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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نيم كوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيم كوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="نييمكوين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نييمكوين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin" title="Namecoin – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Namecoin" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%B9%A3" title="名幣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="名幣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2577141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Namecoin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namecoin&oldid=1225513120" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namecoin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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.ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Third-party plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" 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class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Namecoin</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Namecoin_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Namecoin Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Namecoin_logo.svg/252px-Namecoin_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="252" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Namecoin_logo.svg/378px-Namecoin_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Namecoin_logo.svg/504px-Namecoin_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="87" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Denominations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Plural</th><td class="infobox-data">namecoins</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdf9a96b565ea202d0f4322e9195613fb26a9bed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Code</th><td class="infobox-data">NMC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subunits</th><td class="infobox-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000</span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">millinamecoin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">1000000</span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">micronamecoin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">100000000</span></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">swartz</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Development</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Vincent Durham</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 2011<span class="noprint"> (13 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011-04-18</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.21.0<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> / 29 January 2021<span class="noprint"> (3 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2021-01-29</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Code repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin-core">https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin-core</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Project fork of</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Ledger</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ledger start</th><td class="infobox-data">17 April 2011<span class="noprint"> (13 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011-04-17</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Trusted_timestamping" title="Trusted timestamping">Timestamping scheme</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work">Proof-of-work</a> (merged mining)<sup id="cite_ref-merged_mining_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merged_mining-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash function</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SHA-256" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA-256">SHA-256</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Block time</th><td class="infobox-data">10 minutes<sup id="cite_ref-loibl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loibl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Block explorer</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitinfocharts.com/namecoin/explorer/">bitinfocharts<wbr />.com<wbr />/namecoin<wbr />/explorer<wbr />/</a></span><br /> <p><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chainz.cryptoid.info/nmc/">chainz<wbr />.cryptoid<wbr />.info<wbr />/nmc<wbr />/</a></span><br /> </p> <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmc.tokenview.com">nmc<wbr />.tokenview<wbr />.com</a></span><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supply limit</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdf9a96b565ea202d0f4322e9195613fb26a9bed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }"></span>21,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-loibl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loibl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: silver">Website</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namecoin.org">www.namecoin.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Namecoin</b> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217#Cryptocurrencies" title="ISO 4217">Abbreviation</a>: <b>NMC</b>; <a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">sign</a>: <b><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdf9a96b565ea202d0f4322e9195613fb26a9bed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }"></span></b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> originally forked from <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">bitcoin</a> software. It uses <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work">proof-of-work</a> algorithm. Like bitcoin, it is limited to 21 million coins.<sup id="cite_ref-loibl_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loibl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namecoin can store data within its own <a href="/wiki/Blockchain_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockchain (database)">blockchain transaction database</a>. The original proposal for Namecoin called for Namecoin to insert data into bitcoin's blockchain directly. Anticipating scaling difficulties with this approach, a shared <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work">proof-of-work</a> system was proposed to secure new cryptocurrencies with different <a href="/wiki/Use_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Use cases">use cases</a>. </p><p>Namecoin's flagship use case is the censorship-resistant <a href="/wiki/Top_level_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Top level domain">top level domain</a> <code>.bit</code>, which is functionally similar to <code><a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">.com</a></code> or <code><a href="/wiki/.net" title=".net">.net</a></code> domains but is independent of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a>, the main governing body for domain names.