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courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authority_of_Privy_Council_decisions_in_domestic_British_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Overseas jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction_removed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction_removed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jurisdiction removed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction_removed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registrars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registrars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Registrars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registrars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_in_Commonwealth_appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_in_Commonwealth_appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Decline in Commonwealth appeals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline_in_Commonwealth_appeals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline in Commonwealth appeals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline_in_Commonwealth_appeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Caribbean Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka_(Ceylon)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka_(Ceylon)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sri Lanka (Ceylon)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka_(Ceylon)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>The Gambia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grenada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grenada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Grenada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grenada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Guyana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Free_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Free_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Irish Free State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Free_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhodesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span>Rhodesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.16</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.17</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%93menda_Gem%C5%8Dt_%C3%BE%C3%A6s_Sundorge%C3%BEinges" title="Dēmenda Gemōt þæs Sundorgeþinges – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Dēmenda Gemōt þæs Sundorgeþinges" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A8_Judicial_del_Consell_Privat" title="Comitè Judicial del Consell Privat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comitè Judicial del Consell Privat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsr%C3%A5dets_Retsudvalg" title="Statsrådets Retsudvalg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statsrådets Retsudvalg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Judicial_del_Consejo_Privado" title="Comité Judicial del Consejo Privado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comité Judicial del Consejo Privado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C4%9Da_Komitato_de_la_Privata_Konsilio" title="Juĝa Komitato de la Privata Konsilio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juĝa Komitato de la Privata Konsilio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کمیته قضایی شورای سلطنتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیته قضایی شورای سلطنتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_judiciaire_du_Conseil_priv%C3%A9" title="Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रिवी काउंसिल की न्यायिक समिति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रिवी काउंसिल की न्यायिक समिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komite_Yudisial_Dewan_Penasihat" title="Komite Yudisial Dewan Penasihat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komite Yudisial Dewan Penasihat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Судебный комитет Тайного совета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судебный комитет Тайного совета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Судски комитет Државног савјета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Судски комитет Државног савјета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%9E%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="樞密院司法委員會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="樞密院司法委員會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1710982#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="geo">51.500361; -0.128139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Judicial body in the United Kingdom</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #Ededed;">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(Privy_Council)_St._Edwards_Crown_and_Gaelic_Harp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Royal_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28Privy_Council%29_St._Edwards_Crown_and_Gaelic_Harp.svg/130px-Royal_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28Privy_Council%29_St._Edwards_Crown_and_Gaelic_Harp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Royal_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28Privy_Council%29_St._Edwards_Crown_and_Gaelic_Harp.svg/195px-Royal_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28Privy_Council%29_St._Edwards_Crown_and_Gaelic_Harp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Royal_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28Privy_Council%29_St._Edwards_Crown_and_Gaelic_Harp.svg/260px-Royal_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28Privy_Council%29_St._Edwards_Crown_and_Gaelic_Harp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of the United Kingdom">Arms</a> as used by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #aaa;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="51.500361111111" data-lon="-0.12813888888889" data-overlays="["_74ddfd5b67fcff58e7d29822add91c3957215ab1"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/51.500361111111/-0.12813888888889/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,51.500361111111,-0.12813888888889,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&revid=1255048941&groups=_74ddfd5b67fcff58e7d29822add91c3957215ab1" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,51.500361111111,-0.12813888888889,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&revid=1255048941&groups=_74ddfd5b67fcff58e7d29822add91c3957215ab1 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&params=51_30_01.3_N_0_07_41.3_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′01.3″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°07′41.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.500361°N 0.128139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.500361; -0.128139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1833</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><div>List of countries</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei Darussalam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon" style="display:inline-block;width:25px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Guildhall" title="Middlesex Guildhall">Middlesex Guildhall</a>, City of Westminster, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&params=51_30_01.3_N_0_07_41.3_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°30′01.3″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°07′41.3″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.500361°N 0.128139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.500361; -0.128139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authorised by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Judicial Committee Act 1833</li> <li>Judicial Committee Act 1844</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpc.uk">jcpc<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</b> (<b>JCPC</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">highest court of appeal</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries and a few institutions in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Established on 14 August 1833 to hear appeals formerly heard by the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Privy Council formerly acted as the court of last resort for the entire <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, other than for the United Kingdom itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formally a statutory committee of <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council</a>, the Judicial Committee consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lords_Justices_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lords Justices of Appeal">senior judges</a> who are Privy Councillors; they are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">justices</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> and senior judges from the Commonwealth of Nations. Although it is often simply referred to as the "Privy Council", the Judicial Committee is only one constituent part of the Council. In <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, appeals are nominally made to "His Majesty in Council" (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> as formally advised by his privy counsellors), who then refers the case to the Judicial Committee for "advice", while in <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republics in the Commonwealth of Nations</a> retaining the JCPC as their final court of appeal, appeals are made directly to the Judicial Committee itself. The panel of judges (typically five in number) hearing a particular case is known as "the Board". The report of the Board is, by convention, always accepted by the King-in-Council as judgment. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_court_room_3_in_United_Kingdom_Supreme_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_court_room_3_in_United_Kingdom_Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_court_room_3_in_United_Kingdom_Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_court_room_3_in_United_Kingdom_Supreme_Court.jpg/330px-Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_court_room_3_in_United_Kingdom_Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_court_room_3_in_United_Kingdom_Supreme_Court.jpg/440px-Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_court_room_3_in_United_Kingdom_Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Court 3 in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Guildhall" title="Middlesex Guildhall">Middlesex Guildhall</a>, the normal location for Privy Council hearings.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council can be traced back to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">curia regis</a></i></span>, or royal council. In theory, the King was the fount of justice, and petitions for redress of wrongs arising from his courts were addressed to him. That power was gradually taken over by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> (which evolved out of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">curia regis</i></span>) within England, but the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a> (which also evolved out of the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">curia regis</i></span></i>) retained jurisdiction to hear petitions from the King's non-English possessions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> and, later on, from England's colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The task of hearing appeals was given to a series of short-lived committees of the Privy Council. In 1679, appellate jurisdiction was given to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a>, before being transferred to a standing Appeals Committee of the Privy Council in 1696.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell_Pages7-13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Appeals Committee of the Privy Council was one of the earliest judicial bodies which exercised the power of judicial review, in a series of cases from the American colonies which raised questions about the constitutionality of colonial statutes, measured against the royal charters which set out the powers of the colonial governments.