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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_South_Africa_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_BSAC_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_BSAC_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment of BSAC rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_BSAC_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fixing_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixing_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fixing boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixing_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BSAC_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BSAC_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>BSAC administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BSAC_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Law and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Railway developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_end_of_BSAC_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_BSAC_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The end of BSAC rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_end_of_BSAC_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mining developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Economic recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Legislative Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Pre-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959_Order-in-Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959_Order-in-Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>1959 Order-in-Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959_Order-in-Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsidiary_Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidiary_Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Subsidiary Courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidiary_Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Native Courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Justices_of_North-Eastern_Rhodesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Justices_of_North-Eastern_Rhodesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Chief Justices of North-Eastern Rhodesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_Justices_of_North-Eastern_Rhodesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Justices_of_Northern_Rhodesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Justices_of_Northern_Rhodesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Chief Justices of Northern Rhodesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_Justices_of_Northern_Rhodesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governing_the_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governing_the_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Governing the people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governing_the_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Land policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_minority_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_minority_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Opposition to minority rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_minority_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_attempts_at_association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_attempts_at_association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early attempts at association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_attempts_at_association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federation_implemented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_implemented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Federation implemented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_implemented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Opposition to Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Federation_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Federation_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>End of Federation and independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Federation_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postage_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Postage stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1964_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>1964 Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Rhodesia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Rhodesi%C3%AB" title="Noord-Rhodesië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noord-Rhodesië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رودسيا الشمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رودسيا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodesia_del_Norte" title="Rodesia del Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rodesia del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_Rodeziya" title="Şimali Rodeziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali Rodeziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="قوزئی رودزیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی رودزیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_Lor" title="Rhodesia Lor – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Rhodesia Lor" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паўночная Радэзія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Радэзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorat_de_Rhod%C3%A8sia_del_Nord" title="Protectorat de Rhodèsia del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protectorat de Rhodèsia del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Rhodesie" title="Severní Rhodesie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní Rhodesie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Northern Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge, good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_Wakumpoto" title="Rhodesia Wakumpoto – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Rhodesia Wakumpoto" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordrhodesia" title="Nordrhodesia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordrhodesia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordrhodesien" title="Nordrhodesien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordrhodesien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Rodeesia" title="Põhja-Rodeesia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Rodeesia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodesia_del_Norte" title="Rodesia del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rodesia del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norda_Rodezio" title="Norda Rodezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norda Rodezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar_Rhodesia" title="Ipar Rhodesia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رودزیای شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودزیای شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhod%C3%A9sie_du_Nord" title="Rhodésie du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rhodésie du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodesia_do_Norte" title="Rodesia do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rodesia do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EB%A1%9C%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84" title="북로디지아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북로디지아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_Utara" title="Rhodesia Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rhodesia Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-R%C3%B3des%C3%ADa" title="Norður-Ródesía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norður-Ródesía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_Settentrionale" title="Rhodesia Settentrionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rhodesia Settentrionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רודזיה הצפונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רודזיה הצפונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_ya_Kaskazini" title="Rhodesia ya Kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rhodesia ya Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Rodezija" title="Šiaurės Rodezija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Rodezija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Rhodesi%C3%AB" title="Noord-Rhodesië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Rhodesië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="北ローデシア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北ローデシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Rhodesia" title="Nord-Rhodesia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nord-Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_Rodeziya" title="Shimoliy Rodeziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy Rodeziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodezja_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Rodezja Północna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rodezja Północna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C3%A9sia_do_Norte" title="Rodésia do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rodésia do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северная Родезия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Родезия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Northern Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اتر روڊيشيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اتر روڊيشيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Rhodesia" title="Pohjois-Rhodesia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordrhodesia" title="Nordrhodesia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordrhodesia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="นอร์เทิร์นโรดีเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอร์เทิร์นโรดีเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Rodezya" title="Kuzey Rodezya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Rodezya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Північна Родезія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Родезія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ناردرن رہوڈیشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناردرن رہوڈیشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Rhodesia" title="Bắc Rhodesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Rhodesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="北羅德西亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北羅德西亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Rhodesia&params=14.5_S_27.5_E_region:ZM_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°30′S</span> <span class="longitude">27°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.5°S 27.5°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-14.5; 27.5</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1911–1964 British protectorate in Southern Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the British protectorate in modern-day Zambia. For the British protectorate in modern-day <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">Gambia Colony and Protectorate</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Northern Rhodesia<sup id="cite_ref-NROIC1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NROIC1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1911–1964</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_(1939%E2%80%931964).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Northern Rhodesia"><img alt="Flag of Northern Rhodesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Northern_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Northern Rhodesia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Rhodesia_(1939%E2%80%931964).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Northern Rhodesia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Northern Rhodesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Rhodesia_%281939%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Northern_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Northern Rhodesia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King/Queen</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Zambia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Territory of the British South Africa Company (1911–1924)<br /><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a> of the United Kingdom (1924–1953, 1963–1964) <br /> Division of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> (1953–1963)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a> (until 1935)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> (from 1935)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Nyanja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a> widely spoken</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Protectorate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1911–1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1936–1952 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1952–1964 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Northern Rhodesia">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1911–1921 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Aubrey_Wallace" title="Lawrence Aubrey Wallace">Lawrence Aubrey Wallace</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1959–1964 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Hone" title="Evelyn Hone">Evelyn Hone</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1964 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_Council_(Northern_Rhodesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legislative Council (Northern Rhodesia) (page does not exist)">Legislative Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• British protectorate </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federated with S. Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><br /><br />1953–1963</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1964</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">751,925 km<sup>2</sup> (290,320 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_pound" title="Southern Rhodesian pound">Southern Rhodesian pound</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/20px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/30px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/40px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia"><b>1924:</b><br />Company rule in Rhodesia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland"><b>1963:</b><br /><span class="nowrap">Federation of<br />Rhodesia and<br />Nyasaland</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland"><b>1953:</b><br /><span class="nowrap">Federation of<br />Rhodesia and<br />Nyasaland</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia"><b>1964:</b><br />Zambia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Zambia_%281964%E2%80%931996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Northern Rhodesia</b> was a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, now the independent country of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. It was formed in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamating</a> the two earlier protectorates of <a href="/wiki/Barotziland-North-Western_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia">Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Rhodesia" title="North-Eastern Rhodesia">North-Eastern Rhodesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NROIC1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NROIC1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_Law'_1966._P._753_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_Law'_1966._P._753-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially administered, as were the two earlier protectorates, by the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> (BSAC), a <a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">chartered company</a>, on behalf of the British Government. From 1924, it was administered by the British Government as a protectorate, under similar conditions to other British-administered protectorates, and the special provisions required when it was administered by BSAC were terminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Colonial_Law'_1966._P._753_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonial_Law'_1966._P._753-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Council_1924_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_1924-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although under the BSAC charter it had features of a <a href="/wiki/Charter_colony" title="Charter colony">charter colony</a>, the BSAC's treaties with local rulers, and British legislation, gave it the status of a protectorate. The territory attracted a relatively small number of European settlers, but from the time they first secured political representation, they agitated for white minority rule, either as a separate entity or associated with <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>. The mineral wealth of Northern Rhodesia made full amalgamation attractive to Southern Rhodesian politicians, but the British Government preferred a looser association to include Nyasaland. This was intended to protect Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland from discriminatory Southern Rhodesian laws. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> formed in 1953 was intensely unpopular among the vast African majority and its formation hastened calls for majority rule. As a result of this pressure, the country became independent in 1964 as <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geographical, as opposed to political, term "<a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</a>" referred to a region generally comprising the areas that are today <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-M-W_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1964, it only referred to the former <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_South_Africa_Company">British South Africa Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: British South Africa Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_BSAC_rule">Establishment of BSAC rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment of BSAC rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/170px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/255px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/340px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> (1853–1902)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a></div> <p>The name "Rhodesia" was derived from <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil John Rhodes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> capitalist and empire-builder who was a guiding figure in British expansion north of the <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a> into south-central Africa. Rhodes pushed British influence into the region by obtaining <a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">mineral rights</a> from local chiefs under questionable treaties. After making a vast fortune in mining in South Africa, it was his ambition to extend the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> north, all the way to <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape to Cairo Road">Cairo</a> if possible, although this was far beyond the resources of any commercial company to achieve. Rhodes' main focus was south of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a>, in Mashonaland and the coastal areas to its east, and when the expected wealth of Mashonaland did not materialise, there was little money left for significant development in the area north of the Zambezi, which he wanted to be held as cheaply as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith197487,_202–03_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith197487,_202–03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Rhodes sent European <a href="/wiki/Settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers">settlers</a> into the territory that became <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, he limited his involvement north of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> to encouraging and financing British <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">expeditions</a> to bring it into the British <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. </p><p>British missionaries had already established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>, and in 1890 the British government's <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston" title="Harry Johnston">Harry Johnston</a> to this area, where he proclaimed a protectorate, later named the <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a>. The charter of BSAC contained only vague limits on the northern extent of the company's sphere of activities, and Rhodes sent <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">emissaries</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thomson_(explorer)" title="Joseph Thomson (explorer)">Joseph Thomson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sharpe" title="Alfred Sharpe">Alfred Sharpe</a> to make treaties with chiefs in the area west of Nyasaland. Rhodes also considered <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> as a suitable area for British South Africa Company operations and as a gateway to the copper deposits of Katanga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974101–03_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974101–03-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lewanika" title="Lewanika">Lewanika</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a> people of Barotseland sought European protection because of internal unrest and the threat of Ndebele raids. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coillard" title="François Coillard">François Coillard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Evangelical_Missionary_Society" title="Paris Evangelical Missionary Society">Paris Evangelical Missionary Society</a>, he drafted a petition seeking a British protectorate in 1889, but the Colonial Office took no immediate action on it. However, Rhodes sent Frank Elliott Lochner to Barotseland to obtain a concession and offered to pay the expenses of a protectorate there. Lochner told Lewanika that BSAC represented the British government, and on 27 June 1890, Lewanika consented to an exclusive mineral concession. This (the Lochner Concession) gave the company mining rights over the whole area in which Lewanika was paramount ruler in exchange for an annual subsidy and the promise of British protection, a promise that Lochner had no authority to give. However, the BSAC advised the Foreign Office that the Lozi had accepted British protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974211–15,_217–19_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974211–15,_217–19-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Barotseland was claimed to be within the British sphere of influence under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Treaty_of_1891" title="Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891">Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891</a>, although its boundary with Angola was not fixed until 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974222_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974222-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1889, although Britain recognised the rights of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_the_Congo" title="International Association of the Congo">International Association of the Congo</a> to large sections of the Congo basin, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> under the personal rule of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold II of the Belgians">King Leopold II of the Belgians</a>, it did not accept its effective occupation of <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>, which was known to have copper and was thought might also have gold. Rhodes, possibly prompted by Harry Johnston, wanted a mineral concession for the BSAC in Katanga. He sent Alfred Sharpe to obtain a treaty from its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Msiri" title="Msiri">Msiri</a> which would grant the concession and create a British protectorate over his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974103–04_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974103–04-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharpe_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharpe-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold II of the Belgians">King Leopold II</a> was also interested in Katanga and Rhodes suffered one of his few setbacks when, in April 1891, a Belgian expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Le_Marinel" title="Paul Le Marinel">Paul Le Marinel</a> obtained Msiri's agreement to <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> personnel entering his territory, which they did in force in 1892. This treaty produced the anomaly of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Pedicle" title="Congo Pedicle">Congo Pedicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixing_boundaries">Fixing boundaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fixing boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two stages in acquiring territory in Africa after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> were, firstly, to enter into treaties with local rulers and, secondly, to make bi-lateral treaties with other European powers. By one series of agreements made between 1890 and 1910, <a href="/wiki/Lewanika" title="Lewanika">Lewanika</a> granted concessions covering a poorly defined area of <a href="/wiki/Barotziland-North-Western_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia">Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia</a>, and a second series covering a disputed part of North-Eastern Rhodesia was negotiated by Joseph Thomson and Alfred Sharpe with local chiefs in 1890 and 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891 signed in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> on 11 June 1891 between the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> fixed the boundary between the territories administered by the British South Africa Company in North-Eastern Rhodesia and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>. It declared that Barotseland was within the British sphere of influence, and fixed the boundary between the British South Africa Company administered territory of <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Rhodesia" title="North-Western Rhodesia">North-Western Rhodesia</a> (now in Zambia), and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> although its boundary with Angola was not marked-out on the ground until later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974222–23_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974222–23-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern border of the British territory in North-Eastern Rhodesia and the <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a> was agreed as part of an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-German_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-German Convention (page does not exist)">Anglo-German Convention</a> in 1890, which also fixed the very short boundary between North-Western Rhodesia and <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. The boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> and British territory was fixed by a treaty in 1894, although there were some minor adjustments up to the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownlie1979706–13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlie1979706–13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boundaries with other British territories were fixed by Orders-in-Council. The border between the British Central Africa Protectorate and North-Eastern Rhodesia was fixed in 1891 at the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a> between Lake Malawi and the <a href="/wiki/Luangwa_River" title="Luangwa River">Luangwa River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that between North-Western Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia became the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> River in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownlie19791306_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlie19791306-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BSAC_administration">BSAC administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: BSAC administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area of what became Northern Rhodesia, including <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a> and land as far as <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> to the east and to Katanga and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> to the north, was placed under BSAC administration by an Order-in-Council of 9 May 1891, but no BSAC Administrator was sent to Barotseland until 1895, and the first Administrator, Forbes, who remained until 1897, did little to establish an administration there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974223_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1974223-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1911, Northern Rhodesia was administered as two separate territories, <a href="/wiki/Barotziland-North-Western_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia">Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Rhodesia" title="North-Eastern Rhodesia">North-Eastern Rhodesia</a>. The former was recognised as British territory by the Barotseland and North-Western Rhodesia Order-in-Council of 1899 and the latter by the North-Eastern Rhodesia Order-in-Council of 1900. Both Orders-in-Council regularised the position of the BSAC Administrators, the first of whom were appointed in 1895. Both Order-in-Councils confirmed that the territories had the status of protectorates, with the Colonial Office ultimately responsible for the welfare of their indigenous populations, despite BSAC administration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Colonial Office retained the ultimate responsibility for these territory, and the <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> for South Africa had the power to approve or reject all BSAC legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeppel-Jones1983133–36_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeppel-Jones1983133–36-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston" title="Harry Johnston">Harry Johnston</a> in Nyasaland was the local representative of the Colonial Office and the High Commissioner. Rhodes financed much of the British presence in Nyasaland and worked closely with Johnston and his successor, Alfred Sharpe, so he could use them as emissaries and their Nyasaland <a href="/wiki/Troops" class="mw-redirect" title="Troops">troops</a> as enforcers, particularly in North-Eastern Rhodesia. This territory and North-Western Rhodesia were considered by Rhodes and his colonisers to be a "tropical dependency" rather than a northward extension of white-settler controlled southern Africa. In 1895, Rhodes asked his American scout <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a> to look for minerals and ways to improve river navigation in the region, and it was during this trek that Burnham discovered major copper deposits along the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burnham1899_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnham1899-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911 the BSAC merged the two territories as 'Northern Rhodesia'.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook-history_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-history-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_South_Africa_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_South_Africa_Company.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_South_Africa_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_South_Africa_Company.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_South_Africa_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_South_Africa_Company.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_South_Africa_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The arms of the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under British South Africa Company rule, the company-appointed Administrator had powers similar to those of the governor of a British colony or protectorate, except that certain decisions of the Administrator affecting Europeans had to be approved by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Commissioner_for_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Commissioner for South Africa (page does not exist)">High Commissioner for South Africa</a> to be valid. The High Commissioner could also make, alter or repeal proclamations for the administration of justice, taxation, and public order without reference to the Administrator, although this power was never used.