<sup id="cite_ref-dourado2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dourado2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, the top level domain is used by a handful of functional websites. As of 2019, <a href="/wiki/OpenNIC" title="OpenNIC">OpenNIC</a> no longer supports the .bit domain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transactions">Transactions</h2></div> <p>A peer-to-peer network similar to handles Namecoin's transactions, balances and issuance through a based <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-work" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-work">proof-of-work</a> scheme (they are issued when a small enough <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic hash">hash</a> value is found, at which point a block is created).<sup id="cite_ref-weis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Records">Records</h3></div> <p>Each Namecoin record consists of a name and a value. Each name is actually a path, with the namespace preceding the name of the record. The key <code>d/example</code> signifies a record stored in the <a href="/wiki/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> namespace <code>d</code> with the name <code>example</code> and corresponds to the record for the <code>example.bit</code> website. The content of <code>d/example</code> is expected to conform to the DNS namespace specification. As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namecoin&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the fee for a record was 0.01 NMC and records expired after 36000 blocks (~200 days) unless updated or renewed.<sup id="cite_ref-weis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <p>.bit is a <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a>, created outside the commonly used <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a>, and is not sanctioned by ICANN. The .bit domain is served via Namecoin infrastructure, which acts as a decentralized domain name system.<sup id="cite_ref-weis_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposed potential uses for Namecoin besides domain name registration include <a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">notary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Timestamp" title="Timestamp">timestamp</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>In September 2010, a discussion was started<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> in the BitcoinTalk forum about a hypothetical system called BitDNS and generalizing bitcoin. <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Andresen" title="Gavin Andresen">Gavin Andresen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto" title="Satoshi Nakamoto">Satoshi Nakamoto</a> joined the discussion in the BitcoinTalk forum and supported the idea of BitDNS, and a reward for implementing BitDNS was announced on the forum in December 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On block 19200 Namecoin activated the merged mining upgrade to allow mining of Bitcoin and Namecoin simultaneously, instead of having to choose between one or the other; this fixed the issue of miners jumping from one blockchain to another when the profitability becomes favorable in the former.<sup id="cite_ref-merged_mining_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merged_mining-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years later, in June 2013, NameID was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-nameidPost_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nameidPost-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NameID allows to associate profile information with identities on the Namecoin blockchain, and an <a href="/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID">OpenID</a> provider to allow logging into existing websites with Namecoin identities. The main site itself is accompanied by an open protocol for password-less authentication with Namecoin identities, a corresponding <a href="/wiki/Free_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Software">free-software</a> implementation and a supporting <a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">extension</a> for <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In October 2013, Michael Gronager, main developer of libcoin, found a security issue in the Namecoin protocol, which allowed modifying foreign names. It was successfully fixed in a short timeframe and was never exploited, except for bitcoin.bit as a proof-of-concept.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Namecoin was also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> in a public report as the most well-known example of distributing control and privacy in <a href="/wiki/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 study found that of the 120,000 domain names registered on Namecoin, only 28 were in use.<sup id="cite_ref-weis_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2018, a proposal was tabled on the OpenNIC mailing list to drop support for Namecoin .bit domains.,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing <a href="/wiki/The_Spamhaus_Project" title="The Spamhaus Project">Spamhaus</a>' (and by extension other <a href="/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">antivirus software</a>) blocking of several of their servers owing to spread of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> from some .bit domains, as well as concerns about potential child pornography. The vote did not reach a consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same month, OpenNIC was advised to drop support for .bit namespace owing to security concerns of Namecoin and <a href="/w/index.php?title=PRISM_Break&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRISM Break (page does not exist)">PRISM Break</a> developers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, OpenNIC again voted on dropping the .bit namespace, citing "numerous problems with support of NameCoin domains" and recent animosity between the two projects. The vote passed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namecoin developer Jeremy Rand welcomed the move, thanking OpenNIC and describing it as the "right decision".