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early nineteenth century, the growth of the British Empire, which had greatly expanded the appellate jurisdiction of the Privy Council (despite the loss of appeals from the American colonies), had put great strains on the existing arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell_Pages7-13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the Appeals Committee had to hear cases arising from a variety of different legal systems in the colonies, such as <a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a>, with which its members were unfamiliar.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell_Pages7-13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another serious problem was that the Appeals Committee was technically a <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_whole" title="Committee of the whole">committee of the whole</a> of the entire Privy Council, of which a minimum of three were required for a quorum.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell_Pages7-13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since many members of the Privy Council were not lawyers, all members of the Appeals Committee had equal votes, and there was no requirement that any of the Privy Counsellors actually hearing a particular appeal had to be a lawyer, it became possible for certain parties to appeal to secure desired judgments by persuading nonlawyer Privy Counsellors to attend the hearings on their appeals.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell_Pages7-13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, the Appeals Committee fell into disrepute among better-informed lawyers and judges in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell_Pages7-13-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Judicial_Committee_Act_1833"></span>In 1833, at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Lord Brougham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, Parliament passed the <b>Judicial Committee Act 1833</b>. The Act established the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a statutory committee of the Privy Council that would hear appeals to the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a>. In addition to colonial appeals, later legislation gave the Judicial Committee appellate jurisdiction over a range of miscellaneous matters, such as patents, ecclesiastical matters, and <a href="/wiki/Prize_(law)" title="Prize (law)">prize</a> suits.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height, the Judicial Committee was said to be the court of final appeal for over a quarter of the world. </p><p>In the twentieth century, the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council shrank considerably, as British <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> established their own courts of final appeal and as British colonies became independent, although many retained appeals to the Privy Council post-independence. Canada abolished Privy Council appeals in 1949, India and South Africa in 1950, <a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia in 1986</a>, and New Zealand in 2003. Currently, eleven Commonwealth countries outside of the United Kingdom retain Privy Council appeals, in addition to various British and New Zealand territories. The Judicial Committee also retains jurisdiction over a small number of domestic matters in the United Kingdom, reduced by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_jurisdiction">Domestic jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domestic jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of the series: <b><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts of England and Wales</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law of England and Wales</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Courts_and_Tribunals_Service" title="His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service">His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judges%27_Council" title="Judges' Council">Judges' Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Civil and family courts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Bench_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the King's Bench Division">President of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Family_Division" title="President of the Family Division">President of the Family Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_High_Court" title="Chancellor of the High Court">Chancellor of the High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court_(England_and_Wales)" title="County Court (England and Wales)">County Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_County_Court_venues_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of County Court venues in England and Wales">List of County Court venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Court_Business_Centre" title="County Court Business Centre">County Court Business Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales#District_judges" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">District judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Court_(England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Court (England and Wales)">Family Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">Court of Chivalry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Criminal courts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Bench_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the King's Bench Division">President of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crown_Court_venues_in_England_and_Wales" title="List of Crown Court venues in England and Wales">List of Crown Court venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Circuit judge (England and Wales)">Circuit judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(judge)" title="Recorder (judge)">Recorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">Magistrates' courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales#District_judges" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">District judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates of England and Wales">Justice of the peace / lay magistrates</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Criminal prosecution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(England_and_Wales)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)">Director of Public Prosecutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal profession</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_Bar" title="General Council of the Bar">Bar Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers_in_England_and_Wales" title="Barristers in England and Wales">Barrister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales" title="Law Society of England and Wales">Law Society of England and Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_advocate" title="Solicitor advocate">Solicitor advocate</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Template:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Template talk:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CourtsEnglandWales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CourtsEnglandWales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The United Kingdom does not have a single highest national court; the Judicial Committee is the highest court of appeal in some cases, while in most others the highest court of appeal is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>. (In Scotland the highest court in criminal cases is the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a>; the Supreme Court is the highest court in civil cases and matters arising from <a href="/wiki/Devolution_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolution issues">Scottish devolution</a>, the latter previously having been dealt with by the Judicial Committee.) </p><p>The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has jurisdiction in the following domestic matters: </p> <ul><li>Appeals against schemes of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Commissioners" title="Church Commissioners">Church Commissioners</a> (who control the estate of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>).</li> <li>Appeals from the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical courts</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Arches_Court" title="Arches Court">Arches Court</a> of Canterbury and the <a href="/wiki/Chancery_Court_of_York" title="Chancery Court of York">Chancery Court of York</a>) in non-doctrinal faculty cases.</li> <li>Appeals from the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">High Court of Chivalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Appeals from the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Court of Admiralty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">Cinque Ports</a>.</li> <li>Appeals from <a href="/wiki/Prize_court" title="Prize court">prize courts</a>.</li> <li>Appeals from the Disciplinary Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Veterinary_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons">Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Disputes under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Disqualification_Act_1975" title="House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975">House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975</a>.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, the government may (through the King) refer any issue to the committee for "consideration and report" under section 4 of the Judicial Committee Act 1833. </p><p>The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the court of final appeal for the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. It hears appeals from the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Arches" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Arches">Arches Court</a> of Canterbury and the <a href="/wiki/Chancery_Court_of_York" title="Chancery Court of York">Chancery Court of York</a>, except on matters of doctrine, ritual or ceremony, which go to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Ecclesiastical_Causes_Reserved" title="Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved">Court of Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved</a>. By the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_Discipline_Act_1840&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church Discipline Act 1840 (page does not exist)">Church Discipline Act 1840</a> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Vict.">3 & 4 Vict.</a> c. 86) and the <a href="/wiki/Appellate_Jurisdiction_Act_1876" title="Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876">Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876</a> all archbishops and bishops of the Church of England became eligible to be members of the Judicial Committee. </p><p>Prior to the coming into force of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reform_Act_2005" title="Constitutional Reform Act 2005">Constitutional Reform Act 2005</a>, the Privy Council was the court of last resort for <a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution</a> issues. On 1 October 2009 this jurisdiction was transferred to the new <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authority_of_Privy_Council_decisions_in_domestic_British_courts">Authority of Privy Council decisions in domestic British courts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authority of Privy Council decisions in domestic British courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judgments of the Judicial Committee are not generally <a href="/wiki/Persuasive_authority#Binding_precedent" class="mw-redirect" title="Persuasive authority">binding</a> on courts within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, having only <a href="/wiki/Persuasive_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Persuasive authority">persuasive authority</a>, but are binding on all courts within any other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth" title="Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> country which still allows for appeals to the Judicial Committee. Where a binding precedent of the UK Supreme Court, or of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial Committee of the House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, or of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a> conflicts with that of a decision of the Judicial Committee on English law, English courts are required to follow the domestic decision over that of the Judicial Committee except when the Judicial Committee has in its decision expressly directed the domestic court to follow its new decision.