<sup id="cite_ref-D._Clough,_1924_pp._279-80_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Clough,_1924_pp._279-80-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period the Administrator was assisted neither by an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Commonwealth_countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)">Executive Council</a> nor a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a>, as was common in British-ruled territories. There was an Advisory Council, which fulfilled most of the functions of such bodies, and which until 1917 consisted entirely of senior officials. There was no obligation for the company to form a body to consult residents, but after 1917 nominees were added to represent the small European <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a>: Northern Rhodesia had no elected representation while under BSAC rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196526_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196526-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were five nominated members: four represented the former North-Western Rhodesia and one represented North-Eastern Rhodesia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hut_tax" title="Hut tax">Hut tax</a> was first collected in North-Eastern Rhodesia in 1901 and was slowly extended through North-Western Rhodesia between 1904 and 1913. It was charged at different rates in different districts but was supposed to be equivalent to two months' wages, to encourage or force local Africans into the system of wage labour. Its introduction generally caused little unrest, and any protests were quickly suppressed. Before 1920, it was commonly charged at five <a href="/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)" title="Shilling (British coin)">shillings</a> a year, but in 1920 the rate of hut tax was sharply increased, and often doubled, to provide more workers for the Southern Rhodesian mines, particularly the coal mines of <a href="/wiki/Hwange" title="Hwange">Wankie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196540–41,_45,_75–76_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196540–41,_45,_75–76-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time the Company considered the principal economic benefit of Northern Rhodesia to be as a reservoir for <a href="/wiki/Migrant_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant labour">migrant labour</a> which could be called upon for Southern Rhodesia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_security">Law and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Law and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> became the basis of the administration of Southern and Northern Rhodesia, unlike <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dutch_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Dutch law">Roman Dutch law</a> which applied in South Africa. In 1889, the British South African Company was given the power to establish a police force and administer justice within Northern Rhodesia. In the case of African natives appearing before courts, the Company was instructed to have regard to the customs and laws of their tribe or nation. An Order in Council of 1900 created the High Court of North-Eastern Rhodesia which took control of civil and criminal justice; it was not until 1906 that North-Western Rhodesia received the same. In 1911 the two were amalgamated into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Court of Northern Rhodesia (page does not exist)">High Court of Northern Rhodesia</a>. </p><p>The British South African Company considered that its territory north of the Zambezi was more suitable for a largely African police force than a European one. However, at first, the British South Africa Police patrolled the north of the Zambezi in North Western Rhodesia, although its European troops were expensive and prone to diseases. This force and its replacements were paramilitaries, although there was a small force of European civil police in the towns. The British South Africa Police were replaced by the Barotse Native Police force, which was formed in 1902 (other sources date this as 1899 or 1901). This had a high proportion of European NCOs as well as all European officers and was merged with the civil police to form the Northern Rhodesia Police in 1911. Initially, Harry Johnston in the <a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a> had responsibility for North Eastern Rhodesia, and Central Africa forces including Sikh and African troops were used there until 1899. Until 1903, local magistrates recruited their own local police, but in that year a North Eastern Rhodesia Constabulary was formed, which had only a few white officers; all its NCOs and troopers were African. This was also merged into the Northern Rhodesia Police in 1912, which then numbered only 18 European and 775 African in six companies, divided between the headquarters of the various districts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_developments">Railway developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Railway developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British South Africa Company was responsible for building the Rhodesian railway system in the period of primary construction which ended in 1911 when the main line through Northern Rhodesia crossed the Congo border to reach the Katanga copper mines. Rhodes' original intention was for a railway extending across the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a>, but when little gold was found in Mashonaland, he accepted that the scheme to reach Lake Tanganyika had no economic justification. Railways built by private companies needed traffic that can pay high freight rates, such as large quantities of minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A line from <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> reached Bulawayo in 1897; this was extended to cross the Victoria Falls in 1902. The next section was through <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kabwe" title="Kabwe">Broken Hill</a>, which the railway reached in 1906. The British South Africa Company had been assured that there would be plentiful traffic from its lead and zinc mines, but this did not materialise because of technical mining problems. The railway could not meet the costs of the construction loans, and the only area likely to generate sufficient mineral traffic to relieve these debts was Katanga. Initially, the Congo Free State had concluded that Katanga's copper deposits were not rich enough to justify the capital cost of building a railway to the coast, but expeditions between 1899 and 1901 proved their value. Copper deposits found in Northern Rhodesia before the First World War proved uneconomic to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut_Katanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Minière du Haut Katanga">Union Minière du Haut Katanga</a> was formed to exploit the Katanga mines. King Leopold wanted a railway entirely in Congolese territory, linked to the Congo River, but in 1908, he agreed with the British South Africa Company to continue the Rhodesian railway to <a href="/wiki/Lubumbashi" title="Lubumbashi">Elizabethville</a> and the mines. Between 1912, when full-scale copper production began, until 1928 when a Congolese line was completed, almost all of Katanga's copper was shipped over the Rhodesian network. The railway's revenue from Katanga copper enabled it to carry other goods at low rates. Large-scale development of the Copperbelt only began in the late 1920s, with an increasing world market for copper. Transport was no problem as only short branches had to be built to connect the Copperbelt to the main line.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_end_of_BSAC_rule">The end of BSAC rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The end of BSAC rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost from the start of European settlement, the settlers in Northern Rhodesia were hostile to the BSAC administration and its commercial position. The company opposed the settlers' political aspirations and refused to allow them to elect representatives to the Advisory Council, limiting them to a few nominated members.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a judgement by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a> that the land in Southern Rhodesia belonged to the British Crown not the BSAC, opinion among settlers in Southern Rhodesia turned to favour <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> and in 1923 this was granted. This left Northern Rhodesia in a difficult position since the British South Africa Company had believed it owned the land in both territories and some settlers suggested that the ownership in Northern Rhodesia should also be referred to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>. However, the British South Africa Company insisted that its claims were unchallengeable and persuaded the United Kingdom government to enter into direct negotiations over the future administration of Northern Rhodesia. </p><p>As a result, a settlement was achieved by which Northern Rhodesia remained a protectorate but came under the British government, with its administrative machinery taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>, while the British South Africa Company retained extensive areas of freehold property and the protectorate's mineral rights. It was also agreed that half of the proceeds of land sales in the former North-Western Rhodesia would go to the Company. On 1 April 1924, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stanley" title="Herbert Stanley">Herbert Stanley</a> was appointed as Governor and Northern Rhodesia became an official <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a> of the United Kingdom, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a>. The capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> in 1935. </p><p>Under the Administration of the British South Africa Company, the Administrator had similar powers to those of a colonial governor, except that certain powers were reserved to the High Commissioner for South Africa. There was neither an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Commonwealth_countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)">Executive Council</a> nor a legislative council, but only an Advisory Council, consisting entirely of nominees. The Northern Rhodesia Order in Council, 1924<sup id="cite_ref-Council_1924_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Council_1924-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transferred to the Governor any power or jurisdiction previously held by the Administrator or vested in the High Commissioner for South Africa. The Order also provided for an Executive Council consisting of six ex-officio senior officials and any other official or unofficial members Governor wished to appoint. At the same time, a legislative council was established, consisting of the Governor and up to nine official members, and five unofficial members who were to be elected by the small European <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> numbering 4,000 people only, as none of the African population had the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-D._Clough,_1924_pp._279-80_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Clough,_1924_pp._279-80-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining_developments">Mining developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mining developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important factor in the colony's economy was copper. Ancient surface copper workings were known at Kansanshi (near <a href="/wiki/Solwezi" title="Solwezi">Solwezi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bwana_Mkubwa" title="Bwana Mkubwa">Bwana Mkubwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luanshya" title="Luanshya">Luanshya</a>, all on what later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_Province" title="Copperbelt Province">Copperbelt</a> and exploration in 1895 by the British South Africa Company's celebrated American scout, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, who led and oversaw the massive Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. expedition first established for Westerners that major copper deposits existed in Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-baxter1970_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baxter1970-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_River" title="Kafue River">Kafue River</a> in then Northern Rhodesia, Burnham saw many similarities to copper deposits he had worked in the United States, and he encountered natives wearing copper bracelets.<sup id="cite_ref-scouting_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scouting-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a> built towns along the river and a railway to transport the copper through <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozambique (Portugal)">Mozambique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-juang2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juang2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BSAC claimed to own mineral rights over the whole of Northern Rhodesia under concessions granted between 1890 and 1910 by <a href="/wiki/Lewanika" title="Lewanika">Lewanika</a> covering a poorly defined area of North-Western Rhodesia or negotiated by Joseph Thomson and Alfred Sharpe in 1890 and 1891 with local chiefs in a disputed area of North-Eastern Rhodesia. This claim was accepted by the British Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref-1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Charter ended, BSAC joined a group of nine South African and British companies which financed the development of <a href="/wiki/Nchanga_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nchanga Mines">Nchanga Mines</a>, to prevent them falling under US control. However, its main concern was to receive royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However significant they were, these copper deposits could not be exploited commercially until the Southern Rhodesian railway had extended across the Zambezi and continued northward, to reach the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> border, which it did in 1909. By that time, mining had started in <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>, where rich <a href="/wiki/Copper_oxide" title="Copper oxide">copper oxide</a> ores occurred near the surface. In Northern Rhodesia, the surface ores were of poorer quality, and copper was only worked intermittently at Bwana Mkubwa until in 1924 rich <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper sulphide">copper sulphide</a> ores were discovered about 100 feet below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 1924, there had not been significant exploitation of Northern Rhodesia's mineral resources: there was some cattle farming in Barotseland, but Northern Rhodesia had attracted little white settlement, in contrast to its southern neighbour. Unlike Southern Rhodesia, which had seen a flood of fortune-seeking prospectors seeking to set up independent mines, Northern Rhodesia's mining policy was to agree large-scale deals with major commercial mining companies. </p><p>Large-scale mining on the Northern Rhodesian Copperbelt started after 1924 and was mainly financed from the United States of America and South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Beatty">Chester Beatty</a>'s and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Edmund_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Edmund Davis (page does not exist)">Sir Edmund Davis</a>'s Selection Trust already had an interest in the fairly small <a href="/wiki/Bwana_Mkubwa" title="Bwana Mkubwa">Bwana Mkubwa</a> copper mine, which had opened in 1901 on the site of ancient mineral workings at the southern end of the Copperbelt, and Beatty was responsible for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Roan_Antelope_Copper_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roan Antelope Copper Mine">Roan Antelope</a> mine at <a href="/wiki/Luanshya" title="Luanshya">Luanshya</a> in 1926. Copper was becoming much more valuable as more of it was needed for <a href="/wiki/Electrical_components" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical components">electrical components</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Motor_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor industry">motor industry</a>. In 1927, Beatty sold a one-third interest in Roan Antelope to the American Metal Company (AMC), whose interests were in refining and selling metals, and in 1928 he formed <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Selection_Trust" title="Rhodesian Selection Trust">Rhodesian Selection Trust</a> (RST – later renamed Roan Selection Trust) to finance further mining developments. Beatty then sold his controlling interest in RST to AMC in 1930, becoming AMC's largest shareholder. AMC's commitment to RST allowed it to bring the <a href="/wiki/Mufulira" title="Mufulira">Mufulira</a> mine into partial production in 1930, although it only became fully operational in 1933, because of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South African interest in the Copperbelt was led the <a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo American Corporation">Anglo American Corporation</a>, which gained an interest in the Bwana Mkubwa company in 1924 and acquired a one-third interest in Mufulira in 1928. Also in 1928, Anglo American acquired control of the <a href="/wiki/Nkana" title="Nkana">Nkana</a> mine at <a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a> and formed Rhodesian Anglo American, whose other shareholders included US and South African finance houses and the British South Africa Company (BSAC). As BSAC exchanged its own shares for Rhodesian Anglo American ones, Rhodesian Anglo American now became a major shareholder in BSAC. Both Roan Antelope and Nkana started commercial production in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, very little British capital was invested in the Copperbelt. However, in 1929 it seemed possible that a fourth source of copper, <a href="/wiki/Nchanga_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nchanga Mines">Nchanga Mines</a>, might fall under US control: as an American <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> which sought to restrict supply to increase prices then already controlled three-quarters of world copper production, the British government encouraged a group of nine "British" companies to finance Nchanga. This group was dominated by Rhodesian Anglo American, so truly British participation was still limited. In 1931 the ownership of Bwana Mkubwa and Nchanga was amalgamated into the Rhokana Corporation, in which Rhodesian Anglo American also predominated. The situation in 1931 was that Rhodesian Selection Trust (RST) owned Roan Antelope and a dominant interest in Mufulira, while Rhokana Corporation owned the remained of Mufulira, Nkana, Nchanga and Bwana Mkubwa. The shareholding structure of RST and particularly of Rhokana was complex.