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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of buildings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_buildings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of buildings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Public buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Georgian_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Georgian_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colonial Georgian architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Georgian_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Georgian_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Georgian_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Post-Georgian developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Georgian_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة جورجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة جورجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Геаргіянская архітэктура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаргіянская архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_georgiana" title="Arquitectura georgiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura georgiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_architektura" title="Georgiánská architektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georgiánská architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiansk_arkitektur" title="Georgiansk arkitektur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georgiansk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgianische_Architektur" title="Georgianische Architektur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georgianische Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_georgiana" title="Arquitectura georgiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura georgiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georga_arkitekturo" title="Georga arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georga arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="معماری جرجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری جرجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_georgienne" title="Architecture georgienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture georgienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Ailtireacht_Sheoirseach" title="Catagóir:Ailtireacht Sheoirseach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Catagóir:Ailtireacht Sheoirseach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գեորգյան ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեորգյան ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg%C3%ADskur_arkitekt%C3%BAr" title="Georgískur arkitektúr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Georgískur arkitektúr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_georgiana" title="Architettura georgiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura georgiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות ג'ורג'יאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות ג'ורג'יאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura_Georgiana" title="Architectura Georgiana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Architectura Georgiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiaanse_architectuur" title="Georgiaanse architectuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georgiaanse architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E6%A7%98%E5%BC%8F" title="ジョージアン様式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージアン様式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiansk_arkitektur" title="Georgiansk arkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georgiansk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruzin_me%CA%BCmorchiligi" title="Gruzin meʼmorchiligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gruzin meʼmorchiligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_georgiana" title="Arquitetura georgiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura georgiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Георгианская архитектура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Георгианская архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurijanska_arhitektura" title="Jurijanska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jurijanska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Џорџијанска архитектура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџијанска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgijanski_stil" title="Georgijanski stil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Georgijanski stil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrj%C3%B6jen_aikakauden_arkkitehtuuri" title="Yrjöjen aikakauden arkkitehtuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yrjöjen aikakauden arkkitehtuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgiansk_arkitektur" title="Georgiansk arkitektur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georgiansk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="สถาปัตยกรรมจอร์เจียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมจอร์เจียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_mimarisi" title="George mimarisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George mimarisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Георгіанська архітектура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Георгіанська архітектура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="喬治式建築 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喬治式建築" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1125300#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Architectural styles current in the English-speaking world between c. 1714 and 1830</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the unrelated architecture of the country of Georgia, see <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Georgia (country)">Architecture of Georgia (country)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:57_The_Close,_Salisbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/57_The_Close%2C_Salisbury.jpg/220px-57_The_Close%2C_Salisbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/57_The_Close%2C_Salisbury.jpg/330px-57_The_Close%2C_Salisbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/57_The_Close%2C_Salisbury.jpg/440px-57_The_Close%2C_Salisbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Middle-class house in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_close" title="Cathedral close">cathedral close</a>, England, with minimal classical detail.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The.circus.bath.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The.circus.bath.arp.jpg/220px-The.circus.bath.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The.circus.bath.arp.jpg/330px-The.circus.bath.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The.circus.bath.arp.jpg/440px-The.circus.bath.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>Very grand terrace houses at <a href="/wiki/The_Circus,_Bath" title="The Circus, Bath">The Circus, Bath</a> (1754), with basement <a href="/wiki/Area_(architecture)" title="Area (architecture)">"areas"</a> and a profusion of columns.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massachusetts_Hall,_Harvard_University.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG/220px-Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG/330px-Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG/440px-Massachusetts_Hall%2C_Harvard_University.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Function rules at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, 1718–20</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Throckley_Hall_Current.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Throckley_Hall_Current.jpg/271px-Throckley_Hall_Current.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Throckley_Hall_Current.jpg/407px-Throckley_Hall_Current.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Throckley_Hall_Current.jpg/542px-Throckley_Hall_Current.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Classically proportioned 19th century Georgian <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Throckley_Hall" title="Throckley Hall">Throckley Hall</a> (1820). Principal elevation, South Wing.