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, given the overlap between the membership of the Judicial Committee and of the Supreme Court, the decisions of the former are extremely persuasive and usually followed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_jurisdiction">Overseas jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overseas jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Judicial Committee holds <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> in appeals from the following 32 jurisdictions (including eleven independent nations): </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Jurisdiction </th> <th>Type of jurisdiction </th> <th>Type of appeal </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a> </td> <td rowspan="15"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> </td> <td rowspan="30">Appeal is to "<a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">His Majesty in Council</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Commissioner_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Base Areas">Sovereign Base Areas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Alderney.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alderney.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Sark.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth Realm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">States in Association with a Commonwealth Realm (New Zealand)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei Darussalam</a> </td> <td>Independent Commonwealth monarchy </td> <td>Appeal is to the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan</a> as head of state; only <a href="/wiki/Civil_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil cases">civil cases</a> are under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(By agreement with the United Kingdom the Judicial Committee hears cases in which such an appeal has been made, and reports back to him.)<sup id="cite_ref-brunei_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brunei-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Republic in the Commonwealth of Nations</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Appeal is directly made to the Judicial Committee. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> </td> <td>Appeal is directly made to the Judicial Committee; only cases involving certain constitutional rights of <a href="/wiki/Banaba" title="Banaba">Banabans</a> and/or the <a href="/wiki/Rabi_Council_of_Leaders" title="Rabi Council of Leaders">Rabi Council</a> are under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisdiction_removed">Jurisdiction removed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction removed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judicial appeal of final resort has been assumed by other bodies in some current and former Commonwealth countries: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="text">Country</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Date</th> <th data-sort-type="text">Abolishing statute</th> <th data-sort-type="text">New court of final appeal</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></td> <td>1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment_No._22)_Act_1933" title="Constitution (Amendment No. 22) Act 1933">Constitution (Amendment No. 22) Act 1933</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Supreme Court of the Irish Free State">Supreme Court</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_and_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Irish Free State">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Irish Free State</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_state" title="Names of the Irish state">Name changed</a> to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">1937 Constitution</a>. Left the Commonwealth via the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act</a> in 1949. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Ireland)">Supreme Court reconstituted</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>1949</td> <td><i>An Act to Amend the Supreme Court Act</i>, S.C. 1949 (2nd sess.), c. 37, s. 3.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></td> <td>Criminal appeals ended in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1949</td> <td>Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act, 1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_India" title="Federal Court of India">Federal Court</a></td> <td>Replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> on 28 January 1950. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>1950</td> <td>Privy Council Appeals Act, 1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Supreme Court of South Africa">Supreme Court Appellate Division</a></td> <td>Replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa">Supreme Court of Appeal</a> in 1997. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>1950</td> <td>Privy Council (Abolition of Jurisdiction) Act, 1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Court of Pakistan">Federal Court</a></td> <td>Replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan_of_1956" title="Constitution of Pakistan of 1956">1956 Constitution</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>1960</td> <td>Constitution (Consequential Provisions) Act 1960</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ghana" title="Supreme Court of Ghana">Supreme Court</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Tanganyika"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanganyika_%281961%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a></span></td> <td>1962</td> <td>Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1962</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_African_Court_of_Appeal" title="East African Court of Appeal">East African Court of Appeal</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td>1963</td> <td>1963 Constitution</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>1964</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Kenya_(Amendment)_Act,_1965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Act, 1965 (page does not exist)">Constitution of Kenya (Amendment) Act, 1965</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_African_Court_of_Appeal" title="East African Court of Appeal">East African Court of Appeal</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malawi_(1964%E2%80%931966)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawi (1964–1966)">Malawi</a></td> <td>1965</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Malawi_(Amendment)_Act,_1965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Malawi (Amendment) Act, 1965 (page does not exist)">Constitution of Malawi (Amendment) Act, 1965</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of Appeal of Malawi (page does not exist)">Supreme Court of Appeal of Malawi</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>1966</td> <td>1966 Constitution</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_African_Court_of_Appeal" title="East African Court of Appeal">East African Court of Appeal</a></td> <td>Criminal and civil appeals ended in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>1968</td> <td>Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></td> <td>Abolished appeals of cases originating in federal and territory courts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho_%281966%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Appeal_and_High_Court_Order_1970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Appeal and High Court Order 1970 (page does not exist)">Court of Appeal and High Court Order 1970</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Appeal_of_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Appeal of Lesotho (page does not exist)">Court of Appeal of Lesotho</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></td> <td>1971</td> <td>1971 Constitution<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Supreme Court of Sierra Leone">Supreme Court</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ceylon_%281951%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a></td> <td>1971</td> <td>Court of Appeal Act No. 44 of 1971<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka">Court of Appeal</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a></td> <td>1972</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Malta_(Amendment)_Act,_1972&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of Malta (Amendment) Act, 1972 (page does not exist)">Constitution of Malta (Amendment) Act, 1972</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional Court of Malta (page does not exist)">Constitutional Court of Malta</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></td> <td>1973</td> <td>Constitution (Amendment) Act 1973<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Appeal_of_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Appeal of Guyana (page does not exist)">Court of Appeal of Guyana</a></td> <td>Criminal and civil appeals ended in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Since 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a> hears appeals from Guyana's Court of Appeal. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td> <td>1973</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_(Abolition_of_Appeals)_Act_1973&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judicial Committee (Abolition of Appeals) Act 1973 (page does not exist)">Judicial Committee (Abolition of Appeals) Act 1973</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Court of Appeal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>1985</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_(Amendment)_Act_1983&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution (Amendment) Act 1983 (page does not exist)">Constitution (Amendment) Act 1983</a><br />Courts of Judicature (Amendment) Act 1984</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Malaysia">Supreme Court</a></td> <td>The Supreme Court was called the Federal Court until the 1985 change and reverted to the old name in 1994. </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> – state courts</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_South_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Queensland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Queensland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_South_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Tasmania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tasmania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Victoria_%28Australia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td>1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></td> <td>Abolished appeals of cases originating in state courts. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></td> <td>1987</td> <td>Fiji Judicature Decree 1987<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Court of Appeal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_(Repeal)_Act_1994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judicial Committee (Repeal) Act 1994 (page does not exist)">Judicial Committee (Repeal) Act 1994</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Gambia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></td> <td>1998</td> <td>1997 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Gambia" title="Constitution of the Gambia">Constitution of the Gambia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Gambia" title="Supreme Court of the Gambia">Supreme Court</a></td> <td>A restructure of the Gambian judiciary by <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Jammeh" title="Yahya Jammeh">Yahya Jammeh</a>, which made the Supreme Court of The Gambia the highest court instead of being below the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Appeal_of_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Appeal of the Gambia (page does not exist)">Court of Appeal of the Gambia</a> as was the case under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_Constitution_of_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 Constitution of the Gambia (page does not exist)">1970 Constitution of the Gambia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Act_2003" title="Supreme Court Act 2003">Supreme Court Act 2003</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Barbados"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></span></td> <td>2005</td> <td>Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003</td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Belize"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></span></td> <td>2010</td> <td>Belize Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 2010</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Dominica"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></span></td> <td>2015</td> <td>Constitution of Dominica (Amendment) Act, 2014</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Saint Lucia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></span></td> <td>2023</td> <td>Constitution of Saint Lucia (Amendment) Act, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following countries or territories did not retain the jurisdiction of the Judicial Committee at the time of independence or of the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (1948), <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">Somaliland</a> (1960), <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (1960), <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> (1964), <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> (1965), <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> (1967), <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a> (1968), <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (1997).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members">Members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are members of the Judicial Committee: </p> <ul><li>Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> (before the establishment of that court in 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Appeal in Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</a>)</li> <li>Other Lords of Appeal (senior judges) from within the United Kingdom</li> <li>Privy Counsellors who are (or have been) judges of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal of England and Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inner_House" title="Inner House">Inner House</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a> in Scotland, or of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland">Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li>Judges of certain superior courts in Commonwealth nations, who are appointed Privy Counsellors for the purpose of sitting in the JCPC</li></ul> <p>The bulk of the Committee's work is done by the Supreme Court Justices, who are paid to work full-time in both the Supreme Court and the Privy Council. Overseas judges may not sit when certain UK domestic matters are being heard, but will often sit when appeals from their own countries are being heard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registrars">Registrars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Registrars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Henry Reeve, 1853–1887<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_Faber,_1st_Baron_Wittenham" title="Denison Faber, 1st Baron Wittenham">Denison Faber, 1st Baron Wittenham</a>, 1887–1896<sup id="cite_ref-TT07021900_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT07021900-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raleigh" title="Thomas Raleigh">Sir Thomas Raleigh</a>, 1896–1899<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Edward Stanley Hope, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">KCB</a>, 1899–1909<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sir Charles Henry Lawrence Neish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">KBE</a> <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a>, 1909–1934<sup id="cite_ref-Neish_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neish-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colin Smith <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">MVO</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a>, 1934–1940</li> <li>Lieutenant-Colonel John Dallas Waters, <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a>, 1940–1954<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aylmer J. N. Paterson, 1954–1963</li> <li>Leslie Upton <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a>, 1963–1966</li> <li>Eric Mills, 1966–1983<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>D. H. O. Owen, 1983–1998</li> <li>John Watherston, 1998–2005</li> <li>Mary Macdonald, 2005–2010</li> <li>Louise di Mambro, 2011–2022</li> <li>Laura Angus 2022–Present<sup id="cite_ref-Executive_Team_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Executive_Team-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Celia Cave 2023–Present<sup id="cite_ref-Executive_Team_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Executive_Team-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Until 1904 the Registrar of the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">Admiralty court</a> was also Registrar to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in ecclesiastical and maritime causes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council are formally appeals to "His Majesty in Council". Appeals from Brunei are formally to the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan</a>, while appeals from republics within the Commonwealth are directly to the Judicial Committee. Appeals are generally by leave of the local Court of Appeal, although the Judicial Committee retains discretionary power to grant leave to appeal as well. </p><p>After hearing an appeal, the panel of judges which heard the case (known as "the Board") issues its decision in writing. For appeals to His Majesty in Council, the Board submits its decision to the King as advice for his consideration. By convention, the advice is always accepted by the King and given effect via an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>. </p><p>Historically, the Judicial Committee could only give a unanimous report, but since the Judicial Committee (Dissenting Opinions) Order 1966, <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinions</a> have been allowed. </p><p>The Judicial Committee is not bound by its own previous decisions, but may depart from them in exceptional circumstances if following its previous decisions would be unjust or contrary to public policy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is based in London. From its establishment to 2009, it mainly met in the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council Chamber">Privy Council Chamber</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a>, although increase in the Judicial Committee's business in the twentieth century required it to sit simultaneously in several panels, which met elsewhere. The Chamber, designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a>, was often criticised for its interior design, and was extensively remodelled in 1845 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Sir Charles Barry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee moved to the former <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Guildhall" title="Middlesex Guildhall">Middlesex Guildhall</a> building, which had been refurbished in 2007 to provide a home for both the JCPC and the newly created <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>. In this renovated building, Court 3 is used for Privy Council sittings. </p><p>In recent years, the Judicial Committee has occasionally sat outside of London. Between 2005 and 2010 it sat twice in Mauritius and three times in the Bahamas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_in_Commonwealth_appeals">Decline in Commonwealth appeals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decline in Commonwealth appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, all <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and their territories maintained a right of appeal to the Privy Council. Many of those <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries that became republics, or which had indigenous monarchies, preserved the Judicial Committee's jurisdiction by agreement with the United Kingdom. However, retention of a right of appeal to a court located overseas, made up mostly of British judges who may be out of tune with local values, has often come to be seen as incompatible with notions of an independent nation's sovereign status, and so a number of Commonwealth members have ended the right of appeal from their jurisdiction. The <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926" title="Balfour Declaration of 1926">Balfour Declaration of 1926</a>, while not considered to be <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_scripta" title="Lex scripta">lex scripta</a></i>, severely limited the conditions under which the Judicial Committee might hear cases:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From these discussions it was clear that it was no part of the policy of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain that questions affecting judicial appeals should be determined otherwise than in accordance with the wishes of the part of the Empire primarily affected</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a> limited appeals from the new federal <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> to the Privy Council, by prohibiting appeals on constitutional matters unless leave is granted by the High Court on <i>inter se</i> questions. Appeals on non-constitutional matters were not prohibited, but the federal <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> had the power to legislate to limit them. The right of appeal from federal courts (including territory supreme courts) was abolished through the Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appeals from state courts, a continuation of the right to appeal decisions of colonial courts before 1901, continued, until they were also abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a>, which was enacted by both the UK and Australian parliaments, on the request of all the state governments. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Australian Constitution</a> retains the provision allowing the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> to permit appeals to the Privy Council on <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_se" title="Inter se">inter se</a></i> questions. However, the only time such permission was given was in 1912<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the High Court has stated that it will not grant it again, since the jurisdiction to do so "has long since been spent", and it is obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_appeals_to_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="List of Canadian appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">List of Canadian appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Newfoundland_appeals_to_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_(pre-1949)" title="List of Newfoundland appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (pre-1949)">List of Newfoundland appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (pre-1949)</a></div> <p>Canada created its own <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a> in 1875 and abolished appeals to the Privy Council in criminal cases in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, some decisions by the Supreme Court of Canada went on to appeal in the JCPC, including notably the <a href="/wiki/Persons_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Persons Case">Persons Case</a> (<i>Edwards v Canada (AG)</i>), which affirmed that women had always been "qualified persons" under the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a> (Canada's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a>) eligible to sit in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>. In this case, it also used a metaphor in the <i><a href="/wiki/Obiter_dicta" class="mw-redirect" title="Obiter dicta">obiter dicta</a></i>, later reinterpreted and employed by the Supreme Court of Canada in the 1980s to establish what came to be known as the "<a href="/wiki/Living_tree_doctrine" title="Living tree doctrine">living tree doctrine</a>" in Canadian Constitutional law, which says that a constitution is organic and must be read in a broad and liberal manner so as to adapt it to changing times. </p><p>In 1949, all appeals to the Privy Council were abolished, but prior to this, there were several factors that served to limit the effectiveness of measures to reduce appeals: </p> <ul><li>Appeals of rulings from the various provincial courts of appeal could still be made directly to the Privy Council, without first going to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Cushing_v._Dupuy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushing v. Dupuy">Cushing v. Dupuy</a></i> (1885),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Privy Council held that the ability to grant special leave to appeal to the Privy Council was unaffected, as the prerogative of the Crown cannot be taken away except by express words.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Nadan_v_The_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadan v The King">Nadan v The King</a></i> (1926),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Privy Council ruled that the provision of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a> barring appeals to the Privy Council was <i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">ultra vires</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> as it was contrary to s. 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Laws_Validity_Act_1865" title="Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865">Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865</a>.</li></ul> <p><i>Nadan</i>, together with the <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="King–Byng Affair">King–Byng Affair</a>, was a major irritant for Canada and provoked the discussion at the <a href="/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference" title="1926 Imperial Conference">1926 Imperial Conference</a> which led to the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_1926" class="mw-redirect" title="Balfour Declaration 1926">Balfour Declaration</a>, which declared the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> to be </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... autonomous Communities within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, and freely associated as members of the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>With that Declaration and its statutory confirmation in the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> (Imp, 22–23 Geo 5, c.4)<sup id="cite_ref-westminster_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-westminster-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the impediment to abolishing appeals to the Privy Council, whether or not it had been legitimate, was comprehensively removed. Criminal appeals to the Privy Council were ended in 1933. Moves to extend the abolition to civil matters were shelved during the growing international crisis of the 1930s but re-tabled after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, and civil appeals ended in 1949, with an amendment of the Supreme Court Act.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases begun before 1949 were still allowed to appeal after 1949, and the final case to make it to the Council was not until 1959 with the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Ponoka-Calmar_Oils_v_Wakefield" title="Ponoka-Calmar Oils v Wakefield">Ponoka-Calmar Oils v Wakefield</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The JCPC played a controversial role in the evolution of Canadian <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> in that, whereas some Fathers of Confederation in negotiating the union of the British North American colonies against the backdrop of the American Civil War wished to ensure a strong central government vis-à-vis relatively weak provinces, appeals to the JCPC in constitutional matters progressively shifted the balance in favour of the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a few commentators have suggested that Canadian <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> retain the right to appeal to the Privy Council because their treaties predate their relationship to Canada, the JCPC has not entertained any such appeal since 1867 and the dominant view is that no such appeal right exists.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean_Community">Caribbean Community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Caribbean Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nations of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> voted in 2001 to abolish the right of appeal to the Privy Council in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a> (CCJ). Some debate between member countries and also the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had repeatedly delayed the court's date of inauguration. As of 2005, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> replaced the process of appeals to Her Majesty in Council with the CCJ, which had then come into operation. The <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Republic_of_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative Republic of Guyana">Co-operative Republic of Guyana</a> also enacted local legislation allowing the CCJ to have jurisdiction over their sovereign final court of appeals system. <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> acceded to the Appellate Jurisdiction of the CCJ on 1 June 2010. As it stands, a few other CARICOM states appear to be ready for the abolition of appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the immediate future. The government of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in particular had come close and attempted to abolish appeals to the Judicial Committee without the support of the opposition in Parliament; however, it was ruled by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that the procedure used in Jamaica to bypass the opposition was incorrect and unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attempt will also be forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caribbean governments have been coming under increased pressure from their electorates<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to devise ways to override previous rulings by the JCPC such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pratt_v_A-G" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratt v A-G">Pratt v A-G</a></i> (Jamaica, 1993),<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Hughes" title="R v Hughes">R v Hughes</a></i> (Saint Lucia, 2002), <i><a href="/wiki/Fox_v_R" title="Fox v R">Fox v R</a></i> (Saint Kitts and Nevis, 2002), <i><a href="/wiki/Reyes_v_R" title="Reyes v R">Reyes v R</a></i> (2002, Belize), <i><a href="/wiki/Boyce_v_R" title="Boyce v R">Boyce v R</a></i> (Barbados, 2004), and <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_v_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew v S">Matthew v S</a></i> (Trinidad and Tobago, 2004), all of which are Privy Council judgments concerning the death penalty in the Caribbean region.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The then President of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Phillips_of_Worth_Matravers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers">Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers</a>, has voiced displeasure with <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth countries</a> continuing to rely on the British JCPC. During an interview Lord Phillips was quoted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> as saying that <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'in an ideal world' Commonwealth countries—including those in the Caribbean—would stop using the Privy Council and set up their own final courts of appeal instead".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 December 2006, the Judicial Committee made history when for the first time in more than 170 years it ventured outside London, holding a five-day sitting in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>. Lords Bingham, Brown, Carswell, and Scott, and Baroness Hale of Richmond, travelled to the Bahamas for the special sitting at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sawyer" title="Joan Sawyer">Dame Joan Sawyer</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Court_of_Appeal_of_the_Bahamas" title="President of the Court of Appeal of the Bahamas">President of the Court of Appeal of the Bahamas</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Committee returned to the Bahamas in December 2007 for a second sitting. On the latter occasion, Lords Hope, Rodger, Walker, and Mance, and Sir Christopher Rose, heard several cases. At the end of the sitting, Lord Hope indicated that there may be future sittings of the Committee in the Bahamas,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Committee has indeed sat in the Bahamas again, in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2018_Antiguan_constitutional_referendum" title="2018 Antiguan constitutional referendum">2018 Antiguan constitutional referendum</a> saw the proposal to replace the JCPC with the CCJ rejected by a 52.04% majority. </p><p>On 28 February 2023, the parliament of Saint Lucia approved the Constitution of St Lucia Amendment Bill 2023, which would replace the JCPC with the CCJ.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An injunction against Saint Lucia's accession to the CCJ was filed on 3 March 2023 against the bill in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Supreme_Court" title="Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court">Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court</a> in the High Court of Justice of Saint Lucia, and is currently pending.