CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Belt and Road Initiative - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d4616ef8-b3b4-46a4-9553-e78faa9cac1d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Belt_and_Road_Initiative","wgTitle":"Belt and Road Initiative","wgCurRevisionId":1274946951,"wgRevisionId":1274946951,"wgArticleId":46258109,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Chinese-language text","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)","CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages", "Use dmy dates from April 2024","Use American English from November 2018","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2024","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","Articles with obsolete information from July 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2023","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2023","Articles using infobox templates with no data rows","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024","Articles containing Urdu-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","All Wikipedia articles needing clarification","Commons category link from Wikidata","Year of establishment missing","Belt and Road Initiative","Foreign direct investment","Foreign relations of China", "Chinese investment abroad","Xi Jinping","Li Keqiang"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Belt_and_Road_Initiative","wgRelevantArticleId":46258109,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1274946951,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q19692715","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready", "ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Belt and Road Initiative - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Belt_and_Road_Initiative rootpage-Belt_and_Road_Initiative skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Belt+and+Road+Initiative" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Belt+and+Road+Initiative" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Belt+and+Road+Initiative" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Belt+and+Road+Initiative" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Objectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Objectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiative_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiative_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Initiative name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiative_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Military implications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Western regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Membership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Membership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Current members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Past members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Financing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Financing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Financing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_(AIIB)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_(AIIB)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_(AIIB)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silk_Road_Fund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silk_Road_Fund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Silk Road Fund </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silk_Road_Fund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_Investment_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_Investment_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 China Investment Corporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_Investment_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Policy banks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Other financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debt_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debt_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Debt sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debt_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Infrastructure networks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure_networks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure networks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silk_Road_Economic_Belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silk_Road_Economic_Belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Silk Road Economic Belt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silk_Road_Economic_Belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 21st Century Maritime Silk Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_Silk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_Silk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Ice Silk Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_Silk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Silk_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Silk_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Digital Silk Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Silk_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Super_grid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_grid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Super grid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_grid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additionally_proposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additionally_proposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Additionally proposed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additionally_proposed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Projects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Projects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corruption_scandals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption_scandals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Corruption scandals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption_scandals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ecological issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_human_rights_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_human_rights_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Allegations of human rights violations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_human_rights_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table_of_BRI_investment_by_country_from_2014_to_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_BRI_investment_by_country_from_2014_to_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Table of BRI investment by country from 2014 to 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_BRI_investment_by_country_from_2014_to_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Mixed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_neo-colonialism_and_debt-trap_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_neo-colonialism_and_debt-trap_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Accusations of neo-colonialism and debt-trap diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_neo-colonialism_and_debt-trap_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Accusations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebuttals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebuttals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Rebuttals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebuttals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country-specific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country-specific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Country-specific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-specific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belt_and_Road_educational_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belt_and_Road_educational_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Belt and Road educational policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belt_and_Road_educational_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Belt and Road