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Georgian architecture</b> is the name given in most <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking countries">English-speaking countries</a> to the set of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural styles</a> current between 1714 and 1830. It is named after the first four <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British monarchs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>, who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. </p><p>The Georgian cities of the British Isles were <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, pre-independence <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">Dublin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival architecture</a> and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as <b>Neo-Georgian architecture</b>; in both it is also called <b>Georgian Revival architecture</b>. </p><p>In the United States, the term <i>Georgian</i> is generally used to describe all buildings from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are "architectural in intention",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period, though that covers a wide range. </p><p>The Georgian style is highly variable, but marked by symmetry and proportion based on the <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical architecture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Rome</a>, as revived in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a> (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period. </p><p>Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a> began to introduce it in a variety of styles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">Classical orders of architecture</a> and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into <a href="/wiki/Property_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property developer">property developers</a>, and rows of identical <a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">terraced houses</a> became the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a <a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">square of garden</a> in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world, and the standards of construction were generally high. Where they have not been demolished, large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more, and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. </p><p>The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> more generally, came from dissemination through <a href="/wiki/Pattern_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattern book">pattern books</a> and inexpensive suites of <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a>. Authors such as the prolific <a href="/wiki/William_Halfpenny" title="William Halfpenny">William Halfpenny</a> (active 1723–1755) had editions in America as well as Britain. </p><p>A similar phenomenon can be seen in the commonality of housing designs in Canada and the United States (though of a wider variety of styles) from the 19th century through the 1950s, using pattern books drawn up by professional architects that were distributed by lumber companies and hardware stores to contractors and homebuilders.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">architectural vernacular</a> that became part and parcel of the training of every <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_designer" title="Architectural designer">designer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">builder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">carpenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">plasterer</a>, from Edinburgh to <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgian succeeded the <a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a> of Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh">John Vanbrugh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Archer" title="Thomas Archer">Thomas Archer</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Talman_(architect)" title="William Talman (architect)">William Talman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbs" title="James Gibbs">James Gibbs</a> was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architects</a> to promote the change in direction from Baroque were <a href="/wiki/Colen_Campbell" title="Colen Campbell">Colen Campbell</a>, author of the influential book <i><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius_Britannicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitruvius Britannicus">Vitruvius Britannicus</a></i> (1715–1725); <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington" title="Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington">Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington</a> and his protégé <a href="/wiki/William_Kent" title="William Kent">William Kent</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ware" title="Isaac Ware">Isaac Ware</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Flitcroft" title="Henry Flitcroft">Henry Flitcroft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leoni" title="Giacomo Leoni">Giacomo Leoni</a>, who spent most of his career in England. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stowe_House_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Stowe_House_04.jpg/220px-Stowe_House_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Stowe_House_04.jpg/330px-Stowe_House_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Stowe_House_04.jpg/440px-Stowe_House_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> grandeur; <a href="/wiki/Stowe_House" title="Stowe House">Stowe House</a> 1770–79 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a> modified in execution by Thomas Pitt</figcaption></figure> <p>Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include <a href="/wiki/James_Paine_(architect)" title="James Paine (architect)">James Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(architect)" title="Robert Taylor (architect)">Robert Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Wood,_the_Elder" title="John Wood, the Elder">John Wood, the Elder</a>. The European <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though at the start of the period <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square,_Westminster" title="Hanover Square, Westminster">Hanover Square, Westminster</a> (1713 on), developed and occupied by <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylistic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian architecture</a>—and its whimsical alternatives, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a>, which were the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>'s equivalent of European <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>. From the mid-1760s a range of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, James Gibbs, Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect)" title="William Chambers (architect)">William Chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wyatt" title="James Wyatt">James Wyatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Dance_the_Younger" title="George Dance the Younger">George Dance the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holland_(architect)" title="Henry Holland (architect)">Henry Holland</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a> was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as <a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency style</a>, he was responsible for designing large areas of London.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a> was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were <a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(architect)" title="William Wilkins (architect)">William Wilkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smirke_(architect)" title="Robert Smirke (architect)">Robert Smirke</a>. </p><p>In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a> or <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">stone</a> are almost invariably used;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brick is often disguised with <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>. The Georgian terraces of Dublin are noted for their almost uniform use of red brick, for example, whereas equivalent terraces in Edinburgh are constructed from stone.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Raked roofs were mostly covered in earthenware tiles until <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pennant,_1st_Baron_Penrhyn" title="Richard Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn">Richard Pennant, 1st Baron Penrhyn</a> led the development of the <a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">slate industry in Wales</a> from the 1760s, which by the end of the century had become the usual material.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_buildings">Types of buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Houses">Houses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg/220px-WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg/330px-WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg/440px-WestoverPlantationSEGL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover Plantation</a> - Georgian country house on a James River plantation in Virginia</figcaption></figure> <p>Versions of revived <a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian architecture</a> dominated <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country house</a> architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a <i><a href="/wiki/Piano_nobile" title="Piano nobile">piano nobile</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Mezzanine" title="Mezzanine">mezzanine</a> floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouse</a>, or side wings around the court. </p><p>Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize <a href="/wiki/Window_tax" title="Window tax">window tax</a>, which was in force throughout the period in Great Britain. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small <a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">balcony</a> desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the <a href="/wiki/Sash_window" title="Sash window">sash window</a>, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Corridor</a> plans became universal inside larger houses.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roofline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roofline (page does not exist)">roofline</a> was generally clear of ornament except for a <a href="/wiki/Balustrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Balustrade">balustrade</a> or the top of a <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columns or <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a>, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syon_House_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Syon_House_2.jpg/220px-Syon_House_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Syon_House_2.jpg/330px-Syon_House_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Syon_House_2.jpg/440px-Syon_House_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Grand <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> interior by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syon_House" title="Syon House">Syon House</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chimneypiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimneypiece">chimneypiece</a> continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> ceilings,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture, paintings, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, mirrors, and <a href="/wiki/Objets_d%27art" class="mw-redirect" title="Objets d'art">objets d'art</a> of all kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood-panelling, very common since about 1500, fell from favour around the mid-century, and <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">wallpaper</a> included very expensive imports from China.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller houses in the country, such as vicarages, were simple regular blocks with visible raked roofs, and a central doorway, often the only ornamented area. Similar houses, often referred to as "villas" became common around the fringes of the larger cities, especially London,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and detached houses in towns remained common, though only the very rich could afford them in central London. </p><p>In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Area_(architecture)" title="Area (architecture)">"area"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Often, when a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or <a href="/wiki/Backyard" title="Backyard">yards</a> behind the houses remained at a lower level, usually representing the original one.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baggot_Street_Lower_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Baggot_Street_Lower_2.jpg/220px-Baggot_Street_Lower_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Baggot_Street_Lower_2.jpg/330px-Baggot_Street_Lower_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Baggot_Street_Lower_2.jpg/440px-Baggot_Street_Lower_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Georgian townhouses on <a href="/wiki/Baggot_Street" title="Baggot Street">Baggot Street</a>, Dublin</figcaption></figure> <p>Town terraced houses for all social classes remained resolutely tall and narrow, each dwelling occupying the whole height of the building. This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings, which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors, as in <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a> colleges, the lawyers in the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Albany_(London)" title="Albany (London)">Albany</a> after it was converted in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period in question, only in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> were working-class purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenements</a> common, though lodgers were common in other cities. A curving <a href="/wiki/Crescent_(architecture)" title="Crescent (architecture)">crescent</a>, often looking out at gardens or a park, was popular for terraces where space allowed. In early and central schemes of development, plots were sold and built on individually, though there was often an attempt to enforce some uniformity,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as development reached further out schemes were increasingly built as a uniform scheme and then sold.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late Georgian period saw the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">semi-detached</a> house, planned systematically, as a <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk_Farm" title="Chalk Farm">Chalk Farm</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood" title="St John's Wood">St John's Wood</a> are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">John Summerson</a> gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where "the whole development consists of <i>pairs of semi-detached houses</i>, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, "a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Martin-in-the-Fields,_July_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St_Martin-in-the-Fields%2C_July_2011.jpg/220px-St_Martin-in-the-Fields%2C_July_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St_Martin-in-the-Fields%2C_July_2011.jpg/330px-St_Martin-in-the-Fields%2C_July_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St_Martin-in-the-Fields%2C_July_2011.jpg/440px-St_Martin-in-the-Fields%2C_July_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a>, London (1720), <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbs" title="James Gibbs">James Gibbs</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_courtyard_of_Somerset_House,_Strand,_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1601172.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_courtyard_of_Somerset_House%2C_Strand%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1601172.jpg/220px-The_courtyard_of_Somerset_House%2C_Strand%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1601172.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_courtyard_of_Somerset_House%2C_Strand%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1601172.jpg/330px-The_courtyard_of_Somerset_House%2C_Strand%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1601172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/The_courtyard_of_Somerset_House%2C_Strand%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1601172.jpg/440px-The_courtyard_of_Somerset_House%2C_Strand%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1601172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a>, from the North Wing entrance. Built for government offices.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Church_Building_Act_1818" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Building Act 1818">Church Building Act 1818</a>, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in the later years of the period the demand for <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Non-conformist</a> and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for <a href="/wiki/Preaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching">preaching</a>, so the main <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Interior decoration was generally chaste; however, walls often became lined with plaques and monuments to the more prosperous members of the congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the colonies new churches were certainly required, and generally repeated similar formulae. British Non-conformist churches were often more classical in mood, and tended not to feel the need for a tower or steeple. </p><p>The archetypal Georgian church is <a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a> in London (1720), by Gibbs, who boldly added to the classical temple façade at the west end a large steeple on top of a tower, set back slightly from the main frontage. This formula shocked purists and foreigners, but became accepted and was very widely emulated, at home and in the colonies,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="St Andrew's Church, Chennai">St Andrew's Church, Chennai</a> in India. And in Dublin, the extremely similar <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Church,_Dublin" title="St. George's Church, Dublin">St. George's Church, Dublin</a>. </p><p>The 1818 Act allocated some public money for new churches required to reflect changes in population, and a commission to allocate it. Building of <a href="/wiki/Commissioners%27_church" title="Commissioners' church">Commissioners' churches</a> gathered pace in the 1820s, and continued until the 1850s. The early churches, falling into the Georgian period, show a high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> buildings, along with the classically inspired.