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While at first the existence this cartel encouraged investment, consumers sought alternative and cheaper materials and with the economic downturn, the price of copper crashed in 1931. An international agreement restricted output. This caused a catastrophe in Northern Rhodesia where many employees were sacked and put an end to hopes which many Europeans had held of turning Northern Rhodesia into another white dominion like Southern Rhodesia. Many settlers took this opportunity to move back to Southern Rhodesia, while Africans returned to their farms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_recovery">Economic recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the economic crash, large firms were still able to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>. The fact that unemployed workers had left meant there were no increases in taxation, and labour costs remained low. At a 1932 conference of copper producers in New York, the Rhodesian companies objected to further market intervention, and when no agreement could be made, the previous restrictions on competition lapsed. This placed the Northern Rhodesians in a very powerful position. Meanwhile, the British South Africa Company sold its remaining Southern Rhodesian holdings to the Southern Rhodesian government in 1933 giving it the capital to invest in developing other mines. It negotiated an agreement between <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia Railways">Rhodesia Railways</a> and the copper mine companies for exclusive use and used resources freed up to buy a major stake in the Anglo American Corporation. By the end of the 1930s, Northern Rhodesian copper mining was booming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Council">Legislative Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legislative Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-war">Pre-war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pre-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Northern Rhodesia became a Protectorate under the British Empire on 1 April 1924, a Legislative Council was established on which the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Northern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Northern Rhodesia">Governor of Northern Rhodesia</a> sat <i>ex officio</i> as Presiding Officer. The initial council consisted entirely of nominated members, as no procedure existed at the time for holding elections. However, the members were divided between the "official members" who held executive posts in the administration of the Protectorate, and the "unofficial members" who held no posts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, a system of election was worked out and the first election was held for five elected unofficial members, who took their seats together with nine nominated official members. An elector in Northern Rhodesia had to be a United Kingdom citizen, a requirement which practically ruled out Africans who were <a href="/wiki/British_Protected_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protected Person">British Protected Persons</a>. In addition, would-be electors were required to fill in an application form in English, and to have an annual income of at least £200 or occupy immovable property worth £250 (tribal or community occupation of such property was specifically excluded).<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, the number of unofficial members was increased to seven. This failed to meet settler aspirations and in 1937 their members demanded parity if numbers with the nine official members, and seats on the Executive Council, until then wholly composed of officials: this demand was rejected. In 1938, there was the first acknowledgement of the need to represent the opinions of Africans, and one nominated unofficial European member was added for this purpose, replacing one of the nominated officials, so that the official and unofficial members each numbered eight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965109–10,_199_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965109–10,_199-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941 one additional member was added to both the nominated officials and the elected unofficials, for a total of ten unofficials (nine elected) and nine nominated officials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war">Post-war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A._Creech_Jones_with_the_Northern_Rhodesia_Legislative_Council.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A._Creech_Jones_with_the_Northern_Rhodesia_Legislative_Council.jpg/220px-A._Creech_Jones_with_the_Northern_Rhodesia_Legislative_Council.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A._Creech_Jones_with_the_Northern_Rhodesia_Legislative_Council.jpg/330px-A._Creech_Jones_with_the_Northern_Rhodesia_Legislative_Council.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A._Creech_Jones_with_the_Northern_Rhodesia_Legislative_Council.jpg/440px-A._Creech_Jones_with_the_Northern_Rhodesia_Legislative_Council.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>The Legislative Assembly with Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Creech_Jones" title="Arthur Creech Jones">Arthur Creech Jones</a> (far right) in 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945, there was an increase in the number of unofficial European members representing Africans from one to three, and an additional two nominated unofficials were introduced for a total of five. From 1948, the African Representative Council recommended two African unofficial members for nomination by the Governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965206,_208_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965206,_208-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1948 saw the replacement of the Governor by a Speaker, who also sat <i>ex officio</i>, and the introduction of two members nominated on the advice of the African Representative Council. </p><p>An Order-in-Council coming into effect on 31 December 1953 provided for a new Legislative Council to consist of a Speaker <i>ex officio</i>, eight nominated officials, twelve elected unofficials, four African unofficial members nominated by the Governor on the advice the African Representative Council, and two nominated unofficial European members representing the interests of Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965234_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965234-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nominated officials were identified as the Chief Secretary, Attorney General, Financial Secretary, and Secretary for Native Affairs, and four others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1959_Order-in-Council">1959 Order-in-Council</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1959 Order-in-Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1959 saw a large increase in the proportion of elected members. The Legislative Council then consisted of the Speaker and 30 members. All but eight of these members were to be elected: the eight nominated were the same four named posts as before, two others, and two nominated unofficial members (who were not specifically responsible for African interests). These two members were retained to provide that there were some members who could be called upon for Ministerial duties if there were too few elected members willing to do so. </p><p>The 22 elected members were organised in such a way as to ensure that there were eight African and 14 Europeans. The electoral roll was divided into 'General' and 'Special' with Special voters having much lower financial requirements than General voters so that the majority of Special voters were Africans (the nationality requirement had been varied so that <a href="/wiki/British_Protected_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protected Person">British Protected Persons</a> were eligible to vote). In the towns in which a majority of Europeans lived, there were twelve constituencies; special voters could have no more than one-third of the influence on the total. </p><p>In the rural areas where most Africans lived, six special constituencies were drawn. Both general and special voters participated in the elections and their votes counted for equal weight, although the majority of voters were Africans. In the special constituency areas, there were two composite 'Reserved European seats', in which special voters were restricted to one-third of the influence. There were also two 'Reserved African seats' in the areas of the ordinary constituencies, although all votes counted in full.<sup id="cite_ref-Clegg_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clegg-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the end of BSAC administration, Northern Rhodesian law was in conformity with the laws of <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> and its High Court of Northern Rhodesia was ultimately subordinate to those of the United Kingdom. This continued after 1924; all United Kingdom statutes in force on 17 August 1911 were applied to Northern Rhodesia, together with those of later years if specific to the Protectorate. Where Africans were parties before courts, Native law and customs were applied, except if they were "repugnant to natural justice or morality", or inconsistent with any other law in force.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subsidiary_Courts">Subsidiary Courts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subsidiary Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below the High Court were Magistrates' Courts which fell into four classes: </p> <ol><li>Courts of Provincial Commissioners, Senior Resident Magistrates and Resident Magistrates. In criminal matters, such courts could impose sentences of imprisonment for up to three years; in civil matters, they were limited to awards of £200 and for recovery of land worth up to £144 annual rent.</li> <li>Courts of District Commissioners. In criminal matters, they could impose sentences of imprisonment for up to one year without confirmation by the High Court; they could also impose up to three years' imprisonment with the High Court's consent. Their civil jurisdiction was limited to £100.</li> <li>Courts of District Officers.</li> <li>Courts of Cadets attached to the Provincial Administration.</li></ol> <p>Criminal trials for treason, murder and manslaughter, or attempts and conspiracies to commit them, were reserved for the High Court. Civil matters relating to constitutional issues, wills and marriages were also restricted to the High Court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_Courts">Native Courts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Native Courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Native Courts Ordinance 1937 allowed the Governor to issue a warrant recognising native courts. Their jurisdiction only covered natives but extended to criminal and civil jurisdiction. Native courts were not allowed to impose the death penalty, nor try <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> without permission. There was also provision for a Native Court of Appeal, but if not established, appeal was to the Provincial Commissioner and thence to the High Court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chief_Justices_of_North-Eastern_Rhodesia">Chief Justices of North-Eastern Rhodesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chief Justices of North-Eastern Rhodesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Incumbent </th> <th colspan="2">Tenure </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Paul_Beaufort" title="Leicester Paul Beaufort">Sir Leicester Paul Beaufort</a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>1911 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chief_Justices_of_Northern_Rhodesia">Chief Justices of Northern Rhodesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Chief Justices of Northern Rhodesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Incumbent </th> <th colspan="2">Tenure </th> <th rowspan="2" width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Gerard_Brooke_Francis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyril Gerard Brooke Francis (page does not exist)">Cyril Gerard Brooke Francis</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>afterwards <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bermuda" title="Chief Justice of Bermuda">Chief Justice of Bermuda</a>, 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Charles_Fahie_Cox" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Charles Fahie Cox">Herbert Charles Fahie Cox</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>afterwards <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Tanganyika" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Tanganyika">Chief Justice of Tanganyika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Werner_Lewey" title="Arthur Werner Lewey">Arthur Werner Lewey</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=(Edward)_Peter_Stubbs_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Edward) Peter Stubbs Bell (page does not exist)">(Edward) Peter Stubbs Bell</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>Died in office </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Bowes_Griffin" title="John Bowes Griffin">John Bowes Griffin</a> </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>acting Chief Justice </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir George Paterson </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>1961 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diarmaid_William_Conroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diarmaid William Conroy (page does not exist)">Diarmaid William Conroy</a> </td> <td>1961 </td> <td>1964 </td> <td>afterwards <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Zambia">Chief Justice of Zambia</a>, 1964–1965 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governing_the_people">Governing the people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Governing the people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidney_Webb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sidney_Webb.jpg/170px-Sidney_Webb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sidney_Webb.jpg/255px-Sidney_Webb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sidney_Webb.jpg/340px-Sidney_Webb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Lord Passfield</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1890s and until after the end of BSAC administration, a policy of Direct Rule over Africans was operated, within the limits of what was possible with very small numbers of white District Officers. Except in <a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a>, these officers deprived traditional <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chiefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal chiefs">chiefs</a> of their powers of administering justice, and deposed troublesome ones, although most chiefs accepted their reduced role as local agents of the District Officers. By the late 1920s, the idea of Indirect Rule that <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">Lord Lugard</a> had proposed in "The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa" had gained favour. Lugard suggested that, in colonies where climate and geography precluded extensive European settlement, African interests should be recognised as paramount and the development of such colonies must benefit their indigenous population as well as the economic interests of the colonial power. However, what was introduced into Northern Rhodesia in 1930 as a policy of Indirect Rule was little different in practice to the previous policy. Although some legitimate traditional chiefs and other appointed chiefs and headmen were nominated as Native Authorities, they had limited judicial powers and very limited financial resources to build up any institutions of self-government within their communities. Apart from in Barotseland, the District Officers still retained most of their former powers, and used the Native Authorities as intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196547–50_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196547–50-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1930, the Colonial Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> Government, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Lord Passfield</a>, published his Memorandum on Native Policy in East and Central Africa. His statement of colonial policy was an emphatic reassertion of the principle of paramountcy of African interests, which his predecessor as Colonial Secretary, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a>, has attempted to water-down in 1927 when setting up the <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young_Commission" title="Hilton Young Commission">Hilton Young Commission</a>. Passfield's Memorandum stated that no further white minority governments would be permitted, dismissing settler aspirations of self-government in Kenya and Northern Rhodesia. This turned Northern Rhodesian Europeans against association with East Africa towards union with Southern Rhodesia. In 1933, a substantial minority in the Northern Rhodesian legislature favoured amalgamation with Southern Rhodesia, despite vigorous African opposition. However, the majority of settlers were still cautious about being marginalised by the much greater numbers of Europeans in Southern Rhodesia.