Initiative</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordel-en-pad-inisiatief" title="Gordel-en-pad-inisiatief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gordel-en-pad-inisiatief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%93_%E1%89%80%E1%88%88%E1%89%A5%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%93_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%85%E1%8B%B5" title="የቻይና ቀለብቶና መንገድ እቅድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቻይና ቀለብቶና መንገድ እቅድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82" title="مبادرة الحزام والطريق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبادرة الحزام والطريق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99m%C9%99r_v%C9%99_Yol_T%C9%99%C5%9F%C9%99bb%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Kəmər və Yol Təşəbbüsü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəmər və Yol Təşəbbüsü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2,_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="এক অঞ্চল, এক পথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এক অঞ্চল, এক পথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/It-t%C3%A0i_It-l%C5%8D%CD%98" title="It-tài It-lō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="It-tài It-lō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="ओबोर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओबोर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81,_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Един пояс, един път – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Един пояс, един път" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="རྒྱུད་གཅིག་ལམ་གཅིག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱུད་གཅིག་ལམ་གཅིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniciativa_del_Cintur%C3%B3_i_Ruta_de_la_Seda" title="Iniciativa del Cinturó i Ruta de la Seda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iniciativa del Cinturó i Ruta de la Seda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka" title="Nová Hedvábná stezka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nová Hedvábná stezka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Belt,_One_Road" title="One Belt, One Road – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="One Belt, One Road" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Seidenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Neue Seidenstraße – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neue Seidenstraße" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%B6%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πρωτοβουλία μιας ζώνης και ενός δρόμου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοβουλία μιας ζώνης και ενός δρόμου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniciativa_de_la_Franja_y_la_Ruta" title="Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniciato_Zono_kaj_Vojo" title="Iniciato Zono kaj Vojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iniciato Zono kaj Vojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ابتکار کمربند و جاده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابتکار کمربند و جاده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_route_de_la_soie" title="Nouvelle route de la soie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouvelle route de la soie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%A1%9C" title="일대일로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일대일로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="वन बेल्ट वन रोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वन बेल्ट वन रोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakarsa_Sabuk_dan_Jalan" title="Prakarsa Sabuk dan Jalan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prakarsa Sabuk dan Jalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belti_og_braut" title="Belti og braut – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Belti og braut" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuova_via_della_seta" title="Nuova via della seta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuova via della seta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="יוזמת החגורה והדרך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוזמת החגורה והדרך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egy_%C3%96vezet_Egy_%C3%9At" title="Egy Övezet Egy Út – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egy Övezet Egy Út" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B2,_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4_(%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC)" title="ഒരു മേഖല, ഒരു പാത (ഒബോർ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒരു മേഖല, ഒരു പാത (ഒബോർ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inisiatif_Jalur_dan_Jalan" title="Inisiatif Jalur dan Jalan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Inisiatif Jalur dan Jalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရေတလမ်းကုန်းတလမ်း အဖြေဆန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေတလမ်းကုန်းတလမ်း အဖြေဆန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Zijderoute" title="Nieuwe Zijderoute – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nieuwe Zijderoute" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD" title="बेल्ड एन्ड रोड इनिसिएटिभ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेल्ड एन्ड रोड इनिसिएटिभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%AF%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF" title="一帯一路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一帯一路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ett_belte,_%C3%A9n_vei" title="Ett belte, én vei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ett belte, én vei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belte-_og_veginitiativet" title="Belte- og veginitiativet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Belte- og veginitiativet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_makon_bir_yo%CA%BBl_tashabbusi" title="Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bir makon bir yoʻl tashabbusi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeden_pas,_jedna_droga" title="Jeden pas, jedna droga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jeden pas, jedna droga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Rota_da_Seda" title="Nova Rota da Seda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova Rota da Seda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Пояс и путь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пояс и путь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisma_Brez_dhe_Rrug%C3%AB" title="Nisma Brez dhe Rrugë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nisma Brez dhe Rrugë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Belt and Road Initiative" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_hodv%C3%A1bna_cesta" title="Nová hodvábna cesta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nová hodvábna cesta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9_%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یەک کەمەربەند یەک ڕێگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەک کەمەربەند یەک ڕێگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82" title="Појас и пут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Појас и пут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojas_i_put" title="Pojas i put – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pojas i put" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C3%B6_ja_tie" title="Vyö ja tie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vyö ja tie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ett_b%C3%A4lte,_en_v%C3%A4g" title="Ett bälte, en väg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ett bälte, en väg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="பட்டை ஒன்று பாதை ஒன்று – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பட்டை ஒன்று பாதை ஒன்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D" title="బెల్ట్ అండ్ రోడ్ ఇనిషియేటివ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బెల్ట్ అండ్ రోడ్ ఇనిషియేటివ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ข้อริเริ่มเข็มขัดและเส้นทาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้อริเริ่มเข็มขัดและเส้นทาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80,_%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Як камар, як роҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Як камар, як роҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Ku%C5%9Fak,_Bir_Yol" title="Bir Kuşak, Bir Yol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bir Kuşak, Bir