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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Israeli molecular biologist (1924–2013)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leo Sachs (ליאו זקס)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Sachs1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leo_Sachs1955.jpg/220px-Leo_Sachs1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leo_Sachs1955.jpg/330px-Leo_Sachs1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Leo_Sachs1955.jpg/440px-Leo_Sachs1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Leo Sachs, 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-10-14</span>)</span>14 October 1924<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Saxony</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-12-12)</span> (aged 89)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Israeli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangor_University" title="Bangor University">University of Wales, Bangor</a> (BSc), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> (PhD 1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovery of interleukins</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Molecular Biology Organisation">European Molecular Biology Organisation</a> (EMBO), <a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Wolf Prize in Medicine</a>, and numerous others</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leo Sachs</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: ליאו זקס; ‎ 14 October 1924 – 12 December 2013) was a German-born Israeli molecular biologist and cancer researcher.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1933, and to Israel in 1952. There he joined the <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Sachs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo Sachs moved to Britain with his family in 1933 following Hitler's rise to power. In 1952 he received a BSc from the <a href="/wiki/Bangor_University" title="Bangor University">University of Wales in Bangor</a>. His original dream was to help establish a kibbutz in Palestine, and he even spent two years as a farm laborer, milking cows. But the doors to Palestine were virtually closed by the British, so Sachs began studying agricultural botany at the University of Wales, became fascinated along the way by genetics and development, and ended up completing a PhD in genetics in 1951 at Cambridge University. </p><p>Upon <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">moving to Israel</a>, he began to contribute to the fledgling country in the way he knew best – as a geneticist at the Weizmann Institute. Because there were no animal studies yet at the Institute, Sachs started working on a theory that human amniotic fluid, which bathes the baby in the womb, contains fetal cells that provide information about the fetus. His research proved him right, showing that these cells can be used to determine the baby's gender and other important genetic properties. Sachs's research formed the basis for amniocentesis, the widely used prenatal diagnosis of human diseases. </p><p>Eventually, Sachs secured his own laboratory and a supply of mice and began working on a question that would anchor his research throughout: What controls normal development and what happens when development goes wrong? Why does the machinery in cancer cells run amok, causing abnormal proliferation? Focusing on blood stem cells, a small group of bone marrow cells that produce some 200 billion new blood cells every day, Sachs ended up, in 1963, designing the first cell culture system able to grow, clone, and induce the development of different types of normal blood cells. Using this process, he subsequently discovered and identified a family of proteins that plays a key role in controlling normal blood cell development. Later named colony stimulating factors (CSF) and interleukins, one of these CSF proteins is now used worldwide in a variety of clinical procedures, including boosting the production of infection-fighting white blood cells in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, and improving the success of bone marrow and peripheral blood cell transplants. </p><p>Sachs also demonstrated, for the first time, that malignancy can be reversed. He showed that the proteins he had identified, along with some other compounds, set leukemic cells back on the right track – inducing them to differentiate into normal-behaving mature cells. This approach, using retinoic acid combined with chemotherapy, is now standard procedure in treating human promyelocytic leukemia, and it has greatly increased survival rates. </p><p>At the Weizmann Institute, he established a section on genetics and virology and for 27 years, from 1962 to 1989, served as head of the institute's genetics department. In addition, between 1974 and 1979 he served as dean of Weizmann's biology faculty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Sachs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1965, he was elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Molecular Biology Organisation">European Molecular Biology Organisation</a>;</li> <li>In 1972, Sachs was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a>, for natural sciences<sup id="cite_ref-prize_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1975 he was elected Member, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>;</li> <li>In 1977 Sachs was awarded the Rothschild Prize in the Biological Sciences;</li> <li>In 1980, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Wolf Prize in Medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the first Israeli scientist to win the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a>; for his "contributions to knowledge of the function and dysfunction of the body cells through [his] studies on ... the elucidation of mechanisms governing the control and differentiation of normal and cancer cells".</li> <li>In 1983 Sachs was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers Squibb Award">Bristol-Myers Squibb Award</a> for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, New York;</li> <li>In 1985 he was elected Doctor Honoris Causa, Bordeaux University, France;</li> <li>In 1986 Sachs was awarded The Royal Society <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellcome Foundation">Wellcome Foundation</a> Prize, London;</li> <li>In 1989 Sachs was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Sloan_Prize" title="Alfred P. Sloan Prize">Alfred P. Sloan Prize</a>, General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, New York;</li> <li>In 1995, he was also elected as a Foreign Associate to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (NAS).</li> <li>In 1996, Sachs received the Ot Hanagid (Medal of the Governor) award, presented annually by Jerusalem's Shaare Zedek Medical Center, for his pioneering work in cancer research. The presentation noted that "He discovered and identified a group of <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> among them <a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">colony-stimulating factors</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">interleukins</a> that control the viability and growth of blood <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cells</a> and their development into different types of mature blood cells." It noted further that his "research in the 1950s on the use of <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a> to diagnose a fetus s genetic properties has formed the basis for today's <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal diagnosis">prenatal diagnosis</a> of human diseases."