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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Martyrdom in the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martyrdom_in_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious meanings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_meanings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious meanings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Eastern religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Chinese culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_entitled_as_religious_martyrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_entitled_as_religious_martyrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people entitled as religious martyrs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_entitled_as_religious_martyrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political meanings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_meanings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political meanings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Unionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Civil rights movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_entitled_as_political_martyrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_entitled_as_political_martyrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people entitled as political martyrs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_entitled_as_political_martyrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_martyr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_martyr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Revolutionary martyr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_martyr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martyr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martelaar" title="Martelaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Martelaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rtyrer" title="Märtyrer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Märtyrer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="شهيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شهيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rtir" title="Mártir – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mártir" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fzabke%C5%9F" title="Əzabkeş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əzabkeş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6" title="শহীদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শহীদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBn-k%C3%A0u-chi%C3%A1" title="Sûn-kàu-chiá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sûn-kàu-chiá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Мучанік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мучанік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Мучанік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мучанік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мъченик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъченик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merzher" title="Merzher – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Merzher" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0rtir" title="Màrtir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màrtir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Dedn%C3%ADk" title="Mučedník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mučedník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr" title="Merthyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Merthyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rtyrer" title="Märtyrer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Märtyrer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rter" title="Märter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Märter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Μάρτυρας (θρησκεία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρτυρας (θρησκεία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rtir" title="Mártir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mártir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiro" title="Martiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiri" title="Martiri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martiri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="شهید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martyr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martler" title="Martler – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Martler" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairt%C3%ADreach" title="Mairtíreach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mairtíreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rtir" title="Mártir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mártir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%87" title="Генүләч – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Генүләч" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%9C%EA%B5%90" title="순교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="순교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մարտիրոսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտիրոսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6" title="शहीद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शहीद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Denik" title="Mučenik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mučenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiro" title="Martiro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martiro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martir" title="Martir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyre" title="Martyre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Martyre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADslarvottur" title="Píslarvottur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Píslarvottur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martire" title="Martire – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martire" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8" title="מרטיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಆಹುತಾತ್ಮರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಹುತಾತ್ಮರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfiadini" title="Mfiadini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mfiadini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeh%C3%AEd" title="Şehîd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şehîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martyr" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moceklis" title="Moceklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Moceklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankinys" title="Kankinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kankinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martelaer" title="Martelaer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Martelaer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADru" title="Martíru – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Martíru" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martor" title="Martor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Martor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rtan%C3%BA" title="Vértanú – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vértanú" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Маченик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маченик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiora" title="Martiora – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Martiora" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="हुतात्मा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हुतात्मा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martir" title="Martir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martelaar" title="Martelaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martelaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="सहिद दिवस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सहिद दिवस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="殉教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="殉教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Martyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਰਟਾਇਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਟਾਇਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="شہید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F" title="အာႏဇာႏနီႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အာႏဇာႏနီႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%9B" title="ទុក្ករបុគ្គល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទុក្ករបុគ្គល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merteler" title="Merteler – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Merteler" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%99czennik" title="Męczennik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Męczennik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rtir" title="Mártir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mártir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martir" title="Martir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martir" title="Martir – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Martir" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мученик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мученик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairtyr" title="Mairtyr – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mairtyr" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ABshmori" title="Dëshmori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dëshmori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martyr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Den%C3%ADk" title="Mučeník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mučeník" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Denec" title="Mučenec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mučenec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="شەھید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەھید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Denik" title="Mučenik – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mučenik" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%8Denik" title="Mučenik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mučenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marttyyri" title="Marttyyri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marttyyri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martyr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martir" title="Martir – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Martir" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ame%C9%A3ras" title="Ameɣras – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ameɣras" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5" title="มรณสักขี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มรณสักขี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehit" title="Şehit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şehit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мученик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мученик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="شہید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AD_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Tử đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tử đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martir" title="Martir – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Martir" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%89%E6%95%99" title="殉教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="殉教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Martyr_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Martyr (disambiguation)">Martyr (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20,000_martyrs_of_Nicomedia_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/20%2C000_martyrs_of_Nicomedia_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/330px-20%2C000_martyrs_of_Nicomedia_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/20%2C000_martyrs_of_Nicomedia_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/500px-20%2C000_martyrs_of_Nicomedia_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/20%2C000_martyrs_of_Nicomedia_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/960px-20%2C000_martyrs_of_Nicomedia_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption>Miniature from the <i><a href="/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II" title="Menologion of Basil II">Menologion of Basil II</a></i> depicting the <a href="/wiki/20,000_Martyrs_of_Nicomedia" title="20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia">20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia</a>, who were martyred when Roman soldiers set their church on fire on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>, AD 302</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>martyr</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">μάρτυς</span>, <i>mártys</i>, 'witness' <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">μαρτυρ-</span></span>, <i>martyr-</i>) is someone who suffers <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party. In colloquial usage, the term can also refer to any person who suffers a significant consequence in protest or support of a cause. </p><p>In the martyrdom narrative of the remembering community, this refusal to comply with the presented demands results in the punishment or execution of an individual by an oppressor. Accordingly, the status of the 'martyr' can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous title">posthumous title</a> as a reward for those who are considered worthy of the concept of martyrdom by the living, regardless of any attempts by the deceased to control how they will be remembered in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insofar, the martyr is a relational figure of a society's boundary work that is produced by <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs, the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political cause. </p><p>Most martyrs are considered holy or are respected by their followers, becoming symbols of exceptional leadership and heroism in the face of difficult circumstances. Martyrs play significant roles in religions. Similarly, martyrs have had notable effects in secular life, including such figures as <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, among other political and cultural examples. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning">Meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg/250px-King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg/330px-King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg/500px-King_Charles_I_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3045" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_the_Martyr" title="King Charles the Martyr">Charles I</a> is regarded by many members of the Church of England as a martyr because, it is said,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was offered his life if he would abandon the historic <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a> in the Church of England. It is said he refused, however, believing that the Church of England was truly "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">Catholic</a>" and should maintain the Catholic episcopate.</figcaption></figure> <p>In its original meaning, the word martyr, meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witness</a></i>, was used in the secular sphere as well as in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of bearing witness was not intended to lead to the death of the witness, although it is known from ancient writers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>) and from the New Testament that witnesses often died for their testimonies. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> centuries, the term acquired the extended meaning of believers who are called to witness for their religious belief, and on account of this witness, endure suffering or death. The term, in this later sense, entered the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>. The death of a martyr or the value attributed to it is called <i>martyrdom</i>. </p><p>The early Christians who first began to use the term <i>martyr</i> in its new sense saw <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as the first and greatest martyr, on account of his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Christians appear to have seen Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetypal</a> martyr.<sup id="cite_ref-D._Rusk,_2011_pp._217-229_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Rusk,_2011_pp._217-229-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>martyr</i> is used in English to describe a wide variety of people. However, the following table presents a general outline of common features present in stereotypical martyrdoms. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 75%;"> <caption>Common features of stereotypical martyrdoms<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:5%;">1. </td> <td style="width:20%;">A hero </td> <td style="width:75%;">A person of some renown who is devoted to a cause believed to be admirable. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.</td> <td>Opposition</td> <td>People who oppose that cause. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.</td> <td>Foreseeable risk</td> <td>The hero foresees action by opponents to harm him or her, because of his or her commitment to the cause. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.</td> <td>Courage and commitment</td> <td>The hero continues, despite knowing the risk, out of commitment to the cause. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.</td> <td>Death</td> <td>The opponents kill the hero because of his or her commitment to the cause. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.</td> <td>Audience response</td> <td>The hero's death is commemorated. People may label the hero explicitly as a martyr. Other people may in turn be inspired to pursue the same cause. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martyrdom_in_the_Middle_East">Martyrdom in the Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Martyrdom in the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contemporary Middle Eastern cultures, the term for 'martyr’ (Arabic <i><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">shahid</a></i>) has more uses than the English word ‘martyr’.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the term can be narrowly used for a person who is killed because of their religion, it is more generally used to mean a person who died a violent death. Thus it can arguably mean a general ‘victim’.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person is a martyr if they were killed because of their identity, because of natural disasters like earthquakes,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or while performing relief or health care work. For example, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Bilgen" title="İbrahim Bilgen">İbrahim Bilgen</a> was killed by Israel in the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a>. Because he died as a humantiarian activist, he is called a martyr by <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al-Jazeera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martyrdom is also tied with nationalism, because a martyr can be a person who died in the context of national struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Beirut, <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Square,_Beirut" title="Martyrs' Square, Beirut">Martyrs' Square</a> is a public square that's dedicated to Lebanese nationalists who were executed by the Ottomans. </p><p>In Palestine, the word ‘martyr’ is traditionally used to mean a person killed by Israeli forces, regardless of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-MA01182_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA01182-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Shireen_Abu_Akleh" title="Shireen Abu Akleh">Shireen Abu Akleh</a> was a Palestinian Christian journalist who was killed by Israeli forces, and Arabic media calls her a ‘martyr’.