Yol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81,_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Один пояс, один шлях – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Один пояс, один шлях" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88_%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88" title="بیلٹ اینڈ روڈ انیشیٹو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیلٹ اینڈ روڈ انیشیٹو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" title="بىر بەلباغ بىر يول – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بىر بەلباغ بىر يول" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%99t_v%C3%A0nh_%C4%91ai,_M%E1%BB%99t_con_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Một vành đai, Một con đường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Một vành đai, Một con đường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%B6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF" title="一帶一路 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="一帶一路" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF" title="一带一路 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="一带一路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9F%E1%A5%AA%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%94%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B4_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B3_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A7%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%91%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B4_%E1%A5%91%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%9D%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A9%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥟᥪᥒᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥐᥣᥳ ᥐᥧᥢᥱ ᥑᥣᥭᥴ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥛᥫ ᥐᥩᥢᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥟᥪᥒᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥐᥣᥳ ᥐᥧᥢᥱ ᥑᥣᥭᥴ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥛᥫ ᥐᥩᥢᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19692715#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Belt_and_Road_Initiative" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&oldid=1274946951" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&id=1274946951&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBelt_and_Road_Initiative">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBelt_and_Road_Initiative">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:One_Belt,_One_Road" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19692715" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle">Checked</indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2>This is an accepted version of this page</div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Belt_and_Road_Initiative">reviewed</a> on 10 February 2025.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese global infrastructure project</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Belt and Road Initiative</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">BRI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">2013; 12 years ago (2013) 2017 (2017) (Forum) 2019 (Forum) 2023 (Forum)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Promote economic development and inter-regional connectivity</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Worldwide</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/">www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19692715#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">絲綢之路經濟帶和21世紀海上絲綢之路</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sīchóu zhī lù jīngjìdài hé èrshíyī shìjì hǎishàng sīchóu zhī lù</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">si1 cau4 zi1 lou6 ging1 zai3 daai3 wo4 ji6 sap6 jat1 sai3 gei2 hoi2 soeng6 si1 cau4 zi1 lou6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">si-tiû-chi-lo͘ keng-chè-tài hô jī-si̍p-it sè-kí hái-siōng si-tiû-chi-lo͘</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">One Belt, One Road (OBOR)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">一带一路</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">一帶一路</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yídài yílù</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">jat1 daai3 jat1 lou6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">It-tài It-lō͘</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 0.2em solid #CE294E00;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/100px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/200px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Leadership</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Leadership generations</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi–Li Administration</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Administration</a> (since 2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">4th Leadership Core</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Politburo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th State Council</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Current state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Current provincial leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Party_and_state_leaders" title="Party and state leaders">Party and state leaders</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">First lady</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">Head of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related systems</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Previous constitutions</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism (Article 3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Protection of human rights (Article 33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion (Article 36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest state organ of power (Article 57)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese legal system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law tradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China">Legislation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statutes_of_China" title="List of statutes of China">List of statutes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China">General Principles of the Civil Law</a> (to 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of People's Republic of China">Civil Code</a> (From 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law">Marriage Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Law of the People's Republic of China">Labour Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China">Labour Contract Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China">Property Law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">Administrative law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China">Administrative Procedure Law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China" title="Capital offences in China">Capital offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Principal leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Admission Oath (Article 6)</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Safeguards" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Establishes and Two Safeguards">Two Establishes and Two Safeguards</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Party Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:</div> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chairman:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Directors:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial & Economic Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office of the Central Secrecy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Provincial committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Standing committee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">Deputy secretaries</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_group" title="Party group">Party group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chairpersons" title="Council of Chairpersons">Council of Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1957)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)">Liu Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special Committee of the National People's Congress">Special