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka_(Ceylon)"><span id="Sri_Lanka_.28Ceylon.29"></span>Sri Lanka (Ceylon)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka (Ceylon)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, abolished appeals to the Privy Council under the Court of Appeal Act, 1971, which came into effect on 15 November 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the Privy Council had ruled in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibralebbe_v_The_Queen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibralebbe v The Queen (page does not exist)">Ibralebbe v The Queen</a></i> that it remained the highest court of appeal in Ceylon notwithstanding the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Sri Lanka">country's independence</a> as a <a href="/wiki/British_Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dominions">dominion</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gambia">The Gambia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Gambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a> retained the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council under the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_Independence_Act_1964" title="Gambia Independence Act 1964">Gambia Independence Act 1964</a>, even after The Gambia became a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in April 1970 under Sir <a href="/wiki/Dawda_Jawara" title="Dawda Jawara">Dawda Jawara</a>. Appeals were still taken to the JCPC from 1994 to 1998, when <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Jammeh" title="Yahya Jammeh">Yahya Jammeh</a>, the then dictator and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Gambia" title="President of the Gambia">President of the Gambia</a> decided to restructure the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambian_judiciary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gambian judiciary (page does not exist)">Gambian judiciary</a> under the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Gambia" title="Constitution of the Gambia">Constitution of the Gambia</a> to replace the JCPC with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Gambia" title="Supreme Court of the Gambia">Supreme Court of the Gambia</a>. </p><p>The last case from The Gambia to the JCPC was <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_Air_Limited_v._Gambia_Civil_Aviation_Authority_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Coast Air Limited v. Gambia Civil Aviation Authority and Others (page does not exist)">West Coast Air Limited v. Gambia Civil Aviation Authority and Others</a></i> UKPC 39 (15 September 1998).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grenada">Grenada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Grenada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenadian</a> appeals to the Privy Council were temporarily abolished from 1979 until 1991, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenadian Revolution">Grenadian Revolution</a>, which brought Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Maurice Bishop</a> to power. <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Law_84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Law 84 (page does not exist)">People's Law 84</a> was enacted to this effect. In 1985, <i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v_DPP" title="Mitchell v DPP">Mitchell v DPP</a></i> affirmed Grenada's right to unilaterally abolish appeals to the Privy Council. In 1991, Grenada restored the JCPC's jurisdiction. </p><p>In 2016, there was a proposal in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Grenadian_constitutional_referendum" title="2016 Grenadian constitutional referendum">2016 Grenadian constitutional referendum</a> to terminate appeals from Grenada to the JCPC and to replace the JCPC with the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a>. This was rejected by a 56.73% majority, which means the JCPC remains Grenada's highest court. </p><p>Another referendum, the <a href="/wiki/2018_Grenadian_constitutional_referendum" title="2018 Grenadian constitutional referendum">2018 Grenadian constitutional referendum</a> also rejected terminating appeals to the JCPC by a 55.2% majority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guyana">Guyana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Guyana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> retained the right of appeal to the Privy Council until the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Burnham" title="Forbes Burnham">Forbes Burnham</a> passed the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (Termination of Appeals) Act 1970 and the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1973. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hong Kong's court system changed following the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">transfer of sovereignty</a> from the United Kingdom to <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> on 1 July 1997, with the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong">Court of Final Appeal</a> serving as the highest judicial authority of the <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special Administrative Region</a> (SAR), and (pursuant to Article 158 of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a>, the constitutional instrument of the SAR) the power of final interpretation vested not in the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong but in the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China</a>, a legislative body. </p><p>Decisions of the Privy Council on Hong Kong appeals before 1 July 1997 remain binding on the courts of Hong Kong. This accords with the principle of continuity of the legal system enshrined in Article 8 of the Basic Law. Decisions of the Privy Council on non-Hong Kong appeals are of persuasive authority only. Such decisions were not binding on the courts in Hong Kong under the doctrine of precedent before 1 July 1997 and are not binding today. Decisions of the House of Lords before 1 July 1997 stand in a similar position. It is of the greatest importance that the courts of Hong Kong should derive assistance from overseas jurisprudence, particularly from the final appellate courts of other common law jurisdictions. This is recognised by Article 84 of the Basic Law.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pursuant to Article 158 of the Basic Law, the power of final interpretation of the Basic Law is vested not in the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong but in the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China</a>, which, unlike the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, is a political body rather than an independent and impartial tribunal of last resort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> retained the right of appeal from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_India" title="Federal Court of India">Federal Court of India</a> to the Privy Council after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>. Following the replacement of the Federal Court with the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in January 1950, the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act 1949 came into effect, ending the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Free_State">Irish Free State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Irish Free State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_cases_on_appeal_from_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases on appeal from the Irish Free State">List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases on appeal from the Irish Free State</a></div> <p>The right of appeal to the Privy Council was provided for in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a> until its abolition in 1933 by an Act of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Oireachtas of the Irish Free State">Oireachtas of the Irish Free State</a>, amending said constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore_v_Attorney-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moore v Attorney-General of the Irish Free State (page does not exist)">Moore v Attorney-General of the Irish Free State</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the right of the Oireachtas to abolish appeals to the Privy Council was challenged as a violation of the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mooreDecision_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooreDecision-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The then <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General for England and Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Inskip" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Inskip">Sir Thomas Inskip</a>) is reported to have warned the then <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General of the Irish Free State">Attorney-General of the Irish Free State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conor_Maguire_(judge)" title="Conor Maguire (judge)">Conor Maguire</a>) that the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> had no right to abolish appeals to the Privy Council.<sup id="cite_ref-mooreDecision_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooreDecision-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council itself ruled that the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> Government had that right under the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> (Imp.).<sup id="cite_ref-mooreDecision_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mooreDecision-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2015, the Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Jamaica" title="Parliament of Jamaica">House of Representatives</a> approved, with the necessary two-thirds majority, bills to end legal appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and make the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a> Jamaica's final court of appeal. The reform will be debated by the Jamaican Senate; however, the government needed the support of at least one opposition Senator for the measures to be approved by the required two-thirds majority.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_general_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican general election, 2016">2016 general election</a> was called before the reforms could be brought to the Senate for a final vote. The Jamaican Labour Party, which opposed the changes, won the election and has promised to hold a referendum on the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> abolished appeals to the Privy Council in criminal and constitutional matters in 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in civil matters in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Porritt_2007_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porritt_2007-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand was the last of the original <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> to remove appeals to the Privy Council from its legal system. Proposals to abolish appeals to the Privy Council in New Zealand were first put forward in the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-public_policy_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-public_policy-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Privy Council's respect for local decisions was noted by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Brightman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Brightman">Lord Brightman</a> in 1985 in regard to the possible adoption of a New Zealand decision, in the case of <i>Archer v. Cutler</i> (1980), as a precedent, where he stated that:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If <i>Archer v. Cutler</i> is properly to be regarded as a decision based on considerations peculiar to New Zealand, it is highly improbable that their Lordships would think it right to impose their own interpretation of the law, thereby contradicting the unanimous conclusions of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal of New Zealand</a> on a matter of local significance. If, however, the principle of <i>Archer v. Cutler</i>, if it be correct, must be regarded as having general application throughout all jurisdictions based on the common law, because it does not depend on local considerations, their Lordships could not properly treat the unanimous view of the courts of New Zealand as being necessarily decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In October 2003, with respect to all cases heard by the Court of Appeal of New Zealand, New Zealand law was changed to abolish appeals to the Privy Council, after the end of 2003. The old system was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court of New Zealand</a>. In 2008, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> ruled out any abolition of the Supreme Court and return to the Privy Council.