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>, those who take a single dose should not generally have to stop breastfeeding.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol is converted in the liver to <a href="/wiki/O-desmethyltramadol" class="mw-redirect" title="O-desmethyltramadol"><i>O</i>-desmethyltramadol (desmetramadol)</a>, an opioid with a stronger affinity for the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tramadol was patented in 1972 and launched under the name "Tramal" in 1977 by the West German <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">pharmaceutical company</a> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnenthal" title="Grünenthal">Grünenthal GmbH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PHR2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHR2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fis2006_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fis2006-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-PHR2009_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHR2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a> and marketed under many brand names worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-generics_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2014_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was the 55th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 12<span class="nowrap"> </span>million prescriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_mg_Tramadol_HCl_tablets_(generic_Ultram)_marketed_by_Amneal_Pharmaceuticals_(rotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/50_mg_Tramadol_HCl_tablets_%28generic_Ultram%29_marketed_by_Amneal_Pharmaceuticals_%28rotated%29.jpg/220px-50_mg_Tramadol_HCl_tablets_%28generic_Ultram%29_marketed_by_Amneal_Pharmaceuticals_%28rotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/50_mg_Tramadol_HCl_tablets_%28generic_Ultram%29_marketed_by_Amneal_Pharmaceuticals_%28rotated%29.jpg/330px-50_mg_Tramadol_HCl_tablets_%28generic_Ultram%29_marketed_by_Amneal_Pharmaceuticals_%28rotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/50_mg_Tramadol_HCl_tablets_%28generic_Ultram%29_marketed_by_Amneal_Pharmaceuticals_%28rotated%29.jpg/440px-50_mg_Tramadol_HCl_tablets_%28generic_Ultram%29_marketed_by_Amneal_Pharmaceuticals_%28rotated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Generic tramadol HCl tablets marketed by Amneal Pharmaceuticals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramadol_HCl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tramadol_HCl.jpg/220px-Tramadol_HCl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tramadol_HCl.jpg/330px-Tramadol_HCl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tramadol_HCl.jpg/440px-Tramadol_HCl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="4240" /></a><figcaption>Tramadol HCl for injection</figcaption></figure> <p>Tramadol is used primarily to treat mild to severe pain, both acute and chronic.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15509185_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15509185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is moderate evidence for use as a second-line treatment for <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>, but it is not <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a>-approved for this use.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use is approved for treatment of fibromyalgia as a secondary <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">painkiller</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> effects take approximately an hour to be realized, and it takes from two to four hours to reach peak effect after oral administration with an immediate-release formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15509185_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15509185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a dose-by-dose basis, tramadol has about one-tenth the potency of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> (thus 100 mg is commensurate with 10 mg morphine but may vary) and is practically equally potent when compared with <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7691519_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7691519-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For moderate pain, its effectiveness is roughly equivalent to that of codeine in low doses and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a> at very high doses. For severe pain, it is less effective than morphine.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pain-reducing effects last approximately six hours. The potency of analgesia varies considerably as it depends on an individual's genetics. People with specific variants of <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> enzymes may not produce adequate amounts of the active metabolite (desmetramadol) for effective pain control.<sup id="cite_ref-TGAIR_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGAIR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sleep medicine physicians sometimes prescribe tramadol (or other opioid medications) for <a href="/wiki/Disease#Refractory_disease" title="Disease">refractory</a> <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS);<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, RLS that does not respond adequately to treatment with first-line medications such as <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine agonists">dopamine agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">pramipexole</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>, often due to augmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contraindications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals with certain genetic variations of <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> enzymes, which convert tramadol into an inactive molecule, may not experience enough pain relief from tramadol.<sup id="cite_ref-TGAIR_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TGAIR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">genetic polymorphisms</a> are not currently routinely tested for in clinical practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_and_lactation">Pregnancy and lactation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pregnancy and lactation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use of tramadol during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> is generally avoided, as it may cause some reversible withdrawal effects in the newborn.<sup id="cite_ref-pregrev_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pregrev-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small prospective study in France found, while an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriages</a> existed, no major malformations were reported in the newborn.<sup id="cite_ref-pregrev_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pregrev-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use during <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> is also generally advised against, but a small trial found that infants breastfed by mothers taking tramadol were exposed to about 2.88% of the dose the mothers were taking. No evidence of this dose harming the newborn was seen.<sup id="cite_ref-pregrev_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pregrev-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_and_delivery">Labor and delivery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Labor and delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its use as an analgesic during labor is not advised due to its long onset of action (1 hour).<sup id="cite_ref-pregrev_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pregrev-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratio of the mean concentration of the drug in the fetus compared to that of the mother when it is given intramuscularly for labor pains has been estimated to be 1:94.<sup id="cite_ref-pregrev_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pregrev-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its use in children is generally advised against, although it may be done under the supervision of a specialist.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 September 2015, the FDA started investigating the safety of tramadol in use in persons under the age of 17. The investigation was initiated because some of these people have experienced slowed or difficult breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA lists age under 12 years old as a contraindication.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elderly">Elderly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elderly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The risk of opioid-related adverse effects such as <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">respiratory depression</a>, falls, cognitive impairment, and sedation is increased.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol may interact with other medications and increase the risk for adverse events.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver_and_kidney_failure">Liver and kidney failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liver and kidney failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The drug should be used with caution in those with liver or kidney failure, due to metabolism in the liver (to the active molecule desmetramadol) and elimination by the kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_side_effects_of_tramadol" title="List of side effects of tramadol">List of side effects of tramadol</a></div> <p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">adverse effects</a> of tramadol include <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">dry mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a>, abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, drowsiness, and <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AEP_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs06_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs06-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other side effects may result from interactions with other medications. Tramadol has the same dose-dependent adverse effects as morphine including respiratory depression.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_effects_of_Tramadol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Side_effects_of_Tramadol.png/280px-Side_effects_of_Tramadol.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Side_effects_of_Tramadol.png/420px-Side_effects_of_Tramadol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Side_effects_of_Tramadol.png/560px-Side_effects_of_Tramadol.png 2x" data-file-width="2538" data-file-height="2507" /></a><figcaption>Main side effects of tramadol: Red color denotes more serious effects, requiring immediate contact with health provider.<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependence_and_withdrawal">Dependence and withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dependence and withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long-term use of high doses of tramadol causes <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a> and withdrawal syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12825576_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12825576-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include both symptoms typical of <a href="/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal" title="Opioid withdrawal">opioid withdrawal</a> and those associated with <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (SNRI) withdrawal; symptoms include numbness, tingling, <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesia</a>, and tinnitus.<sup id="cite_ref-BP06_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP06-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychiatric symptoms may include hallucinations, paranoia, extreme anxiety, panic attacks, and confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12633909_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12633909-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, tramadol withdrawal will set in 12–20 hours after the last dose, but this can vary.<sup id="cite_ref-BP06_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP06-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol withdrawal typically lasts longer than that of other opioids. Seven days or more of acute withdrawal symptoms can occur as opposed to typically 3 or 4 days for other codeine analogs.<sup id="cite_ref-BP06_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP06-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overdose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clinical presentation in overdose cases can vary but typically includes neurological, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal manifestations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominant neurological symptoms are <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> and altered levels of consciousness, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>. Seizures are particularly notable due to tramadol's lowering of the <a href="/wiki/Seizure_threshold" title="Seizure threshold">seizure threshold</a>, occurring in approximately half of acute poisoning cases.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients often exhibit <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> and mild <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>. Gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and vomiting are common, and agitation, anxiety, and cold and clammy skin may also be present.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While less common, severe complications like respiratory depression and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a> can occur, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Polysubstance_use" title="Polysubstance use">polydrug overdoses</a> involving other CNS depressants (such as <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, opioids, and <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>) and agents with <a href="/wiki/Serotonergic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonergic agent">serotonergic</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, individuals with genetic variations leading to <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> enzyme duplication (rapid metabolizers) may have an increased risk of adverse effects, due to faster conversion of tramadol to its active <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acute tramadol overdose is generally not life-threatening, with most fatalities resulting from polysubstance overdose.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management includes cardiovascular monitoring, <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_(medication)" title="Activated charcoal (medication)">activated charcoal</a> administration, hydration, and treatment of seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a>, an opioid antagonist, can partially reverse some effects of tramadol overdose, particularly respiratory depression. However, its use may increase the risk of seizures due to unopposed <a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-adrenergic">alpha-adrenergic</a> stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For suspected serotonin syndrome, <a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">cyproheptadine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist">serotonin antagonist</a>, is considered an effective antidote.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incidence of tramadol-related overdose deaths has been on the rise in certain regions. For instance, Northern Ireland has reported an increased frequency of such cases.<sup id="cite_ref-JFLM14_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFLM14-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, England and Wales recorded 254 tramadol-related deaths, while Florida reported 379 cases in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, 21,649 emergency room visits in the United States were related to tramadol.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The likely explanation for these observations is due to increase in frequency of prescriptions and use due to easier access due to lighter <a href="/wiki/Drug_schedule" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug schedule">regulatory scheduling</a> by authorities<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this is starting to change. In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> announced tramadol would be added to Schedule I of the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a> and to the Narcotic Control Regulations due to tramadol being suspected of having contributed to 18 reported deaths in Canada between 2006 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramadol_capsules_-_2022-09-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tramadol_capsules_-_2022-09-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/220px-Tramadol_capsules_-_2022-09-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tramadol_capsules_-_2022-09-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/330px-Tramadol_capsules_-_2022-09-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tramadol_capsules_-_2022-09-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/440px-Tramadol_capsules_-_2022-09-22_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3165" data-file-height="2372" /></a><figcaption>Tramadol hydrochloride (50mg) capsules made by Bristol Laboratories and provided by a pharmacy in England</figcaption></figure> <p>Tramadol can have <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">pharmacodynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">pharmacogenetic</a> interactions. </p><p>Tramadol is metabolized by <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">CYP2D6 enzymes</a> which contributes to the metabolism of approximately 25% of all medications.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any medications with the ability to inhibit or induce these enzymes may interact with tramadol. These include common antiarrhythmics, antiemetics, antidepressants (<a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> in particular),<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> antipsychotics, analgesics, and tamoxifen.<sup id="cite_ref-Trends_in_Tramadol_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trends_in_Tramadol-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to tramadol's serotonergic effects, tramadol has the potential to contribute to the development of an acute or chronic hyper-serotonin state called <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a> when used concurrently with other pro-serotonergic medications such as antidepressants (<a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRIs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRIs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">tricyclics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">MAOIs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">triptans</a>, cold medications containing <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, and some herbal products such as <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's wort">St. John's wort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trends_in_Tramadol_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trends_in_Tramadol-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concurrent use of <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_antagonist" title="5-HT3 antagonist">5-HT3 antagonists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">ondansetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolasetron" title="Dolasetron">dolasetron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palonosetron" title="Palonosetron">palonosetron</a> may reduce the effectiveness of both drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tramadol also acts as an opioid agonist and thus can increase the risk for side effects when used with other opioid and opioid-containing <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tylenol_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Tylenol 3">Tylenol 3</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-opioid-combination_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opioid-combination-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tramadol increases the risk for seizures by lowering the seizure threshold. Using other medications that lower seizure threshold - such as <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic medications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">bupropion</a> (an anti-depressant and smoking cessation drug), and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamines</a> - can further increase this risk.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tramadol induces analgesic effects through a variety of different targets on the <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">noradrenergic system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol affects serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition similarly to certain antidepressants known as serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), such as <a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">venlafaxine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid38797485_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid38797485-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol exists as a <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">racemic mixture</a>, the positive <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a> inhibits serotonin reuptake while the negative enantiomer inhibits noradrenaline re-uptake, by binding to and blocking the transporters.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25776506_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25776506-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pharmacology_of_tramadol_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pharmacology_of_tramadol-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both enantiomers of tramadol are agonists of the <a href="/wiki/M-opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="M-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a> and its M1 metabolite, O-<a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">desmetramadol</a>, is also a μ-opioid receptor agonist but is 6 times more potent than tramadol itself.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these actions may work synergistically to induce analgesia. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:small;"> <caption>Tramadol (and metabolite)<sup id="cite_ref-PDSP_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDSP-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17380034_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17380034-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26292636_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26292636-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Site</th> <th>Tramadol</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol"><abbr title="Desmetramadol">DSMT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Desmetramadol</span></th> <th>Species</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="μ-Opioid receptor">MOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip μ-Opioid receptor</span></td> <td>1,600–12,486<br />2,120–8,300<br />≥1,000 (<a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC<sub>50</sub></a>)</td> <td>5.4–18.6<br />17 (<abbr title="(+)-desmetramadol">(+)</abbr>)<br />≥240 (EC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Human<br />Rat<br />Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19027293_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19027293-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27096047_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27096047-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21215785_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21215785-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10991912_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10991912-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7562497_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10961373_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10961373-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="δ-Opioid receptor">DOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip δ-Opioid receptor</span></td> <td>>10,000<br />57,600–100,000</td> <td>≥2,900<br />690 <abbr title="(+)-desmetramadol">(+)</abbr>)</td> <td>Human<br />Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19027293_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19027293-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27096047_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27096047-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7562497_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10991912_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10991912-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ-Opioid receptor"><abbr title="κ-Opioid receptor">KOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip κ-Opioid receptor</span></td> <td>>10,000<br />42,700–81,000</td> <td>≥450<br />1,800 <abbr title="(+)-desmetramadol">(+)</abbr>)</td> <td>Human<br />Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19027293_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19027293-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27096047_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27096047-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7562497_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10991912_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10991912-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter"><abbr title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin transporter</span></td> <td>~900 (<a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC<sub>50</sub></a>)<br />992–1,190</td> <td>>20,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)<br />2,980 (<abbr title="(−)-desmetramadol">(−)</abbr>) (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Human<br />Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16427041_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16427041-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7562497_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter"><abbr title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter</span></td> <td>14,600<br />785</td> <td>1,080 <abbr title="(−)-tramadol">(−)</abbr> (IC<sub>50</sub>)<br />860 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Human<br />Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7562497_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7562497-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter"><abbr title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine transporter</span></td> <td>>100,000</td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1309873_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1309873-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT<sub>1A</sub></a></td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a></td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT<sub>2C</sub></a></td> <td>1,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>1,300 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15105221_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15105221-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16679816_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16679816-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a></td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">NK<sub>1</sub></a></td> <td><abbr title="Inactive">IA</abbr></td> <td>?