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZDNet_France_2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDNet_France_2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_DNS_root" title="Alternative DNS root">Alternative DNS root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooko%27s_triangle" title="Zooko's triangle">Zooko's triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token" title="Non-fungible token">Non-fungible token</a> (a concept which Namecoin is sometimes considered a precursor of)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bticointalk.org/?topic=6017.0">"[announce] Namecoin - a distributed naming system based on Bitcoin"</a>. <i>bitcointalk.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bitcointalk.org&rft.atitle=%5Bannounce%5D+Namecoin+-+a+distributed+naming+system+based+on+Bitcoin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbticointalk.org%2F%3Ftopic%3D6017.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin-core/releases">"Releases - namecoin/namecoin-core"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109150534/https://github.com/namecoin/namecoin-core/releases">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-03</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Releases+-+namecoin%2Fnamecoin-core&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fnamecoin%2Fnamecoin-core%2Freleases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://namebrow.se/block/000000000062b72c5e2ceb45fbc8587e807c155b0da735e6483dfba2f0a9c770/">"Block #0"</a>. <i>namebrow.se</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802132549/https://namebrow.se/block/000000000062b72c5e2ceb45fbc8587e807c155b0da735e6483dfba2f0a9c770/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=repositum.tuwien.ac.at&rft.atitle=Merged+Mining%3A+Analysis+of+Effects+and+Implications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositum.tuwien.at%2Fretrieve%2F10467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loibl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loibl_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loibl_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loibl_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoibl2014" class="citation news cs1">Loibl, Andreas (2014-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.net.in.tum.de/fileadmin/TUM/NET/NET-2014-08-1/NET-2014-08-1_14.pdf">"Namecoin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518024639/https://www.net.in.tum.de/fileadmin/TUM/NET/NET-2014-08-1/NET-2014-08-1_14.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.techworld.com/security/3449015/could-the-bitcoin-network-be-used-as-an-ultrasecure-notary-service/">the original</a> on 2014-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Techworld&rft.atitle=Could+the+Bitcoin+network+be+used+as+an+ultrasecure+notary+service%3F&rft.date=2013-05-24&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.techworld.com%2Fsecurity%2F3449015%2Fcould-the-bitcoin-network-be-used-as-an-ultrasecure-notary-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nameidPost-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nameidPost_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2013" class="citation web cs1">Kraft, Daniel (2013-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.namecoin.info/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=1013">"NameID - Use namecoin id/ to log into OpenID sites"</a>. <i>Namecoin Forum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514121149/https://forum.namecoin.info/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=1013">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Namecoin+Forum&rft.atitle=NameID+-+Use+namecoin+id%2F+to+log+into+OpenID+sites&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.namecoin.info%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D2%26t%3D1013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">bitcoin.bit name operation is in tx-id 2f034f2499c136a2c5a922ca4be65c1292815c753bbb100a2a26d5ad532c3919</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/iti-report-15may14-en.pdf">"The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Identifier Technology Innovation Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICANN</i>. 2014-05-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212607/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/iti-report-15may14-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICANN&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Corporation+for+Assigned+Names+and+Numbers+Identifier+Technology+Innovation+Report&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fiti-report-15may14-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.opennicproject.org/sympa/arc/discuss/2018-12/msg00000.html">"Should we have a vote on .bit ?"</a>. <i>opennic-discuss</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162420/https://lists.opennicproject.org/sympa/arc/discuss/2018-12/msg00000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opennic-discuss&rft.atitle=Should+we+have+a+vote+on+.bit+%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.opennicproject.org%2Fsympa%2Farc%2Fdiscuss%2F2018-12%2Fmsg00000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.opennicproject.org/sympa/arc/discuss/2019-06/msg00000.html">"Vote to keep or drop peering with NameCoin"</a>. <i>opennic-discuss</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416164143/https://lists.opennicproject.org/sympa/arc/discuss/2019-06/msg00000.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opennic-discuss&rft.atitle=Vote+to+keep+or+drop+peering+with+NameCoin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.opennicproject.org%2Fsympa%2Farc%2Fdiscuss%2F2019-06%2Fmsg00000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/prism-break/prism-break/-/merge_requests/2073">"Drop OpenNIC (!2073) · Merge Requests · PRISM Break / PRISM Break"</a>. <i>GitLab</i>. 19 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128095318/https://gitlab.com/prism-break/prism-break/-/merge_requests/2073">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitLab&rft.atitle=Drop+OpenNIC+%28%212073%29+%C2%B7+Merge+Requests+%C2%B7+PRISM+Break+%2F+PRISM+Break&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.com%2Fprism-break%2Fprism-break%2F-%2Fmerge_requests%2F2073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.opennic.org/votings/drop_namecoin">"Should OpenNIC drop support for NameCoin [OpenNIC Wiki]"</a>. <i>wiki.opennic.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029032715/https://wiki.opennic.org/votings/drop_namecoin">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.opennic.org&rft.atitle=Should+OpenNIC+drop+support+for+NameCoin+%5BOpenNIC+Wiki%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.opennic.org%2Fvotings%2Fdrop_namecoin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namecoin.org/2019/07/30/opennic-does-right-thing-shuts-down-centralized-inproxy.html">"OpenNIC does the right thing: listens to security concerns and shuts down its centralized Namecoin inproxy"</a>. <i>namecoin.