Committees</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee" title="Ethnic Affairs Committee">Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee" title="Constitution and Law Committee">Constitution and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee" title="Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee">Supervisory and Judicial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee" title="Financial and Economic Affairs Committee">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee" title="Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee">Education, Science, Culture and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee">Overseas Chinese Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee" title="Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee">Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee" title="Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee">Agriculture and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee" title="Social Development Affairs Committee">Social Development Affairs</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State representative</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the President of the People's Republic of China">Presidential Office</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></div></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Executive organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_China" title="State Council of China">State Council (Central People's Government)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>) <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Cabinet-level departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development & Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">National Audit Office</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council" title="General Office of the State Council">General Office</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government-owned companies of China">most Central Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (CMC)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a>): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Members: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Departments: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Dept.</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lin_(general)" title="Zhang Lin (general)">Zhang Lin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xueqiang" title="Xu Xueqiang">Xu Xueqiang</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Peng_(lieutenant_general)" title="Wang Peng (lieutenant general)">Wang Peng</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Faqing" title="Liu Faqing">Liu Faqing</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform & Organizational Structure Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Int'l Military Cooperation Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration Agency</a></li></ol></dd> <dd>National armed forces: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/23px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/35px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/46px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater commands</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_(CAPF)_cap_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force"><img alt="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/21px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/32px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/42px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="775" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Coast Guard"><img alt="Emblem of the Coast Guard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/21px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/32px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/42px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="502" /></a> <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)">Ministry of Veterans Affairs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence">State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Military history</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Military modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">Military reform since 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">CMC Leading Group for Military Reform</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supervisory organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Supervisory_Commission" title="Director of the National Supervisory Commission">Director</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign since 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Judicial organs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Justice (Hong Kong)">Department of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)" title="Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)">Prosecutions Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)">Public Prosecutions Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Services</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)">Judiciary Police</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法警察局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">National Committee</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP (ruling)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">RCCK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">CDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association" title="China National Democratic Construction Association">CNDCA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy" title="China Association for Promoting Democracy">CAPD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party" title="Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party">CPWDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">CZGP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiusan_Society" title="Jiusan Society">JS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League" title="Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League">TDSL</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Historical parties: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">CDSP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">YCP</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">CCP Central Politics and Law Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Public Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Immigration_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Immigration Administration">State Immigration Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Local public security bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yixin" title="Chen Yixin">Chen Yixin</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">State Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/He_Rong" title="He Rong">He Rong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)">Bureau of Prison Administration</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法部监狱管理局">zh</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban management and law enforcement">Urban Management (chengguan)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Leader: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Leaders: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication" title="General Administration of Press and Publication">General Administration of Press and Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Administration">China Film Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">China Global Television Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reference_News" title="Reference News">Reference News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal media of China">Internal media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="International communication centers">International communication centers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing industry in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Rongwen" title="Zhuang Rongwen">Zhuang Rongwen</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">HK & Macau Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee Ka-chiu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & HK CEPA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macao Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat-seng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Iat-seng">Ho