</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12818951_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12818951-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21372504_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21372504-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M<sub>1</sub></a></td> <td>>20,000<br />3,400 (<a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC<sub>50</sub></a>)</td> <td>>20,000<br />2,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Rat<br />Multiple</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11561087_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11561087-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15976229_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15976229-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M<sub>2</sub></a></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M<sub>3</sub></a></td> <td>1,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td><abbr title="Inactive">IA</abbr></td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15976229_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15976229-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12401609_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12401609-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M<sub>4</sub></a></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M<sub>5</sub></a></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor">α7</a></td> <td>7,400</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td>Chicken</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12010769_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12010769-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor" title="Sigma-1 receptor">σ<sub>1</sub></a></td> <td>>10,000</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-PDSP_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDSP-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24155346_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24155346-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sigma-2_receptor" title="Sigma-2 receptor">σ<sub>2</sub></a></td> <td>>10,000</td> <td><abbr title="No data">ND</abbr></td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-PDSP_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDSP-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr></a></td> <td>16,400 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>16,500 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15845694_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15845694-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr><br />(MK-801)</a></td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>>20,000</td> <td>Rat</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor"><abbr title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABAA receptor</span></td> <td>>100,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>>100,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15845694_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15845694-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor" title="Glycine receptor"><abbr title="Glycine receptor">GlyR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glycine receptor</span></td> <td>>100,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>>100,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15845694_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15845694-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TRPA1" title="TRPA1"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channel ankyrin 1">TRPA1</abbr></a></td> <td>100–<br />10,000 (<abbr title="significant inhibition">SI</abbr>)</td> <td>1,000–<br />10,000 (<abbr title="significant inhibition">SI</abbr>)</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25642661_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25642661-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TRPV1" title="TRPV1"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 1">TRPV1</abbr></a></td> <td>>10,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>>10,000 (IC<sub>50</sub>)</td> <td>Human</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25642661_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25642661-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18499628_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18499628-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="width: 1px;">Values are K<sub>i</sub> (nM), unless otherwise noted. The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption><br />Tramadol and mono-<br />amine reuptake/release<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17017961_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17017961-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Action</th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor"><abbr title="Serotonin">5-HT</abbr> reuptake</a></td> <td>1,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agent" title="Serotonin releasing agent"><abbr title="Serotonin">5-HT</abbr> release</a></td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor"><abbr title="Norepinephrine">NE</abbr> reuptake</a></td> <td>2,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_releasing_agent" title="Norepinephrine releasing agent"><abbr title="Norepinephrine">NE</abbr> release</a></td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor"><abbr title="Dopamine">DA</abbr> reuptake</a></td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent"><abbr title="Dopamine">DA</abbr> release</a></td> <td>>10,000 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" style="width: 1px;"><small>Values for reuptake inhibition are K<sub>i</sub> (nM) and for release induction are <a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC<sub>50</sub></a> (nM)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tramadol has been found to possess these actions:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17380034_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17380034-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26292636_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26292636-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25776506_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25776506-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptor</a> (MOR) and to a far lesser extent of the <a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid receptor</a> (DOR) and <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid receptor</a> (KOR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SRI) and <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a>; hence, an SNRI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin receptor">Serotonin</a> <a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M<sub>1</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M<sub>3</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">muscarinic acetylcholine receptor</a> antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor">α7</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a> antagonist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonist</a> (very weak)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPA1" title="TRPA1">TRPA1</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">inhibitor</a></li></ul> <p>Tramadol acts on the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">opioid receptors</a> through its major <a href="/wiki/Active_metabolite" title="Active metabolite">active metabolite</a> <a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">desmetramadol</a>, which has as much as 700-fold higher affinity for the MOR relative to tramadol.<sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, tramadol itself has been found to possess no <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">efficacy</a> in activating the MOR in functional activity assays, whereas desmetramadol activates the receptor with high intrinsic activity (<a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">E<sub>max</sub></a> equal to that of <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10961373_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10961373-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25394761_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25394761-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, desmetramadol is exclusively responsible for the opioid effects of tramadol.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18958460_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18958460-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both tramadol and desmetramadol have pronounced <a href="/wiki/Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">selectivity</a> for the MOR over the DOR and KOR in terms of binding affinity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8955860_76-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8955860-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid27096047_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27096047-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10991912_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10991912-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tramadol is well-established as an SRI.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17380034_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17380034-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26292636_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26292636-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a few studies have found that it also acts as a <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_releasing_agent" title="Serotonin releasing agent">serotonin releasing agent</a> (1–10 μM), similar in effect to <a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">fenfluramine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1596676_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1596676-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9389855_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9389855-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9671098_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9671098-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12354291_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12354291-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The serotonin releasing effects of tramadol could be blocked by sufficiently high concentrations of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor <a href="/wiki/6-nitroquipazine" class="mw-redirect" title="6-nitroquipazine">6-nitroquipazine</a>, which is in accordance with other serotonin releasing agents such as fenfluramine and <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1596676_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1596676-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9671098_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9671098-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12354291_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12354291-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, two more recent studies failed to find a releasing effect of tramadol at respective concentrations up to 10 and 30 μM.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10323276_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10323276-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12354291_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12354291-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17017961_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17017961-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to serotonergic activity, tramadol is also a <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17380034_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17380034-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26292636_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26292636-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not a <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_releasing_agent" title="Norepinephrine releasing agent">norepinephrine releasing agent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8467366_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8467366-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8031323_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8031323-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10700792_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10700792-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17017961_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17017961-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol does not inhibit the reuptake or induce the release of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8467366_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8467366-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17017961_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17017961-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">imaging</a> study found that single oral 50-mg and 100-mg doses of tramadol to human volunteers resulted in 34.7% and 50.2% respective mean occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">serotonin transporter</a> (SERT) in the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24423243_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24423243-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)#ED50" title="Effective dose (pharmacology)">median effective dose</a> (ED<sub>50</sub>) for SERT occupancy hence was 98.1 mg, which was associated with a plasma tramadol level of about 330 ng/mL (1,300 nM).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24423243_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24423243-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated maximum daily dosage of tramadol of 400 mg (100 mg <abbr title="four times per day">q.i.d.</abbr>) would result in as much as 78.7% occupancy of the SERT (in association with a plasma concentration of 1,220 ng/mL or 4,632 nM).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24423243_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24423243-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is close to that of SSRIs, which occupy the SERT by 80% or more.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24423243_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24423243-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cmax_(pharmacology)" title="Cmax (pharmacology)">Peak plasma concentrations</a> during treatment with clinical dosages of tramadol have generally been found to be in the range of 70 to 592 ng/mL (266–2,250 nM) for tramadol and 55 to 143 ng/mL (221–573 nM) for desmetramadol.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15509185_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15509185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest levels of tramadol were observed with the maximum oral daily dosage of 400 mg per day divided into one 100-mg dose every 6 hours (i.e., four 100-mg doses evenly spaced out per day).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15509185_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15509185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drugs.com-Dosage_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-Dosage-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some accumulation of tramadol occurs with chronic administration; peak plasma levels with the maximum oral daily dosage (100 mg <abbr title="four times per day">q.i.d.</abbr>) are about 16% higher and the <a href="/wiki/Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)" title="Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)">area-under-the-curve</a> levels 36% higher than following a single oral 100-mg dose.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15509185_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15509185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">Positron emission tomography</a> imaging studies have reportedly found that tramadol levels are at least four-fold higher in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8467366_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8467366-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11975693_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11975693-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, brain levels of desmetramadol "only slowly approach those in plasma".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8467366_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8467366-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">plasma protein binding</a> of tramadol is only 4–20%; hence, almost all tramadol in circulation is free, thus bioactive.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8764760_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8764760-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7517823_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7517823-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NobilisKopecký2002_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobilisKopecký2002-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Correspondence_to_effects">Correspondence to effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Correspondence to effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Co-administration of <a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">quinidine</a>, a potent CYP2D6 enzyme inhibitor, with tramadol, a combination which results in markedly reduced levels of desmetramadol, was found not to significantly affect the analgesic effects of tramadol in human volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7517823_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7517823-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other studies have found that the analgesic effects of tramadol are significantly decreased or even absent in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18958460_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18958460-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The analgesic effects of tramadol are only partially reversed by <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> in human volunteers,<sup id="cite_ref-Raf2012_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raf2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence indicating that its opioid action is unlikely the sole factor; tramadol's analgesic effects are also partially reversed by <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenoceptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 adrenoceptor">α<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor</a> antagonists such as <a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">yohimbine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor</a> antagonist <a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">ondansetron</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">5-HT<sub>7</sub> receptor</a> antagonists <a href="/wiki/SB-269970" title="SB-269970">SB-269970</a> and <a href="/wiki/SB-258719" title="SB-258719">SB-258719</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15509185_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15509185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20179508_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20179508-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmacologically, tramadol is similar to <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a> in that it not only binds to the MOR, but also inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine<sup id="cite_ref-MD_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to its action on the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, such as its "atypical" opioid activity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16762426_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16762426-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tramadol has inhibitory actions on the 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> receptor. Antagonism of 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> could be partially responsible for tramadol's reducing effect on depressive and <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive symptoms</a> in patients with pain and co-morbid neurological illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15105221_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15105221-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> blockade may also account for its lowering of the <a href="/wiki/Seizure_threshold" title="Seizure threshold">seizure threshold</a>, as 5-HT<sub>2C</sub> <a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">knockout mice</a> display significantly increased vulnerability to epileptic seizures, sometimes resulting in spontaneous death. However, the reduction of seizure threshold could be attributed to tramadol's putative inhibition of <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors</a> at high doses (significant inhibition at 100 μM).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15845694_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15845694-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25776506_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25776506-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, desmetramadol is a high-affinity ligand of the DOR, and activation of this receptor could be involved in tramadol's ability to provoke seizures in some individuals, as DOR agonists are well known for inducing seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10991912_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10991912-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> caused by tramadol are thought to be due to activation of the <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor</a> via increased serotonin levels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16427041_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16427041-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance, the 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonist <a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">ondansetron</a> can be used to treat tramadol-associated nausea and vomiting.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16427041_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16427041-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol and desmetramadol themselves do not bind to the 5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16427041_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16427041-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26292636_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26292636-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O-desmethyltramadol_racemate2DACS2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/O-desmethyltramadol_racemate2DACS2.svg/350px-O-desmethyltramadol_racemate2DACS2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/O-desmethyltramadol_racemate2DACS2.svg/525px-O-desmethyltramadol_racemate2DACS2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/O-desmethyltramadol_racemate2DACS2.svg/700px-O-desmethyltramadol_racemate2DACS2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tramadol is metabolised in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Isozyme" title="Isozyme">isozyme</a> <a href="/wiki/CYP2B6" title="CYP2B6">CYP2B6</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, being <i>O</i>- and <i>N</i>-demethylated to five different metabolites. Of these, <a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">desmetramadol</a> (<i>O</i>-desmethyltramadol) is the most significant, since it has 200 times the μ-affinity of (+)-tramadol, and furthermore has an elimination half-life of 9 hours, compared with 6 hours for tramadol itself. As with codeine, in the 6% of the population who have reduced CYP2D6 activity (hence reducing metabolism), a reduced analgesic effect is seen. Those with decreased CYP2D6 activity require a dose increase of 30% to achieve the same degree of pain relief as those with a normal level of CYP2D6 activity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21494059_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21494059-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23588782_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23588782-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phase II <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">hepatic</a> metabolism renders the metabolites water-soluble, which are excreted by the kidneys. Thus, reduced doses may be used in <a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">renal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic">hepatic</a> impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15509185_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15509185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">volume of distribution</a> is around 306 L after oral administration and 203 L after parenteral administration.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15509185_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15509185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tramadol is marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Racemic_mixture" title="Racemic mixture">racemic mixture</a> of both <i>R</i>- and <i>S</i>-<a href="/wiki/Stereoisomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoisomer">stereoisomers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MD_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the two isomers complement each other's analgesic activities.<sup id="cite_ref-MD_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The (+)-isomer is predominantly active as an opiate with a higher affinity for the μ-opiate receptor (20 times higher affinity than the (-)-isomer).<sup id="cite_ref-Tramadol_SmPC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tramadol_SmPC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis_and_stereoisomerism">Synthesis and stereoisomerism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Synthesis and stereoisomerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="text-align: center;" class="floatright"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(1R,2R)-Tramadol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg/150px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg/225px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg/300px-%281R%2C2R%29-Tramadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(1S,2S)-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg/150px-%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg/225px-%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg/300px-%281S%2C2S%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>)-tramadol </td> <td>(1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-tramadol </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(1R,2S)-Tramadol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%281R%2C2S%29-Tramadol.svg/150px-%281R%2C2S%29-Tramadol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%281R%2C2S%29-Tramadol.svg/225px-%281R%2C2S%29-Tramadol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/%281R%2C2S%29-Tramadol.svg/300px-%281R%2C2S%29-Tramadol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(1S,2R)-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%281S%2C2R%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg/150px-%281S%2C2R%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%281S%2C2R%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg/225px-%281S%2C2R%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/%281S%2C2R%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg/300px-%281S%2C2R%29-Tramadol_gespiegelt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-tramadol </td> <td>(1<i>S</i>,2<i>R</i>)-tramadol </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The chemical synthesis of tramadol is described in the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleemann_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleemann-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol <span class="nowrap">[2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol]</span> has two stereogenic centers at the <a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane" title="Cyclohexane">cyclohexane</a> ring. Thus, <span class="nowrap">2-(dimethylaminomethyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol</span> may exist in <i>four</i> different configurational forms: </p> <ul><li>(1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>)-isomer</li> <li>(1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-isomer</li> <li>(1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-isomer</li> <li>(1<i>S</i>,2<i>R</i>)-isomer</li></ul> <p>The synthetic pathway leads to the <a href="/wiki/Racemate" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemate">racemate</a> (1:1 mixture) of (1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>)-isomer and the (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-isomer as the main products. Minor amounts of the racemic mixture of the (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-isomer and the (1<i>S</i>,2<i>R</i>)-isomer are formed as well. The isolation of the (1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>)-isomer and the (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-isomer from the <a href="/wiki/Diastereomer" title="Diastereomer">diastereomeric</a> minor racemate [(1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>)-isomer and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>R</i>)-isomer] is realized by the recrystallization of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloride" title="Hydrochloride">hydrochlorides</a>. The drug tramadol is a racemate of the hydrochlorides of the (1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>)-(+)- and the (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-(−)-enantiomers. The resolution of the racemate [(1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>)-(+)-isomer / (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-(−)-isomer] was described<sup id="cite_ref-Zynovy_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zynovy-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> employing (<i>R</i>)-(−)- or (<i>S</i>)-(+)-mandelic acid. This process does not find industrial application, since tramadol is used as a racemate, despite known different physiological effects<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12066734_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12066734-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the (1<i>R</i>,2<i>R</i>)- and (1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-isomers, because the racemate showed higher analgesic activity than either enantiomer in animals<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8229760_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8229760-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8657431_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8657431-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_in_biological_fluids">Detection in biological fluids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Detection in biological fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tramadol and desmetramadol may be quantified in blood, plasma, serum, or saliva to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in the forensic investigation of a sudden death. Most commercial opiate immunoassay screening tests do not cross-react significantly with tramadol or its major metabolites, so chromatographic techniques must be used to detect and quantify these substances. The concentration of desmetramadol in the blood or plasma of a person who has taken tramadol is generally 10–20% that of the parent drug.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17575561_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17575561-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17350197_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17350197-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrepant_reports_on_natural_agency">Discrepant reports on natural agency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Discrepant reports on natural agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove_science plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Scholarship" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">secondary or tertiary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary research articles</a> cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2013, researchers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_de_Waard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel de Waard (page does not exist)">Michel de Waard</a> (then at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Joseph_Fourier" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Joseph Fourier">Université Joseph Fourier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenoble,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenoble, France">Grenoble</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grenoble_Institute_of_Neuroscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience (page does not exist)">Grenoble Institute of Neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Tronche" title="La Tronche">La Tronche</a><sup id="cite_ref-crosscont_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosscont-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) reported in <i><a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie" title="Angewandte Chemie">Angewandte Chemie</a></i> that tramadol was found in relatively high concentrations (>1%) in the roots of the African <a href="/wiki/Pin_cushion_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin cushion tree">pin cushion tree</a>, <i>Nauclea latifolia</i>, concluding that it was a natural product in addition to its being a later human synthetic, and presenting a putative biosynthetic hypothesis for its origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Nauc_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nauc-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spiteller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Spiteller (page does not exist)">Michael Spiteller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Dortmund" title="Technical University of Dortmund">Technische Universität Dortmund</a>) and collaborators reported results, also in <i><a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie" title="Angewandte Chemie">Angewandte Chemie</a></i>, that supported the conclusion that the presence of tramadol in those tree roots was the result of tramadol having been ingested by humans and having been administered to cattle (by farmers in the region); Spiteller et al. presented data that tramadol and its <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a> were present in animal excreta, which they then argue contaminated soil around the trees.<sup id="cite_ref-crosscont_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosscont-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They further observed that tramadol and its mammalian metabolites were found in tree roots in the far north of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> where the commercial drug was in use, but not in the south where it was not being administered.