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1943, six Provincial Councils were set up to form a second tier of African representative institutions above the Native Authorities. These were purely advisory bodies, whose advice the Provincial Commissioner need not accept. Most of the members of the Provincial Councils were rural and many were chiefs, but some educated urban Africans were included. In 1946, a third tier was added with the formation of an African Representative Council for the whole protectorate, whose members were nominated by the Provincial Councils. The African Representative Council was also largely advisory, but was later able to make recommendations for Africans to be nominated as members of the Legislative Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965199,_207_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965199,_207-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_policies">Land policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Land policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Northern Rhodesia, the British South Africa Company claimed ownership of all the unalienated land in the territory, and the right to alienate it. Europeans occupied land along the line of the railway and near the towns, but at first there was no land shortage, as the population density was low and the European population was small. In 1913, BSAC drew up plans for Native Reserves along Southern Rhodesian lines, outside which Africans would have no right to own or occupy land, but these plans were not put into effect under company administration. However, reserves were created in 1928 and 1929 in the northern and eastern parts of the protectorate, and about half the land adjacent to the line of the main railway line was reserved for European settlement and farming. In 1938, it was reported that the Native Reserves were overcrowded, while much of the land reserved for Europeans was unoccupied and unused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196537–38_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196537–38-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> of the United Kingdom had rejected the British South Africa Company claims to unalienated land in Southern Rhodesia, and this raised questions about the company's claim to unalienated land north of the Zambezi. However, the company's claim in Northern Rhodesia was based on concessions granted rather than conquest and, although a Northern Rhodesian parliamentary Committee in 1921 recommended that these claims also should be referred to the Privy Council, the British government preferred to negotiate an overall settlement for the end of BSAC administration in Northern Rhodesia. This effectively acknowledged the company's claim.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under an Agreement of 29 September 1923, the Northern Rhodesian government took over the entire control of lands previously controlled by BSAC from 1 April 1924, paying the company half the net rents and the proceeds of certain land sales.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_minority_rule">Opposition to minority rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Opposition to minority rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Firstly, <a href="/wiki/African_initiated_church" class="mw-redirect" title="African initiated church">independent African churches</a> such as the Ethiopian Church in Barotseland, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a> or the Watchtower movement and others rejected European missionary control and promoted <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> doctrines that the authorities considered <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">seditious</a>. They were not generally politically active, but the Watchtower movement was supposedly involved in the 1935 Copperbelt riots, probably incorrectly. Secondly, Africans educated by missions or abroad sought social, economic and political advancement through voluntary associations, often called "Welfare Associations". Their protests were muted until the early 1930s, and concentrated on improving African education and agriculture, with political representation a distant aspiration. However, several of the Welfare Associations on the Copperbelt were involved in the 1935 disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196556–60,_124–26,_136–39_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196556–60,_124–26,_136–39-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hut_tax" title="Hut tax">Hut tax</a> was gradually introduced to different areas of Northern Rhodesia between 1901 and 1913. Its introduction generally caused little unrest, but in 1909–10 the Gwembe branch of the <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_of_Zambia_and_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe">Tonga people</a> staged a relatively non-violent protest against its introduction, which was severely suppressed. A sharp increase in the rate of Hut tax in 1920 caused unrest, as did the 1935 increase in the tax rate on the Copperbelt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196545,_75–76_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196545,_75–76-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, the Northern Rhodesian government proposed to increase the rates of tax paid by African miners working on the Copperbelt, while reducing it in rural areas. Although the Provincial Commissioners had been told about the change on 11 January 1935, it was not until 20 May that the Native Tax Amendment Ordinance was signed, with rates implemented as of 1 January 1935. This retrospective increase outraged the miners, who already had grievances about low pay and poor conditions, and also with the <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a> which had been introduced in 1927 and required Africans to have permits to live and work on the Copperbelt. It provoked an all-out <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt_strike_(1935)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperbelt strike (1935)">Copperbelt strike</a> which lasted from 22 May to 25 May in three of the four mines in the area, namely <a href="/wiki/Mufulira" title="Mufulira">Mufulira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nkana" title="Nkana">Nkana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roan_Antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Roan Antelope">Roan Antelope</a>. British South Africa Police were sent from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> to Nkana to suppress it. When, on 29 May, police in <a href="/wiki/Luanshya" title="Luanshya">Luanshya</a> attempted to disperse a group of Africans, violence erupted and six Africans were shot dead. The loss of life shocked both sides and the strike was suspended while a Commission of Inquiry was set up. It concluded that the way the increases were announced was the key factor, and that if they had been introduced calmly, they would have been accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196551,_165–66_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196551,_165–66-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One effect of the <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> was the establishment of tribal elders' advisory councils for Africans across the Copperbelt, following a system introduced at the Roan Antelope mine. These councils acted as minor courts, referring other matters to the mine compound manager or district organiser. Native courts operated outside the urban areas and eventually these were introduced to the towns. <a href="/wiki/Mufulira" title="Mufulira">Mufulira</a> was the first, in 1938, and by the end of 1940 they existed in <a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luanshya" title="Luanshya">Luanshya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ndola" title="Ndola">Ndola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chingola" title="Chingola">Chingola</a> on the Copperbelt, <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabwe" title="Kabwe">Broken Hill</a> in the centre of the country, and <a href="/wiki/Livingstone,_Zambia" title="Livingstone, Zambia">Livingstone</a> on the border with Southern Rhodesia. Simultaneously, African Urban Advisory Councils were established in the main Copperbelt towns. Relations between Africans and Europeans were often strained.<sup id="cite_ref-Nkana_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nkana-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second round of labour hostilities broke out in March 1940. This was prompted by successful <a href="/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildcat strike action">wildcat strike action</a> by European miners at two Copperbelt mines, who demanded increased basic pay, a war bonus and a <a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">closed shop</a> to prevent the advancement of African miners. The European strikers' demands were largely conceded, including an agreement on preventing the permanent "dilution of labour". This was followed by a refusal to grant a proportionate increase of pay to African miners, who then went on strike despite the offer of slightly increased bonus payments. The government urged the mine-owners to increase the African miners' pay, but following a confrontation between workers collecting their pay and diehard strikers, it also tried to force the miners to return to work, using troops of the Northern Rhodesian Regiment. In the violence that followed, the troops fired on the strikers, causing 13 deaths immediately and four later. The Colonial Secretary forced the Governor to hold a Commission of Inquiry, which found that conditions at Nkana and Mufulira had little changed from 1935, although at <a href="/wiki/Nchanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Nchanga">Nchanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roan_Antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Roan Antelope">Roan Antelope</a> no strike had happened. It recommended increases in pay and improvements in conditions, which the mine-owners agreed, and also that African miners should be eligible for jobs previously reserved for European miners. This last recommendation was not implemented then, but was gradually introduced after 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-COI2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COI2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965169,_171–73,_176_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965169,_171–73,_176-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Northern Rhodesian military units participated on the side of the United Kingdom. Specifically, Northern Rhodesian forces were involved in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</a>. Later in the war, the British government's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> entered into agreements with the Northern Rhodesian and Canadian copper mines to supply all the copper needed by the armed forces for set prices. This removed free competition and therefore kept prices down; as British companies, the main copper producers were also subject to the Excess Profits Tax. However they did have a guaranteed market, and in 1943 the Ministry of Supply paid half of the cost of an expansion programme planned for the Nchanga mine. </p><p>There was <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesian_general_election,_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Rhodesian general election, 1941">an election in 1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roy_Welensky" title="Roy Welensky">Roy Welensky</a>, a leader in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Railway_Workers%27_Union" title="Rhodesian Railway Workers' Union">Rhodesian Railway Workers' Union</a> who had been elected in 1938, set up the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesian_Labour_Party" title="Northern Rhodesian Labour Party">Northern Rhodesian Labour Party</a> as a party favouring amalgamation earlier in the year. All five candidates of the party were elected. This development was spotted in London where <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> MPs were concerned that the demand, if granted, would diminish the position of the Africans of Northern Rhodesia. Welensky led a move in the Legislative Council to restrict the British South Africa Company's mineral rights which garnered African support; the Company agreed in 1949 to assign 20% of its revenues to the Government, and to transfer all its remaining rights in 1986. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_attempts_at_association">Early attempts at association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Early attempts at association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationRhodesiaandNyasaland_(1953%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LocationRhodesiaandNyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/250px-LocationRhodesiaandNyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LocationRhodesiaandNyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/375px-LocationRhodesiaandNyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LocationRhodesiaandNyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg/500px-LocationRhodesiaandNyasaland_%281953%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As early as 1915, the British South Africa Company proposed amalgamating Southern Rhodesia and Northern Rhodesia, but this was rejected by the Southern Rhodesian legislature in 1917, as it might have prevented Southern Rhodesia obtaining self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This option was again rejected in 1921, for the same reason. After the Southern Rhodesian electorate voted for self-determination in 1922, this objection ceased, and in 1927 the Conservative Colonial Secretary, Leo Amery gave Southern Rhodesia settlers the impression that he supported their claim to acquire the more productive parts of Northern Rhodesia.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the European population of Northern Rhodesia was tiny, about 3,000 compared with ten times as many in Southern Rhodesia, but it increased rapidly after the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Copperbelt" title="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</a> in the 1920s. Northern Rhodesian settlers wanted self-government for the European minority electorate, separate from Southern Rhodesia. However, once the British government appeared to reject the idea of further white minority governments in Africa, talk of amalgamation resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, the British government appointed the <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young_Commission" title="Hilton Young Commission">Hilton Young Commission</a> on the possible closer union of the British territories in East and Central Africa. Its majority thought that Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland should seek closer links with East Africa, but the minority report favoured linking these two territories with Southern Rhodesia on economic grounds. Even before the Commission's report was published, there were discussions between the Northern Rhodesian settlers and the Southern Rhodesian government on the terms of a total union of the two Rhodesias as a single colony. Northern Rhodesian settlers were only prepared to join Southern Rhodesia if there were no other way to achieve minority rule.