Iat-seng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & Macau CEPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">"Taiwan Province", PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Leader: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Song_Tao_(diplomat)" title="Song Tao (diplomat)">Song Tao</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></dd> <dd>Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" title="List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Spokespersons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid from China</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs" title="State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs">State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Office">Overseas Chinese Affairs Office</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Macao Special Administrative Region passport">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens">Visa requirements for Chinese citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Macau" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">Visa policy of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Macau" title="Visa policy of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">National Immigration Administration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">China–Africa relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">China–Arab relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean%E2%80%93People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations">China–Caribbean relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">China–Pacific relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukou_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukou system">Hukou system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-color: #AAAAAA;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China" title="Template talk:Politics of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI or B&R),<a href="#cite_note-ndrc_751695-1">[1]</a> known in China as the One Belt One Road<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> and sometimes referred to as the New Silk Road,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> is a global infrastructure <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a> strategy adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">government of the People's Republic of China</a> in 2013 to invest in more than 150 countries and international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-1-4">[3]</a> The BRI is composed of six urban development land corridors linked by road, rail, energy, and digital infrastructure and the Maritime Silk Road linked by the development of ports. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> originally announced the strategy as the "Silk Road Economic Belt" during an official visit to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> in September 2013. "Belt" refers to the proposed <a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">overland routes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transportation">rail transportation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a> Central Asia along the famed <a href="/wiki/Historic_roads_and_trails" title="Historic roads and trails">historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a>; "road" is short for the <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road" title="21st Century Maritime Silk Road">21st Century Maritime Silk Road</a>, which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">sea routes</a> through Southeast Asia to South Asia, the Middle East and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-what-5">[4]</a> It is considered a centerpiece of Xi Jinping's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping" title="Foreign policy of Xi Jinping">foreign policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_2020-6">[5]</a> The BRI forms a central component of Xi's "Major Country Diplomacy"<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> strategy, which calls for China to assume a greater leadership role in global affairs in accordance with its <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">rising power</a> and status.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> As of early 2024, more than 140 countries were part of the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 20  The participating countries include almost 75% of the world's population and account for more than half of the world's GDP.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a>: 192  The initiative was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">constitution of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_2020-6">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Jinping administration</a> describes the initiative as "a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future."<a href="#cite_note-centralGovernment-11">[9]</a> The project has a target completion date of 2049,<a href="#cite_note-pr_780645-12">[10]</a> which will coincide with the centennial of the People's Republic of China (PRC)'s <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">founding</a>. Numerous studies conducted by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> have estimated that BRI can boost trade flows in 155 participating countries by 4.1 percent, as well as cutting the cost of global trade by 1.1 percent to 2.2 percent, and grow the GDP of East Asian and Pacific developing countries by an average of 2.6 to 3.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> According to London-based consultants <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economics_and_Business_Research" title="Centre for Economics and Business Research">Centre for Economics and Business Research</a>, BRI is likely to increase the world GDP by $7.1 trillion per annum by 2040, and that benefits will be "widespread" as improved infrastructure reduces "frictions that hold back world trade". CEBR also concludes that the project will be likely to attract further countries to join, if the global infrastructure initiative progresses and gains momentum.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Supporters praise the BRI for its potential to boost the global GDP, particularly in developing countries. However, there has also been criticism over human rights violations and environmental impact, as well as concerns of <a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">debt-trap diplomacy</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonialism</a> and economic imperialism. These differing perspectives are the subject of active debate.<a href="#cite_note-Brautigam_2020-18">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Objectives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></div> China's policy of channeling its construction companies abroad began with Jiang Zemin's <a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 67  <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s BRI built on and expanded this policy<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 67  as well as built on Jiang's <a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-:Sun-20">[18]</a>: 149  Xi announced the BRI concept as the "Silk Road Economic Belt" on 7 September 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Nazarbayev_University" title="Nazarbayev University">Nazarbayev University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan <a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 75  In October 2013 during a speech delivered in Indonesia, Xi stated that China planned to build a "twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road" to enhance cooperation in Southeast Asia and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 75  The BRI's stated objectives are "to construct a unified large market and make full use of both international and domestic markets, through <a href="/wiki/Cultural_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural exchange">cultural exchange</a> and integration, to enhance mutual understanding and trust of member nations, resulting in an innovative pattern of capital inflows, <a href="/wiki/Talent_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent pool">talent pools</a>, and technology databases."