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_buildings">Public buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a> in London, designed by <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Chambers">Sir William Chambers</a> in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_Georgian_architecture">Colonial Georgian architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colonial Georgian architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg/220px-Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg/330px-Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg/440px-Hyde_Park_Barracks_Sydney_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Barracks,_Sydney" title="Hyde Park Barracks, Sydney">Hyde Park Barracks</a> (1819), Georgian architecture in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a>. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an oversized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas. </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine <a href="/wiki/Hammond-Harwood_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammond-Harwood House">Hammond-Harwood House</a> (1774) in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis">Annapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, designed by the colonial architect <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland_(architect)" title="William Buckland (architect)">William Buckland</a> and modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Pisani_(Montagnana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Pisani (Montagnana)">Villa Pisani</a> at <a href="/wiki/Montagnana" title="Montagnana">Montagnana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> as depicted in <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/I_quattro_libri_dell%27architettura" title="I quattro libri dell'architettura">I quattro libri dell'architettura</a></i> ("The Four Books of Architecture"). </p><p>After independence, in the former <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal-style architecture</a> represented the equivalent of Regency architecture, with which it had much in common. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a> embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/The_Grange_(Toronto)" title="The Grange (Toronto)">The Grange</a>, for example, is a Georgian manor built in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in 1817. In <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, English-born architect <a href="/wiki/John_Ostell" title="John Ostell">John Ostell</a> worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Montreal_Custom_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Montreal Custom House">Old Montreal Custom House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_s%C3%A9minaire_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand séminaire de Montréal">Grand séminaire de Montréal</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_residential_architectural_styles#Old_Colonial_Georgian_style" title="Australian residential architectural styles">Old Colonial Georgian residential</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_non-residential_architectural_styles#Georgian" title="Australian non-residential architectural styles">non-residential</a> styles were developed in the period from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1810</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1840</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Georgian_developments">Post-Georgian developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-Georgian developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_House_ambassadorial_residence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Winfield_House_ambassadorial_residence.jpg/220px-Winfield_House_ambassadorial_residence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Winfield_House_ambassadorial_residence.jpg/330px-Winfield_House_ambassadorial_residence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Winfield_House_ambassadorial_residence.jpg/440px-Winfield_House_ambassadorial_residence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winfield_House" title="Winfield House">Winfield House</a> in London was designed and built in the 1930s and is listed by <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a> as an important Neo-Georgian <a href="/wiki/Townhouse_(Great_Britain)" title="Townhouse (Great Britain)">townhouse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After about 1840, Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles, including <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a>, that had originated in the Georgian period, developed and contested in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian architecture</a>, and in the case of Gothic became better researched, and closer to their originals. Neoclassical architecture remained popular, and was the opponent of Gothic in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Styles" title="Battle of the Styles">Battle of the Styles</a> of the early Victorian period. In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols. </p><p>In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a>. The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain during the same period is usually referred to as <b>Neo-Georgian</b>; the work of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harris" title="Vincent Harris">Vincent Harris</a> includes some examples. The British town of <a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Garden_City" title="Welwyn Garden City">Welwyn Garden City</a>, established in the 1920s, is an example of <i><a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a></i> or Neo-Georgian development of the early 20th century in Britain. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Gass_%26_Hope" title="Bradshaw Gass & Hope">Bradshaw Gass & Hope</a>'s Police Headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a> of 1958 being a good example. Architects such as <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Erith" title="Raymond Erith">Raymond Erith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_McMorran" title="Donald McMorran">Donald McMorran</a> were among the few architects who continued the neo-Georgian style into the 1960s. Both in the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like <a href="/wiki/Quinlan_Terry" title="Quinlan Terry">Quinlan Terry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bicknell" title="Julian Bicknell">Julian Bicknell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Pentreath" title="Ben Pentreath">Ben Pentreath</a>, <a href="/wiki/ADAM_Architecture" title="ADAM Architecture">Robert Adam Architects</a>, and Fairfax and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sammons" title="Richard Sammons">Sammons</a> for private residences. A debased form in commercial housing developments, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a>, is known in the UK as <b>mock-Georgian</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ditchleyfront2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ditchley House in Oxfordshire, a country house. James Gibbs, 1722"><img alt="Ditchley House in Oxfordshire, a country house. James Gibbs, 1722" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ditchleyfront2.jpg/225px-Ditchleyfront2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ditchleyfront2.jpg/338px-Ditchleyfront2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ditchleyfront2.jpg/450px-Ditchleyfront2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ditchley_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Ditchley House">Ditchley House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, a country house. <a href="/wiki/James_Gibbs" title="James Gibbs">James Gibbs</a>, 1722</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Connecticut_Hall,_Yale_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Connecticut Hall at Yale University, a relatively unornamented iteration of the Georgian style (1750)"><img alt="Connecticut Hall at Yale University, a relatively unornamented iteration of the Georgian style (1750)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Connecticut_Hall%2C_Yale_University.jpg/225px-Connecticut_Hall%2C_Yale_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Connecticut_Hall%2C_Yale_University.jpg/338px-Connecticut_Hall%2C_Yale_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Connecticut_Hall%2C_Yale_University.jpg/450px-Connecticut_Hall%2C_Yale_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Hall" title="Connecticut Hall">Connecticut Hall</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, a relatively unornamented iteration of the Georgian style (1750)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Lodge,_Brighton_Rd,_SUTTON,_Surrey,_Greater_London_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sutton Lodge, Sutton, London, once used by the Prince Regent, George IV of the United Kingdom[42]"><img alt="Sutton Lodge, Sutton, London, once used by the Prince Regent, George IV of the United Kingdom[42]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sutton_Lodge%2C_Brighton_Rd%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%284%29.jpg/225px-Sutton_Lodge%2C_Brighton_Rd%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sutton_Lodge%2C_Brighton_Rd%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%284%29.jpg/338px-Sutton_Lodge%2C_Brighton_Rd%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sutton_Lodge%2C_Brighton_Rd%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%284%29.jpg/450px-Sutton_Lodge%2C_Brighton_Rd%2C_SUTTON%2C_Surrey%2C_Greater_London_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3950" data-file-height="2962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sutton Lodge, <a href="/wiki/Sutton,_London" title="Sutton, London">Sutton, London</a>, once used by the Prince Regent, <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George IV of the United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_House_at_Pery_Square,Limerick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georgian period townhouses in Pery Square, Newtown Pery, Limerick, Ireland, after 1769"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Georgian_House_at_Pery_Square%2CLimerick.jpg/225px-Georgian_House_at_Pery_Square%2CLimerick.