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflects a communal belief that every Palestinian death is part of a resistance against Israeli occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children are likewise called martyrs, such as the late children of journalist <a href="/wiki/Wael_Al-Dahdouh" title="Wael Al-Dahdouh">Wael Al-Dahdouh</a> who were killed in an Israeli airstrike.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The label of martyrdom is used as a form of memoralizing the dead within some narrative, such as how the victims of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosion" title="2020 Beirut explosion">2020 Beirut explosion</a> were called ‘martyrs of corruption’ as a form of protest against the government.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wide usage of ‘martyr’ is not restricted to Arabic. Armenian culture likewise uses the term for the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, who are called <i>Holy Martyrs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> April 24 is <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Genocide Memorial Day">Armenian Genocide Memorial Day</a>, and also called "Armenian Martyrs Day".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_meanings">Religious meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_religions">Eastern religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eastern religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_culture">Chinese culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Chinese_culture" title="Martyrdom in Chinese culture">Martyrdom in Chinese culture</a></div> <p>Martyrdom was extensively promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> party in modern China. Revolutionaries who died fighting against the Qing dynasty in the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> period, furthering the cause of the revolution, were recognized as martyrs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Stephen Knapp,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> despite the promotion of <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i> (non-violence) within <a href="/wiki/Sanatana_Dharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanatana Dharma">Sanatana Dharma</a>, and there being no concept of martyrdom,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is the belief of righteous duty (<i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i>), where violence is used as a last resort to resolution after all other means have failed. Examples of this are found in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. Upon completion of their exile, the Pandavas were refused the return of their portion of the kingdom by their cousin Duruyodhana; and following which all means of peace talks by <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidura" title="Vidura">Vidura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanjaya" title="Sanjaya">Sanjaya</a> failed. During the great war which commenced, even <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> was brought down with doubts, e.g., attachment, sorrow, fear. This is where Krishna instructs <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> how to carry out his duty as a righteous <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a> and fight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehdiana_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mehdiana_5.jpg/220px-Mehdiana_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mehdiana_5.jpg/330px-Mehdiana_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mehdiana_5.jpg/440px-Mehdiana_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture at <a href="/wiki/Mehdiana_Sahib" title="Mehdiana Sahib">Mehdiana Sahib</a> of the execution of <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> in 1716.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Sikhism" title="Martyrdom in Sikhism">Martyrdom in Sikhism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Istishhad#Sikhism" title="Istishhad">Istishhad § Sikhism</a></div> <p>Martyrdom (called <i>shahadat</i> in Punjabi) is a fundamental concept in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and represents an important institution of the faith. Sikhs believe in <i>Ibaadat se Shahadat</i> (from love to martyrdom). Some famous Sikh martyrs include:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a>, the fifth leader of Sikhism. Guru ji was brutally tortured for almost 5 days before he attained shaheedi, or martyrdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, the ninth guru of Sikhism, martyred on 11 November 1675. He is also known as <i>Dharam Di Chadar</i> (i.e. "the shield of Religion"), suggesting that to save Hinduism, the guru gave his life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dayala" title="Bhai Dayala">Bhai Dayala</a> is one of the Sikhs who was martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 due to his refusal to accept Islam.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mati_Das" title="Bhai Mati Das">Bhai Mati Das</a> is considered by some one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save Hindu Brahmins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Sati_Das" title="Bhai Sati Das">Bhai Sati Das</a> is also considered by some one of the greatest martyrs in Sikh history, martyred along with Guru Teg Bahadur at Chandni Chowk at Delhi in November 1675 to save kashmiri pandits.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Ajit_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada Ajit Singh">Sahibzada Ajit Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Jujhar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada Jujhar Singh">Sahibzada Jujhar Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Zorawar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada Zorawar Singh">Sahibzada Zorawar Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Fateh_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada Fateh Singh">Sahibzada Fateh Singh</a> – the four sons of Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Sikh guru.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Mani_Singh" title="Bhai Mani Singh">Bhai Mani Singh</a>, who came from a family of over 20 different martyrs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attavante,_martirio_dei_sette_fratelli_ebrei,_bibl_ap_vaticana_bibbia_ms._urb_lat_2_f_174v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Attavante%2C_martirio_dei_sette_fratelli_ebrei%2C_bibl_ap_vaticana_bibbia_ms._urb_lat_2_f_174v.jpg/250px-Attavante%2C_martirio_dei_sette_fratelli_ebrei%2C_bibl_ap_vaticana_bibbia_ms._urb_lat_2_f_174v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Attavante%2C_martirio_dei_sette_fratelli_ebrei%2C_bibl_ap_vaticana_bibbia_ms._urb_lat_2_f_174v.jpg/330px-Attavante%2C_martirio_dei_sette_fratelli_ebrei%2C_bibl_ap_vaticana_bibbia_ms._urb_lat_2_f_174v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Attavante%2C_martirio_dei_sette_fratelli_ebrei%2C_bibl_ap_vaticana_bibbia_ms._urb_lat_2_f_174v.jpg/500px-Attavante%2C_martirio_dei_sette_fratelli_ebrei%2C_bibl_ap_vaticana_bibbia_ms._urb_lat_2_f_174v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons"><i>Martyrdom of the seven Hebrew brothers</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Attavante_degli_Attavanti" title="Attavante degli Attavanti">Attavante degli Attavanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice_in_Jewish_law" title="Self-sacrifice in Jewish law">Self-sacrifice in Jewish law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiddush_Hashem" title="Kiddush Hashem">Kiddush Hashem</a></div> <p>Martyrdom in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> is one of the main examples of <i><a href="/wiki/Kiddush_Hashem" title="Kiddush Hashem">Kiddush Hashem</a></i>, meaning "sanctification of God's name" through public dedication to Jewish practice. Religious martyrdom is considered one of the more significant contributions of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Western_Civilization" title="Western Civilization">Western Civilization</a>. <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> recount numerous martyrdoms suffered by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> resisting <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenizing</a> (adoption of Greek ideas or customs of a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic civilization</a>) by their <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> overlords, being executed for such crimes as <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">observing the Sabbath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcising their boys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">refusing to eat pork or meat sacrificed to foreign gods</a>. However, the notion of martyrdom in the Jewish and Christian traditions differ considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg/220px-Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg/330px-Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg/440px-Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>From the gallery of 20th century martyrs at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>—l. to r. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_(1864%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)">Mother Elizabeth of Russia</a>, Rev. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a> and Pastor <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyr</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, a martyr, in accordance with the meaning of the original Greek term <i>martys</i> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, is one who brings a testimony, usually written or verbal. In particular, the testimony is that of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, or more generally, the <a href="/wiki/Word_of_God_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of God (Bible)">Word of God</a>. A Christian witness is a biblical witness whether or not <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> follows.