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For the song by Fugees, see <a href="/wiki/Vocab_(song)" title="Vocab (song)">Vocab (song)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> A vocabulary (also known as a lexicon) is a set of <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a>, typically the set in a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> or the set known to an individual. The word vocabulary originated from the Latin vocabulum, meaning "a word, name". It forms an essential component of language and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, helping convey thoughts, ideas, emotions, and information. Vocabulary can be <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">oral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">signed</a> and can be categorized into two main types: active vocabulary (words one uses regularly) and passive vocabulary (words one recognizes but does not use often). An individual's vocabulary continually evolves through various methods, including <a href="/wiki/Direct_instruction" title="Direct instruction">direct instruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_reading" title="Independent reading">independent reading</a>, and natural language exposure, but it can also shrink due to <a href="/wiki/Forgetting" title="Forgetting">forgetting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">trauma</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>. Furthermore, vocabulary is a significant focus of study across various disciplines, like <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Vocabulary is not limited to single words; it also encompasses multi-word units known as <a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a>, and other types of phraseology. Acquiring an adequate vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition_of_%22word%22">1.1 Definition of "word"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Vocabulary_in_an_individual">2 Vocabulary in an individual</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Productive_and_receptive_knowledge">2.1 Productive and receptive knowledge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Degree_of_knowledge">2.2 Degree of knowledge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Depth_of_knowledge">2.3 Depth of knowledge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Types_of_vocabulary">2.4 Types of vocabulary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Reading_vocabulary">2.4.1 Reading vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Listening_vocabulary">2.4.2 Listening vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Speaking_vocabulary">2.4.3 Speaking vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Writing_vocabulary">2.4.4 Writing vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Final_vocabulary">2.4.5 Final vocabulary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Vocabulary_growth">2.5 Vocabulary growth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Importance">2.6 Importance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Vocabulary_size">2.7 Vocabulary size</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Native-language_vocabulary">2.7.1 Native-language vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Foreign-language_vocabulary">2.7.2 Foreign-language vocabulary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18"><a href="#The_effects_of_vocabulary_size_on_language_comprehension">2.7.2.1 The effects of vocabulary size on language comprehension</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Second_language_vocabulary_acquisition">2.7.2.2 Second language vocabulary acquisition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Memorization">2.7.2.3 Memorization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="#The_keyword_method">2.7.2.4 The keyword method</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Word_lists">2.7.3 Word lists</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Focal_vocabulary">3 Focal vocabulary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Footnotes">5 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> A vocabulary is the set of words in a given language that an individual knows and uses.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In the context of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a vocabulary may refer more broadly to any set of words. Types of vocabularies have been further defined: a <a href="/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics)" title="Lexis (linguistics)">lexis</a> is a vocabulary comprising all words used in a language or other linguistic context or in a person's lexical repertoire. An individual person's vocabulary includes a passive vocabulary of words they can recognize or understand, as well as an active vocabulary of words they regularly use in speech and writing.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, vocabulary refers to the complete set of symbols and signs in a <a href="/wiki/Sign_system" title="Sign system">sign system</a> or a text, extending the definition beyond purely verbal communication to encompass other forms of symbolic communication.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Vocabulary acquisition is a central aspect of language education, as it directly impacts reading comprehension, expressive and receptive language skills, and academic achievement.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Vocabulary is examined in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> as a measure of language processing and cognitive development. It can serve as an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_ability" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual ability">intellectual ability</a> or cognitive status, with vocabulary tests often forming part of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychological_assessment" title="Neuropsychological assessment">neuropsychological assessments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Definition_of_"word"'>Definition of "word"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=2" title='Edit section: Definition of "word"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">Word</a></div> Word has a variety of meanings, and our understand of ideas such as vocabulary size differ depending on the definition used. The most common definition equates words with <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemmas</a> (the inflected or dictionary form; this includes walk, but not walks, walked or walking). Most of the time lemmas do not include proper nouns (names of people, places, companies, etc.). Another definition often used in research of vocabulary size is that of <a href="/wiki/Word_family" title="Word family">word family</a>. These are all the words that can be derived from a ground word (e.g., the words effortless, effortlessly, effortful, effortfully are all part of the word family effort). Estimates of vocabulary size range from as high as 200 thousand to as low as 10 thousand, depending on the definition used.