<sup id="cite_ref-crosscont_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crosscont-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A news report appearing in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lab_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lab Times (page does not exist)">Lab Times</a></i> at the time of the latter, 2014 paper, and reporting on its contents, also reported that Michel de Waard (communicating author of the original paper) continued to contest the notion that tramadol in tree roots was the result of anthropogenic contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-LabTimes_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LabTimes-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The point was made that samples were taken from trees that grew in national parks, where livestock were forbidden, and it quoted de Waard extensively, who stated that "thousands and thousands of tramadol-treated cattle sitting around a single tree and urinating" would be required to produce the concentrations discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-LabTimes_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LabTimes-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2016, Spiteller and colleagues followed up their preceding work with a <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">radiocarbon</a> analysis that supported their contention that the tramadol found in <i>N. latifolia</i> roots was of human synthetic origin rather being plant-derived.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26473295_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26473295-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulations">Formulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Formulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Available dosage forms include liquids, syrups, drops, elixirs, effervescent tablets, and powders for mixing with water, capsules, tablets including extended-release formulations, suppositories, compounding powder, and injections.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patent_history">Patent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Patent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved tramadol in March 1995, and an extended-release (ER) formulation in September 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ER Tramadol was protected by US patents nos. 6,254,887<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 7,074,430.<sup id="cite_ref-FDAaccessdata_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAaccessdata-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA listed the patents' expiration as 10 May 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-FDAaccessdata_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDAaccessdata-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in August 2009, the US District Court for the District of Delaware ruled the patents invalid, a decision upheld the following year by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Manufacture and distribution of generic equivalents of Ultram ER in the United States was therefore permitted before the expiration of the patents.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effective August 2014, tramadol has been placed into <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule IV</a> of the federal Controlled Substances Act in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that, some US states had already classified tramadol as a Schedule IV controlled substance under their respective state laws.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tramadol is classified in Schedule 4 (prescription only) in Australia, rather than as a <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Drugs_and_Poisons#Schedule_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons">Schedule 8 Controlled Drug</a> (Possession without authority illegal) like most other <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective May 2008, Sweden classified tramadol as a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_substance" title="Controlled substance">controlled substance</a> in the same category as <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">dextropropoxyphene</a>, but allows a normal <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">prescription</a> to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014, the United Kingdom's Home Office classified tramadol as a Class C, Schedule 3 controlled drug, but exempted it from the safe custody requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_scheduling_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_scheduling-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2023, New Zealand's Medsafe reclassified tramadol as a Class C2 Controlled Drug (in addition to its existing status as a prescription only medication).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misuse">Misuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Misuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illicit use of the drug is thought to be a major factor in the success of the <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> terrorist organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used at higher doses, the drug "can produce similar effects to heroin."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One former member said, "whenever we took tramadol, nothing mattered to us anymore except what we were sent to do because it made us very high and very bold, it was impossible to go on a mission without taking it."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_136-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tramadol is also used as a coping mechanism in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Israeli siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also abused in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, inspiring the title of the TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Boyle%27s_Tramadol_Nights" title="Frankie Boyle's Tramadol Nights">Frankie Boyle's Tramadol Nights</a></i> (2010).<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">Union Cycliste Internationale</a> (UCI) banned the drug, after riders were using the painkiller to improve their performance.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_investigational_antidepressants" title="List of investigational antidepressants">List of investigational antidepressants</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigational_uses">Investigational uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Investigational uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy" title="Diabetic neuropathy">Diabetic neuropathy</a> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid9633738_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9633738-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10959067_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10959067-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressant</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21463069_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21463069-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postherpetic_neuralgia" title="Postherpetic neuralgia">Postherpetic neuralgia</a> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid9190323_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9190323-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12855342_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12855342-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">Premature ejaculation</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22840860_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22840860-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23102445_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23102445-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adjunct to local anesthesia<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_medicine">Veterinary medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Veterinary medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tramadol may be used to treat post-operative, injury-related, and chronic (e.g., cancer-related) pain in dogs and cats as well as rabbits, <a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">coatis</a>, many small mammals including <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel" title="Flying squirrel">flying squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferrets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zoo_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zoo-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pharmacokinetics of tramadol across the species<sup id="cite_ref-Zoo_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zoo-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Species</th> <th>Half-life (h) for parent drug</th> <th>Half-life (h) for desmetramadol</th> <th>Maximum plasma concentration (ng/mL) for parent drug</th> <th>Maximum plasma concentration (ng/mL) for desmetramadol </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a></td> <td>3.2 (IM), 1.3 (IV)</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.44 (IV)</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Cat</a></td> <td>3.40 (oral), 2.23 (IV)</td> <td>4.82 (oral), 4.35 (IV)</td> <td>914 (oral), 1323 (IV)</td> <td>655 (oral), 366 (IV) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a></td> <td>1.71 (oral), 1.80 (IV), 2.24 (rectal)</td> <td>2.18 (oral), 90-5000 (IV)</td> <td>1402.75 (oral)</td> <td>449.13 (oral), 90–350 (IV) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a></td> <td>4.2 (oral), 1.5 (IV)</td> <td>–</td> <td>2817 (oral)</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a></td> <td>2.67 (oral), 0.94 (IV)</td> <td>–</td> <td>542.9 (oral)</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">Horses</a></td> <td>1.29–1.53 (IV), 10.1 (oral)</td> <td>4 (oral)</td> <td>637 (IV), 256 (oral)</td> <td>47 (oral) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></td> <td>2.54 (IM), 2.12 (IV)</td> <td>7.73 (IM), 10.4 (IV)</td> <td>4036 (IV), 1360 (IM)</td> <td>158 (IV), 158 (IM) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">Tramadol/paracetamol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-generics-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-generics_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generics_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generics_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html">"Tramadol"</a>. <i>Drugs.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182517/https://www.drugs.com/international/tramadol.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drugs.com&rft.atitle=Tramadol+Use+During+Pregnancy&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fpregnancy%2Ftramadol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATramadol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MedlinePlus-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MedlinePlus_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MedlinePlus_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a695011.html">"Tramadol"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">American Society of Health-System Pharmacists</a>. 1 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092832/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a695011.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Canada&rft.atitle=Ralivia+Product+information&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth-products.canada.ca%2Fdpd-bdpp%2Finfo%3Flang%3Deng%26code%3D78458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATramadol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tramadol_SmPC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tramadol_SmPC_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tramadol_SmPC_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/7123/smpc">"Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"</a>. <i>(emc)</i>. 4 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DailyMed&rft.atitle=Ultram-+tramadol+hydrochloride+tablet%2C+coated&rft.date=2022-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailymed.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdailymed%2FdrugInfo.cfm%3Fsetid%3D45f59e6f-1794-40a4-8f8b-3a9415924468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATramadol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/tramadol-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa00003002202005_en.pdf">"List of nationally authorized medicinal products"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Medicines Agency. 28 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715150111/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/tramadol-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa/00003002/202005_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+nationally+authorized+medicinal+products&rft.pub=European+Medicines+Agency&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fpsusa%2Ftramadol-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa00003002202005_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATramadol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FiresteinBudd2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FiresteinBudd2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolstenWallace2016" class="citation book cs1">Polsten GR, Wallace MS (21 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBZ6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1081">"Analgesic Agents in Rheumatic Disease"</a>. 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Exotic Animal Practice</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cvex.2010.09.005">10.1016/j.cvex.2010.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21074707">21074707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Veterinary+Clinics+of+North+America.+Exotic+Animal+Practice&rft.atitle=Tramadol+use+in+zoologic+medicine&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cvex.2010.09.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21074707&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Cox%2C+SK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATramadol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tramadol&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2015" class="citation book cs1">Dean L (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK315950/">"Tramadol Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype"</a>. In Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/"><i>Medical Genetics Summaries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28520365">28520365</a>. Bookshelf ID: NBK315950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tramadol+Therapy+and+CYP2D6+Genotype&rft.btitle=Medical+Genetics+Summaries&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information+%28NCBI%29&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28520365&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK315950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATramadol" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analgesics" title="Template talk:Analgesics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02A" title="ATC code N02">N02A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02B" title="ATC code N02">N02B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/aspirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Codeine/aspirin">+aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Morphine/naltrexone" title="Morphine/naltrexone">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">Laudanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paregoric" title="Paregoric">Paregoric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semisynthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Co-dydramol" title="Co-dydramol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/aspirin" title="Hydrocodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/aspirin" title="Oxycodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/ibuprofen" title="Oxycodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/naloxone" title="Oxycodone/naloxone">+naloxone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxycodone/naltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxycodone/naltrexone (page does not exist)">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveretum" title="Papaveretum">Papaveretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebacon" title="Thebacon">Thebacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Alphaprodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoheptazine" title="Ethoheptazine">Ethoheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Fentanyl/fluanisone" title="Fentanyl/fluanisone">+fluanisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpipanone" title="Norpipanone">Norpipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenadoxone" title="Phenadoxone">Phenadoxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proheptazine" title="Proheptazine">Proheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tramadol</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+celecoxib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butacetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butacetin (page does not exist)">Butacetin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+aspirin/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol/metoclopramide" title="Paracetamol/metoclopramide">+metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+propyphenazone/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+tramadol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapropamol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapropamol (page does not exist)">Parapropamol</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propionates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a> <sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a><sup>#</sup><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a>)<span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxicams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acetates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a> <sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a> <sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a> <sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a> <sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fenamic_acid" title="Fenamic acid">Fenamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Choline salicylate">Choline salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazole_salicylate" title="Imidazole salicylate">Imidazole salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholine_salicylate" title="Morpholine salicylate">Morpholine salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_salicylate" title="Potassium salicylate">Potassium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">Wintergreen</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolone" title="Pyrazolone">Pyrazolones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyrone" title="Ampyrone">Ampyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamizole" title="Metamizole">Metamizole (dipyrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenazone" title="Nifenazone">Nifenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone" title="Propyphenazone">Propyphenazone</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabiximols" title="Nabiximols">Nabiximols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (ethanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a><sup>#</sup>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>1.7/1.8-selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzetrigine" title="Suzetrigine">Suzetrigine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Myorelaxants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorzoxazone" title="Chlorzoxazone">Chlorzoxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgecine" title="Analgecine">Analgecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_adjuvant" title="Analgesic adjuvant">Analgesic adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedinvetmab" title="Bedinvetmab">Bedinvetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunevetmab" title="Frunevetmab">Frunevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazopyridine" title="Phenazopyridine">Phenazopyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimazolium" title="Rimazolium">Rimazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumab" title="Tanezumab">Tanezumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies" title="Template:Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies" title="Template talk:Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia pharmacotherapies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuropathic_pain_and_fibromyalgia_pharmacotherapies131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">Neuropathic pain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmacotherapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoaminergic" title="Monoaminergic">Monoaminergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor"><abbr title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">milnacipran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">dosulepin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid</a> <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="monoamine reuptake inhibitors">MRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tramadol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channel blocker">Ion channel blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">mirogabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">oxcarbazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">lacosamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">lamotrigine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_lipoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha lipoic acid">Alpha lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benfotiamine" title="Benfotiamine">Benfotiamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin A">Botulinum toxin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">dronabinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">nabilone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">Sodium oxybate (<abbr title="γ-hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</abbr>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacodynamics105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Pharmacodynamics105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators1643" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators1643" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">Ionotropic glutamate receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic_acid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor"><abbr title="α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor">AMPAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/5-Fluorowillardiine" title="5-Fluorowillardiine">5-Fluorowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromelic_acid_A" title="Acromelic acid A">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (page does not exist)">BOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willardiine" title="Willardiine">Willardiine</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">Aniracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX614" title="CX614">CX-614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farampator" title="Farampator">Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX717" title="CX717">CX-717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-1739" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-1739">CX-1739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CX-1942&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CX-1942 (page does not exist)">CX-1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide" title="Hydrochlorothiazide">Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-392098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-392098 (page does not exist)">LY-392098</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-395153&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-395153 (page does not exist)">LY-395153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404187" title="LY-404187">LY-404187</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-451646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-451646 (page does not exist)">LY-451646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-503430" title="LY-503430">LY-503430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibampator" title="Mibampator">Mibampator (LY-451395)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-26576" title="ORG-26576">ORG-26576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesampator" title="Pesampator">Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulrampator" title="Tulrampator">Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPO (page does not exist)">ATPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becampanel" title="Becampanel">Becampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanapanel" title="Fanapanel">Fanapanel (MPQX)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM90K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM90K (page does not exist)">YM90K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonampanel" title="Zonampanel">Zonampanel</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI_52466" title="GYKI 52466">GYKI-52466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GYKI-53655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GYKI-53655 (page does not exist)">GYKI-53655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irampanel" title="Irampanel">Irampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talampanel" title="Talampanel">Talampanel</a>; <i>Unknown/unsorted antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor"><abbr title="Kainate receptor">KAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Kainate receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Bromowillardiine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Bromowillardiine (page does not exist)">5-Bromowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Iodowillardiine" title="5-Iodowillardiine">5-Iodowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromelic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acromelic acid (page does not exist)">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPA (page does not exist)">ATPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainic_acid" title="Kainic acid">Kainic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-339434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-339434 (page does not exist)">LY-339434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYM-2081" title="SYM-2081">SYM-2081</a>; <i>Positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-382884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-382884 (page does not exist)">LY-382884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS102" title="NS102">NS102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBP-302" title="UBP-302">UBP-302</a>; <i>Negative allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-3763&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-3763 (page does not exist)">NS-3763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Agonists:</b> <i>Main site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic acid (page does not exist)">AMAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">Aspartate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocysteic_acid" title="Homocysteic acid">Homocysteic acid (<small>L</small>-HCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoquinolinic_acid" title="Homoquinolinic acid">Homoquinolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid">NMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinolinic_acid" title="Quinolinic acid">Quinolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazolylglycine" title="Tetrazolylglycine">Tetrazolylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a>; <i>Glycine site agonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Fluoro-D-alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-Fluoro-D-alanine (page does not exist)">β-Fluoro-<small>D</small>-alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACBD_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACBD (drug) (page does not exist)">ACBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid">ACC (ACPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AK-51_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AK-51 (drug) (page does not exist)">AK-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B6B21" class="mw-redirect" title="B6B21">B6B21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxycyclopropylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxycyclopropylglycine (page does not exist)">CCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine"><small>D</small>-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine"><small>D</small>-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine"><small>D</small>-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide (page does not exist)">DHPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylglycine" title="Dimethylglycine">Dimethylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HA-966" title="HA-966">HA-966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-687,414" title="L-687,414">L-687,414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine"><small>L</small>-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine"><small>L</small>-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milacemide" title="Milacemide">Milacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboglamine" title="Neboglamine">Neboglamine (nebostinel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a>; <i>Polyamine site agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermidine" title="Spermidine">Spermidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermine" title="Spermine">Spermine</a>; <i>Other positive allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/24S-Hydroxycholesterol" title="24S-Hydroxycholesterol">24<i>S</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone</span> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr> sulfate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epipregnanolone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epipregnanolone sulfate (page does not exist)">Epipregnanolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazinemdor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazinemdor (page does not exist)">Plazinemdor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-201 (page does not exist)">SAGE-201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-301&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-301 (page does not exist)">SAGE-301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE-718" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE-718">SAGE-718</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Antagonists:</b> <i>Competitive antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/AP5" title="AP5">AP5 (APV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP-7_(drug)" title="AP-7 (drug)">AP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-37849" title="CGP-37849">CGP-37849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-39551" title="CGP-39551">CGP-39551</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-40116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-40116 (page does not exist)">CGP-40116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-19755" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS-19755">CGS-19755</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (page does not exist)">CPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-233053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-233053 (page does not exist)">LY-233053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-235959" title="LY-235959">LY-235959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-274614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-274614 (page does not exist)">LY-274614</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-100453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-100453 (page does not exist)">MDL-100453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midafotel" title="Midafotel">Midafotel (d-CPPene)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-12626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-12626 (page does not exist)">NPC-12626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-17742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-17742 (page does not exist)">NPC-17742</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PBPD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBPD (page does not exist)">PBPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEAQX" title="PEAQX">PEAQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perzinfotel" title="Perzinfotel">Perzinfotel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">PPDA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ-220581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ-220581 (page does not exist)">SDZ-220581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfotel" title="Selfotel">Selfotel</a>; <i>Glycine site antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Chlorokynurenine" title="4-Chlorokynurenine">4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,7-Dichlorokynurenic_acid" title="5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid">5,7-DCKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Chlorokynurenic_acid" title="7-Chlorokynurenic acid">7-CKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid">ACC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1328 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV-101" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-101">AV-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine"><small>D</small>-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavestinel" title="Gavestinel">Gavestinel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GV-196771&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GV-196771 (page does not exist)">GV-196771</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harkoseride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harkoseride (page does not exist)">Harkoseride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689560 (page does not exist)">L-689560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-701324" title="L-701324">L-701324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LU-73068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LU-73068 (page does not exist)">LU-73068</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-105519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-105519 (page does not exist)">MDL-105519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRZ_2/576&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRZ 2/576 (page does not exist)">MRZ 2/576</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZD-9379" title="ZD-9379">ZD-9379</a>; <i>Polyamine site antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcaine (page does not exist)">Arcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co_101676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co 101676 (page does not exist)">Co 101676</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Diaminopropane" title="1,3-Diaminopropane">Diaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylenetriamine" title="Diethylenetriamine">Diethylenetriamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a>; <i>Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site):</i> <a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCMo" title="3-MeO-PCMo">3-MeO-PCMo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline" class="mw-redirect" title="8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline">8A-PDHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endopsychosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Endopsychosin">α-Endopsychosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptiganel" title="Aptiganel">Aptiganel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argiotoxin-636&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argiotoxin-636 (page does not exist)">Argiotoxin-636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-12495 (page does not exist)">ARL-12495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL-15896-AR" class="mw-redirect" title="ARL-15896-AR">ARL-15896-AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL-16247" class="mw-redirect" title="ARL-16247">ARL-16247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budipine" title="Budipine">Budipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine (NPS-1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexoxadrol" title="Dexoxadrol">Dexoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethadone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethadone">Dextromethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">Diphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorolintane" title="Fluorolintane">Fluorolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogamine" title="Ibogamine">Ibogamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indantadol" title="Indantadol">Indantadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanicemine" title="Lanicemine">Lanicemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxphenidine" title="Methoxphenidine">Methoxphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEFA_(drug)" title="NEFA (drug)">NEFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromemantine" title="Nitromemantine">Nitromemantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCPr" title="PCPr">PCPr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-137889" title="PD-137889">PD-137889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propoxyphene">Propoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">Remacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabeluzole" title="Sabeluzole">Sabeluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthine" title="Tabernanthine">Tabernanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tramadol</a>; <i>Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besonprodil" title="Besonprodil">Besonprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine (nylidrin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CO-101244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CO-101244 (page does not exist)">CO-101244 (PD-174494)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiprodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiprodil (page does not exist)">Radiprodil (RGH-896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rislenemdaz" title="Rislenemdaz">Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_8-4304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 8-4304 (page does not exist)">Ro 8-4304</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_25-6981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 25-6981 (page does not exist)">Ro 25-6981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaprodil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaprodil">Safaprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traxoprodil" title="Traxoprodil">Traxoprodil (CP-101606)</a>; <i>NR2A-selective antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-004 (page does not exist)">MPX-004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-007 (page does not exist)">MPX-007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-201 (page does not exist)">TCN-201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-213 (page does not exist)">TCN-213</a>; <i>Cations:</i> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>; <i>Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related:</i> <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexanol" title="Hexanol">Hexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octanol" title="Octanol">Octanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carbamate" title="Ethyl carbamate">Urethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">Xylene</a>; <i>Unknown/unsorted antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARR-15896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARR-15896 (page does not exist)">ARR-15896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conantokin" title="Conantokin">Conantokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-%CE%B1-Aminoadipate" class="mw-redirect" title="D-α-Aminoadipate"><small>D</small>-αAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexanabinol" title="Dexanabinol">Dexanabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FPL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPL-12495 (page does not exist)">FPL-12495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-115427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-115427 (page does not exist)">FR-115427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipenoxazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipenoxazone (page does not exist)">Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-27266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-27266 (page does not exist)">MDL-27266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine" title="2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine">MPEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">Pentamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine_isethionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamidine isethionate">Pentamidine isethionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotridine" title="Psychotridine">Psychotridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcrocetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcrocetin">Transcrocetin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Unsorted:</b> <i>Allosteric modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/AGN-241751" class="mw-redirect" title="AGN-241751">AGN-241751</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators">Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamate_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators">Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors3413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template talk:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors3413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Monoamine reuptake inhibitor">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter"><abbr title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine transporter</span><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitors">DRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors</span>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Piperazines:</i> <a href="/wiki/DBL-583" title="DBL-583">DBL-583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12783" title="GBR-12783">GBR-12783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13069" title="GBR-13069">GBR-13069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13098" title="GBR-13098">GBR-13098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJC8-088" title="JJC8-088">JJC8-088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Piperidines:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Fluoropethidine" title="4-Fluoropethidine">4-Fluoropethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benocyclidine" title="Benocyclidine">Benocyclidine (BTCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxypipradrol" title="Desoxypipradrol">Desoxypipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphenidate" title="Ethylphenidate">Ethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Pyrrolidines:</i> <a href="/wiki/Diphenylprolinol" title="Diphenylprolinol">Diphenylprolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tropanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/Altropane" title="Altropane">Altropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine (benztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_35428" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN 35428">CFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloropane" title="Dichloropane">Dichloropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluoropine" title="Difluoropine">Difluoropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etybenzatropine" title="Etybenzatropine">Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FE-β-CPPIT">FE-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FP-β-CPPIT">FP-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (<sup>123</sup>I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">RTI-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-112" title="RTI-112">RTI-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-113" title="RTI-113">RTI-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-121" title="RTI-121">RTI-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-126" title="RTI-126">RTI-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-150" title="RTI-150">RTI-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-177" title="RTI-177">RTI-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-229" title="RTI-229">RTI-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(-)-2%CE%B2-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3%CE%B2-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane">RTI-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">Troparil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropoxane" title="Tropoxane">Tropoxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(4-tolyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane">WF-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane">WF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane" title="2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane">WF-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B1-(Propanoyl)-3%CE%B2-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane" title="2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane">WF-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfonelic_acid" title="Amfonelic acid">Amfonelic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine" title="Butyltolylquinuclidine">BTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_74,398" title="BTS 74,398">BTS 74,398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaenomeles_speciosa" title="Chaenomeles speciosa">Chaenomeles speciosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102,677" title="DOV-102,677">DOV-102,677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216,303" title="DOV-216,303">DOV-216,303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorenol" title="Fluorenol">Fluorenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Levophacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">Mesocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroxylin_A" title="Oroxylin A">Oroxylin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimcazole" title="Rimcazole">Rimcazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametraline" title="Tametraline">Tametraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter"><abbr title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter</span><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">NRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</span>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amedalin" title="Amedalin">Amedalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseroxylon" title="Alseroxylon">Alseroxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daledalin" title="Daledalin">Daledalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edivoxetine" title="Edivoxetine">Edivoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esreboxetine" title="Esreboxetine">Esreboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lortalamine" title="Lortalamine">Lortalamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoxetine" title="Nisoxetine">Nisoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talopram" title="Talopram">Talopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsupram" title="Talsupram">Talsupram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandamine" title="Tandamine">Tandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniloxazine" title="Teniloxazine">Teniloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Levophacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-39,332" title="CP-39,332">CP-39,332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclanamine" title="Eclanamine">Eclanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN5652" title="McN5652">McN5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA" title="N-Methyl-PPPA">N-Methyl-PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafenodone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafenodone (page does not exist)">Nafenodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPA_(drug)" title="PPPA (drug)">PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102677" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-102677">DOV-102677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216303" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-216303">DOV-216303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-505" title="HP-505">HP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228431 (page does not exist)">SEP-228431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228432 (page does not exist)">SEP-228432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tricyclic antidepressants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">Butriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianopramine" title="Cianopramine">Cianopramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin (dothiepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitracen" title="Melitracen">Melitracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tetracyclic antidepressants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">Maprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">Oxaprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeloxazine" title="Indeloxazine">Indeloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">desmetramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine (meperidine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter"><abbr title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin transporter</span><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/6-Nitroquipazine" title="6-Nitroquipazine">6-Nitroquipazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centpropazine" title="Centpropazine">Centpropazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cericlamine" title="Cericlamine">Cericlamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">Dapoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylcitalopram" title="Desmethylcitalopram">Desmethylcitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylcitalopram" title="Didesmethylcitalopram">Didesmethylcitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">Femoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indalpine" title="Indalpine">Indalpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifoxetine" title="Ifoxetine">Ifoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omiloxetine" title="Omiloxetine">Omiloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panuramine" title="Panuramine">Panuramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIM-35" title="PIM-35">PIM-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirandamine" title="Pirandamine">Pirandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-353" title="RTI-353">RTI-353</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litoxetine" title="Litoxetine">Litoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubazodone" title="Lubazodone">Lubazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-393558" title="LY-393558">LY-393558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">Quipazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-649915" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-649915">SB-649915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-39332&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-39332 (page does not exist)">CP-39332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclanamine" title="Eclanamine">Eclanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN5652" title="McN5652">McN5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA" title="N-Methyl-PPPA">N-Methyl-PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPA_(drug)" title="PPPA (drug)">PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102677" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-102677">DOV-102677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216303" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-216303">DOV-216303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-505" title="HP-505">HP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228431 (page does not exist)">SEP-228431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228432 (page does not exist)">SEP-228432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tricyclic antidepressants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianopramine" title="Cianopramine">Cianopramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanodothiepin" title="Cyanodothiepin">Cyanodothiepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin (dothiepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipofezine" title="Pipofezine">Pipofezine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-80426&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-80426 (page does not exist)">A-80426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">dimenhydrinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">esketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypidone" title="Hypidone">Hypidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesembrine" title="Mesembrine">Mesembrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylserotonin" title="N-Methylserotonin">N-Me-5-HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">dextropropoxyphene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine (meperidine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular monoamine transporters"><abbr title="Vesicular monoamine transporters">VMATs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Amphetamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Amino-2-phenylpropene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Amino-2-phenylpropene (page does not exist)">APP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin (page does not exist)">AZIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bietaserpine" title="Bietaserpine">Bietaserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserpidine" title="Deserpidine">Deserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutetrabenazine" title="Deutetrabenazine">Deutetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotetrabenazine" title="Dihydrotetrabenazine">Dihydrotetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GZ-793A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GZ-793A (page does not exist)">GZ-793A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methoxytetrabenazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methoxytetrabenazine (page does not exist)">Methoxytetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_bengal" title="Rose bengal">Rose bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">Tetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valbenazine" title="Valbenazine">Valbenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>DAT enhancers:</i> <a href="/wiki/Luteolin" title="Luteolin">Luteolin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>DAT modulators:</i> <i>Agonist-like:</i> <a href="/wiki/SoRI-9804" title="SoRI-9804">SoRI-9804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)">SoRI-20040</a>; <i>Antagonist-like:</i> <a href="/wiki/SoRI-20041" title="SoRI-20041">SoRI-20041</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Serotonergics">Serotonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors"><abbr title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors">mAChRs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/77-LH-28-1" title="77-LH-28-1">77-LH-28-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-42" title="AC-42">AC-42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-260,584&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-260,584 (page does not exist)">AC-260,584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceclidine" title="Aceclidine">Aceclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF30 (page does not exist)">AF30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF150(S)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF150(S) (page does not exist)">AF150(S)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF267B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF267B (page does not exist)">AF267B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvameline" title="Alvameline">Alvameline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQRA-741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQRA-741 (page does not exist)">AQRA-741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethanechol" title="Bethanechol">Bethanechol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholine" title="Butyrylcholine">Butyrylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0034 (page does not exist)">CDD-0034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0078&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0078 (page does not exist)">CDD-0078</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0097&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0097 (page does not exist)">CDD-0097</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0098 (page does not exist)">CDD-0098</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDD-0102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDD-0102 (page does not exist)">CDD-0102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cevimeline" title="Cevimeline">Cevimeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Dioxolane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis-Dioxolane">cis-Dioxolane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethoxysebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethoxysebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Ethoxysebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itameline" title="Itameline">Itameline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-593,039&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-593,039 (page does not exist)">LY-593,039</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689,660&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689,660 (page does not exist)">L-689,660</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2,033,298&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2,033,298 (page does not exist)">LY-2,033,298</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McNA343&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McNA343 (page does not exist)">McNA343</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methacholine" title="Methacholine">Methacholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milameline" title="Milameline">Milameline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarine" title="Muscarine">Muscarine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGX-267&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGX-267 (page does not exist)">NGX-267</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocvimeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocvimeline (page does not exist)">Ocvimeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxotremorine" title="Oxotremorine">Oxotremorine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-151,832&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-151,832 (page does not exist)">PD-151,832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilocarpine" title="Pilocarpine">Pilocarpine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS86 (page does not exist)">RS86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabcomeline" title="Sabcomeline">Sabcomeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ_210-086&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ 210-086 (page does not exist)">SDZ 210-086</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Sebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberyldicholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberyldicholine (page does not exist)">Suberyldicholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsaclidine" title="Talsaclidine">Talsaclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazomeline" title="Tazomeline">Tazomeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiopilocarpine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiopilocarpine (page does not exist)">Thiopilocarpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaclidine" title="Vedaclidine">Vedaclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0029767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0029767 (page does not exist)">VU-0029767</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VU-0090157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VU-0090157 (page does not exist)">VU-0090157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VU-0152099" title="VU-0152099">VU-0152099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VU-0152100" title="VU-0152100">VU-0152100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VU-0238429" title="VU-0238429">VU-0238429</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAY-132,983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAY-132,983 (page does not exist)">WAY-132,983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanomeline" title="Xanomeline">Xanomeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-796&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-796 (page does not exist)">YM-796</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">Antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-DAMP" title="4-DAMP">4-DAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide" title="Aclidinium bromide">Aclidinium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aclidinium_bromide/formoterol" title="Aclidinium bromide/formoterol">+formoterol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abediterol" title="Abediterol">Abediterol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AF-DX_250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AF-DX 250 (page does not exist)">AF-DX 250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AFDX-384" title="AFDX-384">AF-DX 384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambutonium_bromide" title="Ambutonium