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_martyrs_burned_at_the_stake_in_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Christian_martyrs_burned_at_the_stake_in_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Christian_martyrs_burned_at_the_stake_in_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Christian_martyrs_burned_at_the_stake_in_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Christian_martyrs_burned_at_the_stake_in_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Christian_martyrs_burned_at_the_stake_in_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Christian_martyrs_burned_at_the_stake_in_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption> Illustration of Christian martyrs burned at the stake by the order of <a href="/wiki/Ranavalona_I" title="Ranavalona I">Ranavalona I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of Jesus as a martyr has recently received greater attention. Analyses of the <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion narratives in the Gospels</a> have led many scholars to conclude that they are martyrdom accounts in terms of genre and style.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several scholars have also concluded that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> understood Jesus' death as a martyrdom.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of such conclusions, some have argued that the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a> of the first three centuries would have interpreted the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a> as a martyrdom.<sup id="cite_ref-D._Rusk,_2011_pp._217-229_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Rusk,_2011_pp._217-229-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of <a href="/wiki/Church_history" title="Church history">church history</a>, from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire">persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>, it developed that a martyr was one who was killed for maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">religious belief</a>, <i>knowing</i> that this will almost certainly result in imminent death (though without intentionally seeking death). This definition of <i>martyr</i> is not specifically restricted to the Christian faith. Christianity recognizes certain Old Testament Jewish figures, like <a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>, as holy, and the New Testament mentions the imprisonment and beheading of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, Jesus's possible cousin and his prophet and forerunner. The first Christian witness, after the establishment of the Christian faith at <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, to be killed for his testimony was <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a> (whose name means "crown"), and those who suffer martyrdom are said to have been "crowned". From the time of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a>, Christianity was decriminalized, and then, under <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">state religion</a>, which greatly diminished persecution (although not for non-Nicene Christians). As some wondered how then they could most closely follow Christ there was a development of <i>desert spirituality</i> characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">eremitic lifestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">renunciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">self-mortification</a>, and separation from the world, practiced by several <a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">desert monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Christianity" title="Asceticism">Christian ascetics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Hermit" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Hermit">Paul the Hermit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Anthony the Great</a>). This was a kind of <i>white martyrdom</i>, dying to oneself every day, as opposed to a <i>red martyrdom</i>, the giving of one's life in a violent death.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_(Jan_Luyken,_1597).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_%28Jan_Luyken%2C_1597%29.PNG/250px-Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_%28Jan_Luyken%2C_1597%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_%28Jan_Luyken%2C_1597%29.PNG/330px-Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_%28Jan_Luyken%2C_1597%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_%28Jan_Luyken%2C_1597%29.PNG/500px-Anneken_van_den_Hove_te_Brussel_levend_begraven_%28Jan_Luyken%2C_1597%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Luyken" title="Jan Luyken">Jan Luyken</a>'s drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Utenhoven" title="Anna Utenhoven">Anna Utenhoven</a> being buried alive at <a href="/wiki/Vilvoorde" title="Vilvoorde">Vilvoorde</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) in 1597. In the engraving, her head is still above the ground and the Catholic priest is exhorting her to recant her faith, while the executioner stands ready to completely cover her up upon her refusal. This engraving was part of a major Protestant outrage praising Utenhoven as a martyr.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the history of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Christians" title="Sectarian violence among Christians">death due to sectarian persecutions by other Christians</a> has been regarded as martyrdom as well. There were martyrs recognized on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">schism between the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England</a> after 1534. Two hundred and eighty-eight Christians were martyred for their faith by <a href="/wiki/Foxe%27s_Book_of_Martyrs" title="Foxe's Book of Martyrs">public burning</a> between 1553 and 1558 by the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary I</a> in England leading to the reversion to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> in 1559. "From hundreds to thousands" of <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> were martyred in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rindol_massacre" title="Mérindol massacre">Massacre of Mérindol</a> in 1545. Three-hundred Roman Catholics were said to have been martyred by the Church authorities in England in the 16th and 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Even more modern day accounts of martyrdom for Christ exist, depicted in books such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Freaks_(book)" title="Jesus Freaks (book)">Jesus Freaks</a></i>, though the numbers are disputed. The claim that 100,000 Christians are killed for their faith annually is greatly exaggerated according to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, with many of those deaths due to war,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the fact of ongoing Christian martyrdoms remains undisputed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Battle_of_Karbala_-_Abbas_Al-Musavi_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>A painting commemorating the martyrdom of the 3rd Shia Imam <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> in 680 AD<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mujahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahid">Mujahid</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> term in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> meaning "witness", and is also used to denote a martyr; a female martyr is named <i><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">shahida</a></i>. The term <i>Shahid</i> occurs frequently in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> in the generic sense "witness", but only once in the sense "martyr, one who dies for his faith"; this latter sense acquires wider use in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith"><i>ḥadīth</i> literature</a>. Islam views a martyr as a man or woman who dies while conducting <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i>, whether on or off the battlefield (see <a href="/wiki/Greater_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater jihad">greater jihad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser jihad">lesser jihad</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of martyrdom in Islam became prominent during the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution in Iran</a> (1979) and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–1988), so that the cult of the martyr had a lasting impact on the course of revolution and war.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 2000s, it has been primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">jihadism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karimi_2023_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karimi_2023-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Martyrdom in the Baháʼí Faith">Martyrdom in the Baháʼí Faith</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, martyrs are those who sacrifice their lives serving humanity in the name of God.<sup id="cite_ref-winters_conclusion_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winters_conclusion-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, discouraged the literal meaning of sacrificing one's life. Instead, he explained that martyrdom is devoting oneself to service to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-winters_conclusion_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winters_conclusion-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_entitled_as_religious_martyrs">Notable people entitled as religious martyrs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable people entitled as religious martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Martyrs_Shrine_Coliseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Interior_of_Martyrs_Shrine_Coliseum.jpg/220px-Interior_of_Martyrs_Shrine_Coliseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Interior_of_Martyrs_Shrine_Coliseum.jpg/330px-Interior_of_Martyrs_Shrine_Coliseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Interior_of_Martyrs_Shrine_Coliseum.jpg/440px-Interior_of_Martyrs_Shrine_Coliseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Coliseum at the <a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_the_North_American_Martyrs" title="National Shrine of the North American Martyrs">National Shrine of the North American Martyrs</a>, Auriesville, New York, showing the sanctuary and high altar</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>399 BCE – <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, a Greek philosopher who chose to die rather than renounce his ideals.