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Northern Rhodesia's mining industry suffered a major downturn in the 1930s, its representatives pushed for amalgamation in January 1936 at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a>, but the Southern Rhodesian Labour Party who blocked it, because the British government objected to Southern Rhodesian policies of job reservation and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> being applied in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the Copperbelt strike of 1935 there was an election to the legislative council, in which all candidates supported investigating the <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamation</a> of Northern and Southern Rhodesia. After a conference at <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</a> between the elected members and representatives of the Southern Rhodesian political parties in January 1936 resolved in favour of amalgamation "under a constitution conferring the right of complete self-government". The United Kingdom government initially refused to set up a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>, but following pressure from Europeans in both the Rhodesias, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Huggins,_1st_Viscount_Malvern" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern">Godfrey Huggins</a>, who had been the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia since 1933, the British government agreed in 1937 to set up one, as the <a href="/wiki/Bledisloe_Commission" title="Bledisloe Commission">Bledisloe Commission</a>, whose chairman was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bathurst,_1st_Viscount_Bledisloe" title="Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe">Lord Bledisloe</a>. Its terms if reference were to consider a possible closer association between the two Rhodesias and Nyasaland.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federation_implemented">Federation implemented</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Federation implemented"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bledisloe Commission reported in March 1939, and suggested that Africans could benefit socially and economically from European enterprise. However, it thought that two major changes would be necessary: firstly, to moderate Southern Rhodesian racial policies, and secondly, to give some form of representation of African interests in the legislatures of each territory.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission considered the complete amalgamation of the three territories, and thought that it would be more difficult to plan future development in a looser federal union. It did not favour an alternative under which Southern Rhodesia would absorb the Copperbelt. Despite the almost unanimous African opposition to amalgamation with Southern Rhodesia, the Commission advocated it at some time in the future, However, a majority of Commission members ruled amalgamation out as an immediate possibility, because of African concerns and objections. This majority favoured an early union of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland into one unit which would co-operate economically with Southern Rhodesia as a possible first step to uniting all three territories later.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wetherell_223_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wetherell_223-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern Rhodesia's white population were severely disappointed, but the outbreak of the Second World War fundamentally changed the economic and political situation, as Northern Rhodesian copper became a vital resource in winning the war. </p><p>During the Second World War, co-operation between the three territories increased with a joint secretariat in 1941 and an advisory Central African Council in 1945, made up of the three Governors and one leading European politician from each territory. Post-war British governments were persuaded that closer association in Central Africa would cut costs, and they agreed to a federal solution, not the full amalgamation that the Southern Rhodesian government preferred. The first post-war Colonial Secretary from 1946 to 1950, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Creech_Jones" title="Arthur Creech Jones">Arthur Creech Jones</a> of the Labour Party, was reluctant to discuss any plans for amalgamation with <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Huggins,_1st_Viscount_Malvern" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern">Godfrey Huggins</a>, the Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia because of opposition from Africans and from within his own party. He did not entirely rule out federation, which had been proposed by a conference held at Victoria Falls in 1949 between the Southern Rhodesian government, and the elected, or "unofficial" members of the Northern Rhodesia Legislative Council led by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Welensky" title="Roy Welensky">Roy Welensky</a>, without any Africans present. It was left to his successor in post in 1950 to 1951, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">James Griffiths</a>, to begin exploratory talks with Huggins and Welensky representing the white minorities of both Rhodesias, subject to the opinion of the majority African populations being ascertained. After a change in the British government in 1951, the incoming Conservative Colonial Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Oliver Lyttelton</a> removed the condition of sounding out African opinion in November 1951 and pushed ahead against strong African opposition. After further revisions of the proposals for federation, agreement was reached. Following a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_federation_referendum,_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian federation referendum, 1953">positive referendum</a> result in Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia joined the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> when it was created in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Federation">Opposition to Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Opposition to Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1946, the Federation of African Welfare Societies was formed, uniting the Welfare Societies that had been set up by educated Africans in towns in the 1930s to discuss local affairs in English. In 1948 the Federation changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Rhodesia Congress">Northern Rhodesia Congress</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Godwin_Mbikusita_Lewanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika (page does not exist)">Godwin Mbikusita Lewanika</a>, who had an aristocratic Barotse background, became its first president. In the late 1940s several local trade unions representing African miners merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesian_African_Mineworkers%27_Union" title="Northern Rhodesian African Mineworkers' Union">Northern Rhodesian African Mineworkers' Union</a>. Under Mbikusita Lewanika, Congress gradually developed as a political force. It had some radical policies, but Mbikusita Lewanika favoured gradualism and dialogue with the settler minority. In 1950 and 1951 he failed to deliver a strong anti-Federation message and in 1951 Mbikusita Lewanika was voted out of office and replaced by the more radical <a href="/wiki/Harry_Nkumbula" title="Harry Nkumbula">Harry Nkumbula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965226,_229–34,_269–70_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965226,_229–34,_269–70-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harry Nkumbula, a schoolteacher from <a href="/wiki/Kitwe" title="Kitwe">Kitwe</a>, had been given a scholarship to study in London, where he met <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a>. The main African objections to the Federation were summed up in a joint memorandum prepared by Nkumbula for Northern Rhodesia and Banda for Nyasaland in 1950, shortly before Nkumbula returned to Northern Rhodesia. These objections were that political domination by the white minority of Southern Rhodesia would prevent greater African political participation, and that control by Southern Rhodesian politicians would lead to an extension of racial discrimination and segregation. Nkumbula returned to Northern Rhodesia in 1950 to fight against Federation and against Mbikusita Lewanika's leadership of Congress. His radicalism caused some chiefs and conservatives to withdraw their support from Congress, but the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, as the party was renamed in 1951, was able to persuade the African Representative Council to recommend two of its members to be African-nominated members of the Legislative Council in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965226,_229–34,_269–70_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965226,_229–34,_269–70-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after its formation, the Federal government attempted to take control of African affairs from the British Colonial Office, proving the fears of Nkumbula and Banda were justified. It also scaled back the fairly modest British post-war proposals for African development.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Rhodesian African National Congress had been a rather small, largely urban, party under <a href="/wiki/Mbikusita_Lewanika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbikusita Lewanika">Mbikusita Lewanika</a>, but Nkumbula used opposition to Federation to increase its membership. In 1951, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, formerly a teacher, became Organising Secretary for Congress in the Northern Province, and in 1953 he moved to Lusaka as Secretary General of Congress, under Nkumbula's presidency. The efforts of Congress, including a failed general strike in March 1953, could not prevent the imposition of Federation, and apart from some urban protests, it was sullenly accepted by the African majority. Both Kaunda and Nkumbula began to advocate self-government under African majority rule, rather than just increased African representation in the existing colonial institutions. In addition to demanding the break-up of Federation, Congress targeted local grievances, such as <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">the "colour bar"</a>, the denial of certain jobs or services to Africans and low pay and poor conditions for African workers. Kaunda was prominent in organising <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, but in 1955 both he and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965239,_249–51,_262–63_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965239,_249–51,_262–63-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imprisonment radicalised Kaunda, who intensified the campaign of economic boycotts and disobedience on his release, but it had the opposite effect on Nkumbula, who had already acted indecisively over the 1953 general strike. Nkumbula's leadership became increasingly autocratic and it was alleged he was using party funds for his own benefit. However, Kaunda continued to support Nkumbula even though in 1956 Nkumbula attempted to end the campaign against the colour bar. Kaunda's estrangement from Nkumbula grew when he spent six months in Britain working with the Labour party on <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a>, but the final rupture came only in October 1958 when Nkumbula tried to purge Congress of his opponents and assume sweeping powers over the party. In that month, Kaunda and most of the younger, more radical members left to form the <a href="/wiki/Zambia_African_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambia African National Congress">Zambia African National Congress</a>, with Kaunda as president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965278,_285,_289–91_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965278,_285,_289–91-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Federation_and_independence">End of Federation and independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: End of Federation and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the defection of Kaunda and the radicals, Nkumbula decided that the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress would contest the Legislative Council elections to be held under the 1959 Order-in-Council in October 1959. To increase the chances of Congress, he entered into electoral pacts with white liberals. Kaunda and the Zambia African National Congress planned to boycott these elections, regarding the 1959 franchise as racially biased.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, before the elections a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a> had been declared in Nyasaland and Banda and many of his followers had been detained without trial, following claims that they had planned the indiscriminate killing of Europeans and Asians, and of African opponents, the so-called "murder plot". Shortly afterwards, on 12 March 1959, the governor of Northern Rhodesia also declared a State of emergency there, arrested 45 Zambia African National Congress including Kaunda and banned the party. Kaunda later received a 19-month prison sentence for conspiracy, although no credible evidence of conspiracy was produced. The declaration of States of emergency in both Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland marked the end of attempts by their nationalist parties to work within the colonial system, and the start of a push for immediate and full independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965297,_299–301_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965297,_299–301-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Nkumbula and his party won several seats in the October 1959 elections, he made little use of Kaunda's enforced absence and managed to alienate another section of the Northern Rhodesian African National Congress who, with former Zambia African National Congress members, formed the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party" title="United National Independence Party">United National Independence Party</a> in October 1959. When Kaunda was released from prison in January 1960, he assumed its leadership. Nkumbula and what was left of Congress retained support in the south of the country, where he had always maintained a strong following among the Ila and <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_of_Zambia_and_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe">plateau Tonga</a> peoples, but the United National Independence Party was dominant elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965301,_307–10_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965301,_307–10-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Roy_Welensky" title="Roy Welensky">Roy Welensky</a>, a Northern Rhodesian settler who was the Federal Prime Minister from November 1956 had convinced <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lennox-Boyd,_1st_Viscount_Boyd_of_Merton" title="Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton">Alan Lennox-Boyd</a>, Colonial Secretary from 1954 to 1959, to support Federation and to agree that the pace of African advancement would be gradual. This remained the view of the British cabinet under <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a> until after the declaration of the States of emergency, when it decided to set up a Royal Commission on the future of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland to be held in 1960. This became the <a href="/wiki/Monckton_Commission" title="Monckton Commission">Monckton Commission</a>, which concluded that the Federation could not be maintained except by force or through massive changes in racial legislation. It advocated a majority of African members in the Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesian legislatures and giving these territories the option to leave the Federation after five years.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Iain Macleod</a> replaced Lennox-Boyd as Colonial Secretary in October 1959: he soon released Banda and negotiated a constitution for responsible government for Nyasaland with him, to follow elections in 1961 that would lead to an African majority on the Legislative Council. However, Macleod was more cautious on political change in Northern Rhodesia. A plan for a Legislative Council with an African majority (16 African members to 14 Europeans) was strongly opposed by Welensky, and under pressure from cabinet colleagues, Macleod accepted Welensky's proposal for a council of 45 members, 15 of whom would be elected by a largely African electoral roll, 15 by a largely European roll, 14 by both rolls jointly and 1 by Asians. As well as greatly inflating the value of votes on the largely European roll, there was a further requirement in the 14 so-called "national" constituencies that successful candidates had to gain at least 10% of the African votes and 10% of the European ones. This complicated franchise, which also required voters to have a relatively high income, was used in elections of October 1962. In this, Kaunda's United National Independence Party gained only 14 seats with around 60% of the valid votes; the mainly European Federal party gained 16 seats with 17% of votes, and Nkumbula's Congress held the balance of power with 7 seats: only 37 of the 45 seats were filled, as in many of the "national" constituencies, no party gained 10% of both African and European votes.