bromide">Ambutonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodamine" title="Anisodamine">Anisodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisodine" title="Anisodine">Anisodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-generation_antihistamine" class="mw-redirect" title="First-generation antihistamine">Antihistamines (first-generation)</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buclizine" title="Buclizine">buclizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">captodiame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">cinnarizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clemastine" title="Clemastine">clemastine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">cyproheptadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">dimenhydrinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimetindene" title="Dimetindene">dimetindene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">doxylamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">meclizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mequitazine" title="Mequitazine">mequitazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">perlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenindamine" title="Phenindamine">phenindamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">phenyltoloxamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">propiomazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triprolidine" title="Triprolidine">triprolidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQ-RA_741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQ-RA 741 (page does not exist)">AQ-RA 741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine_methonitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Atropine methonitrate">Atropine methonitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilapine (page does not exist)">rilapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenilapine" title="Tenilapine">tenilapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benactyzine" title="Benactyzine">Benactyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine (benztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzilone" title="Benzilone">Benzilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzilylcholine_mustard" title="Benzilylcholine mustard">Benzilylcholine mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevonium" title="Bevonium">Bevonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BIBN_99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIBN 99 (page does not exist)">BIBN 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biperiden" title="Biperiden">Biperiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornaprine" title="Bornaprine">Bornaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camylofin" title="Camylofin">Camylofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-226,086" title="CAR-226,086">CAR-226,086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-301,060" title="CAR-301,060">CAR-301,060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,196" title="CAR-302,196">CAR-302,196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,282" title="CAR-302,282">CAR-302,282</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,368 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,368</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAR-302,537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAR-302,537 (page does not exist)">CAR-302,537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,668" title="CAR-302,668">CAR-302,668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetropium_bromide" title="Cimetropium bromide">Cimetropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clidinium_bromide" title="Clidinium bromide">Clidinium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS-27349" title="CS-27349">CS-27349</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentolate" title="Cyclopentolate">Cyclopentolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DAU-5884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAU-5884 (page does not exist)">DAU-5884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desfesoterodine" title="Desfesoterodine">Desfesoterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexetimide" title="Dexetimide">Dexetimide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIBD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIBD (page does not exist)">DIBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicycloverine" title="Dicycloverine">Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihexyverine" title="Dihexyverine">Dihexyverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemerine" title="Difemerine">Difemerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphemanil_metilsulfate" title="Diphemanil metilsulfate">Diphemanil metilsulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditran" title="Ditran">Ditran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drofenine" title="Drofenine">Drofenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3443" title="EA-3443">EA-3443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3580" title="EA-3580">EA-3580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3834" title="EA-3834">EA-3834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emepronium_bromide" title="Emepronium bromide">Emepronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etanautine" title="Etanautine">Etanautine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etybenzatropine" title="Etybenzatropine">Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenpiverinium" title="Fenpiverinium">Fenpiverinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentonium_bromide" title="Fentonium bromide">Fentonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fesoterodine" title="Fesoterodine">Fesoterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavoxate" title="Flavoxate">Flavoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Glycopyrronium bromide">Glycopyrronium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Beclometasone/formoterol/glycopyrronium bromide">+beclometasone/formoterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indacaterol/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Indacaterol/glycopyrronium bromide">+indacaterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neostigmine/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide">+neostigmine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexahydrodifenidol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexahydrodifenidol (page does not exist)">Hexahydrodifenidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexahydrosiladifenidol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexahydrosiladifenidol (page does not exist)">Hexahydrosiladifenidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexbutinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexbutinol (page does not exist)">Hexbutinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexocyclium" title="Hexocyclium">Hexocyclium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbacine" title="Himbacine">Himbacine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HL-031,120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HL-031,120 (page does not exist)">HL-031,120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homatropine" title="Homatropine">Homatropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidafenacin" title="Imidafenacin">Imidafenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide" title="Ipratropium bromide">Ipratropium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ipratropium_bromide/salbutamol" title="Ipratropium bromide/salbutamol">+salbutamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropamide" title="Isopropamide">Isopropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J-104,129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J-104,129 (page does not exist)">J-104,129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamine" title="Hyoscyamine">Hyoscyamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba#Mamba_toxins" title="Mamba">Mamba toxin 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba#Mamba_toxins" title="Mamba">Mamba toxin 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaticol" title="Mazaticol">Mazaticol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebeverine" title="Mebeverine">Mebeverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meladrazine" title="Meladrazine">Meladrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepenzolate" title="Mepenzolate">Mepenzolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methantheline" title="Methantheline">Methantheline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoctramine" title="Methoctramine">Methoctramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylatropine" title="Methylatropine">Methylatropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhomatropine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylhomatropine">Methylhomatropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylscopolamine_bromide" title="Methylscopolamine bromide">Methylscopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metixene" title="Metixene">Metixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_toxin_7" title="Muscarinic toxin 7">Muscarinic toxin 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatropine_methylbromide" title="Octatropine methylbromide">Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otenzepad" title="Otenzepad">Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxapium_iodide" title="Oxapium iodide">Oxapium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitropium_bromide" title="Oxitropium bromide">Oxitropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybutynin" title="Oxybutynin">Oxybutynin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphencyclimine" title="Oxyphencyclimine">Oxyphencyclimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphenonium_bromide" title="Oxyphenonium bromide">Oxyphenonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PBID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBID (page does not exist)">PBID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-102,807" title="PD-102,807">PD-102,807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-0298029" title="PD-0298029">PD-0298029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthienate" title="Penthienate">Penthienate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PFHHSiD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PFHHSiD (page does not exist)">pFHHSiD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenglutarimide" title="Phenglutarimide">Phenglutarimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyltoloxamine" title="Phenyltoloxamine">Phenyltoloxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipenzolate_bromide" title="Pipenzolate bromide">Pipenzolate bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidolate" title="Piperidolate">Piperidolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirenzepine" title="Pirenzepine">Pirenzepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroheptine" title="Piroheptine">Piroheptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poldine" title="Poldine">Poldine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridinol" title="Pridinol">Pridinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prifinium_bromide" title="Prifinium bromide">Prifinium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procyclidine" title="Procyclidine">Procyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profenamine" title="Profenamine">Profenamine (ethopropazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propantheline_bromide" title="Propantheline bromide">Propantheline bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiverine" title="Propiverine">Propiverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_thiochromane-4-carboxylate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate">3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revefenacin" title="Revefenacin">Revefenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rociverine" title="Rociverine">Rociverine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-47,213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-47,213 (page does not exist)">RU-47,213</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-57,790&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-57,790 (page does not exist)">SCH-57,790</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-72,788&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-72,788 (page does not exist)">SCH-72,788</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-217,443&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-217,443 (page does not exist)">SCH-217,443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine">Scopolamine (hyoscine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_butylbromide" title="Hyoscine butylbromide">Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silahexacyclium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silahexacyclium (page does not exist)">Silahexacyclium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofpironium_bromide" title="Sofpironium bromide">Sofpironium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">femoxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenzepine" title="Telenzepine">Telenzepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiemonium_iodide" title="Tiemonium iodide">Tiemonium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timepidium_bromide" title="Timepidium bromide">Timepidium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiotropium_bromide" title="Tiotropium bromide">Tiotropium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiquizium_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiquizium bromide (page does not exist)">Tiquizium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+perphenazine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide" title="Amitriptylinoxide">amitriptylinoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">butriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cidoxepin" title="Cidoxepin">cidoxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desmethyldesipramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desmethyldesipramine (page does not exist)">desmethyldesipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibenzepin" title="Dibenzepin">dibenzepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">dosulepin (dothiepin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">lofepramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitroxazepine" title="Nitroxazepine">nitroxazepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northiaden" title="Northiaden">northiaden (desmethyldosulepin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">protriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinupramine" title="Quinupramine">quinupramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">trimipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridihexethyl" title="Tridihexethyl">Tridihexethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihexyphenidyl" title="Trihexyphenidyl">Trihexyphenidyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripitamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitamine">Tripitamine (tripitramine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropacine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropacine (page does not exist)">Tropacine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropatepine" title="Tropatepine">Tropatepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicamide" title="Tropicamide">Tropicamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trospium_chloride" title="Trospium chloride">Trospium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">chlorprothixene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">cyamemazine (cyamepromazine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">mesoridazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide" title="Umeclidinium bromide">Umeclidinium bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Umeclidinium_bromide/vilanterol" title="Umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol">+vilanterol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN-2299" title="WIN-2299">WIN-2299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanomeline" title="Xanomeline">Xanomeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamifenacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamifenacin (page does not exist)">Zamifenacin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a><br /><small>(and <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-coA" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-coA">Acetyl-coA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adafenoxate" title="Adafenoxate">Adafenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine" title="Dimethylethanolamine">Dimethylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerophosphocholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerophosphocholine">Glycerophosphocholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">Phosphatidylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylcholine" title="Phosphorylcholine">Phosphorylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators">Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators859" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors"><abbr title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors">nAChRs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptor agonist">Agonists</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-Hydroxyindoleacetic_acid" title="5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid">5-HIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Chloronicotine" title="6-Chloronicotine">6-Chloronicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-84,543" title="A-84,543">A-84,543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-366,833" title="A-366,833">A-366,833</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-582,941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-582,941 (page does not exist)">A-582,941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-867,744&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-867,744 (page does not exist)">A-867,744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-202" title="ABT-202">ABT-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-418" title="ABT-418">ABT-418</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-560 (page does not exist)">ABT-560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-894&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-894 (page does not exist)">ABT-894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altinicline" title="Altinicline">Altinicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabasine" title="Anabasine">Anabasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatabine" title="Anatabine">Anatabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-R17779" title="AR-R17779">AR-R17779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bephenium_hydroxynaphthoate" title="Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate">Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butinoline" title="Butinoline">Butinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholine" title="Butyrylcholine">Butyrylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_m-bromophenyl_ether" title="Choline m-bromophenyl ether">Choline m-bromophenyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">Cotinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytisine" title="Cytisine">Cytisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decamethonium" title="Decamethonium">Decamethonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desformylflustrabromine" title="Desformylflustrabromine">Desformylflustrabromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianicline" title="Dianicline">Dianicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylphenylpiperazinium" title="Dimethylphenylpiperazinium">Dimethylphenylpiperazinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiboxidine" title="Epiboxidine">Epiboxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethoxysebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethoxysebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Ethoxysebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP-4473&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP-4473 (page does not exist)">EVP-4473</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVP-6124" class="mw-redirect" title="EVP-6124">EVP-6124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">Galantamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTS-21" title="GTS-21">GTS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispronicline" title="Ispronicline">Ispronicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-39393406" title="JNJ-39393406">JNJ-39393406</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levamisole" title="Levamisole">Levamisole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEM-63,908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEM-63,908 (page does not exist)">MEM-63,908 (RG-3487)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morantel" title="Morantel">Morantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-1738&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-1738 (page does not exist)">NS-1738</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-543,613" title="PHA-543,613">PHA-543,613</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PHA-709,829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHA-709,829 (page does not exist)">PHA-709,829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-120,596" title="PNU-120,596">PNU-120,596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozanicline" title="Pozanicline">Pozanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrantel" title="Pyrantel">Pyrantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivanicline" title="Rivanicline">Rivanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RJR-2429" title="RJR-2429">RJR-2429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazetidine_A" title="Sazetidine A">Sazetidine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-206553" title="SB-206553">SB-206553</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sebacylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sebacylcholine (page does not exist)">Sebacylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1508Y" class="mw-redirect" title="SIB-1508Y">SIB-1508Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIB-1553A" title="SIB-1553A">SIB-1553A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSR-180,711" title="SSR-180,711">SSR-180,711</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberyldicholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberyldicholine (page does not exist)">Suberyldicholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxamethonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Suxamethonium">Suxamethonium (succinylcholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suxethonium_chloride" title="Suxethonium chloride">Suxethonium (succinyldicholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1698" title="TC-1698">TC-1698</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-1734 (page does not exist)">TC-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-1827" title="TC-1827">TC-1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-2216" title="TC-2216">TC-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-5214" class="mw-redirect" title="TC-5214">TC-5214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC-5619" class="mw-redirect" title="TC-5619">TC-5619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TC-6683&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TC-6683 (page does not exist)">TC-6683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebanicline" title="Tebanicline">Tebanicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribendimidine" title="Tribendimidine">Tribendimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">Tropisetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-165" title="UB-165">UB-165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenicline" title="Varenicline">Varenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-317,538" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-317,538">WAY-317,538</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XY-4083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XY-4083 (page does not exist)">XY-4083</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonists</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Negative_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulators"><abbr title="negative allosteric modulators">NAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip negative allosteric modulators</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18-Methylaminocoronaridine" title="18-Methylaminocoronaridine">18-MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Neurotoxin" title="Α-Neurotoxin">α-Neurotoxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-bungarotoxin">α-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-cobratoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-cobratoxin">α-cobratoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-conotoxin">α-conotoxin</a>, many others)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-126&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-126 (page does not exist)">ABT-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuronium">Alcuronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatruxonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatruxonium (page does not exist)">Anatruxonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AQW051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AQW051 (page does not exist)">AQW051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Atracurium">Atracurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNC-210" title="BNC-210">BNC-210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-bungarotoxin">α-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Κ-bungarotoxin">κ-bungarotoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW284C51" title="BW284C51">BW284C51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW-A444" title="BW-A444">BW-A444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candocuronium_iodide" title="Candocuronium iodide">Candocuronium iodide (chandonium iodide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorisondamine" title="Chlorisondamine">Chlorisondamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisatracurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisatracurium">Cisatracurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coclaurine" title="Coclaurine">Coclaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curare" title="Curare">Curare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacuronium_bromide" title="Dacuronium bromide">Dacuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decamethonium" title="Decamethonium">Decamethonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydronorketamine" title="Dehydronorketamine">Dehydronorketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadonium (page does not exist)">Diadonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydro-beta-erythroidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydro-beta-erythroidine (page does not exist)">DHβE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrochandonium" title="Dihydrochandonium">Dihydrochandonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltubocurarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltubocurarine">Dimethyltubocurarine (metocurine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscorine" title="Dioscorine">Dioscorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrandium" title="Dipyrandium">Dipyrandium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxacurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxacurium">Doxacurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encenicline" title="Encenicline">Encenicline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythravine" title="Erythravine">Erythravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazadinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazadinium">Fazadinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallamine">Gallamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gantacurium_chloride" title="Gantacurium chloride">Gantacurium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluronium">Hexafluronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">Hexamethonium (benzohexonium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxynorketamine" title="Hydroxynorketamine">Hydroxynorketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laudexium">Laudexium (laudolissin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malouetine" title="Malouetine">Malouetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate" title="2-Methoxyethyl-18-methoxycoronaridinate">ME-18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan (racemethorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyllycaconitine" title="Methyllycaconitine">Methyllycaconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metocurine" title="Metocurine">Metocurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mivacurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mivacurium">Mivacurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol (racemorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancuronium_bromide" title="Pancuronium bromide">Pancuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pempidine" title="Pempidine">Pempidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamine" title="Pentamine">Pentamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolinium" title="Pentolinium">Pentolinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecuronium_bromide" title="Pipecuronium bromide">Pipecuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapacuronium_bromide" title="Rapacuronium bromide">Rapacuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocuronium_bromide" title="Rocuronium bromide">Rocuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stercuronium_iodide" title="Stercuronium iodide">Stercuronium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surugatoxin" title="Surugatoxin">Surugatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxiferine" title="Toxiferine">Toxiferine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimetaphan_camsilate" title="Trimetaphan camsilate">Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropeinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropeinium (page does not exist)">Tropeinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubocurarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubocurarine">Tubocurarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecuronium_bromide" title="Vecuronium bromide">Vecuronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a><br /><small>(and <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-coA" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl-coA">Acetyl-coA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adafenoxate" title="Adafenoxate">Adafenoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lecithin" title="Lecithin">lecithin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylethanolamine" title="Dimethylethanolamine">Dimethylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerophosphocholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerophosphocholine">Glycerophosphocholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylcholine" title="Phosphatidylcholine">Phosphatidylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine">Phosphatidylethanolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylcholine" title="Phosphorylcholine">Phosphorylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators">Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opioid_receptor_modulators225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opioid_receptor_modulators225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid</a><br />(MOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agonists(abridged;full_list)67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists<br />(abridged;<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_opioids" title="List of opioids">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Acetoxymitragynine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Acetoxymitragynine (page does not exist)">7-Acetoxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A8-Akuammigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ψ-Akuammigine (page does not exist)">ψ-Akuammigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">α-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Narcotine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Narcotine (page does not exist)">α-Narcotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylfentanyl" title="Acetylfentanyl">Acetylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylfentanyl" title="Acrylfentanyl">Acrylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH-7921" title="AH-7921">AH-7921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuammidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akuammidine (page does not exist)">Akuammidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparicine" title="Apparicine">Apparicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhydrocodone" title="Benzhydrocodone">Benzhydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrfentanyl" title="Butyrfentanyl">Butyrfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxymorphamine" title="Chloroxymorphamine">Chloroxymorphamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMGO" title="DAMGO">DAMGO (DAGO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermorphin" title="Dermorphin">Dermorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol</a> (desmethyltramadol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> (propoxyphene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylaminopivalophenone" title="Dimethylaminopivalophenone">Dimethylaminopivalophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> (heroin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">Diphenoxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embutramide" title="Embutramide">Embutramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eseroline" title="Eseroline">Eseroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frakefamide" title="Frakefamide">Frakefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanylfentanyl" title="Furanylfentanyl">Furanylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBNtxA" title="IBNtxA">IBNtxA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxicodegol" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxicodegol">Loxicodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-115509" title="LS-115509">LS-115509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a> (metenkefalin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphiceptin" title="Morphiceptin">Morphiceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">Naloxone benzoylhydrazone</a> (NalBzOH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmexone" title="Nalmexone">Nalmexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltalimide" title="Naltalimide">Naltalimide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopine (page does not exist)">Neopine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nufenoxole" title="Nufenoxole">Nufenoxole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodegol" title="Oxycodegol">Oxycodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine" title="Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine">Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine</a> (OM-3-MNZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphazone" title="Oxymorphazone">Oxymorphazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphonazine (page does not exist)">Oxymorphonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_phenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_p-nitrophenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone p-nitrophenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">OxyPNPH</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericine" title="Pericine">Pericine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PL-017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL-017 (page does not exist)">PL-017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Prodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZM21" title="PZM21">PZM21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsolinol" title="Salsolinol">Salsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-17599" title="SC-17599">SC-17599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropapaveroline" title="Tetrahydropapaveroline">Tetrahydropapaveroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIMU_5" title="TRIMU 5">TRIMU 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRV734" title="TRV734">TRV734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubotaiwine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubotaiwine (page does not exist)">Tubotaiwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-47700" title="U-47700">U-47700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picenadol" title="Picenadol">(3S,4S)-Picenadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide" title="4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide">4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Gliadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Gliadin">α-Gliadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammine" title="Akuammine">Akuammine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvimopan" title="Alvimopan">Alvimopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-251_(drug)" title="AM-251 (drug)">AM-251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li>CTAP</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTOP (page does not exist)">CTOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodime" title="Cyprodime">Cyprodime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginsenoside_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginsenoside R (page does not exist)">Ginsenoside R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocinnamox" title="Methocinnamox">Methocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylsamidorphan_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylsamidorphan chloride (page does not exist)">Methylsamidorphan chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naldemedine" title="Naldemedine">Naldemedine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine_dinicotinate" title="Nalorphine dinicotinate">Nalorphine dinicotinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxazone" title="Naloxazone">Naloxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">Naloxegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxol" title="Naloxol">Naloxol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxonazine" title="Naloxonazine">Naloxonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexazone (page does not exist)">Naltrexazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexonazine (page does not exist)">Naltrexonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid</a><br />(DOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone" title="7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone">7-SIOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5747" title="ADL-5747">ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5859" title="ADL-5859">ADL-5859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM390" title="ARM390">AR-M100390 (ARM390)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD2327" class="mw-redirect" title="AZD2327">AZD2327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU-48" title="BU-48">BU-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">Deltorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin_I" title="Deltorphin I">Deltorphin I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltorphin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltorphin II (page does not exist)">Deltorphin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-221" title="DPI-221">DPI-221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-3290" title="DPI-3290">DPI-3290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(D-Ser2,_Leu5,_Thr6)-Enkephalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(D-Ser2, Leu5, Thr6)-Enkephalin (page does not exist)">DSLET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl_isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fentanyl isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">FIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomethadone" title="Isomethadone">Isomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-20788560" title="JNJ-20788560">JNJ-20788560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNT-127" title="KNT-127">KNT-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon" title="N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon">N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-394674" title="RWJ-394674">RWJ-394674</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-235863&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-235863 (page does not exist)">SB-235863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNC-80" title="SNC-80">SNC-80</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNC-162&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNC-162 (page does not exist)">SNC-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAN-67" title="TAN-67">TAN-67 (SB-205,607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-8813" title="C-8813">Thiobromadol (C-8813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonazocine" title="Tonazocine">Tonazocine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRV250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRV250 (page does not exist)">TRV250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenazocine" title="Zenazocine">Zenazocine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrindole-5%27-isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrindole-5'-isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">5'-NTII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Santolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Santolol (page does not exist)">α-Santolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Benzylidenenaltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (page does not exist)">BNTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-154129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-154129 (page does not exist)">ICI-154129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-174864&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-174864 (page does not exist)">ICI-174864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">Methylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Benzylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Benzylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">N-Benzylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDM25N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDM25N (page does not exist)">SDM25N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoRI-9409" title="SoRI-9409">SoRI-9409</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid</a><br />(KOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine" title="8-Carboxamidocyclazocine">8-CAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14-Methoxymetopon" title="14-Methoxymetopon">14-Methoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allomatrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allomatrine">Allomatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadoline (page does not exist)">Apadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asimadoline" title="Asimadoline">Asimadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-52537" title="BRL-52537">BRL-52537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciprefadol" title="Ciprefadol">Ciprefadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR665" title="CR665">CR665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorphan" title="Cyclorphan">Cyclorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprenorphine" title="Cyprenorphine">Cyprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difelikefalin" title="Difelikefalin">Difelikefalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B (rimorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enadoline" title="Enadoline">Enadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinacine_E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinacine E (page does not exist)">Erinacine E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedotozine" title="Fedotozine">Fedotozine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR-89696" title="GR-89696">GR-89696</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-103545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-103545 (page does not exist)">GR-103545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HS665" title="HS665">HS665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ-2" title="HZ-2">HZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-199,441" title="ICI-199,441">ICI-199,441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-204,448" title="ICI-204,448">ICI-204,448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">Ketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPK-26" title="LPK-26">LPK-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufuradom" title="Lufuradom">Lufuradom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MB-1C-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MB-1C-OH (page does not exist)">MB-1C-OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxazocine" title="Moxazocine">Moxazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2034 (page does not exist)">MR-2034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-MPPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-MPPP (page does not exist)">N-MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niravoline" title="Niravoline">Niravoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide" title="Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide">Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxorphan" title="Proxorphan">Proxorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">salvia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_ethoxymethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_methoxymethyl_ether" title="Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiradoline" title="Spiradoline">Spiradoline</a> (U-62066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-54494A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-54494A (page does not exist)">U-54494A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-69593" class="mw-redirect" title="U-69593">U-69593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="5'-Guanidinonaltrindole">5'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/samidorphan" title="Buprenorphine/samidorphan">Buprenorphine/samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">Amentoflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">ANTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arodyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arodyne (page does not exist)">Arodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aticaprant" title="Aticaprant">Aticaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-MTAB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-MTAB (page does not exist)">AZ-MTAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaltorphimine" title="Binaltorphimine">Binaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU09059" title="BU09059">BU09059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERC-501" class="mw-redirect" title="CERC-501">CERC-501 (LY-2456302)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icalcaprant" title="Icalcaprant">CVL-354</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIPPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIPPA (page does not exist)">DIPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2444296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2444296 (page does not exist)">LY-2444296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2459989" title="LY-2459989">LY-2459989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2795050&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2795050 (page does not exist)">LY-2795050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeJDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeJDTic (page does not exist)">MeJDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML190&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML190 (page does not exist)">ML190</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML350 (page does not exist)">ML350</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2266 (page does not exist)">MR-2266</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic (page does not exist)">N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navacaprant" title="Navacaprant">Navacaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbinaltorphimine" title="Norbinaltorphimine">Norbinaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4455242" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-4455242">PF-4455242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UPHIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UPHIT (page does not exist)">UPHIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklophin" title="Zyklophin">Zyklophin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a><br />(NOP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin (page does not exist)">(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">((pF)Phe<sup>4</sup>)Nociceptin(1-13)NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Phe1%CE%A8(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Phe<sup>1</sup>Ψ(CH<sub>2</sub>-NH)Gly<sup>2</sup>)Nociceptin(1-13)NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRWK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRWK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRWK-NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRIK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRIK-NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-19385899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-19385899 (page does not exist)">JNJ-19385899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOPPB" title="MCOPPB">MCOPPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-7716" title="MT-7716">MT-7716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_63-0532" title="NNC 63-0532">NNC 63-0532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-11)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-11) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-11)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-13)NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro64-6198" title="Ro64-6198">Ro64-6198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro65-6570" title="Ro65-6570">Ro65-6570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-221510" title="SCH-221510">SCH-221510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-486757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-486757 (page does not exist)">SCH-486757</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-8993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-8993 (page does not exist)">SR-8993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-16435" title="SR-16435">SR-16435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunobinop" title="Sunobinop">Sunobinop (S-117957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Nphe<sup>1</sup>)Nociceptin(1-13)NH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAN-ORL-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAN-ORL-24 (page does not exist)">BAN-ORL-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTRX-246040" title="BTRX-246040">BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-113397" class="mw-redirect" title="J-113397">J-113397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTC-801" title="JTC-801">JTC-801</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-7) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocistatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocistatin (page does not exist)">Nocistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-612111" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-612111">SB-612111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-16430&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-16430 (page does not exist)">SR-16430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trap-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trap-101 (page does not exist)">Trap-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFP-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UFP-101 (page does not exist)">UFP-101</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitors</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amastatin" title="Amastatin">Amastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BL-2401&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BL-2401 (page does not exist)">BL-2401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoxatril" title="Candoxatril">Candoxatril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine#D-,_L-_and_DL-phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine"><span style="font-size:85%;">D</span>-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexecadotril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexecadotril (page does not exist)">Dexecadotril (retorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecadotril" title="Ecadotril">Ecadotril (sinorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelatorphan" title="Kelatorphan">Kelatorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racecadotril" title="Racecadotril">Racecadotril (acetorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-101" title="RB-101">RB-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-120" title="RB-120">RB-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-3007" title="RB-3007">RB-3007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opiorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opiorphan (page does not exist)">Opiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiorphan" title="Thiorphan">Thiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynorphin" title="Tynorphin">Tynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubenimex" title="Ubenimex">Ubenimex (bestatin)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Propeptides:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodynorphin" title="Prodynorphin">Prodynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proenkephalin" title="Proenkephalin">Proenkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronociceptin (page does not exist)">Pronociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Kyotorphin" title="Kyotorphin">Kyotorphin</a> (met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Serotonin_receptor_modulators871" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Serotonin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serotonin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serotonin_receptor_modulators871" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT<sub>1A</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/8-OH-DPAT" title="8-OH-DPAT">8-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adatanserin" title="Adatanserin">Adatanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">etoperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">vilazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">vortioxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">cariprazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapirone" title="Azapirone">Azapirones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">buspirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eptapirone" title="Eptapirone">eptapirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">gepirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">perospirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">tandospirone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_R_1531" title="Bay R 1531">Bay R 1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befiradol" title="Befiradol">Befiradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMY-14802" title="BMY-14802">BMY-14802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimemebfe" title="Dimemebfe">Dimemebfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebalzotan" title="Ebalzotan">Ebalzotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltoprazine" title="Eltoprazine">Eltoprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enciprazine" title="Enciprazine">Enciprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-11,461" title="F-11,461">F-11,461</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F-12826&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-12826 (page does not exist)">F-12826</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F-13714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-13714 (page does not exist)">F-13714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F-14679&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-14679 (page does not exist)">F-14679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15063" title="F-15063">F-15063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15,599" title="F-15,599">F-15,599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesinoxan" title="Flesinoxan">Flesinoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flibanserin" title="Flibanserin">Flibanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumexadol" title="Flumexadol">Flumexadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypidone" title="Hypidone">Hypidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesopitron" title="Lesopitron">Lesopitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-293284" title="LY-293284">LY-293284</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-301317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-301317 (page does not exist)">LY-301317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osemozotan" title="Osemozotan">MKC-242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naluzotan" title="Naluzotan">Naluzotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBUMP" title="NBUMP">NBUMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osemozotan" title="Osemozotan">Osemozotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piclozotan" title="Piclozotan">Piclozotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repinotan" title="Repinotan">Repinotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-24,969" title="RU-24,969">RU-24,969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-14,506" title="S-14,506">S-14,506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-14671" title="S-14671">S-14671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-15535" title="S-15535">S-15535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarizotan" title="Sarizotan">Sarizotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-181507 (page does not exist)">SSR-181507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunepitron" title="Sunepitron">Sunepitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indorenate" title="Indorenate">indorenate</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Methylserotonin" title="N-Methylserotonin">N-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-92,016-A" title="U-92,016-A">U-92,016-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaliproden" title="Xaliproden">Xaliproden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">sertindole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AV965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AV965 (page does not exist)">AV965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">alprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">carteolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanopindolol" title="Cyanopindolol">cyanopindolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodocyanopindolol" title="Iodocyanopindolol">iodocyanopindolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">isamoltane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">oxprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">penbutolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindobind" title="Pindobind">pindobind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">pindolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">tertatolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMY-7,378" class="mw-redirect" title="BMY-7,378">BMY-7,378</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSP-2503" title="CSP-2503">CSP-2503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FCE-24379&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FCE-24379 (page does not exist)">FCE-24379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flopropione" title="Flopropione">Flopropione</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-46611 (page does not exist)">GR-46611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">Isamoltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecozotan" title="Lecozotan">Lecozotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefway_(18F)" title="Mefway (18F)">Mefway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPPF" title="MPPF">MPPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAN-190" title="NAN-190">NAN-190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robalzotan" title="Robalzotan">Robalzotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-15535" title="S-15535">S-15535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-649,915" title="SB-649,915">SB-649,915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ_216-525&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ 216-525 (page does not exist)">SDZ 