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Georgian_House_at_Pery_Square%2CLimerick.jpg/338px-Georgian_House_at_Pery_Square%2CLimerick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Georgian_House_at_Pery_Square%2CLimerick.jpg/450px-Georgian_House_at_Pery_Square%2CLimerick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4405" data-file-height="2852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Georgian period townhouses in Pery Square, <a href="/wiki/Newtown_Pery,_Limerick" title="Newtown Pery, Limerick">Newtown Pery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, after 1769</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedleston_Hall_20080730-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kedleston Hall by Matthew Brettingham and Robert Adam, begun 1769, a large English country house"><img alt="Kedleston Hall by Matthew Brettingham and Robert Adam, begun 1769, a large English country house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-04.jpg/225px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-04.jpg/338px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kedleston_Hall_20080730-04.jpg/450px-Kedleston_Hall_20080730-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="2756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kedleston_Hall" title="Kedleston Hall">Kedleston Hall</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brettingham" title="Matthew Brettingham">Matthew Brettingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>, begun 1769, a large <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country house</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulteney_Bridge,_Bath_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of Robert Adam's masterpieces, in a largely Georgian setting: Pulteney Bridge, Bath, 1774"><img alt="One of Robert Adam's masterpieces, in a largely Georgian setting: Pulteney Bridge, Bath, 1774" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg/159px-Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg/239px-Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg/318px-Pulteney_Bridge%2C_Bath_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2999" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert Adam</a>'s masterpieces, in a largely Georgian setting: <a href="/wiki/Pulteney_Bridge" title="Pulteney Bridge">Pulteney Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, 1774</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CarpentersHall00.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia by Robert Smith, 1775 example of American colonial architecture"><img alt="Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia by Robert Smith, 1775 example of American colonial architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CarpentersHall00.jpg/200px-CarpentersHall00.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CarpentersHall00.jpg/301px-CarpentersHall00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/CarpentersHall00.jpg/401px-CarpentersHall00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carpenters%27_Hall" title="Carpenters' Hall">Carpenters' Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(architect)" title="Robert Smith (architect)">Robert Smith</a>, 1775 example of <a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture" title="American colonial architecture">American colonial architecture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Hall,_Dublin-5198644_fc442a39.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Exchange, Dublin, 1779"><img alt="Royal Exchange, Dublin, 1779" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/City_Hall%2C_Dublin-5198644_fc442a39.jpg/225px-City_Hall%2C_Dublin-5198644_fc442a39.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/City_Hall%2C_Dublin-5198644_fc442a39.jpg/338px-City_Hall%2C_Dublin-5198644_fc442a39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/City_Hall%2C_Dublin-5198644_fc442a39.jpg/450px-City_Hall%2C_Dublin-5198644_fc442a39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange, Dublin">Royal Exchange, Dublin</a>, 1779</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guildhall2,_Dunfermline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A former guildhall in Dunfermline, Scotland built between 1805 and 1811"><img alt="A former guildhall in Dunfermline, Scotland built between 1805 and 1811" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Guildhall2%2C_Dunfermline.jpg/169px-Guildhall2%2C_Dunfermline.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Guildhall2%2C_Dunfermline.jpg/253px-Guildhall2%2C_Dunfermline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Guildhall2%2C_Dunfermline.jpg/337px-Guildhall2%2C_Dunfermline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A former guildhall in <a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> built between 1805 and 1811</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Hall_(Harvard_University)_-_east_facade.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="University Hall of Harvard University by Charles Bulfinch (1815), exemplary of Georgian ornamental restraint"><img alt="University Hall of Harvard University by Charles Bulfinch (1815), exemplary of Georgian ornamental restraint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/University_Hall_%28Harvard_University%29_-_east_facade.JPG/225px-University_Hall_%28Harvard_University%29_-_east_facade.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/University_Hall_%28Harvard_University%29_-_east_facade.JPG/338px-University_Hall_%28Harvard_University%29_-_east_facade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/University_Hall_%28Harvard_University%29_-_east_facade.JPG/450px-University_Hall_%28Harvard_University%29_-_east_facade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="University Hall (Harvard University)">University Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bulfinch" title="Charles Bulfinch">Charles Bulfinch</a> (1815), exemplary of Georgian ornamental restraint</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_side_of_Bryanston_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1046267.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western side of Bryanston Square, London, with its gardens. 1810–15"><img alt="Western side of Bryanston Square, London, with its gardens. 1810–15" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Western_side_of_Bryanston_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1046267.jpg/225px-Western_side_of_Bryanston_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1046267.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Western_side_of_Bryanston_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1046267.jpg/338px-Western_side_of_Bryanston_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1046267.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Western_side_of_Bryanston_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1046267.jpg/450px-Western_side_of_Bryanston_Square_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1046267.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western side of <a href="/wiki/Bryanston_Square" title="Bryanston Square">Bryanston Square</a>, London, with its gardens. 1810–15</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_west_curve_of_Park_Crescent,_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524047.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Georgian Regency; the west curve of Park Crescent, London, by John Nash, 1806–21"><img alt="Late Georgian Regency; the west curve of Park Crescent, London, by John Nash, 1806–21" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_west_curve_of_Park_Crescent%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524047.jpg/225px-The_west_curve_of_Park_Crescent%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524047.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_west_curve_of_Park_Crescent%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524047.jpg/338px-The_west_curve_of_Park_Crescent%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/The_west_curve_of_Park_Crescent%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524047.jpg/450px-The_west_curve_of_Park_Crescent%2C_London_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1524047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Georgian <a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency</a>; the west curve of <a href="/wiki/Park_Crescent,_London" title="Park Crescent, London">Park Crescent, London</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)" title="John Nash (architect)">John Nash</a>, 1806–21</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Grange,_Toronto,_Ontario_(1817).