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324052212/https://www.namecoin.org/2019/07/30/opennic-does-right-thing-shuts-down-centralized-inproxy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=namecoin.org&rft.atitle=OpenNIC+does+the+right+thing%3A+listens+to+security+concerns+and+shuts+down+its+centralized+Namecoin+inproxy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namecoin.org%2F2019%2F07%2F30%2Fopennic-does-right-thing-shuts-down-centralized-inproxy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZDNet_France_2019-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZDNet_France_2019_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/namecoin-l-integrite-mais-a-quel-prix-39888667.htm">"Namecoin : l'intégrité, mais à quel prix?"</a>. <i>ZDNet France</i> (in French). 2019-08-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123070620/https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/namecoin-l-integrite-mais-a-quel-prix-39888667.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZDNet+France&rft.atitle=Namecoin+%3A+l%27int%C3%A9grit%C3%A9%2C+mais+%C3%A0+quel+prix%3F&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.fr%2Factualites%2Fnamecoin-l-integrite-mais-a-quel-prix-39888667.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namecoin.org/docs/faq/#what-is-namecoins-relationship-to-opennic">"What is Namecoin's relationship to OpenNIC?"</a>. <i>namecoin.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726135618/https://www.namecoin.org/docs/faq/#what-is-namecoins-relationship-to-opennic">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=namecoin.org&rft.atitle=What+is+Namecoin%27s+relationship+to+OpenNIC%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namecoin.org%2Fdocs%2Ffaq%2F%23what-is-namecoins-relationship-to-opennic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudmayerStifterKrombholzWeippl2022" class="citation book cs1">Judmayer, Aljosha; Stifter, Nicholas; Krombholz, Katharina; Weippl, Edgar (2022) [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n39yEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Blocks and Chains: Introduction to Bitcoin, Cryptocurrencies, and Their Consensus Mechanisms</i></a>. Cham: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-02352-1">10.1007/978-3-031-02352-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-01224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-01224-2"><bdi>978-3-031-01224-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-9742">1945-9742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249533342">249533342</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-25</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blocks+and+Chains%3A+Introduction+to+Bitcoin%2C+Cryptocurrencies%2C+and+Their+Consensus+Mechanisms&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-02352-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249533342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-9742&rft.isbn=978-3-031-01224-2&rft.aulast=Judmayer&rft.aufirst=Aljosha&rft.au=Stifter%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Krombholz%2C+Katharina&rft.au=Weippl%2C+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn39yEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaferkornQuintana_Diaz2015" class="citation book cs1">Haferkorn, Martin; Quintana Diaz, Josué Manual (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RcxyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">"Seasonality and Interconnectivity Within Cryptocurrencies – An Analysis on the Basis of Bitcoin, Litecoin and Namecoin"</a>. In Lugmayr, Artur (ed.). <i>Enterprise Applications and Services in the Finance Industry: 7th International Workshop, FinanceCom 2014, Sydney, Australia, December 2014, Revised Papers</i>. Cham: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28151-3">10.1007/978-3-319-28151-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-28150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-28150-6"><bdi>978-3-319-28150-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1865-1348">1865-1348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37289572">37289572</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-25</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seasonality+and+Interconnectivity+Within+Cryptocurrencies+%E2%80%93+An+Analysis+on+the+Basis+of+Bitcoin%2C+Litecoin+and+Namecoin&rft.btitle=Enterprise+Applications+and+Services+in+the+Finance+Industry%3A+7th+International+Workshop%2C+FinanceCom+2014%2C+Sydney%2C+Australia%2C+December+2014%2C+Revised+Papers&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-28151-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37289572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1865-1348&rft.isbn=978-3-319-28150-6&rft.aulast=Haferkorn&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Quintana+Diaz%2C+Josu%C3%A9+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcxyCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarameAndroulaki2016" class="citation book cs1">Karame, Ghassan; Androulaki, Elli (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YYSuDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165"><i>Bitcoin and Blockchain Security</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Artech_House" title="Artech House">Artech House</a>. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63081-013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63081-013-9"><bdi>978-1-63081-013-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-25</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitcoin+and+Blockchain+Security&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-63081-013-9&rft.aulast=Karame&rft.aufirst=Ghassan&rft.au=Androulaki%2C+Elli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYSuDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBheemaiah2017" class="citation book cs1">Bheemaiah, Kariappa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5o7DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77"><i>The Blockchain Alternative: Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy and Economic Theory</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-2673-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-2673-5"><bdi>978-1-4842-2673-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-25</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blockchain+Alternative%3A+Rethinking+Macroeconomic+Policy+and+Economic+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-2673-5&rft.aulast=Bheemaiah&rft.aufirst=Kariappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5o7DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranco2015" class="citation