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 34 CE</span> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a>, considered to be the first Christian martyr.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd century CE</span> – <a href="/wiki/Ten_Martyrs" title="Ten Martyrs">Ten Martyrs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 288</span> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sebastian" title="Saint Sebastian">Saint Sebastian</a>, the subject of many works of art.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 304</span> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Agnes_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Agnes of Rome">Saint Agnes of Rome</a>, beheaded for refusing to forsake her devotion to Christ, for Roman paganism.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 680</span> – <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Muhammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed">Muhammed</a> beheaded for opposing the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 692</span> – <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_al-Zubayr" title="Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr">Abdullah ibn Zubair</a>, martyred for opposing the Umayyad Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1415 – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, Christian reformer burned at the stake for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>.</li> <li>1535 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, beheaded for refusing to acknowledge <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">Supreme Head of the Church of England</a>. Canonised in 1935.</li> <li>1606 – <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjan Dev">Guru Arjan Dev</a>, the fifth leader of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>.</li> <li>1675 – <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, the ninth <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">guru</a> of Sikhism, referred to as "Hind di Chadar" or "Shield of India" martyred in defense of religious freedom of Hindus.</li> <li>1844 – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Smith Jr.">Joseph Smith Jr.</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Killing of Joseph Smith">killed by a mob</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carthage_Jail" title="Carthage Jail">Carthage Jail</a>, Illinois.</li> <li>1918–1991 – <a href="/wiki/New_Martyrs_and_Confessors_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Orthodox Church">New Martyrs and Confessors of the Russian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">persecuted by communists in the Soviet Union</a> after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.</li> <li>1941 – <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a>, a Roman Catholic priest who was martyred in the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_meanings">Political meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In politics, a martyr is someone who suffers persecution and/or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, and/or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs" title="Manchester Martyrs">Manchester Martyrs</a> were three Irishmen executed after being convicted for the murder of a <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Police" title="Manchester City Police">Manchester City Police</a> officer in 1867. The day after the executions, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Engels">Frederick Engels</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>: "Yesterday morning the Tories, by the hand of Mr Calcraft, accomplished the final act of separation between England and Ireland. The only thing that the <a href="/wiki/Fenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenians">Fenians</a> still lacked were martyrs. ... To my knowledge, the only time that anybody has been executed for a similar matter in a civilised country was the case of <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> at Harpers Ferry. The Fenians could not have wished for a better precedent."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Irish Republican Army</a> members died during a <a href="/wiki/1981_hunger_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 hunger strike">1981 hunger strike</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Belfiore_martyrs" title="Belfiore martyrs">Belfiore martyrs</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <i>Martiri di Belfiore</i>) were a group of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> pro-independence fighters condemned to death by hanging in 1853 during the Italian <a href="/wiki/Italian_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Unification">Risorgimento</a>. They included <a href="/wiki/Tito_Speri" title="Tito Speri">Tito Speri</a> and the priest <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tazzoli_(priest)" title="Enrico Tazzoli (priest)">Enrico Tazzoli</a> and are named after the site where the sentence was carried out, in the valley of Belfiore at the south entrance to <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionism">Unionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a> were a group of 19th century agricultural labourers in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, England, who were arrested for and convicted of swearing a secret oath as members of the <i>Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers.</i> The rules of the society showed it was clearly structured as a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">friendly society</a>, that is, a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking; and it operated as a trade-specific <a href="/wiki/Benefit_society" title="Benefit society">benefit society</a>. But at the time, friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the principal role of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, and wages were at issue. The Tolpuddle Martyrs were sentenced not to death but to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transportation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, a harsh form of exile.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism">Communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Chinese_culture" title="Martyrdom in Chinese culture">Martyrdom in Chinese culture</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, people who died in the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a>—most particularly the many victims of the 1927 <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a> but also including devoted humanitarians during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> such as the Canadian physician <a href="/wiki/Tillson_Harrison" title="Tillson Harrison">Tillson Harrison</a>—are honored and commemorated as martyrs. The red scarf worn by the 100+ million <a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China" title="Young Pioneers of China">Young Pioneers</a> honors their spilt blood. <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zhuyun" title="Jiang Zhuyun">Jiang Zhuyun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Hulan" title="Liu Hulan">Liu Hulan</a> are notable female martyrs who have been commemorated in various media. Notable monuments include the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_People%27s_Heroes_(Shanghai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to the People's Heroes (Shanghai)">Monument to the People's Heroes</a> at the confluence of <a href="/wiki/Suzhou_Creek" title="Suzhou Creek">Suzhou Creek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Huangpu_River" title="Huangpu River">Huangpu River</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longhua_Martyrs%27_Memorial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longhua Martyrs' Memorial (page does not exist)">Longhua Martyrs' Memorial</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> activists have died as martyrs in India, due to their allegiance to various communist parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPI(M)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a>. Most of them hail from mainly <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> states such as <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>. In Kerala, many are killed in protests by the police, and some are assassinated by activists in other political parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">RSS</a>. The district of <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur</a> has reported to have had the most political murders. Here, the RSS are known to have used brutal violence to eliminate CPI(M) workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_movement">Civil rights movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Civil rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the assassinations of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> in 1965 and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in 1968 have been linked to their leadership in movements to improve the rights and quality of life of black citizens, <a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">black nationalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_entitled_as_political_martyrs">Notable people entitled as political martyrs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable people entitled as political martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Martyr" title="Special:EditPage/Martyr">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Martyr%22">"Martyr"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Martyr%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Martyr%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Martyr%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Martyr%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Martyr%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A political martyr is someone who suffers persecution or death for advocating, renouncing, refusing to renounce, or refusing to advocate a political belief or cause. </p> <ul><li>1835 – King <a href="/wiki/Hintsa_kaKhawuta" title="Hintsa kaKhawuta">Hintsa kaKhawuta</a>, a Xhosa monarch who was shot and killed while attempting to escape captivity during Sixth Frontier War, also known as the Hintsa War.