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Vocabulary_in_an_individual">Vocabulary in an individual</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vocabulary in an individual" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Productive_and_receptive_knowledge">Productive and receptive knowledge</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Productive and receptive knowledge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The first major change distinction that must be made when evaluating word knowledge is whether the knowledge is productive (also called achieve or active) or receptive (also called receive or passive); even within those opposing categories, there is often no clear distinction. Words that are generally understood when heard or read or seen constitute a person's receptive vocabulary. These words may range from well known to barely known (see <a href="#Degree_of_knowledge">degree of knowledge</a> below). A person's receptive vocabulary is usually the larger of the two. For example, although a young child may not yet be able to speak, write, or sign, they may be able to follow simple commands and appear to understand a good portion of the language to which they are exposed. In this case, the child's receptive vocabulary is likely tens, if not hundreds of words, but their active vocabulary is zero. When that child learns to speak or sign, however, the child's active vocabulary begins to increase. It is also possible for the productive vocabulary to be larger than the receptive vocabulary, for example in a second-language learner who has learned words through study rather than exposure, and can produce them, but has difficulty recognizing them in conversation. Productive vocabulary, therefore, generally refers to words that can be produced within an appropriate context and match the intended meaning of the speaker or signer. As with receptive vocabulary, however, there are many degrees at which a particular word may be considered part of an active vocabulary. Knowing how to pronounce, sign, or write a word does not necessarily mean that the word that has been used correctly or accurately reflects the intended message; but it does reflect a minimal amount of productive knowledge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Degree_of_knowledge">Degree of knowledge</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Degree of knowledge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Within the receptive–productive distinction lies a range of abilities that are often referred to as degree of knowledge. This simply indicates that a word gradually enters a person's vocabulary over a period of time as more aspects of word knowledge are learnt. Roughly, these stages could be described as: <ol><li>Never encountered the word.</li> <li>Heard the word, but cannot define it.</li> <li>Recognizes the word due to <a href="/wiki/Context_(language_use)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (language use)">context</a> or tone of voice.</li> <li>Able to use the word and understand the general and/or intended meaning, but cannot clearly explain it.</li> <li>Fluent with the word – its use and definition.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depth_of_knowledge">Depth of knowledge</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Depth of knowledge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The differing degrees of word knowledge imply a greater depth of knowledge, but the process is more complex than that. There are many facets to knowing a word, some of which are not hierarchical so their acquisition does not necessarily follow a linear progression suggested by degree of knowledge. Several frameworks of word knowledge have been proposed to better operationalise this concept. One such framework includes nine facets: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> – written form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> – spoken form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">reference</a> – concept and reference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> – meaning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> – appropriacy of use or register</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocation</a> – lexical neighbours</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Word association">word associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> – grammatical function</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> – word parts</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_vocabulary">Types of vocabulary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Listed in order of most ample to most limited:<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reading_vocabulary">Reading vocabulary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reading vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A person's reading vocabulary is all the words recognized when reading. This class of vocabulary is generally the most ample, as new words are more commonly encountered when reading than when listening. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Listening_vocabulary">Listening vocabulary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Listening vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A person's <a href="/wiki/Listening" title="Listening">listening</a> vocabulary comprises the words recognized when listening to speech. Cues such as the speaker's tone and gestures, the topic of discussion, and the conversation's social context may convey the meaning of an unfamiliar word. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speaking_vocabulary">Speaking vocabulary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Speaking vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A person's speaking vocabulary comprises the words used in <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> and is generally a subset of the listening vocabulary. Due to the spontaneous nature of speech, words are often misused slightly and unintentionally, but facial expressions and tone of voice can compensate for this misuse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing_vocabulary">Writing vocabulary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Writing vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The written word appears in registers as different as formal essays and social media feeds. While many written words rarely appear in speech, a person's written vocabulary is generally limited by preference and context: a writer may prefer one synonym over another, and they will be unlikely to use technical vocabulary relating to a subject in which they have no interest or knowledge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_vocabulary">Final