book cs1">Franco, Pedro (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erMQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174"><i>Understanding Bitcoin: Cryptography, Engineering and Economics</i></a>. West Sussex: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-01914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-01914-5"><bdi>978-1-119-01914-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-25</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Bitcoin%3A+Cryptography%2C+Engineering+and+Economics&rft.place=West+Sussex&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-01914-5&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerMQBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirillovaPavlyukMikhaylovaZulfugarzade2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kirillova, Elena Anatolyevna; Pavlyuk, Albert Valentinovich; Mikhaylova, Irina Aleksandrovna; Zulfugarzade, Teymur E.; Zenin, Sergey S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625232456/https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=695029">"Bitcoin, Lifecoin, Namecoin: The Legal Nature of Virtual Currency"</a>. <i>Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics</i>. <b>9</b> (31): 119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14505%2F%2Fjarle.v9.1%2831%29.16">10.14505//jarle.v9.1(31).16</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169842085">169842085</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=695029">the original</a></span> on 2022-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-25</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_European_Online_Library" title="Central and Eastern European Online Library">Central and Eastern European Online Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advanced+Research+in+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Bitcoin%2C+Lifecoin%2C+Namecoin%3A+The+Legal+Nature+of+Virtual+Currency&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14505%2F%2Fjarle.v9.1%2831%29.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169842085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kirillova&rft.aufirst=Elena+Anatolyevna&rft.au=Pavlyuk%2C+Albert+Valentinovich&rft.au=Mikhaylova%2C+Irina+Aleksandrovna&rft.au=Zulfugarzade%2C+Teymur+E.&rft.au=Zenin%2C+Sergey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D695029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangSvetinovic2016" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Tao-Hung; Svetinovic, Davor (2016). "Data Analysis of Digital Currency Networks: Namecoin Case Study". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625232720/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7816576"><i>2016 21st International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems (ICECCS)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>. pp. 122–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICECCS.2016.023">10.1109/ICECCS.2016.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-5526-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-5526-5"><bdi>978-1-5090-5526-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9397221">9397221</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7816576">the original</a></span> on 2022-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Data+Analysis+of+Digital+Currency+Networks%3A+Namecoin+Case+Study&rft.btitle=2016+21st+International+Conference+on+Engineering+of+Complex+Computer+Systems+%28ICECCS%29&rft.pages=122-125&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9397221%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICECCS.2016.023&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-5526-5&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Tao-Hung&rft.au=Svetinovic%2C+Davor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7816576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamecoin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Namecoin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Namecoin">Namecoin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namecoin.org/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Web3">Web3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Consensus_(computer_science)" title="Consensus (computer science)">Consensus</a> mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_authority" title="Proof of authority">Proof of authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_space" title="Proof of space">Proof of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_work" title="Proof of work">Proof of work</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-256</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Cash" title="Bitcoin Cash">Bitcoin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterparty_(platform)" title="Counterparty (platform)">Counterparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MazaCoin" title="MazaCoin">MazaCoin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titcoin" title="Titcoin">Titcoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (1.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum_Classic" title="Ethereum Classic">Ethereum Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrypt" title="Scrypt">Scrypt</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auroracoin" title="Auroracoin">Auroracoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" title="Bitconnect">Bitconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinye" title="Coinye">Coinye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogecoin" title="Dogecoin">Dogecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litecoin" title="Litecoin">Litecoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equihash" title="Equihash">Equihash</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Gold" title="Bitcoin Gold">Bitcoin Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zcash" title="Zcash">Zcash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RandomX-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monero" title="Monero">Monero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)#X11" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">X11</a>-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dash_(cryptocurrency)" title="Dash (cryptocurrency)">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petro (cryptocurrency)">Petro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmbaCoin" title="AmbaCoin">AmbaCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firo_(cryptocurrency)" title="Firo (cryptocurrency)">Firo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOTA_(technology)" title="IOTA (technology)">IOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervos_Network" title="Nervos Network">Nervos Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primecoin" title="Primecoin">Primecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verge_(cryptocurrency)" title="Verge (cryptocurrency)">Verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertcoin" title="Vertcoin">Vertcoin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_stake" title="Proof of stake">Proof of stake</a> currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorand" title="Algorand">Algorand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_(blockchain_platform)" title="Avalanche (blockchain platform)">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardano_(blockchain_platform)" title="Cardano (blockchain platform)">Cardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS.IO" title="EOS.IO">EOS.IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a> (2.