<a href="#cite_note-uniview-21">[19]</a> The Belt and Road Initiative addresses an "infrastructure gap" and thus has the potential to accelerate economic growth across the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a>, Africa and <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>. A report from the <a href="/wiki/World_Pensions_%26_Investments_Forum" title="World Pensions & Investments Forum">World Pensions Council</a> estimates that Asia, excluding China, requires up to US$900 billion of infrastructure investments per year over the next decade, mostly in debt instruments, 50% above current infrastructure spending rates.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_blog-22">[20]</a> The gaping need for long-term capital explains why many Asian and Eastern European heads of state "gladly expressed their interest in joining this new international financial institution focusing solely on 'real assets' and infrastructure-driven economic growth".<a href="#cite_note-Analyse_Financière-23">[21]</a> The initial focus has been infrastructure investment, education, construction materials, railway and highway, automobile, real estate, power grid, and iron and steel.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-4-24">[22]</a> Already, some estimates list the Belt and Road Initiative as one of the largest infrastructure and investment projects in history, covering more than 68 countries, including 65% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world's population</a> and 40% of the global gross domestic product as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-time_4776845-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn_20170511_asia-26">[24]</a> The project builds on the old trade routes that once connected China to the west, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>'s routes in the north and the maritime expedition routes of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> in the south. The Belt and Road Initiative now refers to the entire geographical area of the historic "<a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>" <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a>, which has been continuously used in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-5-27">[25]</a> The goals of the BRI were officially presented for the first time in a 2015 document, the Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Belt and Road.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 76  It outlined six economic corridors for trade and investment connectivity would be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 76  The BRI develops new markets for Chinese firms, channels excess industrial capacity overseas, increases China's access to resources, and strengthens its ties with partner countries.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 34  The initiative generates its own export demand because Chinese loans enable participating countries to develop infrastructure projects involving Chinese firms and expertise.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 43  The infrastructure developed also helps China to address the imbalance between its more developed <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">eastern regions</a> and its less developed <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">western regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 43  For developing countries, the BRI is appealing because of the opportunities it offers to alleviate their economic disadvantages relative to Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 49  The BRI offers them infrastructure development, financial assistance, and technical assistance from China.<a href="#cite_note-:03-28">[26]</a>: 223  The increase in foreign direct investment and increased trade linkages also increases employment and poverty alleviation for these countries.<a href="#cite_note-:03-28">[26]</a>: 224  While some countries, especially the United States, view the project critically because of possible Chinese government influence, others point to the creation of a new global growth engine by connecting and moving Asia, Europe and Africa closer together.<a href="#cite_note-transportresearch-29">[27]</a> In the maritime silk road, which is already the route for more than half of all containers in the world, deep-water ports are being expanded, logistical hubs are being built, and new traffic routes are being created in the hinterland. The maritime silk road runs with its connections from the Chinese coast to the south, linking <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, then westward linking the Sri Lankan capital city of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, capital of the Maldives, and onward to East Africa, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, in Kenya. From there the linkage moves northward to <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, through the Red Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to the Mediterranean, thereby linking <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, with its international free port and its rail connections to Central Europe and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-7-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-8-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-9-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-10-33">[31]</a> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>, Northern Europe, and Central Europe are also connected to the maritime silk road and logistically linked to East Africa, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and China via the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> ports and <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>. All in all, the ship connections for container transports between Asia and Europe will be reorganized. In contrast to the longer East Asian traffic via north-west Europe, the southern sea route through the Suez Canal towards the junction Trieste shortens the goods transport by at least four days.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-11-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-12-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-13-36">[34]</a> In connection with the Silk Road project, China is also trying to network worldwide research activities.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Simon Shen and Wilson Chan have compared the initiative to the post-World War II Marshall Plan.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> It is the largest infrastructure investment by a great power since the Marshall Plan.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 1  China intentionally frames the BRI flexibly in order to adapt it to changing needs or policies, such as the addition of a "Health Silk Road" during the COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 147  The Health Silk Road (HSR) is an initiative under China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aimed at enhancing public health infrastructure and fostering international cooperation in healthcare. Initiated as part of China's broader strategy to engage in global health governance, the HSR seeks to improve healthcare facilities, enhance disease prevention, and strengthen healthcare cooperation across participating countries. The initiative includes the construction of healthcare facilities, such as hospitals in Pakistan and Laos, and collaborative programs with global organizations like the World Health Organization. Academic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaoyu_Yuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaoyu Yuan (page does not exist)">Shaoyu Yuan</a> finds that while the HSR contributes to health sector improvements in participating nations, it also prompts discussions regarding the long-term debt sustainability and the transparency of project execution. As the HSR expands, it exemplifies China's role in global health diplomacy, reflecting a complex interplay between development goals and geopolitical strategy.