216-525</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiramide" title="Spiramide">Spiramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-301" title="UH-301">UH-301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-100135" title="WAY-100135">WAY-100135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-100635" title="WAY-100635">WAY-100635</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylamidine" title="Xylamidine">Xylamidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acetryptine" title="Acetryptine">Acetryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">5-HT<sub>1B</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anpirtoline" title="Anpirtoline">Anpirtoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-12066A" title="CGS-12066A">CGS-12066A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-93129" title="CP-93129">CP-93129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-94253" title="CP-94253">CP-94253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-122,288" title="CP-122,288">CP-122,288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-135807" title="CP-135807">CP-135807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltoprazine" title="Eltoprazine">Eltoprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-24,969" title="RU-24,969">RU-24,969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Avitriptan" title="Avitriptan">avitriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donitriptan" title="Donitriptan">donitriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">eletriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">sumatriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zolmitriptan" title="Zolmitriptan">zolmitriptan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/AR-A000002" title="AR-A000002">AR-A000002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">alprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carteolol" title="Carteolol">carteolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">isamoltane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxprenolol" title="Oxprenolol">oxprenolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">penbutolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertatolol" title="Tertatolol">tertatolol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elzasonan" title="Elzasonan">Elzasonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR-127935" title="GR-127935">GR-127935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamoltane" title="Isamoltane">Isamoltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-393558" title="LY-393558">LY-393558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-216641" title="SB-216641">SB-216641</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-224289&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-224289 (page does not exist)">SB-224289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-236057" title="SB-236057">SB-236057</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">5-HT<sub>1D</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/CP-122,288" title="CP-122,288">CP-122,288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-135807" title="CP-135807">CP-135807</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-286601&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-286601 (page does not exist)">CP-286601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-46611&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-46611 (page does not exist)">GR-46611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-694247" title="L-694247">L-694247</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-772405&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-772405 (page does not exist)">L-772405</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNU-109291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNU-109291 (page does not exist)">PNU-109291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-142633" title="PNU-142633">PNU-142633</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Almotriptan" title="Almotriptan">almotriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avitriptan" title="Avitriptan">avitriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donitriptan" title="Donitriptan">donitriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">eletriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frovatriptan" title="Frovatriptan">frovatriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naratriptan" title="Naratriptan">naratriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizatriptan" title="Rizatriptan">rizatriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">sumatriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zolmitriptan" title="Zolmitriptan">zolmitriptan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Ethyl-DMT" title="5-Ethyl-DMT">5-Et-DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine" title="5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine">5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alniditan" title="Alniditan">Alniditan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-15,572" title="BRL-15,572">BRL-15,572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elzasonan" title="Elzasonan">Elzasonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR-127935" title="GR-127935">GR-127935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-310762" title="LY-310762">LY-310762</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-367642" title="LY-367642">LY-367642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-393558" title="LY-393558">LY-393558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-456219" title="LY-456219">LY-456219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-456220" title="LY-456220">LY-456220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acetryptine" title="Acetryptine">Acetryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergol" title="Lysergol">lysergol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">5-HT<sub>1E</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/BRL-54443" title="BRL-54443">BRL-54443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">eletriptan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergol" title="Lysergol">lysergol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">5-HT<sub>1F</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/BRL-54443" title="BRL-54443">BRL-54443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-122,288" title="CP-122,288">CP-122,288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergol" title="Lysergol">lysergol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a> <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasmiditan" title="Lasmiditan">Lasmiditan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-334370" title="LY-334370">LY-334370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Eletriptan" title="Eletriptan">eletriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naratriptan" title="Naratriptan">naratriptan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatriptan" title="Sumatriptan">sumatriptan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> 25H/NB series (e.g., <a href="/wiki/25I-NBF" title="25I-NBF">25I-NBF</a>, <a href="/wiki/25I-NBMD" title="25I-NBMD">25I-NBMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/25I-NBOH" title="25I-NBOH">25I-NBOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">25I-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/25B-NBOMe" title="25B-NBOMe">25B-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/25C-NBOMe" title="25C-NBOMe">25C-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/25TFM-NBOMe" title="25TFM-NBOMe">25TFM-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/2CBCB-NBOMe" title="2CBCB-NBOMe">2CBCB-NBOMe</a>, <a href="/wiki/25CN-NBOH" title="25CN-NBOH">25CN-NBOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/2CBFly-NBOMe" title="2CBFly-NBOMe">2CBFly-NBOMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2Cs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-E" title="2C-E">2C-E</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-I" title="2C-I">2C-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-2" title="2C-T-2">2C-T-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-7" title="2C-T-7">2C-T-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-21" title="2C-T-21">2C-T-21</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2C-B-FLY" title="2C-B-FLY">2C-B-FLY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2CB-Ind" title="2CB-Ind">2CB-Ind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-Methoxytryptamines</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DET" title="5-MeO-DET">5-MeO-DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine">5-MeO-DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DPT" title="5-MeO-DPT">5-MeO-DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine">α-Alkyltryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT" title="5-Chloro-αMT">5-Cl-αMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Fluoro-AMT" title="5-Fluoro-AMT">5-Fl-αMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-AET" title="5-MeO-AET">5-MeO-αET</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-aMT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-aMT">5-MeO-αMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methylserotonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methylserotonin">α-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">αMT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AL-34662" title="AL-34662">AL-34662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AL-37350A" title="AL-37350A">AL-37350A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromo-DragonFLY" title="Bromo-DragonFLY">Bromo-DragonFLY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimemebfe" title="Dimemebfe">Dimemebfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMBMPP" title="DMBMPP">DMBMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOx" title="DOx">DOx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/1P-LSD" title="1P-LSD">1P-LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALD-52" title="ALD-52">ALD-52</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">ergine (LSA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">LA-SS-Az</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide">LSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD-Pip" title="LSD-Pip">LSD-Pip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide" title="Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide">LSH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide">LSP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumexadol" title="Flumexadol">Flumexadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHCH-7113" title="IHCH-7113">IHCH-7113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimscaline" title="Jimscaline">Jimscaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDxx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-4310" title="O-4310">O-4310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-57378" title="PHA-57378">PHA-57378</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-22394" title="PNU-22394">PNU-22394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-181731" title="PNU-181731">PNU-181731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RH-34" title="RH-34">RH-34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCHEMBL5334361" title="SCHEMBL5334361">SCHEMBL5334361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">lophophine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">quipazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCB-2" title="TCB-2">TCB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFMFly" title="TFMFly">TFMFly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyltryptamine" title="Diethyltryptamine">DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine" title="Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/5-I-R91150" title="5-I-R91150">5-I-R91150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-MeO-NBpBrT" title="5-MeO-NBpBrT">5-MeO-NBpBrT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-90179" title="AC-90179">AC-90179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adatanserin" title="Adatanserin">Adatanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altanserin" title="Altanserin">Altanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">cyproheptadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">hydroxyzine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">ketotifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">perlapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene" title="9-Aminomethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene">AMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amperozide" title="Amperozide">amperozide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">blonanserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">carpipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">clocapramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">clorotepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gevotroline" title="Gevotroline">gevotroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">melperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">mosapramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocaperidone" title="Ocaperidone">ocaperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">sertindole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zicronapine" title="Zicronapine">zicronapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinanserin" title="Cinanserin">Cinanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSP-2503" title="CSP-2503">CSP-2503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">Deramciclane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eplivanserin" title="Eplivanserin">Eplivanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">amesergide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a>, <a href="/wiki/LY-215,840" title="LY-215,840">LY-215,840</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergolexole" title="Sergolexole">sergolexole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fananserin" title="Fananserin">Fananserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flibanserin" title="Flibanserin">Flibanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glemanserin" title="Glemanserin">Glemanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irindalone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irindalone (page does not exist)">Irindalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KML-010" title="KML-010">KML-010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landipirdine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landipirdine (page does not exist)">Landipirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-393558" title="LY-393558">LY-393558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftidrofuryl" title="Naftidrofuryl">Naftidrofuryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantenine" title="Nantenine">Nantenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelotanserin" title="Nelotanserin">Nelotanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiranserin" title="Opiranserin">Opiranserin (VVZ-149)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelanserin" title="Pelanserin">Pelanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine" title="Phenoxybenzamine">Phenoxybenzamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimavanserin" title="Pimavanserin">Pimavanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirenperone" title="Pirenperone">Pirenperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruvanserin" title="Pruvanserin">Pruvanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roluperidone" title="Roluperidone">Roluperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-14671" title="S-14671">S-14671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpogrelate" title="Sarpogrelate">Sarpogrelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">etoperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxynefazodone" title="Hydroxynefazodone">hydroxynefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubazodone" title="Lubazodone">lubazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">mepiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triazoledione" title="Triazoledione">triazoledione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-46349B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-46349B (page does not exist)">SR-46349B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniloxazine" title="Teniloxazine">Teniloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temanogrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temanogrel (page does not exist)">Temanogrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aptazapine" title="Aptazapine">aptazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esmirtazapine" title="Esmirtazapine">esmirtazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">perphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">pimozide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">pipamperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">prochlorperazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setoperone" title="Setoperone">setoperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">spiperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiramide" title="Spiramide">spiramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiotixene" title="Tiotixene">thiothixene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">trifluoperazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volinanserin" title="Volinanserin">Volinanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylamidine" title="Xylamidine">Xylamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicergoline" title="Nicergoline">nicergoline</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">5-HT<sub>2B</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-Methylaminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">Aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Amphetamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorphentermine" title="Chlorphentermine">chlorphentermine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloforex" title="Cloforex">cloforex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexfenfluramine" title="Dexfenfluramine">dexfenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">fenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">levofenfluramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfenfluramine" title="Norfenfluramine">norfenfluramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW-723C86" title="BW-723C86">BW-723C86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOx" title="DOx">DOx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">dihydroergocryptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDxx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_piperazine" title="Substituted piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-22394" title="PNU-22394">PNU-22394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro60-0175" title="Ro60-0175">Ro60-0175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methylserotonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methylserotonin">α-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyltryptamine" title="Diethyltryptamine">DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine" title="Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">amisulpride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">cariprazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-desalkylquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-desalkylquetiapine (page does not exist)">N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">pipamperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGIS-7625" title="EGIS-7625">EGIS-7625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">amesergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a>, <a href="/wiki/LY-272,015" title="LY-272,015">LY-272015</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-393558" title="LY-393558">LY-393558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadoxine" title="Metadoxine">Metadoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirenperone" title="Pirenperone">Pirenperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRX-08066" title="PRX-08066">PRX-08066</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauwolscine" title="Rauwolscine">Rauwolscine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-127445" title="RS-127445">RS-127445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpogrelate" title="Sarpogrelate">Sarpogrelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-200646" title="SB-200646">SB-200646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-204741" title="SB-204741">SB-204741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-206553" title="SB-206553">SB-206553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-215505" title="SB-215505">SB-215505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-221284" title="SB-221284">SB-221284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-228357" title="SB-228357">SB-228357</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDZ_SER-082" title="SDZ SER-082">SDZ SER-082</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegaserod" title="Tegaserod">Tegaserod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIK-301" title="TIK-301">TIK-301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">5-HT<sub>2C</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2Cs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-E" title="2C-E">2C-E</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-I" title="2C-I">2C-I</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-2" title="2C-T-2">2C-T-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-7" title="2C-T-7">2C-T-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/2C-T-21" title="2C-T-21">2C-T-21</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-Methoxytryptamines</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DET" title="5-MeO-DET">5-MeO-DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine">5-MeO-DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DMT" title="5-MeO-DMT">5-MeO-DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-DPT" title="5-MeO-DPT">5-MeO-DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_alpha-alkyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Substituted alpha-alkyltryptamine">α-Alkyltryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Chloro-%CE%B1MT" title="5-Chloro-αMT">5-Cl-αMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Fluoro-AMT" title="5-Fluoro-AMT">5-Fl-αMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-AET" title="5-MeO-AET">5-MeO-αET</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-MeO-aMT" class="mw-redirect" title="5-MeO-aMT">5-MeO-αMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methylserotonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methylserotonin">α-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">αET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">αMT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-372159" title="A-372159">A-372159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AL-38022A" title="AL-38022A">AL-38022A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstonine" title="Alstonine">Alstonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-809101" title="CP-809101">CP-809101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimemebfe" title="Dimemebfe">Dimemebfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOx" title="DOx">DOx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">DOB</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">DOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">DOM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/ALD-52" title="ALD-52">ALD-52</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">ergine (LSA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2,4-dimethylazetidide" title="Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide">LA-SS-Az</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_2-butyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide">LSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD-Pip" title="LSD-Pip">LSD-Pip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_hydroxyethylamide" title="Lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide">LSH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_3-pentyl_amide" title="Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide">LSP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumexadol" title="Flumexadol">Flumexadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcaserin" title="Lorcaserin">Lorcaserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_methylenedioxyphenethylamine" title="Substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine">MDxx</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA (tenamfetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA (midomafetamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine">MDOH</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMDA_(drug)" title="MMDA (drug)">MMDA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-212" title="MK-212">MK-212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-12962" title="ORG-12962">ORG-12962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-37684" title="ORG-37684">ORG-37684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHA-57378" title="PHA-57378">PHA-57378</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lophophine" title="Lophophine">lophophine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">quipazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine" title="Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine">TFMPP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-22394" title="PNU-22394">PNU-22394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-181731" title="PNU-181731">PNU-181731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro60-0175" title="Ro60-0175">Ro60-0175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro60-0213" title="Ro60-0213">Ro60-0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyltryptamine" title="Diethyltryptamine">DET</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diisopropyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diisopropyltryptamine">DiPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipropyltryptamine" title="Dipropyltryptamine">DPT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vabicaserin" title="Vabicaserin">Vabicaserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-629" title="WAY-629">WAY-629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-161503" title="WAY-161503">WAY-161503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YM-348" title="YM-348">YM-348</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adatanserin" title="Adatanserin">Adatanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">clorotepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">melperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">paliperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">sertindole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-(pyridin-2-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide" title="6-Chloro-5-ethoxy-N-(pyridin-2-yl)indoline-1-carboxamide">CEPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinanserin" title="Cinanserin">Cinanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deramciclane" title="Deramciclane">Deramciclane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltoprazine" title="Eltoprazine">Eltoprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">amesergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a>, <a href="/wiki/LY-215,840" title="LY-215,840">LY-215,840</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergolexole" title="Sergolexole">sergolexole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-260010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-260010 (page does not exist)">FR-260010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irindalone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irindalone (page does not exist)">Irindalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketotifen" title="Ketotifen">Ketotifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrepirdine" title="Latrepirdine">Latrepirdine (dimebolin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirenperone" title="Pirenperone">Pirenperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizotifen" title="Pizotifen">Pizotifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-102221" title="RS-102221">RS-102221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-14671" title="S-14671">S-14671</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-200646" title="SB-200646">SB-200646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-206553" title="SB-206553">SB-206553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-221284" title="SB-221284">SB-221284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-228357" title="SB-228357">SB-228357</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-242084" title="SB-242084">SB-242084</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-243213" title="SB-243213">SB-243213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDZ_SER-082" title="SDZ SER-082">SDZ SER-082</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aptazapine" title="Aptazapine">aptazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esmirtazapine" title="Esmirtazapine">esmirtazapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIK-301" title="TIK-301">TIK-301</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">pimozide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">pipamperone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">thioridazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylamidine" title="Xylamidine">Xylamidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ergometrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergometrine">ergometrine (ergonovine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylergometrine" title="Methylergometrine">methylergometrine (methylergonovine)</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a><sub>–<a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a></sub></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/N-Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Butanol">butanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">trichloroethanol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylbiguanide" title="Chlorophenylbiguanide">m-CPBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylbiguanide" title="Phenylbiguanide">Phenylbiguanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Benzylpiperazine" title="Benzylpiperazine">BZP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine" title="Meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine">mCPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">quipazine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-56812" title="RS-56812">RS-56812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-57227" title="SR-57227">SR-57227</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-57227A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-57227A (page does not exist)">SR-57227A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine" title="2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine">2-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenidine" title="Bufotenidine">bufotenidine (5-HTQ)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">Volatiles/gases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">halothane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">isoflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">trichloroethane</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YM-31636" title="YM-31636">YM-31636</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alosetron" title="Alosetron">Alosetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anpirtoline" title="Anpirtoline">Anpirtoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arazasetron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arazasetron (page does not exist)">Arazasetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-8112" title="AS-8112">AS-8112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azasetron" title="Azasetron">Azasetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batanopride" title="Batanopride">Batanopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemesetron" title="Bemesetron">Bemesetron (MDL-72222)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilansetron" title="Cilansetron">Cilansetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSP-2503" title="CSP-2503">CSP-2503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazopride" title="Dazopride">Dazopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolasetron" title="Dolasetron">Dolasetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanolactone" title="Galanolactone">Galanolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granisetron" title="Granisetron">Granisetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lerisetron" title="Lerisetron">Lerisetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondansetron" title="Ondansetron">Ondansetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palonosetron" title="Palonosetron">Palonosetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramosetron" title="Ramosetron">Ramosetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzapride" title="Renzapride">Renzapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricasetron" title="Ricasetron">Ricasetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thujone" title="Thujone">Thujone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropanserin" title="Tropanserin">Tropanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">Tropisetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">Volatiles/gases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">sevoflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacopride" title="Zacopride">Zacopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zatosetron" title="Zatosetron">Zatosetron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine" title="Naphthylpiperazine">naphthylpiperazine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">5-HT<sub>4</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIMU8" title="BIMU8">BIMU8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capeserod" title="Capeserod">Capeserod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinitapride" title="Cinitapride">Cinitapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJ-033466" title="CJ-033466">CJ-033466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazopride" title="Dazopride">Dazopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">Metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minesapride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minesapride (page does not exist)">Minesapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosapride" title="Mosapride">Mosapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prucalopride" title="Prucalopride">Prucalopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRX-03140" title="PRX-03140">PRX-03140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzapride" title="Renzapride">Renzapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-67,333" title="RS-67,333">RS-67,333</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-67,506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-67,506 (page does not exist)">RS-67,506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegaserod" title="Tegaserod">Tegaserod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usmarapride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usmarapride (page does not exist)">Usmarapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velusetrag" title="Velusetrag">Velusetrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacopride" title="Zacopride">Zacopride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/GR-113808" title="GR-113808">GR-113808</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-125487&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-125487 (page does not exist)">GR-125487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-Lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piboserod" title="Piboserod">Piboserod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-39604&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-39604 (page does not exist)">RS-39604</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RS-67532&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RS-67532 (page does not exist)">RS-67532</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-203186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-203186 (page does not exist)">SB-203186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-204070" title="SB-204070">SB-204070</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5-HT<sub>5A</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD" title="2-Bromo-LSD">2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">Valerenic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrepirdine" title="Latrepirdine">Latrepirdine (dimebolin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-699551" title="SB-699551">SB-699551</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine" title="Naphthylpiperazine">naphthylpiperazine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">5-HT<sub>6</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">dihydroergocryptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypidone" title="Hypidone">Hypidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine" title="2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine">2-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Benzyloxytryptamine" title="5-Benzyloxytryptamine">5-BT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-6801" title="E-6801">E-6801</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-6837" title="E-6837">E-6837</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMD-386088" title="EMD-386088">EMD-386088</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMDT" title="EMDT">EMDT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-586713&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-586713 (page does not exist)">LY-586713</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Methyl-5-HT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Methyl-5-HT (page does not exist)">N-Me-5-HT</a>, <a href="/wiki/ST-1936" title="ST-1936">ST-1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryptamine" title="Tryptamine">tryptamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-181187" title="WAY-181187">WAY-181187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-208466" title="WAY-208466">WAY-208466</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-354&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-354 (page does not exist)">ABT-354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">clorotepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">iloperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">tiospirone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVN-101" title="AVN-101">AVN-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVN-211" title="AVN-211">AVN-211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVN-322" title="AVN-322">AVN-322</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVN-397" title="AVN-397">AVN-397</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BGC20-760&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BGC20-760 (page does not exist)">BGC20-760</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BVT-5182&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BVT-5182 (page does not exist)">BVT-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BVT-74316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BVT-74316 (page does not exist)">BVT-74316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerlapirdine" title="Cerlapirdine">Cerlapirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGIS-12,233" title="EGIS-12,233">EGIS-12,233</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-742457&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-742457 (page does not exist)">GW-742457</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idalopirdine" title="Idalopirdine">Idalopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landipirdine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landipirdine (page does not exist)">Landipirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrepirdine" title="Latrepirdine">Latrepirdine (dimebolin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masupirdine" title="Masupirdine">Masupirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-245" title="MS-245">MS-245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRX-07034" title="PRX-07034">PRX-07034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_04-6790" title="Ro 04-6790">Ro 04-6790</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_63-0563&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 63-0563 (page does not exist)">Ro 63-0563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-258585" title="SB-258585">SB-258585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-271046" title="SB-271046">SB-271046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-357134" title="SB-357134">SB-357134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-399885" title="SB-399885">SB-399885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intepirdine" title="Intepirdine">SB-742457</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">doxepin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD" title="2-Bromo-LSD">2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lergotrile" title="Lergotrile">lergotrile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine" title="Naphthylpiperazine">naphthylpiperazine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">5-HT<sub>7</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/8-OH-DPAT" title="8-OH-DPAT">8-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-19_(drug)" title="AS-19 (drug)">AS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifeprunox" title="Bifeprunox">Bifeprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-55888" title="E-55888">E-55888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP-12" title="LP-12">LP-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP-44" title="LP-44">LP-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LP-211" title="LP-211">LP-211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-24,969" title="RU-24,969">RU-24,969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarizotan" title="Sarizotan">Sarizotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin (5-HT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptan" title="Triptan">Triptans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Frovatriptan" title="Frovatriptan">frovatriptan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/5-Carboxamidotryptamine" title="5-Carboxamidotryptamine">5-CT</a>, <a href="/wiki/5-Methoxytryptamine" title="5-Methoxytryptamine">5-MT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">bufotenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Methylserotonin" title="N-Methylserotonin">N-Me-5-HT</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">amisulpride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">asenapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">clorotepine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">fluperlapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">sertindole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">tiospirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">zotepine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DR-4485" title="DR-4485">DR-4485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGIS-12,233" title="EGIS-12,233">EGIS-12,233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-Bromo-LSD" title="2-Bromo-LSD">2-Br-LSD (BOL-148)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amesergide" title="Amesergide">amesergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">ergotamine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-53857&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-53857 (page does not exist)">LY-53857</a>, <a href="/wiki/LY-215,840" title="LY-215,840">LY-215,840</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">mesulergine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">metergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methysergide" title="Methysergide">methysergide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergolexole" title="Sergolexole">sergolexole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-18038683" title="JNJ-18038683">JNJ-18038683</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-215,840" title="LY-215,840">LY-215,840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritanserin" title="Ritanserin">Ritanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-258719" title="SB-258719">SB-258719</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-258741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-258741 (page does not exist)">SB-258741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-269970" title="SB-269970">SB-269970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-656104&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-656104 (page does not exist)">SB-656104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-656104A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-656104A (page does not exist)">SB-656104A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-691673&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-691673 (page does not exist)">SB-691673</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLV-313&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLV-313 (page does not exist)">SLV-313</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLV-314&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLV-314 (page does not exist)">SLV-314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-181507&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-181507 (page does not exist)">SSR-181507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">amoxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">maprotiline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">mianserin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acetophenazine" title="Acetophenazine">acetophenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">chlorprothixene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">fluphenazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">pimozide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Unknown/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">Ergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperazine" title="Piperazine">Piperazines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Naphthylpiperazine" title="Naphthylpiperazine">naphthylpiperazine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><small><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators">Adrenergics</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Dopamine receptor modulators">Dopaminergics</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Melatonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Melatonin receptor modulators">Melatonergics</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">releasing agents</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRP_channel_modulators711" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="TRP_channel_modulators711" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential">TRP</abbr> channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential ankyrin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Oxo-2-nonenal" title="4-Oxo-2-nonenal">4-Oxo-2-nonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5,6-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentenone_prostaglandins" title="Cyclopentenone prostaglandins">15-Deoxy-Δ<sup>12,14</sup>-prostaglandin J2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy-%CE%B1-sanshool" title="Hydroxy-α-sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">horseradish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP-7663" title="ASP-7663">ASP-7663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabichromene" title="Cannabichromene">Cannabichromene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuminaldehyde" title="Cuminaldehyde">Cuminaldehyde</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcumin" title="Curcumin">Curcumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_disulfide" title="Diallyl disulfide">Diallyl disulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicentrine" title="Dicentrine">Dicentrine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lindera" title="Lindera">Lindera</a></i> spp.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farnesyl_thiosalicylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid (page does not exist)">Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">Formalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">Isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JT-010" title="JT-010">JT-010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligustilide" title="Ligustilide">Ligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_acutiloba" title="Angelica acutiloba">Angelica acutiloba</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglyoxal" title="Methylglyoxal">Methylglyoxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">Methyl salicylate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">wintergreen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmaleimide" title="N-Methylmaleimide">N-Methylmaleimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleocanthal" title="Oleocanthal">Oleocanthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4840154" title="PF-4840154">PF-4840154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiorcol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiorcol">Tetrahydrocannabiorcol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide" title="Syn-Propanethial-S-oxide">Thiopropanal S-oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbellulone" title="Umbellulone">Umbellulone</a> (<i>Umbellularia californica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_55,212-2" title="WIN 55,212-2">WIN 55,212-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-967079" title="A-967079">A-967079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-0902" title="AM-0902">AM-0902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehydroligustilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehydroligustilide (page does not exist)">Dehydroligustilide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-030031" title="HC-030031">HC-030031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-04745637" title="PF-04745637">PF-04745637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential canonical channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhyperforin" title="Adhyperforin">Adhyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1702934A" title="GSK1702934A">GSK1702934A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK417651A" title="GSK417651A">GSK417651A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK2293017A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK2293017A (page does not exist)">GSK2293017A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyr3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyr3 (page does not exist)">Pyr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential melastatin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate_ribose" title="Adenosine diphosphate ribose">ADP-ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> (intracellular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIM-0216" title="CIM-0216">CIM-0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold" title="Cold">Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coolact_P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coolact P (page does not exist)">Coolact P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_Agent_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling Agent 10">Cooling Agent 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_MGA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat MGA (page does not exist)">Frescolat MGA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frescolat_ML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frescolat ML (page does not exist)">Frescolat ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraniol" title="Geraniol">Geraniol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycitronellal" title="Hydroxycitronellal">Hydroxycitronellal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icilin" title="Icilin">Icilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">Linalool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PMD_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMD 38 (page does not exist)">PMD 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steviol_glycoside" title="Steviol glycoside">Steviol glycosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Stevioside" title="Stevioside">stevioside</a>) (<i><a href="/wiki/Stevia_rebaudiana" title="Stevia rebaudiana">Stevia rebaudiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Sweet <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tastants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>; indirectly)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thio-BCTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thio-BCTC (page does not exist)">Thio-BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WS-12" class="mw-redirect" title="WS-12">WS-12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMG-333" title="AMG-333">AMG-333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elismetrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elismetrep (page does not exist)">Elismetrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ononetin" title="Ononetin">Ononetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05105679" title="PF-05105679">PF-05105679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RQ-00203078" title="RQ-00203078">RQ-00203078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylphosphine_oxide" title="Triphenylphosphine oxide">TPPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4-IN-5" title="TRPM4-IN-5">TRPM4-IN-5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential mucolipin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVP21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVP21 (page does not exist)">EVP21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK6-83" title="MK6-83">MK6-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-SA1" title="ML-SA1">ML-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML2-SA1" title="ML2-SA1">ML2-SA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_3,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate">PI(3,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SF-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SF-22 (page does not exist)">SF-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN-2" title="SN-2">SN-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ML-SI3" title="ML-SI3">ML-SI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PI(4,5)P<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential polycystin channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triptolide" title="Triptolide">Triptolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tripterygium_wilfordii" title="Tripterygium wilfordii">Tripterygium wilfordii</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential vanilloid channel"><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Activators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl_borate" title="2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate">2-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxyeicosatrienoic_acid" title="Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid">5,6-EET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="9-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">9-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">12S-HpETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-HODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid" title="13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid">13-oxoODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic_acid" title="20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid">20-HETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxy-%CE%B1-sanshool" title="Hydroxy-α-sanshool">α-Sanshool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM404" title="AM404">AM404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisandrographolide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisandrographolide (page does not exist)">Bisandrographolide</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andrographis_paniculata" title="Andrographis paniculata">Andrographis paniculata</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">camphor laurel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphorweed" title="Camphorweed">camphorweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_blue_basil" title="African blue basil">African blue basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocimum_kilimandscharicum" title="Ocimum kilimandscharicum">camphor basil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidivarin" title="Cannabidivarin">Cannabidivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvacrol" title="Carvacrol">Carvacrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidium" title="Lepidium">pepperwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarda_fistulosa" title="Monarda fistulosa">wild bergamot</a>, others)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglyceride" title="Diglyceride">Diacyl glycerol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocapsaicin" title="Dihydrocapsaicin">Dihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evodiamine" title="Evodiamine">Evodiamine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetradium_ruticarpum" title="Tetradium ruticarpum">Euodia ruticarpa</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">Gingerols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK1016790A" title="GSK1016790A">GSK1016790A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin A3">Hepoxilin A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepoxilin_B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepoxilin B3">Hepoxilin B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocapsaicin" title="Homocapsaicin">Homocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homodihydrocapsaicin" title="Homodihydrocapsaicin">Homodihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incensole" title="Incensole">Incensole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidic conditions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonoyl_dopamine" title="N-Arachidonoyl dopamine">N-Arachidonoyl dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Oleoyldopamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Oleoyldopamine (page does not exist)">N-Oleoyldopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleoylethanolamide" title="Oleoylethanolamide">N-Oleoylethanolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonivamide" title="Nonivamide">Nonivamide (PAVA)</a> (<a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordihydrocapsaicin" title="Nordihydrocapsaicin">Nordihydrocapsaicin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia" title="Taxus brevifolia">Pacific yew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylacetylrinvanil" title="Phenylacetylrinvanil">Phenylacetylrinvanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4%CE%B1-phorbol_12,13-didecanoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (page does not exist)">4α-PDD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygodial" title="Polygodial">Polygodial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_stipitata" title="Tasmannia stipitata">Dorrigo pepper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probenecid" title="Probenecid">Probenecid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Protons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RhTx" title="RhTx">RhTx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutamarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutamarin (page does not exist)">Rutamarin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Ruta graveolens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a> (RTX) (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shogaol" title="Shogaol">Shogaols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">melegueta peppers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabivarin" title="Tetrahydrocannabivarin">Tetrahydrocannabivarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_resinifera" title="Euphorbia resinifera">Euphorbia resinifera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_poissonii" title="Euphorbia poissonii">pooissonii</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">Vanillin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucapsaicin" title="Zucapsaicin">Zucapsaicin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Blockers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinasterol" title="Spinasterol">α-Spinasterol</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vernonia" title="Vernonia">Vernonia tweediana</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-517" title="AMG-517">AMG-517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMG-9810" title="AMG-9810">AMG-9810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asivatrep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asivatrep (page does not exist)">Asivatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCTC_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCTC (drug) (page does not exist)">BCTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerol" title="Cannabigerol">Cannabigerol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerolic_acid" title="Cannabigerolic acid">Cannabigerolic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabigerovarin" title="Cannabigerovarin">Cannabigerovarin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinol" title="Cannabinol">Cannabinol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsazepine" title="Capsazepine">Capsazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%E2%80%B2-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3′-5-Dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">DCDPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRC-6211" title="GRC-6211">GRC-6211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HC-067047" title="HC-067047">HC-067047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavatrep" title="Mavatrep">Mavatrep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic_acid" title="N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid">N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NGD-8243&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGD-8243 (page does not exist)">NGD-8243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RN-1734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RN-1734 (page does not exist)">RN-1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RN-9893" title="RN-9893">RN-9893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-366791" title="SB-366791">SB-366791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-705498" title="SB-705498">SB-705498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tivanisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tivanisiran (page does not exist)">Tivanisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3-74a" title="TRPV3-74a">TRPV3-74a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators">Ion channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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