<sup id="cite_ref-key_pc_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-key_pc-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, judgment on the last appeal from New Zealand to be heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was not delivered until 3 March 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> retained the right of appeal to the Privy Council from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Court of Pakistan">Federal Court of Pakistan</a> until the Privy Council (Abolition of Jurisdiction) Act, 1950 was passed. The Federal Court of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> remained the highest court until 1956, when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> was established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rhodesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodesian_Constitution_of_1965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodesian Constitution of 1965 (page does not exist)">Rhodesian Constitution of 1965</a> coming into effect as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a>, appeals continued to be accepted by the Privy Council as late as 1969 due to the fact that under international law, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> remained a British colony until gaining its independence as <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> in April 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singapore abolished Privy Council appeals in all cases save those involving the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore" title="Capital punishment in Singapore">death penalty</a>, or in civil cases where the parties had agreed to such a right of appeal, in 1989. The remaining rights of appeal were abolished in April 1994. </p><p>One notable case in Singapore where an appeal against the death sentence was allowed by the Privy Council was <a href="/wiki/1972_Pulau_Ubin_murder" title="1972 Pulau Ubin murder">a murder case that occurred in Pulau Ubin</a> between 22 and 23 April 1972. In this case, Mohamed Yasin bin Hussein, who was 19 at the time of the murder, was sentenced to death by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a> for murdering and raping a 58-year-old woman named Poon Sai Imm, while his 25-year-old accomplice Harun bin Ripin went to ransack the elderly woman's house for items to rob (Harun, who also stood trial for murder together with Yasin, was instead sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment and received 12 strokes of the cane for a lesser charge of robbery at night). The Privy Council found that there was no evidence to show that Yasin had intended to cause death or any fatal bodily injury when he caused the fatal rib fractures on Poon while raping the struggling victim. As such, they found him guilty of committing a rash/negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide and sentenced him to two years' imprisonment. Following this appeal, Yasin was brought back to court to be charged with rape, and he was eventually jailed for another eight years for attempted rape of the victim.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable case heard by the Privy Council was the case of <a href="/wiki/Haw_Tua_Tau" class="mw-redirect" title="Haw Tua Tau">Haw Tua Tau</a>, a hawker who was sentenced to death in 1978 for the double murder of two hawkers Phoon Ah Leong and his mother Hu Yuen Keng.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his appeal was dismissed,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haw was granted special leave to appeal to the Privy Council against his sentence and conviction, but his appeal was dismissed by the Privy Council, which issued a landmark ruling that decreed the prosecution shall be allowed to present its case against an accused in court, as long as there is sufficient evidence to back a charge against the accused and hence present a case for the accused to answer.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After losing his final appeal, Haw was eventually hanged in 1982 for the hawker killings.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Africa abolished the right of appeal to the Privy Council from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Supreme Court of South Africa">Appellate Division of the then Supreme Court of South Africa</a> in 1950 under the terms of the Privy Council Appeals Act, 1950. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reform_Act_2005" title="Constitutional Reform Act 2005">Constitutional Reform Act 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases">List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jcpc.uk/">https://www.jcpc.uk/</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Will4/3-4/41/section/3">"Judicial Committee Act 1833"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judicial+Committee+Act+1833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FWill4%2F3-4%2F41%2Fsection%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. A. Howell, <i>The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1833–1876: Its Origins, Structure, and Development</i>, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcpc.uk/procedures/practice-direction-01.html">"Practice direction 1"</a>. <i>The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Judicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council&rft.atitle=Practice+direction+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpc.uk%2Fprocedures%2Fpractice-direction-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell_Pages7-13-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howell_Pages7-13_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2009" class="citation book cs1">Howell, P.A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGmQ7Z-aQ1cC&pg=PA7"><i>The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: 1833–1876 Its Origins, Structure and Development</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521085595" title="Special:BookSources/9780521085595"><bdi>9780521085595</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Judicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council%3A+1833%E2%80%931876+Its+Origins%2C+Structure+and+Development&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=7-13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521085595&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGmQ7Z-aQ1cC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Meier Schlesinger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2141946?seq=14">"Colonial Appeals to the Privy Council. II"</a>, <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Sep., 1913), 433, at 440–446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudley Odell McGovney, "The British Origin of Judicial Review of Legislation", University of Pennsylvania Law Review vol. 93, no. 1, 1–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Privy Council Appeals Act 1832 (<a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 92)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcpc.uk/about/role-of-the-jcpc.html">"Role of the JCPC"</a>. Judicial Committee of the Privy Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Role+of+the+JCPC&rft.pub=Judicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpc.uk%2Fabout%2Frole-of-the-jcpc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2015-0154a-judgment.pdf">"Willers v Joyce & Anor. [2016] UKSC 44"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Supreme Court<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Willers+v+Joyce+%26+Anor.+%26%2391%3B2016%26%2393%3B+UKSC+44&rft.pub=The+Supreme+Court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.uk%2Fcases%2Fdocs%2Fuksc-2015-0154a-judgment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As in <i><a href="/wiki/Bisset_v_Wilkinson" title="Bisset v Wilkinson">Bisset v Wilkinson</a></i> 1927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brunei-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brunei_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1989/2396/made">"The Brunei (Appeals) Order 1989"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brunei+%28Appeals%29+Order+1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1989%2F2396%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1961/act/38/section/1/enacted/en/html#sec1">"Courts (Establishment and Constitution) Act 1961, s.1"</a>. <i>electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)</i>. 16 August 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=electronic+Irish+Statute+Book+%28eISB%29&rft.atitle=Courts+%28Establishment+and+Constitution%29+Act+1961%2C+s.1&rft.date=1961-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F1961%2Fact%2F38%2Fsection%2F1%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml%23sec1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1961/si/217/made/en/print">"S.I. 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Retrieved</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The London Gazette</i>, 1 November 1940, p. 6348a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waters's brother, Major Philip Duncan Joseph Waters, was the commander of the firing squad that executed <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jakobs" title="Josef Jakobs">Josef Jakobs</a>, the last person executed in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josefjakobs.info/2014/04/major-pdj-waters-commander-of-firing.html">Major P.D.J. Waters – Commander of the Firing Squad that Executed Josef Jakobs</a>. 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Retrieved 14 October 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C142">"Records of the High Court of Admiralty and colonial Vice-Admiralty courts"</a>. <i>National Archives</i>. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/2007/52.html">"Gibson v. United States of America (The Bahamas) [2007] UKPC 52 (23 July 2007)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gibson+v.+United+States+of+America+%28The+Bahamas%29+%5B2007%5D+UKPC+52+%2823+July+2007%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bailii.org%2Fuk%2Fcases%2FUKPC%2F2007%2F52.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf">"Imperial conference 1926: Inter-Imperial Relations Committee Report, Proceedings and Memoranda, E (I.R./26) Series"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+conference+1926%3A+Inter-Imperial+Relations+Committee+Report%2C+Proceedings+and+Memoranda%2C+E+%28I.R.%2F26%29+Series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fresources%2Ftranscripts%2Fcth11_doc_1926.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/pcoaa1968370/">Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act 1968 (Cth)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/pcfthca1975417/"><i>Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act 1975</i> (Cth)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/HCA/1912/94.html"><i>Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd v Attorney-General (Cth)</i></a>, 22 October 1912</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Sugar+Refining+Co+Ltd+v+Attorney-General+%28Cth%29&rft.date=1912-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Fcases%2Fcth%2FHCA%2F1912%2F94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/HCA/1985/27.html"><i>Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd (No 2)</i></a>, 17 April 1985</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kirmani+v+Captain+Cook+Cruises+Pty+Ltd+%28No+2%29&rft.date=1985-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.austlii.edu.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fviewdoc%2Fau%2Fcases%2Fcth%2FHCA%2F1985%2F27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Criminal Procedure Amendment Act</i>, S.C. 1888, c. 43, s. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Charles Cushing v Louis Dupuy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1880/1880_22.html">[1880] UKPC 22</a>, (1880) 5 AC 409 (15 April 1880), P.C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borneo+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Constitutional+change+in+Sarawak+1963-1988%3A+25+years+as+a+state+within+the+federation+of+Malaysia&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=159-171&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Porritt&rft.aufirst=Vernon+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FConstitutional%2Bchange%2Bin%2Bsarawak%2B1963-1988%253A%2B25%2Byears%2Bas%2Ba%2Bstate...