</li> <li>1859 – <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>, a militant abolitionist who was executed after his raid on Harper's Ferry. Many abolitionists of the time extolled him as a martyr.</li> <li>1865 – <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, 16th U.S. President. Assassinated by a Confederate sympathizer <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> after the end of the American Civil War.</li> <li>1940 – <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> murdered on the Orders of Soviet General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> by NKVD agent <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mercader" title="Ramón Mercader">Ramón Mercader</a> in Mexico City, Trotsky is considered a Marytr by Trotskyist Internationals.</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, an influential Marxist–Leninist revolutionary in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> who was executed in Bolivia by counter-revolutionary forces. He has since become a figure of political protests and revolutions worldwide.</li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a>, a Russian opposition leader, lawyer, anti-corruption activist, and political prisoner who died while serving a 19-year prison sentence in the corrective colony <a href="/wiki/FKU_IK-3" class="mw-redirect" title="FKU IK-3">FKU IK-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_martyr">Revolutionary martyr</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Revolutionary martyr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "revolutionary martyr" usually relates to those dying in <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 20th century, the concept was developed in particular in the culture and propaganda of communist or socialist revolutions, although it was and is also used in relation to nationalist revolutions. </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">culture of North Korea</a>, martyrdom is a consistent theme in the ongoing revolutionary struggle, as depicted in literary works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Blood" title="Sea of Blood">Sea of Blood</a></i>. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Martyrs%27_Cemetery" title="Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery">Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery</a> in the country.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, those who died in the <a href="/wiki/Indochina_wars" title="Indochina wars">independence struggle</a> are often honoured as martyrs, or <i>liệt sĩ</i> in Vietnamese. <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%A1i_H%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyễn Thái Học">Nguyễn Thái Học</a> and schoolgirl <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Th%E1%BB%8B_S%C3%A1u" title="Võ Thị Sáu">Võ Thị Sáu</a> are two examples.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the term "revolutionary martyr" is often used when referring to the world history of socialist struggle. <a href="/wiki/Guru_Radha_Kishan" title="Guru Radha Kishan">Guru Radha Kishan</a> was a notable Indian independence activist and communist politician known to have used this phrasing.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, those who died in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian war for independence</a> are officially recognized as martyrs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altruistic_suicide" title="Altruistic suicide">Altruistic suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_complex" title="Martyr complex">Martyr complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Religious views on suicide</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gölz, Olmo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39112997/G%C3%B6lz_Martyrdom_and_the_Struggle_for_Power_Interdisciplinary_Perspectives_on_Martyrdom_in_the_Modern_Middle_East._Editorial_Behemoth_12_no._1_2019_2_13">"Martyrdom and the Struggle for Power. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Martyrdom in the Modern Middle East."</a>, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 2–13, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gölz, Olmo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41498238/G%C3%B6lz_The_Imaginary_Field_of_the_Heroic_On_the_Contention_between_Heroes_Martyrs_Victims_and_Villains_in_Collective_Memory._helden.heroes.h%C3%A9ros_Special_Issue_5_Analyzing_Processes_of_Heroization._Theories_Methods_Histories._Ed._by_N_Falkenhayner_S_Meurer_and_T_Schlechtriemen_2019_27_38">"The Imaginary Field of the Heroic: On the Contention between Heroes, Martyrs, Victims and Villains in Collective Memory."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103113440/https://www.academia.edu/41498238/G%C3%B6lz_The_Imaginary_Field_of_the_Heroic_On_the_Contention_between_Heroes_Martyrs_Victims_and_Villains_in_Collective_Memory._helden.heroes.h%C3%A9ros_Special_Issue_5_Analyzing_Processes_of_Heroization._Theories_Methods_Histories._Ed._by_N_Falkenhayner_S_Meurer_and_T_Schlechtriemen_2019_27_38">Archived</a> 2020-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In helden.heroes.héros, Special Issue 5: Analyzing Processes of Heroization. Theories, Methods, Histories. Ed. by N Falkenhayner, S Meurer and T Schlechtriemen (2019): 27–38, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEpiscopal_Church._Diocese_of_Eau_Claire1978" class="citation journal cs1">Episcopal Church. Diocese of Eau Claire (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wn_kAAAAMAAJ&q=stood+firm&pg=24">"annual convention"</a>. <i>Journal of the Diocese of EAU Claire</i>. The Diocese. <q>Whereas, as Bishop Creighton in 1895 said, 'Had Charles been willing to abandon the Church and give up the episcopacy, he might have saved his throne and his life, but on this point he stood firm. For this dying, saved it for the future'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Diocese+of+EAU+Claire&rft.atitle=annual+convention&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Episcopal+Church.+Diocese+of+Eau+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwn_kAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dstood%2Bfirm%26pg%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. Alison A. Trites, <i>The New Testament Concept of Witness</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60934-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60934-0">978-0-521-60934-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frances M. Young, <i>The Use of Sacrificial Ideas in Greek Christian Writers from the New Testament to John Chrysostom</i> (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2004), pp. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> wrote of the early Christians: "They were so eager to imitate Christ ... they gladly yielded the title of martyr to Christ, the true Martyr and Firstborn from the dead." Eusebius, <i>Church History</i> 5.1.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholars believe that <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> was written during the period when the word for <i>witness</i> was gaining its meaning of <i>martyr</i>. Revelation describes several Christian reh with the term <i>martyr</i> (Rev 17:6, 12:11, 2:10–13), and describes Jesus in the same way ("Jesus Christ, the faithful witness/martyr" in Rev 1:5, and see also Rev 3:14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._Rusk,_2011_pp._217-229-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D._Rusk,_2011_pp._217-229_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D._Rusk,_2011_pp._217-229_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, <i>Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation</i> (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 217–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, <i>Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation</i> (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011), pp. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFierke2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fierke (2012). 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January 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Meir+Amit+Intelligence+and+Terrorism+Information+Center&rft.atitle=The+Culture+of+Palestinian+Shaheeds&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorism-info.org.il%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FE_002_18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFierke2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fierke (2012). "Martyrdom in the contemporary Middle East and north Africa". <i>Political Self-Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations</i>: 216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139248853.011">10.1017/CBO9781139248853.