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grange, a Georgian manor in Toronto built for D'Arcy Boulton in 1817"><img alt="The Grange, a Georgian manor in Toronto built for D'Arcy Boulton in 1817" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Grange%2C_Toronto%2C_Ontario_%281817%29.jpg/225px-The_Grange%2C_Toronto%2C_Ontario_%281817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Grange%2C_Toronto%2C_Ontario_%281817%29.jpg/338px-The_Grange%2C_Toronto%2C_Ontario_%281817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Grange%2C_Toronto%2C_Ontario_%281817%29.jpg/450px-The_Grange%2C_Toronto%2C_Ontario_%281817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Grange_(Toronto)" title="The Grange (Toronto)">The Grange</a>, a Georgian manor in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> built for D'Arcy Boulton in 1817</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_James_Anglican_Church_-_Sydney_NSW_(12865646023).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St James' Church, Sydney in Colonial Georgian architecture, built in 1824"><img alt="St James' Church, Sydney in Colonial Georgian architecture, built in 1824" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/St_James_Anglican_Church_-_Sydney_NSW_%2812865646023%29.jpg/225px-St_James_Anglican_Church_-_Sydney_NSW_%2812865646023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/St_James_Anglican_Church_-_Sydney_NSW_%2812865646023%29.jpg/338px-St_James_Anglican_Church_-_Sydney_NSW_%2812865646023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/St_James_Anglican_Church_-_Sydney_NSW_%2812865646023%29.jpg/450px-St_James_Anglican_Church_-_Sydney_NSW_%2812865646023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Sydney" title="St James' Church, Sydney">St James' Church, Sydney</a> in Colonial Georgian architecture, built in 1824</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_Hall_,_Chesterfield_(3659529763).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neo-Georgian - Chesterfield Town Hall (1938), Derbyshire, by Bradshaw Gass & Hope"><img alt="Neo-Georgian - Chesterfield Town Hall (1938), Derbyshire, by Bradshaw Gass & Hope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Town_Hall_%2C_Chesterfield_%283659529763%29.jpg/225px-Town_Hall_%2C_Chesterfield_%283659529763%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Town_Hall_%2C_Chesterfield_%283659529763%29.jpg/338px-Town_Hall_%2C_Chesterfield_%283659529763%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Town_Hall_%2C_Chesterfield_%283659529763%29.jpg/450px-Town_Hall_%2C_Chesterfield_%283659529763%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neo-Georgian - <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_Town_Hall" title="Chesterfield Town Hall">Chesterfield Town Hall</a> (1938), <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_Gass_%26_Hope" title="Bradshaw Gass & Hope">Bradshaw Gass & Hope</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_Terrace_facing_North_Inch_(geograph_4891241).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rose Terrace, Perth, Scotland"><img alt="Rose Terrace, Perth, Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Georgian_Terrace_facing_North_Inch_%28geograph_4891241%29.jpg/225px-Georgian_Terrace_facing_North_Inch_%28geograph_4891241%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Georgian_Terrace_facing_North_Inch_%28geograph_4891241%29.jpg/338px-Georgian_Terrace_facing_North_Inch_%28geograph_4891241%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Georgian_Terrace_facing_North_Inch_%28geograph_4891241%29.jpg/450px-Georgian_Terrace_facing_North_Inch_%28geograph_4891241%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Terrace_(Perth,_Scotland)" title="Rose Terrace (Perth, Scotland)">Rose Terrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth, Scotland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Georgian_architecture" title="Jamaican Georgian architecture">Jamaican Georgian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning,_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Canning, Liverpool">Canning, Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Bristol" title="Clifton, Bristol">Clifton, Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">Georgian Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grainger_Town" title="Grainger Town">Grainger Town, Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town, Edinburgh</a>, an 18th- and 19th-century development that contains some of the largest surviving examples of Georgian-style architecture and layout.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Pery,_Limerick" title="Newtown Pery, Limerick">Newtown Pery</a>, Limerick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_Group" title="The Georgian Group">The Georgian Group</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSt_John_Parker2013" class="citation book cs1">St John Parker, Michael. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEomEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Life in Georgian Britain</i></a>. Gloucestershire: Pitkin Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752491622" title="Special:BookSources/9780752491622"><bdi>9780752491622</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Georgian+Britain&rft.place=Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Pitkin+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780752491622&rft.aulast=St+John+Parker&rft.aufirst=Michael.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoEomEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A phrase used by <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">John Summerson</a>, distinguishing among commercial buildings, Summerson, 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musson, 33–34, 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 26–28, 73–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 47–49, 47 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiff2001" class="citation book cs1">Reiff, Daniel D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psupress.org/books/titles/0-271-01943-3.html"><i>Houses from Books</i></a>. University Park, Pa.: Penn State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271019437" title="Special:BookSources/9780271019437"><bdi>9780271019437</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Houses+from+Books&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780271019437&rft.aulast=Reiff&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psupress.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitles%2F0-271-01943-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 49–51; <a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_Palladian_Studies_in_America,_Inc." title="The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.">The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palladiancenter.org/patternbooks.html">"Palladio and Patternbooks in Colonial America."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223094953/http://www.palladiancenter.org/patternbooks.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 61–70, and see index</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins (2003), xiv; Musson, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, see index on all these; Jenkins (2003), xv–xiv; Musson, 28–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 54–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/bricks-their-part-in-the-rise-of-man-1.389895">"Bricks - their part in the rise of man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Bricks+-+their+part+in+the+rise+of+man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fhomes-and-property%2Fbricks-their-part-in-the-rise-of-man-1.389895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musson, 31; Jenkins (2003), xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musson, 73–76; Summerson, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bannister Fletcher, 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musson, 51; Bannister Fletcher, 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bannister Fletcher, 420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins (2003), xv; Musson, 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musson, 84–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musson, 113–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins (2003), xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Musson, 101–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 266–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 73–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 147–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,,-1454,00.html">correspondence in The Guardian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 159–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 57–72, 206–224; Jenkins (1999), xxii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 222–224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenkins (1999), xx–xxii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 