vocabulary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Final vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty:_Contemporary_American_Thinkers" title="Richard Rorty: Contemporary American Thinkers">Richard Rorty</a> characterized a person's "final vocabulary" as follows: <blockquote>All human beings carry about a set of words which they employ to justify their actions, their beliefs, and their lives. These are the words in which we formulate praise of our friends and contempt for our enemies, our long-term projects, our deepest self-doubts and our highest hopes... I shall call these words a person's "final vocabulary". Those words are as far as he can go with language; beyond them is only helpless passivity or a resort to force. (<a href="/wiki/Contingency,_Irony,_and_Solidarity" title="Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity">Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity</a> p. 73)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary_growth">Vocabulary growth</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vocabulary growth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_development" title="Vocabulary development">Vocabulary development</a></div> During its infancy, a child instinctively builds a vocabulary. <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infants</a> imitate words that they hear and then associate those words with objects and actions. This is the <a href="#Listening_vocabulary">listening vocabulary</a>. The <a href="#Speaking_vocabulary">speaking vocabulary</a> follows, as a child's thoughts become more reliant on their ability to self-express without relying on gestures or babbling. Once the <a href="#Reading_vocabulary">reading</a> and <a href="#Writing_vocabulary">writing vocabularies</a> start to develop, through questions and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, the child starts to discover the anomalies and irregularities of language. In <a href="/wiki/First_grade" title="First grade">first grade</a>, a child who can read learns about twice as many words as one who cannot. Generally, this gap does not narrow later. This results in a wide range of vocabulary by age five or six, when an English-speaking child will have learned about 1500 words.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Vocabulary grows throughout one's life. Between the ages of 20 and 60, people learn about 6,000 more lemmas, or one every other day.<a href="#cite_note-HowMany2016-11">[11]</a> An average 20-year-old knows 42,000 lemmas coming from 11,100 word families.<a href="#cite_note-HowMany2016-11">[11]</a> People expand their vocabularies by e.g. reading, playing <a href="/wiki/Word_game" title="Word game">word games</a>, and participating in vocabulary-related programs. Exposure to traditional print media teaches correct spelling and vocabulary, while exposure to text messaging leads to more relaxed word acceptability constraints.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance">Importance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Importance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>An extensive vocabulary aids expression and communication.</li> <li>Vocabulary size has been directly linked to <a href="/wiki/Reading_comprehension" title="Reading comprehension">reading comprehension</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stahl1999-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Linguistic vocabulary is synonymous with thinking vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-Stahl1999-13">[13]</a></li> <li>A person may be judged by others based on their vocabulary.</li> <li>Wilkins (1972) said, "Without <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed."<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary_size">Vocabulary size</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vocabulary size" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native-language_vocabulary">Native-language vocabulary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Native-language vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Estimating average vocabulary size poses various difficulties and limitations due to the different definitions and methods employed such as what is the word, what is to know a word, what sample dictionaries were used, how tests were conducted, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-HowMany2016-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-GouldenNationRead1990-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-D'AnnaZechmeisterHall1991-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Native speakers' vocabularies also vary widely within a language, and are dependent on the level of the speaker's education. As a result, estimates vary from 10,000 to 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Word_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Word families">word families</a><a href="#cite_note-GouldenNationRead1990-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> or 17,000-42,000 <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">dictionary words</a> for young adult native speakers of English.<a href="#cite_note-HowMany2016-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-D'AnnaZechmeisterHall1991-16">[16]</a> A 2016 study shows that 20-year-old English native speakers recognize on average 42,000 <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemmas</a>, ranging from 27,100 for the lowest 5% of the population to 51,700 lemmas for the highest 5%. These lemmas come from 6,100 word families in the lowest 5% of the population and 14,900 word families in the highest 5%. 60-year-olds know on average 6,000 lemmas more. <a href="#cite_note-HowMany2016-11">[11]</a> According to another, earlier 1995 study junior-high students would be able to recognize the meanings of about 10,000–12,000 words, whereas for college students this number grows up to about 12,000–17,000 and for elderly adults up to about 17,000 or more.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> For native speakers of German, average absolute vocabulary sizes range from 5,900 lemmas in first grade to 73,000 for adults.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign-language_vocabulary">Foreign-language vocabulary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Foreign-language vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_effects_of_vocabulary_size_on_language_comprehension">The effects of vocabulary size on language comprehension</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The effects of vocabulary size on language comprehension" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The knowledge of the 3000 most frequent English word families or the 5000 most frequent words provides 95% vocabulary coverage of spoken discourse.