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139248853" title="Special:BookSources/9781139248853"><bdi>9781139248853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Self-Sacrifice%3A+Agency%2C+Body+and+Emotion+in+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+in+the+contemporary+Middle+East+and+north+Africa&rft.pages=216&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139248853.011&rft.isbn=9781139248853&rft.au=Fierke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlamuddin2022" class="citation news cs1">Alamuddin, Baria (May 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2082786">"Shireen Abu Akleh: A martyr to the truth of Israeli inhumanity"</a>. Arab News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shireen+Abu+Akleh%3A+A+martyr+to+the+truth+of+Israeli+inhumanity&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft.aulast=Alamuddin&rft.aufirst=Baria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2082786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaja_Abdulrahim_and_Hiba_Yazbek2022" class="citation news cs1">Raja Abdulrahim and Hiba Yazbek (December 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/31/world/middleeast/palestinian-martyrs-israel.html">"For Palestinians, a Rush to Claim 'Martyrs' Killed by Israel"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Palestinians%2C+a+Rush+to+Claim+%27Martyrs%27+Killed+by+Israel&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft.au=Raja+Abdulrahim+and+Hiba+Yazbek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F31%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fpalestinian-martyrs-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Mazen2023" class="citation news cs1">Abu Mazen, Saddam (October 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2023/10/28/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AD">"كتاب وأدباء عرب: صلابة وائل الدحدوح نموذج للجسارة الفلسطينية [Arab writers and writers: Wael Al-Dahdouh's toughness is a model of Palestinian courage]"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%3A+%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AD+%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%5BArab+writers+and+writers%3A+Wael+Al-Dahdouh%27s+toughness+is+a+model+of+Palestinian+courage%5D&rft.date=2023-10-28&rft.aulast=Abu+Mazen&rft.aufirst=Saddam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fculture%2F2023%2F10%2F28%2F%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A1-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25B5%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%2584-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFICSR_Team2023" class="citation web cs1">ICSR Team (10 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xcept-research.org/martyrdom-in-lebanon-an-evolution-of-memory-making/">"Martyrdom in Lebanon: An Evolution of Memory-Making"</a>. <i>International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Centre+for+the+Study+of+Radicalisation&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+in+Lebanon%3A+An+Evolution+of+Memory-Making&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft.au=ICSR+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xcept-research.org%2Fmartyrdom-in-lebanon-an-evolution-of-memory-making%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenianchurch.us/the-saints/holy-martyrs-of-the-armenian-genocide/">"Holy Martyrs of the Armenian Genocide"</a>. <i>The Armenian Church, Eastern Diocese of America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Armenian+Church%2C+Eastern+Diocese+of+America&rft.atitle=Holy+Martyrs+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenianchurch.us%2Fthe-saints%2Fholy-martyrs-of-the-armenian-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Genocide_Education_Project" class="citation web cs1">The Genocide Education Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genocideeducation.org/president-biden-formally-recognizes-the-armenian-genocide/">"President Biden formally recognizes the Armenian Genocide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Biden+formally+recognizes+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.au=The+Genocide+Education+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenocideeducation.org%2Fpresident-biden-formally-recognizes-the-armenian-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Knapp2006" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Knapp (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9upBAAAQBAJ&q=martyrdom+&pg=PT138"><i>The Power of the Dharma: An Introduction to Hinduism and Vedic Culture</i></a>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-83748-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-83748-9"><bdi>978-0-595-83748-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+the+Dharma%3A+An+Introduction+to+Hinduism+and+Vedic+Culture&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-595-83748-9&rft.au=Stephen+Knapp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9upBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmartyrdom%2B%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandeep_Singh_Bajwa2000" class="citation web cs1">Sandeep Singh Bajwa (2000-02-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403054654/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/martyrs/nojava.html">"Biographies of Great Sikh Martyrs"</a>. Sikh-history.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/martyrs/nojava.html">the original</a> on 2019-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+Great+Sikh+Martyrs&rft.pub=Sikh-history.com&rft.date=2000-02-11&rft.au=Sandeep+Singh+Bajwa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikh-history.com%2Fsikhhist%2Fmartyrs%2Fnojava.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Philippe Bobichon, « Martyre talmudique et martyre chrétien », <i>Kentron : Revue du Monde Antique et de Psychologie Historique</i> 11, 2 (1995) and 12, 1 (1996), pp. 109–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Davis, R.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmatthewbible.org/martyr.html">"Martyr, or Witness?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195005/http://www.newmatthewbible.org/martyr.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Matthew Bible Project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. van Henten, "Jewish Martyrdom and Jesus' Death" in Jörg Frey & Jens Schröter (eds.), <i>Deutungen des Todes Jesu im Neuen Testament</i> (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005) pp. 157–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald W. Riddle, "The Martyr Motif in the Gospel According to Mark." The Journal of Religion, IV.4 (1924), pp. 397–410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. E. Vines, M. E. Vines, "The 'Trial Scene' Chronotype in Mark and the Jewish Novel", in G. van Oyen and T. Shepherd (eds.), <i>The Trial and Death of Jesus: Essays on the Passion Narrative in Mark</i> (Leuven: Peeters, 2006), pp. 189–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Finlan, <i>The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors</i> (Atlanta, GA: SBL, 2004), pp. 193–210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam K. Williams, <i>Death as Saving Event: The Background and Origin of a Concept</i> (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press for Harvard Theological Review, 1975), pp. 38–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Seeley, <i>The Noble Death</i> (Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1990), pp. 83–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Stowers, <i>A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles</i> (Ann Arbor: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 212ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarvis J. Williams, <i>Maccabean Martyr Traditions in Paul's Theology of Atonement</i> (Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. A. Cummins, <i>Paul and the Crucified Christ in Antioch</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen J. Patterson, <i>Beyond the Passion: Rethinking the Death and Life of Jesus</i> (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress, 2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Arena_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena (UK TV series)">Arena</a></i>, <i>Saints</i>, directed by Paul Tickell, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Forty-Martyrs-of-England-and-Wales">"Forty Martyrs of England and Wales | Description, History, Canonization, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Forty+Martyrs+of+England+and+Wales+%7C+Description%2C+History%2C+Canonization%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FForty-Martyrs-of-England-and-Wales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2013" class="citation news cs1">Alexander, Ruth (2013-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24864587">"Are there really 100,000 new Christian martyrs every year?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Are+there+really+100%2C000+new+Christian+martyrs+every+year%3F&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-24864587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50924266">"IS 'beheads Christian hostages' in Nigeria"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2019-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=IS+%27beheads+Christian+hostages%27+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2019-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-50924266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiaramonte2016" class="citation web cs1">Chiaramonte, Perry (2016-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/martyr-killed-by-bulldozer-becomes-symbol-of-growing-persecution-of-christians-in-china">"Martyr killed by bulldozer becomes symbol of growing persecution of Christians in China"</a>. <i>Fox News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Martyr+killed+by+bulldozer+becomes+symbol+of+growing+persecution+of+Christians+in+China&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.aulast=Chiaramonte&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fmartyr-killed-by-bulldozer-becomes-symbol-of-growing-persecution-of-christians-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdmunds2019" class="citation web cs1">Edmunds, Donna Rachel (22 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Christian-evangelist-murdered-in-southeast-Turkey-608669">"Christian evangelist murdered in southeast Turkey"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Christian+evangelist+murdered+in+southeast+Turkey&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft.aulast=Edmunds&rft.aufirst=Donna+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FChristian-News%2FChristian-evangelist-murdered-in-southeast-Turkey-608669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/christian-martyrs-victims-radical-islam/story?id=9976549">"Christianity's Modern-Day Martyrs: Victims of Radical Islam"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Christianity%27s+Modern-Day+Martyrs%3A+Victims+of+Radical+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fchristian-martyrs-victims-radical-islam%2Fstory%3Fid%3D9976549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. 