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965311–12,_315_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965311–12,_315-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Congress had arranged before the election with the Federal party that their voters would vote for the other's candidates in some "national" constituencies, Nkumbula agreed to work in a coalition which had Kaunda as Prime Minister, and the two and their parties worked in reasonable harmony until a pre-independence election on 1964 where, with a much wider franchise, the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Independence_Party" title="United National Independence Party">United National Independence Party</a> gained 55 of the 75 parliamentary seats. The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formally dissolved on 31 December 1963, and the country became the independent Republic of Zambia on 24 October 1964, with Kaunda as President.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965315–16_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965315–16-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse border-color: #444444"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="CCCCCC"> <th rowspan="2" align="left">Year</th> <th align="left" colspan="4">Population </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="CCCCCC"> <th align="left">Natives</th> <th align="left">Europeans</th> <th align="left">Coloured</th> <th align="left">Asiatic </th></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td>826,000</td> <td>1,497 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923</td> <td>1,000,000</td> <td>3,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1925</td> <td>1,140,642</td> <td>4,624 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931</td> <td>1,372,235</td> <td>13,846 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932</td> <td>1,382,705</td> <td>10,553 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td>1,371,213</td> <td>11,278 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935</td> <td>1,366,425</td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td>1,366,641</td> <td>15,188 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943</td> <td align="center">–</td> <td>18,745 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>1,631,146</td> <td>21,371 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946</td> <td>1,634,980</td> <td>21,919 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951</td> <td>1,700,577</td> <td>37,221</td> <td>1,092</td> <td>2,529 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td>2,040,000</td> <td>60,000</td> <td>1,400</td> <td>4,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td>2,110,000</td> <td>64,800</td> <td>1,550</td> <td>5,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td>2,340,000</td> <td>76,000</td> <td>2,000</td> <td>8,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961</td> <td>2,430,000</td> <td>75,000</td> <td>1,900</td> <td>7,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td>3,460,000</td> <td>74,000</td> <td>2,300</td> <td>8,900 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: <a href="/wiki/Whitaker%27s_Almanack" title="Whitaker's Almanack">Whitaker's Almanack</a> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1953_stamps_of_Northern_Rhodesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1953_stamps_of_Northern_Rhodesia.jpg/400px-1953_stamps_of_Northern_Rhodesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1953_stamps_of_Northern_Rhodesia.jpg/600px-1953_stamps_of_Northern_Rhodesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/1953_stamps_of_Northern_Rhodesia.jpg/800px-1953_stamps_of_Northern_Rhodesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>1953 stamps of Northern Rhodesia marking the birth centennial of Cecil Rhodes</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Postage stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British government issued postage stamps for Northern Rhodesia from 1925 to 1963. See <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Northern_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Northern Rhodesia">Postage stamps and postal history of Northern Rhodesia</a> for more details. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Rhodesia_Olympic_Badge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Rhodesia Olympic Team badge"><img alt="Northern Rhodesia Olympic Team badge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Rhodesia_Olympic_Badge.jpg/150px-Northern_Rhodesia_Olympic_Badge.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Rhodesia_Olympic_Badge.jpg/225px-Northern_Rhodesia_Olympic_Badge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Rhodesia_Olympic_Badge.jpg/300px-Northern_Rhodesia_Olympic_Badge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Northern Rhodesia Olympic Team badge</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964_Olympics">1964 Olympics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 1964 Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern Rhodesia is the only country to have changed its name and flag between the opening and closing ceremonies of an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>. The country entered the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Summer Olympics</a> as Northern Rhodesia, and left in the closing ceremony as Zambia on 24 October, the day independence was formally declared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Zambia" title="Portal:Zambia">Zambia portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although a protectorate, its official name was simply Northern Rhodesia.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NROIC1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NROIC1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NROIC1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Northern Rhodesia Order in Council 1911 (<a href="/wiki/SR%26O_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="SR&O 1911">SR&O 1911</a>/438)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia Order in Council, 1899, S.E.O. 1901 No. 567 (as amended, S.R.O. Rev. 1904, V.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North-Eastern Rhodesia Order in Council 1900 (<a href="/wiki/SR%26O_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="SR&O 1900">SR&O 1900</a>/89)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colonial_Law'_1966._P._753-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colonial_Law'_1966._P._753_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colonial_Law'_1966._P._753_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commonwealth and Colonial Law</i> by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Roberts-Wray" title="Kenneth Roberts-Wray">Kenneth Roberts-Wray</a>, London, Stevens, 1966. p. 753</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_1924-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Council_1924_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Council_1924_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Northern Rhodesia Order in Council 1924 (<a href="/wiki/SR%26O_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="SR&O 1924">SR&O 1924</a>/324), S.R.O. & S.I. Rev VIII, 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zambia_Independence_Act_1964" title="Zambia Independence Act 1964">Zambia Independence Act 1964</a> (c. 65)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M-W-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M-W_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/rhodesia">"Merriam-Webster online dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421143749/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rhodesia">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 269–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Politics%3APartnership+in+the+Federation+of+Rhodesia+and+Nyasaland&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=269-70&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, pp. 279–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette35097" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35097/page/1364">"No. 35097"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 7 March 1941. p. 1364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+35097&rft.pages=1364&rft.date=1941-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F35097%2Fpage%2F1364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette37457" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37457/page/818">"No. 37457"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 5 February 1946. p. 818.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+37457&rft.pages=818&rft.date=1946-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37457%2Fpage%2F818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette39391" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39391/page/6120">"No. 39391"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 23 November 1951. p. 6120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+39391&rft.pages=6120&rft.date=1951-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F39391%2Fpage%2F6120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette39417" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/39417/page/6707">"No. 39417"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 25 December 1951. p. 6707.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+39417&rft.pages=6707&rft.date=1951-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F39417%2Fpage%2F6707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Malinowski, (1929). Report of the Commission on Closer Union of the Dependencies in Eastern and Central Africa, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196547–50-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196547–50_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 47–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, pp. 218, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965199,_207-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965199,_207_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 199, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196537–38-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196537–38_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memorandum by the Colonial Secretary on Rhodesia, 19 April 1923. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-24-160-CP-201.pdf">http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-24-160-CP-201.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022043428/http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/small/cab-24-160-CP-201.pdf">Archived</a> 22 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. D. Clough, (1924). The Constitutional Changes in Northern Rhodesia and Matters Incidental to the Transition, Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Third Series, Vol. 6, No. 4 p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196556–60,_124–26,_136–39-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196556–60,_124–26,_136–39_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 56–60, 124–26, 136–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196545,_75–76-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196545,_75–76_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 45, 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg196551,_165–66-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg196551,_165–66_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 51, 165–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nkana-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nkana_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1937" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, E.E. (1937). <i>Report of an Inquiry into the Causes of a Disturbance at Nkana on the 4th and 5 November 1937</i>. Lusaka: Government Printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+an+Inquiry+into+the+Causes+of+a+Disturbance+at+Nkana+on+the+4th+and+5+November+1937&rft.place=Lusaka&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=E.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COI2-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COI2_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Report of the Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Disturbances in the Copperbelt, Northern Rhodesia, July 1940</i>. Lusaka: Government Printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commission+Appointed+to+Inquire+into+the+Disturbances+in+the+Copperbelt%2C+Northern+Rhodesia%2C+July+1940&rft.place=Lusaka&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965169,_171–73,_176-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965169,_171–73,_176_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 169, 171–73, 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, African Books Collective, p. 86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77922-083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77922-083-7">978-1-77922-083-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, African Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 311, pp. 214–16, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, pp. 216–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, Praeger, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, pp. 215–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C Leys and C Pratt, (1960) A New Deal in Central Africa, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Chanock, (1977). Unconsummated union: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1900–45, Manchester University Press, p. 229. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0634-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0634-0">978-0-7190-0634-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Chanock, (1977). Unconsummated union: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1900–45, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wetherell_223-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wetherell_223_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. I Wetherell, (1979) Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response of 1931 and Subsequent Implications, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Windrich, (1975). The Rhodesian Problem: A Documentary Record 1923–1973, Routledge pp. 22–25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8080-6">978-0-7100-8080-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Okoth, (2006). A History of Africa: African Nationalism and the de-colonisation process, [1915–1995], Volume 2 East African Publishers, p. 101. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9966-25-358-3">978-9966-25-358-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965226,_229–34,_269–70-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965226,_229–34,_269–70_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965226,_229–34,_269–70_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 226, 229–34, 269–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A C Ross, (2009). Colonialism to Cabinet Crisis, African Books Collective, p. 62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99908-87-75-6" title="Special:BookSources/99908-87-75-6">99908-87-75-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965239,_249–51,_262–63-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965239,_249–51,_262–63_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 239, 249–51, 262–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965278,_285,_289–91-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965278,_285,_289–91_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 278, 285, 289–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Roberts, (1976). A History of Zambia, Africana Publishing Company, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965297,_299–301-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965297,_299–301_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 297, 299–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B Raftopoulos and A S Mlambo, editors (2009) Becoming Zimbabwe: A History from the Pre-colonial Period to 2008, African Books Collective, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965301,_307–10-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965301,_307–10_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 301, 307–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R Blake, (1977). A History of Rhodesia, Knopf p. 331. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-48068-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-48068-6">0-394-48068-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P Murray, (2005). British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, Part I, Vol. 9, pp. lxxiv–v, lxxx. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290586-8">978-0-11-290586-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P Murray, (2005). British Documents on the End of Empire: Central Africa, pp. lxxxi–iv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965311–12,_315-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965311–12,_315_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 311–12, 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERotberg1965315–16-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERotberg1965315–16_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRotberg1965">Rotberg (1965)</a>, pp. 315–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Roberts, (1976).A History of Zambia, pp. 221–23.