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> For minimal reading comprehension a threshold of 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Word_family" title="Word family">word families</a> (5,000 lexical items) was suggested<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-LauferRavenhorst-Kalovski2010-23">[23]</a> and for reading for pleasure 5,000 word families (8,000 lexical items) are required.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> An "optimal" threshold of 8,000 word families yields the coverage of 98% (including proper nouns).<a href="#cite_note-LauferRavenhorst-Kalovski2010-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Second_language_vocabulary_acquisition">Second language vocabulary acquisition</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Second language vocabulary acquisition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_learning" title="Vocabulary learning">Learning vocabulary</a> is one of the first steps in learning a second language, but a learner never finishes vocabulary acquisition. Whether in one's native language or a second language, the acquisition of new vocabulary is an ongoing process. There are many techniques that help one acquire new vocabulary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Memorization">Memorization</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Memorization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although memorization can be seen as tedious or boring, associating one word in the native language with the corresponding word in the second language until memorized is considered one of the best methods of vocabulary acquisition. By the time students reach adulthood, they generally have gathered a number of personalized memorization methods. Although many argue that memorization does not typically require the complex cognitive processing that increases retention (Sagarra and Alba, 2006),<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_p._228-243-25">[25]</a> it does typically require a large amount of repetition, and <a href="/wiki/Spaced_repetition" title="Spaced repetition">spaced repetition</a> with <a href="/wiki/Flashcard" title="Flashcard">flashcards</a> is an established method for memorization, particularly used for vocabulary acquisition in <a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_language_learning" title="Computer-assisted language learning">computer-assisted language learning</a>. Other methods typically require more time and longer to recall. Some words cannot be easily linked through association or other methods. When a word in the second language is phonologically or visually similar to a word in the native language, one often assumes they also share <a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">similar meanings</a>. Though this is frequently the case, it is not always true. When faced with a <a href="/wiki/False_friend" title="False friend">false friend</a>, memorization and repetition are the keys to mastery. If a second language learner relies solely on word associations to learn new vocabulary, that person will have a very difficult time mastering false friends. When large amounts of vocabulary must be acquired in a limited amount of time, when the learner needs to recall information quickly, when words represent abstract concepts or are difficult to picture in a mental image, or when discriminating between false friends, rote memorization is the method to use. A neural network model of novel word learning across orthographies, accounting for L1-specific memorization abilities of L2-learners has recently been introduced (Hadzibeganovic and Cannas, 2009).<a href="#cite_note-novel_word_learning-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_keyword_method">The keyword method</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The keyword method" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One way of learning vocabulary is to use mnemonic devices or to create associations between words, this is known as the "keyword method" (Sagarra and Alba, 2006).<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_p._228-243-25">[25]</a> It also takes a long time to implement — and takes a long time to recollect — but because it makes a few new strange ideas connect it may help in learning.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_p._228-243-25">[25]</a> Also it presumably does not conflict with Paivio's dual coding system<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> because it uses visual and verbal mental faculties. However, this is still best used for words that represent concrete things, as abstract concepts are more difficult to remember.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_p._228-243-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Word_lists">Word lists</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Word lists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Several word lists have been developed to provide people with a limited vocabulary for rapid language proficiency or for effective communication. These include <a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic English</a> (850 words), <a href="/wiki/Special_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Special English">Special English</a> (1,500 words), <a href="/wiki/General_Service_List" title="General Service List">General Service List</a> (2,000 words), and <a href="/wiki/Academic_Word_List" title="Academic Word List">Academic Word List</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Advanced_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Advanced learner's dictionary">learner's dictionaries</a> have developed <a href="/wiki/Defining_vocabulary" title="Defining vocabulary">defining vocabularies</a> which contain only most common and basic words. As a result, word definitions in such dictionaries can be understood even by learners with a limited vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some publishers produce dictionaries based on word frequency<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> or thematic groups.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a> was made for investigation in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Focal_vocabulary">Focal vocabulary</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Focal vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Focal vocabulary is a specialized set of terms and distinctions that is particularly important to a certain group: those with a particular focus of experience or activity. A lexicon, or vocabulary, is a language's dictionary: its set of names for things, events, and ideas. Some linguists believe that lexicon influences people's perception of things, the <a href="/wiki/Sapir%E2%80%93Whorf_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapir–Whorf hypothesis">Sapir–Whorf hypothesis</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> of Sudan have an elaborate vocabulary to describe cattle. The Nuer have dozens of names for cattle because of the cattle's particular histories, economies, and environments[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]. This kind of comparison has elicited some linguistic controversy, as with the number of "<a href="/wiki/Eskimo_words_for_snow" title="Eskimo words for snow">Eskimo words for snow</a>". English speakers with relevant specialised knowledge can also display elaborate and precise vocabularies for snow and cattle when the need arises.