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The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War."</a>, Behemoth 12, no. 1 (2019): 35–51, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karimi_2023-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karimi_2023_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarimi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Karimi, Nima (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pt.icct.nl/sites/default/files/2023-12/A6%20-%20Karimi%20with%20changes.pdf">"The Punishment of the Grave: A Neglected Motivation for Jihad and Martyrdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Terrorism" title="Perspectives on Terrorism">Perspectives on Terrorism</a></i>. <b>17</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Counter-Terrorism" title="International Centre for Counter-Terrorism">International Centre for Counter-Terrorism</a>: <span class="nowrap">127–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2334-3745">2334-3745</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27274061">27274061</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014200073">2014200073</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1061231390">1061231390</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240502192454/https://pt.icct.nl/sites/default/files/2023-12/A6%20-%20Karimi%20with%20changes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Terrorism&rft.atitle=The+Punishment+of+the+Grave%3A+A+Neglected+Motivation+for+Jihad+and+Martyrdom&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1061231390&rft.issn=2334-3745&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014200073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27274061%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Karimi&rft.aufirst=Nima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.icct.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-12%2FA6%2520-%2520Karimi%2520with%2520changes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winters_conclusion-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-winters_conclusion_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-winters_conclusion_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinters1997" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Jonah (1997-09-19). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aal-e-Qutub&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Hazrat+Abdullah+bin+az-Zubayr+%28%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A6+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C+%D8%B9%D9%86%DB%81%29&rft.date=2018-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faalequtub.com%2Fhazrat-abdullah-bin-az-zubayr-%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b6%25d8%25a6-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%2584%25db%2581-%25d8%25aa%25d8%25b9%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25db%258c-%25d8%25b9%25d9%2586%25db%2581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx and Engels in Ireland (1971) Progress Publishers, Moscow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867/letters/67_11_24.htm">Letter of November 24 1867 Engels to Marx</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastelow" class="citation web cs1">Castelow, Ellen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/TolpuddleMartyrs.htm">"The Tolpuddle Martyrs"</a>. Historic-uk.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tolpuddle+Martyrs&rft.pub=Historic-uk.com&rft.aulast=Castelow&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryUK%2FEngland-History%2FTolpuddleMartyrs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The French Revolution</i> Page 95 Linda Frey, Marsha Frey – 2004 "He was immortalized by the painter David in the famous painting of the death scene that became the icon of the revolution and an emblem of revolutionary propaganda. The revolutionary martyr was commemorated not only in painting and in ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican ... p. 250 John Mason Hart – 1987 "They popularized Ricardo Flores Magon as a revolutionary martyr who was harassed by the American and Mexican ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vietnam At War Mark Philip Bradley – 2009 "As the concept of 'sacrifice' (hi sinh) came to embody the state's narrative of sacred war (chien tranh than thanh), the ultimate sacrifice was considered to be death in battle as a 'revolutionary martyr' (liet si)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_Arab_Staff2021" class="citation web cs1">The New Arab Staff (2021-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newarab.com/news/algeria-says-56-million-died-under-french-colonialism">"Algeria says 5.6 million died under French colonialism"</a>. <i>www.newarab.com/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newarab.com%2F&rft.atitle=Algeria+says+5.6+million+died+under+French+colonialism&rft.date=2021-10-04&rft.au=The+New+Arab+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fnews%2Falgeria-says-56-million-died-under-french-colonialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartyr" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09736b.htm">"Martyrs"</a>, <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></li> <li>Foster, Claude R. Jr. (1995). <i>Paul Schneider, the Buchenwald apostle: a Christian martyr in Nazi Germany: A Sourcebook on the German Church Struggle</i>. Westchester, PA: SSI Bookstore, West Chester University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887732-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887732-01-7">978-1-887732-01-7</a></li> <li>History.com Editors. "Abolitionist John Brown Is Hanged". History.com, 4 Mar. 2010, www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-brown-hanged.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bélanger, Jocelyn J., et al. "The Psychology of Martyrdom: Making the Ultimate Sacrifice in the Name of a Cause." Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 107.3 (2014): 494–515. Print.</li> <li>Kateb, George. "Morality and Self-Sacrifice, Martyrdom and Self-Denial." Social Research 75.2 (2008): 353–394. Print.</li> <li>Olivola, Christopher Y. and Eldar Shafir. "The Martyrdom Effect: When Pain and Effort Increase Prosocial Contributions." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 26, no. 1 (2013): 91–105.</li> <li>PBS. "Plato and the Legacy of Socrates." PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/41a.html">https://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/41a.html</a> (accessed October 21, 2014).</li> <li>Reeve, C. D. C.. <i>A Plato Reader: Eight Essential Dialogues</i>. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Pub. Co., 2012. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martyr&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_about_Saints132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saints" title="Template:Saints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saints" title="Template talk:Saints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_about_Saints132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics about <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-to-apostles" title="Equal-to-apostles">Equal-to-apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">Relic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_saints" title="Catacomb saints">Catacomb saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">Translation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_saints" title="Lists of saints">Lists of saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_saints" title="List of child saints">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Titles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Symbology of the Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints in Protestantism">Saints in Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_of_saints" title="Levitation of saints">Levitation of saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">Communion of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">Prayer for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confessors" title="List of Confessors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martyrs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_martyrs" title="Lists of martyrs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christians_martyred_during_the_reign_of_Diocletian" title="List of Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_bearer" title="Passion bearer">Passion bearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patron saint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_places" title="Patron saints of places">Places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Servants_of_God" title="List of Servants of God">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">The Venerable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_Catholics" title="List of venerated Catholics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beatified_people" title="List of beatified people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_canonization" title="Equivalent canonization">Equivalent canonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Companions" title="Saint Companions">Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints in Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Christian_writers" title="List of early Christian writers">Early Christian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Church_Fathers" title="List of Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_women_of_the_patristic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian women of the patristic age">Women of the patristic age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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