64–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 212–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 115–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summerson, 47, 252–262, 252 quoted</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_McKellar,_Professor_of_Architectural_and_Design_History_at_the_Open_University2016" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth McKellar, Professor of Architectural and Design History at the Open University (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heritagecalling.com/2016/09/30/you-didnt-know-it-was-neo-georgian/">"You Didn't Know it was Neo-Georgian"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+Didn%27t+Know+it+was+Neo-Georgian&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.au=Elizabeth+McKellar%2C+Professor+of+Architectural+and+Design+History+at+the+Open+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheritagecalling.com%2F2016%2F09%2F30%2Fyou-didnt-know-it-was-neo-georgian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lutyenstrust.org.uk/portfolio-item/new-book-neo-georgian-architecture-1880-1970-reappraisal-julian-holder-elizabeth/">"New Book Neo-Georgian Architecture 1880-1970: A Reappraisal by Julian Holder and Elizabeth"</a>. <i>lutyenstrust</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lutyenstrust&rft.atitle=New+Book+Neo-Georgian+Architecture+1880-1970%3A+A+Reappraisal+by+Julian+Holder+and+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutyenstrust.org.uk%2Fportfolio-item%2Fnew-book-neo-georgian-architecture-1880-1970-reappraisal-julian-holder-elizabeth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home2.btconnect.com/suttonlodge/history.php">"Sutton Lodge Day Centre website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190837/http://home2.btconnect.com/suttonlodge/history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sutton+Lodge+Day+Centre+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome2.btconnect.com%2Fsuttonlodge%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorgian+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher_(senior)" title="Banister Fletcher (senior)">Fletcher, Banister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher_(junior)" title="Banister Fletcher (junior)">Fletcher, Banister</a>, <i>A History of Architecture</i>, 1901 edn., Batsford</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Brett,_4th_Viscount_Esher" title="Lionel Brett, 4th Viscount Esher">Esher, Lionel</a>, <i>The Glory of the English House</i>, 1991, Barrie and Jenkins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712636137" title="Special:BookSources/0712636137">0712636137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Jenkins, Simon</a> (1999), <i>England's Thousand Best Churches</i>, 1999, Allen Lane, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9281-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9281-6">0-7139-9281-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Jenkins, Simon</a> (2003), <i>England's Thousand Best Houses</i>, 2003, Allen Lane, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9596-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9596-3">0-7139-9596-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Musson" title="Jeremy Musson">Musson, Jeremy</a>, <i>How to Read a Country House</i>, 2005, Ebury Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/009190076X" title="Special:BookSources/009190076X">009190076X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a>. <i>The Englishness of English Art</i>, Penguin, 1964 edn.</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">John Summerson</a>, <i>Georgian London</i> (1945), 1988 revised edition, Barrie & Jenkins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0712620958" title="Special:BookSources/0712620958">0712620958</a>. (Also see revised edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Colvin" title="Howard Colvin">Howard Colvin</a>, 2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georgian_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Howard Colvin, <i>A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects</i>, 3rd ed., 1995.</li> <li>John Cornforth, <i>Early Georgian Interiors</i> (Paul Mellon Centre), 2005.</li> <li>James Stevens Curl, <i>Georgian Architecture</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hussey_(historian)" title="Christopher Hussey (historian)">Christopher Hussey</a>, <i>Early Georgian Houses</i>, <i>Mid-Georgian Houses</i>, <i>Late Georgian Houses</i>. Reissued in paperback, Antique Collectors Club, 1986.</li> <li>Frank Jenkins, <i>Architect and Patron</i>, 1961.</li> <li>Barrington Kaye, <i>The Development of the Architectural Profession in Britain</i>, 1960.</li> <li>McAlester, Virginia & Lee, <i>A Field Guide to American Houses</i>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73969-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-73969-8">0-394-73969-8</a>.</li> <li>Sir John Summerson, <i>Architecture in Britain</i> (series: <i>Pelican History of Art</i>). Reissued in paperback 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sammons" title="Richard Sammons">Richard Sammons</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.period-homes.com/Previous-Issues-06/MarchFeature06.html">The Anatomy of the Georgian Room</a></i>. Period Homes, March 2006.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_England172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_England" title="Template:Architecture of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_England" title="Template talk:Architecture of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_England172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxo-Norman#Architecture" title="Saxo-Norman">Saxo-Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_style" title="Restoration style">Carolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberry Hill Gothic">Strawberry Hill Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Westminster Hall"><img alt="Westminster Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/70px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/105px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/140px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_England" title="Category:Buildings and structures in England">Buildings and<br />structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_England" title="List of monastic houses in England">Abbeys and priories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_cathedrals_in_Great_Britain" title="List of former cathedrals in Great Britain">Former cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-tower_church" title="Round-tower church">Round-tower churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_villas_in_England" title="List of Roman villas in England">Roman villas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_houses_in_the_United_Kingdom#England" title="List of country houses in the United Kingdom">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_house" title="Hall house">Hall houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Renaissance_theatres" title="List of English Renaissance theatres">Renaissance theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_England" title="Listed buildings in England">Listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_church_monuments" title="English church monuments">Church monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Trust_properties_in_England" title="List of National Trust properties in England">National Trust properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_England" title="List of windmills in England">Windmills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu temples in England">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_England" title="List of stadiums in England">Stadiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_England" title="List of lighthouses in England">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Bath" title="Buildings and architecture of Bath">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Birmingham" title="Architecture of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Brighton_and_Hove" title="Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_Bristol" title="Buildings and architecture of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Leeds" title="Architecture of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Liverpool" title="Architecture of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_London" title="Architecture of London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester" title="Architecture of Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">Hammerbeam roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">Fan vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">Almshouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastle_house" title="Bastle house">Bastle house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">Country house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">Oast house</a> <a href="/wiki/Cowl_(oast)" title="Cowl (oast)">(cowl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealden_hall_house" title="Wealden hall house">Wealden hall house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_longhouse" title="Dartmoor