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_lexical_access" title="Bilingual lexical access">Bilingual lexical access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differences_between_American_and_British_English_(vocabulary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between American and British English (vocabulary)">Differences between American and British English (vocabulary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_proficiency" title="Language proficiency">Language proficiency</a>: The ability of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_English" title="Longest word in English">Longest word in English</a>: Many of the longest words in the English language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_lexicon" title="Mental lexicon">Mental lexicon</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Oxford Learner's Dictionaries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+3000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fabout%2Foxford3000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocabulary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macmillandictionary.com/learn/clear-definitions.html">"Clear Definitions"</a>. Macmillan Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macmillan+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Clear+Definitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionary.com%2Flearn%2Fclear-definitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocabulary" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Frequency-Dictionaries/book-series/RFD">Routledge Frequency Dictionaries</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langenscheidt.de/Langenscheidt-Grundwortschatz">Langenscheidt Grundwortschatz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806102918/http://www.langenscheidt.de/Langenscheidt-Grundwortschatz">Archived</a> 6 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langenscheidt.de/Langenscheidt-Grund-und-Aufbauwortschatz">Langenscheidt Grund- und Aufbauwortschatz</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.hueber.de/de/catalogsearch/result/?q=Grundwortschatz">Hueber Grundwortschatz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806101241/https://shop.hueber.de/de/catalogsearch/result/?q=Grundwortschatz">Archived</a> 6 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Miller (1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Lenkeit </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>Barnhart, Clarence Lewis (ed.) (1968). The World Book Dictionary. Chicago: Thorndike-Barnhart, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437494">437494</a></li> <li>Brysbaert M, Stevens M, Mandera P and Keuleers E (2016) How Many Words Do We Know? Practical Estimates of Vocabulary Size Dependent on Word Definition, the Degree of Language Input and the Participant's Age. Front. Psychol. 7:1116. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116.</li> <li>Flynn, James Robert (2008). Where have all the liberals gone? : race, class, and ideals in America. Cambridge University Press; 1st edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49431-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49431-1">978-0-521-49431-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231580885">231580885</a></li> <li>Lenkeit, Roberta Edwards (2007) Introducing cultural anthropology Boston: McGraw-Hill (3rd. ed.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64230435">64230435</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuNation1985" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Na; Nation, I. S. P. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ac.aua.am/lena_simonyan/Public/RELC%20journal/Liu%20Na,1985.Factors%20Affecting%20Guessing%20Vocabulary%20in%20Context.pdf">"Factors affecting guessing vocabulary in context"</a> (PDF). RELC Journal. 16: 33–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003368828501600103">10.1177/003368828501600103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145695274">145695274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RELC+Journal&rft.atitle=Factors+affecting+guessing+vocabulary+in+context&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003368828501600103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145695274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Na&rft.au=Nation%2C+I.+S.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fac.aua.am%2Flena_simonyan%2FPublic%2FRELC%2520journal%2FLiu%2520Na%2C1985.Factors%2520Affecting%2520Guessing%2520Vocabulary%2520in%2520Context.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocabulary" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Miller, Barbara D. (1999). Cultural Anthropology(4th ed.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon, p. 315 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39101950">39101950</a></li> <li>Schonell, Sir Fred Joyce, Ivor G. Meddleton and B. A. Shaw, A study of the oral vocabulary of adults : an investigation into the spoken vocabulary of the Australian worker, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1956. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/606593777">606593777</a></li> <li>West, Michael (1953). A general service list of English words, with semantic frequencies and a supplementary word-list for the writing of popular science and technology London, New York: Longman, Green <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/318957">318957</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vocabulary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vocabulary">vocabulary</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/resources/vocrefs/bibliography.aspx">Bibliography on vocabulary</a> I.S.P. Nation's extensive collection of research on vocabulary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lognostics.co.uk/varga/">Vocabulary Acquisition Research Group Archive</a> An bibliographic database on vocabulary acquisition at Swansea University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&oldid=1269641952">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&oldid=1269641952</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Vocabulary&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 15 January 2025, at 17:40 