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridcoin" title="Gridcoin">Gridcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injective_(blockchain)" title="Injective (blockchain)">Injective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin (cryptocurrency)">Kin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nxt" title="Nxt">Nxt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercoin" title="Peercoin">Peercoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polkadot_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polkadot (cryptocurrency)">Polkadot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solana_(blockchain_platform)" title="Solana (blockchain platform)">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steemit" title="Steemit">Steem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezos" title="Tezos">Tezos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Network" title="The Open Network">TON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ERC-20" class="mw-redirect" title="ERC-20">ERC-20</a> tokens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augur_(software)" title="Augur (software)">Augur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventus_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Aventus Protocol">Aventus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)#Basic_Attention_Token" title="Brave (web browser)">Basic Attention Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainlink_(blockchain)" title="Chainlink (blockchain)">Chainlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin (cryptocurrency)">Kin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KodakCoin" title="KodakCoin">KodakCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(blockchain)" title="Polygon (blockchain)">Polygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiba_Inu_(cryptocurrency)" title="Shiba Inu (cryptocurrency)">Shiba Inu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_DAO_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The DAO (organization)">The DAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tron_(cryptocurrency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tron (cryptocurrency)">TRON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stablecoin" title="Stablecoin">Stablecoins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dai_(cryptocurrency)" title="Dai (cryptocurrency)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diem_(digital_currency)" title="Diem (digital currency)">Diem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxos_Trust_Company#Paxos_Standard" title="Paxos Trust Company">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tether_(cryptocurrency)" title="Tether (cryptocurrency)">Tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USD_Coin" title="USD Coin">USD Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chia_(cryptocurrency)" title="Chia (cryptocurrency)">Chia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filecoin" title="Filecoin">Filecoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashgraph" title="Hashgraph">HBAR (Hashgraph)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_Network" title="Helium Network">Helium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(blockchain)" title="Terra (blockchain)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileCoin" title="MobileCoin">MobileCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano_(cryptocurrency)" title="Nano (cryptocurrency)">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_(cryptocurrency)" title="NEO (cryptocurrency)">NEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeMoon" title="SafeMoon">SafeMoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_(payment_network)" title="Stellar (payment network)">Stellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhopperCoin" title="WhopperCoin">WhopperCoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XRP_Ledger" title="XRP Ledger">XRP Ledger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies#Inactive_currencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">Inactive currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitconnect" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop_(cryptocurrency)" title="Airdrop (cryptocurrency)">Airdrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLicense" title="BitLicense">BitLicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain_game" title="Blockchain game">Blockchain game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-anarchism">Crypto-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_in_Nigeria" title="Cryptocurrency in Nigeria">Cryptocurrency in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptocurrency_scams" title="Category:Cryptocurrency scams">Cryptocurrency scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">Decentralized autonomous organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_application" title="Decentralized application">Decentralized application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_ledger_technology_law" title="Distributed ledger technology law">Distributed ledger technology law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-spending" title="Double-spending">Double-spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of cryptocurrencies">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_coin_offering" title="Initial coin offering">Initial coin offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_exchange_offering" title="Initial exchange offering">Initial exchange offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List of cryptocurrencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">Token money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" 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