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1997 he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1998, he was elected Foreign Member, <a href="/wiki/Academia_Europaea" title="Academia Europaea">Academia Europaea</a>;</li> <li>In 1999, he was elected Member Honorary Fellow, University of Wales, Bangor;</li> <li>In 2000, he was elected Ham-Wasserman Lecture, American Society of Hematology, San Francisco;</li> <li>In 2001, he was awarded Honorary Life Membership Award, International Cytokine Society;</li> <li>In 2002, he was awarded Emet Prize for Life Sciences, Medicine and Genetics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Sachs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israel_Prize_recipients" title="List of Israel Prize recipients">List of Israel Prize recipients</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Sachs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEfrati2013" class="citation news cs1">Efrati, Ido (15 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.563555">"Prof. Leo Sachs, one of Israel's first geneticists, dies at 89 – National Israel News"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Prof.+Leo+Sachs%2C+one+of+Israel%27s+first+geneticists%2C+dies+at+89+%E2%80%93+National+Israel+News&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft.aulast=Efrati&rft.aufirst=Ido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2F.premium-1.563555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Sachs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4AZXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sachs,+Leo%22+1924">"Who's who in the State of Israel"</a>. 1958<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+the+State+of+Israel&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4AZXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Sachs%2C%2BLeo%2522%2B1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Sachs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prize-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prize_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashkag/Tashlab_Tashkag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashlab">"Israel Prize Official Site – Recipients in 1972 (in Hebrew)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Prize+Official+Site+%E2%80%93+Recipients+in+1972+%28in+Hebrew%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.education.gov.il%2FEducationCMS%2FUnits%2FPrasIsrael%2FTashkag%2FTashlab_Tashkag_Rikuz.htm%3FDictionaryKey%3DTashlab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Sachs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp?id=24&cat_title=MEDICINE">Wolf Prize Recipients in Medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226015735/http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp?id=24&cat_title=MEDICINE">Archived</a> 26 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051108173258/http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/site/en/weizman.asp?pi=371&doc_id=898">"Shaare Zedek Honors Weizmann Institute's Prof. Leo Sachs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/site/en/weizman.asp?pi=371&doc_id=898">the original</a> on 8 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaare+Zedek+Honors+Weizmann+Institute%27s+Prof.+Leo+Sachs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwis-wander.weizmann.ac.il%2Fsite%2Fen%2Fweizman.asp%3Fpi%3D371%26doc_id%3D898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Sachs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows"</a>. Royal Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Sachs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGronerSachsLotem2019" class="citation journal cs1">Groner, Yoram; Sachs, Pnina; Lotem, Joseph (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2018.0027">"Leo Sachs. 14 October 1924—12 December 2013"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>66</b>: 355–375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2018.0027">10.1098/rsbm.2018.0027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86855775">86855775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Leo+Sachs.+14+October+1924%E2%80%9412+December+2013&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=355-375&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2018.0027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86855775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Groner&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft.au=Sachs%2C+Pnina&rft.au=Lotem%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2018.0027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Sachs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Sachs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weizmann.ac.il/molgen/members/sachs.html">Faculty Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/377883987?pg=vprof&mbr=1006242&returl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FDir%2F377883987%3Fpg%3Dsrch%26view%3Dbasic&retmk=search_again_link">Sachs on NAS website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051108173258/http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/site/en/weizman.asp?pi=371&doc_id=898">Shaare Zedek Honors Weizmann Institute's Prof. Leo Sachs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Template:Wolf Prize in Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Template talk:Wolf Prize in Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf Prize in Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Wolf Prize in Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jon_van_Rood" title="Jon van Rood">Jon J. van Rood</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oleh_Hornykiewicz" title="Oleh Hornykiewicz">Oleh Hornykiewicz</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Sachs</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Learmonth_Gowans" title="James Learmonth Gowans">James L. Gowans</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux" title="Jean-Pierre Changeux">Jean-Pierre Changeux</a> / <a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Steiner" title="Donald F. Steiner">Donald F. Steiner</a> (1984/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osamu_Hayaishi" title="Osamu Hayaishi">Osamu Hayaishi</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cuatrecasas" title="Pedro Cuatrecasas">Pedro Cuatrecasas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meir_Wilchek" title="Meir Wilchek">Meir Wilchek</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_G._Hers" title="Henri G. Hers">Henri G. Hers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maclyn_McCarty" title="Maclyn McCarty">Maclyn McCarty</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman">Judah Folkman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berridge" title="Michael Berridge">Michael Berridge</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasutomi_Nishizuka" title="Yasutomi Nishizuka">Yasutomi Nishizuka</a> (1994/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a> (1995/6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_F._Lyon" title="Mary F. Lyon">Mary F. Lyon</a> (1996/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sela" title="Michael