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woordeskat" title="Woordeskat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Woordeskat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مفردات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مفردات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulari" title="Vocabulari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vocabulari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1soba" title="Slovní zásoba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slovní zásoba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordforr%C3%A5d" title="Ordforråd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ordforråd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortschatz" title="Wortschatz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wortschatz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5navara" title="Sõnavara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõnavara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Λεξιλόγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεξιλόγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulario" title="Vocabulario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vocabulario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortprovizo" title="Vortprovizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vortprovizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbategi" title="Berbategi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Berbategi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87" title="دایره واژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دایره واژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulaire" title="Vocabulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vocabulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasht-fockle" title="Tasht-fockle – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tasht-fockle" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulario" title="Vocabulario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vocabulario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%ED%9C%98" title="어휘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어휘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Անձի բառապաշար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անձի բառապաշար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okwu" title="Okwu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Okwu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosakata" title="Kosakata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kosakata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%B0afor%C3%B0i" title="Orðaforði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orðaforði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אוצר מילים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוצר מילים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Сөз байлығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сөз байлығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Тилдин сөздүк курамы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тилдин сөздүк курамы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Речник (вокабулар) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Речник (вокабулар)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbendaharaan_kata" title="Perbendaharaan kata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perbendaharaan kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B" title="ဝေါဟာရ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝေါဟာရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woordenschat" title="Woordenschat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Woordenschat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99" title="語彙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="語彙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordforr%C3%A5d" title="Ordforråd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ordforråd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordforr%C3%A5d" title="Ordforråd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ordforråd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87)" title="سیند (لغاتونه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سیند (لغاتونه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82ownictwo" title="Słownictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Słownictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Λεχτικόν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λεχτικόν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabul%C3%A1rio" title="Vocabulário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vocabulário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimay_taqi" title="Rimay taqi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rimay taqi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Словарный запас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Словарный запас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woudsk%C3%A4t" title="Woudskät – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Woudskät" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjal%C3%ABsi" title="Fjalësi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fjalësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vocabulary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovn%C3%A1_z%C3%A1soba" title="Slovná zásoba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slovná zásoba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandaga_Kecap" title="Kandaga Kecap – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kandaga Kecap" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordf%C3%B6rr%C3%A5d" title="Ordförråd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ordförråd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talasalitaan" title="Talasalitaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Talasalitaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="சொற்கோவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொற்கோவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="วงศัพท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศัพท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6z_varl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Söz varlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Söz varlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Словниковий запас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Словниковий запас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_v%E1%BB%B1ng" title="Từ vựng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ vựng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8" title="וואקאבולאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואקאבולאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99" title="詞彙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詞彙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87" title="词汇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="词汇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 January 2025, at 17:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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