longhouse">Dartmoor longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_towers" title="Somerset towers">Somerset towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_turriform_churches" title="Anglo-Saxon turriform churches">Anglo-Saxon turriform churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath stone">Bath stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_stone" title="Portland stone">Portland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushwork" title="Flushwork">Flushwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English landscape garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck framing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_England" title="Category:Architecture in England">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_the_United_States278" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Architecture in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Architecture in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_the_United_States278" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native and indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">Mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Builders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_architecture" title="Pueblo architecture">Pueblo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture" title="American colonial architecture">Colonial and post-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creole_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Creole architecture in the United States">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Period" title="First Period">First Period</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Colonial_Georgian_architecture">Colonial Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="French Colonial">French Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_colonial_architecture#German_Colonial" title="American colonial architecture">German Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Style" title="Territorial Style">Territorial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_architecture" title="Antebellum architecture">Antebellum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance" title="American Renaissance">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Victorian" title="Folk Victorian">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_style" title="Stick style">Stick style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_style_architecture" title="Shingle style architecture">Shingle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late-19th to<br />mid-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Craftsman" title="American Craftsman">American Craftsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Foursquare" title="American Foursquare">American Foursquare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bungalow" title="California bungalow">California bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(architecture)" title="Chicago school (architecture)">Chicago School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Revival architecture">Georgian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Deco_architecture" title="Pueblo Deco architecture">Deco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-war_architecture" title="Pre-war architecture">Pre-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasota_School_of_Architecture" title="Sarasota School of Architecture">Sarasota School of Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service_rustic" title="National Park Service rustic">Rustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat_(building)" title="Dingbat (building)">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthship" title="Earthship">Earthship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-century_modern" title="Mid-century modern">Mid-century modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-eclectic_architecture" title="Neo-eclectic architecture">Neo-eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch-style_house" title="Ranch-style house">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_style" title="Shed style">Shed style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny-house_movement" title="Tiny-house movement">Tiny-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usonia" title="Usonia">Usonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Building types and vernacular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Architecture" title="Adirondack Architecture">Adirondack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabara" title="Barabara">Barabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod_(house)" title="Cape Cod (house)">Cape Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-passage_house" title="Central-passage house">Central-passage house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickee" title="Chickee">Chickee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_crib" title="Corn crib">Corn crib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_church" title="Cowboy church">Cowboy church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtrot_house" title="Dogtrot house">Dogtrot house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_lodge" title="Earth lodge">Earth lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogan" title="Hogan">Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_and_parlor_house" title="Hall and parlor house">Hall and parlor house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-house" title="I-house">I-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">Igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouses_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Longhouses of the Indigenous peoples of North America">Longhouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moki_steps" title="Moki steps">Moki steps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_house" title="Plank house">Plank house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qargi" title="Qargi">Qargi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramada_(shelter)" title="Ramada (shelter)">Ramada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltbox_house" title="Saltbox house">Saltbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_house" title="Shotgun house">Shotgun house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipapu" title="Sipapu">Sipapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sod_house" title="Sod house">Sod house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">Sweat lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temples_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">Tipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">Town square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupiq" title="Tupiq">Tupiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Atlanta" title="Architecture of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Boston" title="Architecture of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Buffalo,_New_York" title="Architecture of Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chicago" title="Architecture of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Columbus,_Ohio" title="Architecture of Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_metropolitan_Detroit" title="Architecture of metropolitan Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Houston" title="Architecture of Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Jacksonville" title="Architecture of Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kansas_City" title="Architecture of Kansas City">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Las_Vegas" title="Architecture of Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Modern_architecture" title="Miami Modern architecture">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildings_and_architecture_of_New_Orleans" title="Buildings and architecture of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_York_City" title="Architecture of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Architecture in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Philadelphia" title="Architecture of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portland,_Oregon" title="Architecture of Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_San_Antonio" title="Architecture of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_San_Francisco" title="Architecture of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Seattle" title="Architecture of Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Spokane,_Washington" title="Architecture of Spokane, Washington">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_St._Louis" title="Architecture of St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Architecture of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_California_missions" title="Architecture of the California missions">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_architecture" title="Hawaiian architecture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Texas" title="Architecture of Texas">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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