Sela">Michael Sela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Arnon" title="Ruth Arnon">Ruth Arnon</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Varshavsky" title="Alexander Varshavsky">Alexander Varshavsky</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Levitzki" title="Alexander Levitzki">Alexander Levitzki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Anthony R. Hunter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tony_Pawson_(biochemist)" title="Tony Pawson (biochemist)">Tony Pawson</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cedar" title="Howard Cedar">Howard Cedar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Razin" title="Aharon Razin">Aharon Razin</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Ullrich" title="Axel Ullrich">Axel Ullrich</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._Evans" title="Ronald M. Evans">Ronald M. Evans</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sonenberg" title="Nahum Sonenberg">Nahum Sonenberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kappler" title="John Kappler">John Kappler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_V._Ravetch" title="Jeffrey V. Ravetch">Jeffrey V. Ravetch</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_C._Cantley" title="Lewis C. Cantley">Lewis C. Cantley</a> / <a href="/wiki/C._Ronald_Kahn" title="C. Ronald Kahn">C. Ronald Kahn</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey M. Friedman</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Steitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Steitz">Joan Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Maquat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynne Maquat">Lynne Elizabeth Maquat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adrian_R._Krainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian R. Krainer">Adrian Krainer</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Drucker" title="Daniel J. Drucker">Daniel J. Drucker</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botond_Roska" title="Botond Roska">Botond Roska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9-Alain_Sahel" title="José-Alain Sahel">José-Alain Sahel</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1997" title="Template:FRS 1997"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1997" title="Template talk:FRS 1997"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1997" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1997"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1997">in 1997</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bate" title="Mike Bate">Mike Bate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Brady" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Brady">J. Michael Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bulmer" title="Michael Bulmer">Michael Bulmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burland" title="John Burland">John Burland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dickinson_Chambers" title="Richard Dickinson Chambers">Richard Dickinson Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._Clark" title="Colin W. Clark">Colin W. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Clary" title="David Clary">David Clary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Eaves" title="Laurence Eaves">Laurence Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fortey" title="Richard Fortey">Richard Fortey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garner_(chemist)" title="David Garner (chemist)">David Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gough" title="Douglas Gough">Douglas Gough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hinch_(mathematician)" title="John Hinch (mathematician)">John Hinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Jack" title="Julian Jack">Julian Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gordon_Jarvis" title="Paul Gordon Jarvis">Paul Gordon Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Keverne" title="Barry Keverne">Barry Keverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kocienski" title="Philip Kocienski">Philip Kocienski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Kronheimer" title="Peter B. Kronheimer">Peter B. Kronheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165382" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165382">James R. Maxwell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Mitchison" title="Tim Mitchison">Tim Mitchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Morris" title="Richard G. Morris">Richard G. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Perrins" title="Chris Perrins">Chris Perrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett_(physicist)" title="George Pickett (physicist)">George Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Poste" title="George Poste">George Poste</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166479" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166479">Kenneth Reid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165006" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165006">Alan Rickinson</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Scoles" title="Giacinto Scoles">Giacinto Scoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott_(cardiologist)" title="James Scott (cardiologist)">James Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Sibbett" title="Wilson Sibbett">Wilson Sibbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">Bernard Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Sykes (biochemist)">Richard Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Richard E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Trudinger" title="Neil Trudinger">Neil Trudinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Weiss" title="Robin Weiss">Robin Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_White" title="Simon White">Simon White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Windle" title="Alan Windle">Alan Windle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard D. Wood">Richard D. Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Charles_Wood" title="Graham Charles Wood">Graham C. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Jakob_Gehring" title="Walter Jakob Gehring">Walter Jakob Gehring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Roy J. Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Andrew Olah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q776882#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q776882#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q776882#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000028253422">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14900353">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhH4pQR6B8dFx89hGx4bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85232302">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128774300">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb128774300">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p238768104">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011288658105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7201493209">Scopus</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/221043861">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zf3r07">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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