-a0179660415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-public_policy-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-public_policy_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Eichbaum,_Richard_Shaw2005" class="citation book cs1">Chris Eichbaum, Richard Shaw (2005). <i>Public Policy in New Zealand – Institutions, Processes and Outcomes</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877258-93-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-877258-93-8"><bdi>1-877258-93-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Policy+in+New+Zealand+%E2%80%93+Institutions%2C+Processes+and+Outcomes&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-877258-93-8&rft.au=Chris+Eichbaum%2C+Richard+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1985/1985_17.html">Thomas Bruce Hart (Appeal No. 56 of 1984) v Joseph O'Connor Paul Michael O'Connor Frances Joseph O'Connor (New Zealand) [1985] UKPC 17 (22 May 1985)</a>, accessed 27 November 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-key_pc-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-key_pc_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Clifton2008" class="citation book cs1">Jane Clifton (1 November 2008). <i>Leaders Loosen Up</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Listener" title="New Zealand Listener">The Listener</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+Loosen+Up&rft.pub=The+Listener&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.au=Jane+Clifton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brickcourt.co.uk/news/detail/privy-council-delivers-judgment-in-final-appeal-from-new-zealand">"Privy Council delivers judgment in final appeal from New Zealand | Brick Court Chambers"</a>. <i>www.brickcourt.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brickcourt.co.uk&rft.atitle=Privy+Council+delivers+judgment+in+final+appeal+from+New+Zealand+%26%23124%3B+Brick+Court+Chambers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brickcourt.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fprivy-council-delivers-judgment-in-final-appeal-from-new-zealand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Privy Council Appeal, <i><a href="/wiki/Teina_Pora" title="Teina Pora">Pora</a> (Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (New Zealand)</i>, judgment [2015] UKPC 9.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/2015/9.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoDpn_AONUo">"Pora (Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (New Zealand)"</a>. 3 March 2015 – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pora+%28Appellant%29+v+The+Queen+%28Respondent%29+%28New+Zealand%29&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuoDpn_AONUo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mewatch.sg/en/series/true-files-s3/ep6/367508">"True Files S3"</a>. <i>meWATCH</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Hawker+is+sentenced+to+death+for+double+murder&rft.date=1978-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2Fdigitised%2Farticle%2Fstraitstimes19780318-1.2.46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19790910-1.2.92">"Hawker's death sentence appeal rejected"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 10 September 197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Hawker%27s+death+sentence+appeal+rejected&rft.date=197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2Fdigitised%2Farticle%2Fstraitstimes19790910-1.2.92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19950321-1.2.45.2">"How much proof – how Privy Council ruled"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 21 March 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=How+much+proof+%E2%80%93+how+Privy+Council+ruled&rft.date=1995-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2Fdigitised%2Farticle%2Fstraitstimes19950321-1.2.45.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19960803-1.2.49.2">"Cleaning of tables led to hawkers' murders"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 3 August 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Cleaning+of+tables+led+to+hawkers%27+murders&rft.date=1996-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fstraitstimes19960803-1.2.49.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudicial+Committee+of+the+Privy+Council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Committee of the Privy Council">All</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_before_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered before 2009 (page does not exist)">before 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2009&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2009 (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2010 (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2011 (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2012&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2012 (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2013 (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2014 (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2015 (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2016&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2016 (page does not exist)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2017 (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2018&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2018 (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2019 (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2020 (page does not exist)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2021&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2021 (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2022 (page does not exist)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2023 (page does not exist)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_judgements_of_the_Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council_delivered_in_2024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of judgements of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council delivered in 2024 (page does not exist)">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">Judicial functions of the House of Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Template:Privy Council (United Kingdom)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Template talk:Privy Council (United Kingdom)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Privy Council (United Kingdom)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Clerk of the Privy Council</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_Crown_%26_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/80px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/120px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/160px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_British_Privy_Council" title="List of current members of the British Privy Council">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_members_of_the_Privy_Council" title="List of Royal members of the Privy Council">Royal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By year of appointment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1679%E2%80%931714)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1679–1714)">1679–1714</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1714%E2%80%931820)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1714–1820)">1714–1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1820%E2%80%931837)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1820–1837)">1820–1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1837%E2%80%931901)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1837–1901)">1837–1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1901%E2%80%931910)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1901–1910)">1901–1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1910%E2%80%931936)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1910–1936)">1910–1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1936%E2%80%931952)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1936–1952)">1936–1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(1952%E2%80%932022)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (1952–2022)">1952–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Counsellors_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="List of Privy Counsellors (2022–present)">2022–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Committees of<br />the Privy Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_President%27s_Committee" title="Lord President's Committee">Lord President's Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Court of Star Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Council" title="Order of Council">Order of Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Privy_Council_orders" title="List of Privy Council orders">List of Privy Council orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council Office (United Kingdom)">Privy Council Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Protector's Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Northern Ireland">Privy Council of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Template:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Template talk:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judiciary of England and Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">Judiciary of England and Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Protection" title="Court of Protection">Court of Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">High Court of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates' Court">Magistrates' Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_in_Chancery" title="Court of Appeal in Chancery">Court of Appeal in Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assize Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_for_Crown_Cases_Reserved" title="Court for Crown Cases Reserved">Court for Crown Cases Reserved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(England)" title="Court of Common Pleas (England)">Court of Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_for_Divorce_and_Matrimonial_Causes" title="Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes">Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Court of Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Great_Sessions_in_Wales" title="Court of Great Sessions in Wales">Court of Great Sessions in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_High_Commission" title="Court of High Commission">Court of High Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">Court of King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Probate" title="Court of Probate">Court of Probate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Rolls" title="Master of the Rolls">Master of the Rolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">High Court judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="Circuit judge (England and Wales)">Circuit judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_London" title="Recorder of London">Recorder of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Liverpool" title="Recorder of Liverpool">Recorder of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Manchester" title="Recorder of Manchester">Recorder of Manchester</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Serjeant_of_London" title="Common Serjeant of London">Common Serjeant of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">Lords of Appeal in Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Chief Justice of the Common Pleas">Chief Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Baron_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chief Baron of the Exchequer">Chief Baron of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench" title="Justice of the King's Bench">Justice of the King's Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Justice of the Common Pleas">Justice of the Common Pleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_Chester" title="Justice of Chester">Justice of Chester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Advocate" title="King's Advocate">King's Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Advocate" title="Admiralty Advocate">Admiralty Advocate</a></li></ul> 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