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownlie1979" class="citation book cs1">Brownlie, I. (1979). <i>African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia</i>. Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903983-87-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903983-87-7"><bdi>978-0-903983-87-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Boundaries%3A+A+Legal+and+Diplomatic+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-903983-87-7&rft.aulast=Brownlie&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith1974" class="citation book cs1">Galbraith, J. S. (1974). <i>Crown and Charter: The Early Years of the British South Africa Company</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02693-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02693-3"><bdi>978-0-520-02693-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+and+Charter%3A+The+Early+Years+of+the+British+South+Africa+Company&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02693-3&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppel-Jones1983" class="citation book cs1">Keppel-Jones, A. (1983). <i>Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe 1884–1902</i>. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6103-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-6103-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-6103-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhodes+and+Rhodesia%3A+The+White+Conquest+of+Zimbabwe+1884%E2%80%931902&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-6103-8&rft.aulast=Keppel-Jones&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotberg1965" class="citation journal cs1">Rotberg, R. I. (1965). "The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873–1964". <i>Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>2</b> (3). Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Nationalism+in+Central+Africa%3A+The+Making+of+Malawi+and+Zambia%2C+1873%E2%80%931964&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Rotberg&rft.aufirst=R.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTindall1968" class="citation book cs1">Tindall, P. E. N. (1968) [UK edition 1967]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcentral0000tind_i9o7/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>A History of Central Africa</i></a></span>. New York; Washington, D.C.: Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-19541">68-19541</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/441027">441027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Central+Africa&rft.place=New+York%3B+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F441027&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-19541&rft.aulast=Tindall&rft.aufirst=P.+E.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcentral0000tind_i9o7%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Northern_Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillierCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Peter_Hillier" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Peter Hillier">Hillier, Alfred Peter</a>; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rhodesia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rhodesia">"Rhodesia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 1004–1008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rhodesia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1004-1008&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hillier&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Peter&rft.au=Cana%2C+Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+Rhodesia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatnorthroad.org/">The Great North Road</a>, Northern Rhodesians worldwide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/">Northern Rhodesia and Zambia</a>, photographs and information from the 1950s and 1960s</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ABriefGuideToNorthernRhodesia"><i>A Brief Guide to Northern Rhodesia</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Africa" title="Template:Regions of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Regions of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Africa" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lopez" title="Cape Lopez">Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayombe" title="Mayombe">Mayombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Highlands_forests" title="Cameroonian Highlands forests">Cameroonian Highlands forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congolian rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Rift" title="Gregory Rift">Gregory Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavirondo" title="Kavirondo">Kavirondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_montane_forests" title="East African montane forests">East African montane forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains" title="Eastern Arc Mountains">Eastern Arc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Habash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(East_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaria (East Africa)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Alps" title="Danakil Alps">Danakil Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_Archipelago" title="Lamu Archipelago">Lamu Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Madagascar)" title="Central Highlands (Madagascar)">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Highlands" title="Northern Highlands">Northern Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago" title="Zanzibar Archipelago">Zanzibar Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmur" title="Bashmur">Bashmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataracts of the Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sudans" title="The Sudans">The Sudans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembuland" title="Thembuland">Thembuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland" title="Maputaland">Maputaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_coastal_belt" title="Indian Ocean coastal belt">Indian Ocean coastal belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">Albany thickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">Skeleton Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Coast" title="Pepper Coast">Pepper Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Mesurado" title="Cape Mesurado">Cape Mesurado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Forests_of_West_Africa" title="Guinean Forests of West Africa">Guinean Forests of West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Guinean_forests" title="Upper Guinean forests">Upper Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Guinean_forests" title="Lower Guinean forests">Lower Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Highlands" title="Guinea Highlands">Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_Gap" title="Dahomey Gap">Dahomey Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">Afromontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Africa" title="Islands of Africa">Islands of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">List of countries where Arabic is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MENASA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENASA">MENASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miombo_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Miombo woodlands">Miombo woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroland" title="Negroland">Negroland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese-speaking African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan (region)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezian_region" title="Zambezian region">Zambezian region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_justices_of_British_dependencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_dependencies_chief_justices" title="Template:British dependencies chief justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_dependencies_chief_justices" title="Template talk:British dependencies chief justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_dependencies_chief_justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British dependencies chief justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_justices_of_British_dependencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chief justices of British dependencies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bermuda" title="Chief Justice of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Judiciary of the British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Politics of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Gibraltar" title="Chief Justice of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Leeward_Islands" title="Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcairn">Pitcairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helena Supreme Court">Saint Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands#Judiciary" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former (Africa)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mauritius" title="Supreme Court of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">British Cameroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa"> Cape Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Gambia" title="Chief Justice of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ghana" title="Chief Justice of Ghana">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Kenya" title="Chief Justice of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Northern_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Southern_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa">Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nigeria" title="Chief Justice of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Seychelles" title="Supreme Court of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Tanzania" title="Chief Justice of Tanzania">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Zanzibar" title="Chief Justice of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former (Americas)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Bahamas" title="Chief Justice of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Barbados" title="Chief Justice of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Guyana" title="Chief Justice of Guyana">British Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Belize" title="Chief Justice of Belize">British Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Leeward_Islands" title="Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara-Essequibo" title="Demerara-Essequibo">Demerara-Essequibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Grenada" title="Chief Justice of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Leeward_Islands" title="Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_St_Lucia" title="Chief Justice of St Lucia">St Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_St_Vincent" title="Chief Justice of St Vincent">St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_(Court_of_Appeal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador (Court of Appeal)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia"> British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Brunswick" title="Chief Justice of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Court_of_Appeal" title="Nova Scotia Court of Appeal">Nova-Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Court of Appeal of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Quebec" title="Chief Justice of Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Leeward_Islands" title="Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands">Saint Kitts, Nevis and Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Colony">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Colony">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Supreme_Judicial_Court" title="Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court">Massachusetts-Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire Colony">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Colony">New-Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New-York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Colony">North-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Colony">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island Colony">Rhode-island and Providence Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina Colony">South-Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia" title="Supreme Court of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former (Asia)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Myanmar" title="Chief Justice of Myanmar">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Straits Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_court_(Malaysia)" title="High court (Malaysia)">Federated Malay States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_India" title="Federal Court of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Bombay">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Madras">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind">Sind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_court_(Malaysia)" title="High court (Malaysia)">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_court_(Malaysia)" title="High court (Malaysia)">Malayan Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_court_(Malaysia)" title="High court (Malaysia)">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine and Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_court_(Malaysia)" title="High court (Malaysia)">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former (Australasia)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia" title="Chief Justice of Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_South_Wales" title="Chief Justice of New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Queensland" title="Chief Justice of Queensland">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Tasmania" title="Chief Justice of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Victoria" title="Chief Justice of Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Western_Australia" title="Chief Justice of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Tonga" title="Court of Appeal of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former (Europe)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Cyprus" title="Chief Justice of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Malta" title="Chief Justice of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorca">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Former (Oceania)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Chief Justice of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Fiji" title="Chief Justice of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Judicial_Commissioner_for_the_Western_Pacific" title="Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific">Western Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northern_Rhodesia&params=14.5_S_27.5_E_region:ZM_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°30′S</span> <span class="longitude">27°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.5°S 27.5°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-14.5; 27.5</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953903#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953903#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q953903#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133297384">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124894640">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwxHGXTd8Wcvck6vwKGHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/14235-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80089994">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552788405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026612372">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&oldid=1253193275">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Rhodesia&oldid=1253193275</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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title="Category:1924 establishments in the British Empire">1924 establishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1964_disestablishments_in_the_British_Empire" title="Category:1964 disestablishments in the British Empire">1964 disestablishments in the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:English-speaking countries and territories">English-speaking countries and territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zambia_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Zambia and the Commonwealth of Nations">Zambia and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" 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