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiative_name">Initiative name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initiative name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Belt_and_Road%22_economic_corridor_and_its_path_city_topographic_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Belt_and_Road%22_economic_corridor_and_its_path_city_topographic_map.jpg/220px-%22Belt_and_Road%22_economic_corridor_and_its_path_city_topographic_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Belt_and_Road%22_economic_corridor_and_its_path_city_topographic_map.jpg/330px-%22Belt_and_Road%22_economic_corridor_and_its_path_city_topographic_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/%22Belt_and_Road%22_economic_corridor_and_its_path_city_topographic_map.jpg/440px-%22Belt_and_Road%22_economic_corridor_and_its_path_city_topographic_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2469" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of the Belt and Road Economic Corridor and its pathway cities</figcaption></figure> The official name for the initiative is the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Development Strategy (丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路发展战略),<a href="#cite_note-cbbc_20170713-40">[38]</a> which was initially abbreviated as the One Belt One Road (Chinese: 一带一路) or the OBOR strategy. The English translation has been changed to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since 2016, when the Chinese government considered the emphasis on the words "one" and "strategy" were prone to misinterpretation and suspicion, so they opted for the more inclusive term "initiative" in its translation.<a href="#cite_note-warontherocks_20190305-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Latvia-42">[40]</a> However, "One Belt One Road" is still the reference term in Chinese-language media.<a href="#cite_note-xinhuanet_1124890400-43">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> The Belt and Road Initiative is believed by some analysts to be a way to extend Chinese economic and political influence.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_20170511_asia-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-ft_768954394623-44">[42]</a> Some geopolitical analysts have couched the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">heartland theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thediplomat_20190126-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy_20180312_chinas-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_20190610_china-47">[45]</a> Scholars have noted that official PRC media attempts to mask any strategic dimensions of the Belt and Road Initiative as a motivation,<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-15-48">[46]</a> while others note that the BRI also serves as signposts for Chinese provinces and ministries, guiding their policies and actions.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Academic <a href="/wiki/Keyu_Jin" title="Keyu Jin">Keyu Jin</a> writes that while the BRI does advance strategic interests for China, it also reflects the CCP's vision of a world order based on "building a global <a href="/wiki/Community_of_shared_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of shared future">community of shared future</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-50">[48]</a>: 281–282  China has already invested billions of dollars in several South Asian countries like <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to improve their basic infrastructure, with implications for China's trade regime as well as its military influence. This project can also become a new economic corridor for different regions. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, China considered cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> from May 2019. Chinese and Armenian sides had multiple meetings, signed contracts, initiated a north–south road program to solve even infrastructure-related aspects.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_implications">Military implications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military implications">edit</a>]</div> The BRI has been viewed as part of a strategy to lessen the effect of <a href="/wiki/Choke_point" title="Choke point">choke points</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> in the event of a military conflict and to blunt the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Island_chain_strategy" title="Island chain strategy">island chain strategy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> A 2023 study by <a href="/wiki/AidData" title="AidData">AidData</a> of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> determined that overseas port locations subject to significant BRI investment raise questions of dual military and civilian use and may be favorable for future naval bases.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Writing in 2023, <a href="/wiki/David_H._Shinn" title="David H. Shinn">David H. Shinn</a> and academic Joshua Eisenman state that through the BRI, China seeks to strengthen its position and diminish American military influence, but that China's BRI activity is likely not a prelude to American-style military bases or American-style global military presence.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn_2023-58">[56]</a>: 161  Other analysts characterize China's construction of ports which could have <a href="/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">dual-uses</a> as an attempt to avoid the necessity of establishing strictly military bases.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn_2023-58">[56]</a>: 273  According to academic Xue Guifang, China is not motivated to repeat the model of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Support_Base_in_Djibouti" title="People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti">People's Liberation Army Support Base in Djibouti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn_2023-58">[56]</a>: 273  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_regions">Western regions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Western regions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></div> Economic development of China's less developed western regions, particularly <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, is one of the government's stated goals in pursuing the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-16-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a>: 199  The strategic location of Xinjiang has also been recognized as central. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a> outlet <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> stated Xinjiang "connects Pakistan, Mongolia, Russia, India, and four other central Asian countries with a borderline extending 5,600 km, giving it easy access to the Eurasian heartland."<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> Some analysts have suggested that the CCP considers Xinjiang's local population, the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, and their attachment to their traditional lands potential threats to the BRI's success, or it fears that developing Xinjiang may also open it up to radicalizing Islamic influences from other states which are participating in the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Construction_Leadership_Group" title="Belt and Road Construction Leadership Group">leading group</a> was formed sometime in late 2014, and its leadership line-up publicized on 1 February 2015. This steering committee reports directly into the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of China</a> and is composed of several political heavyweights, evidence of the importance of the program to the government. Then Vice-Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Gaoli" title="Zhang Gaoli">Zhang Gaoli</a>, who was also a member of the 7-man <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo Standing Committee</a>, was named leader of the group, and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yang_(politician)" title="Wang Yang (politician)">Wang Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jing" title="Yang Jing">Yang Jing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jiechi" title="Yang Jiechi">Yang Jiechi</a> named deputy leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Feng-66">[64]</a> On 28 March 2015, China's State Council outlined the principles, framework, key areas of cooperation and cooperation mechanisms with regard to the initiative.<a href="#cite_note-ndrc_669367-67">[65]</a> The BRI is considered a central element within <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">China's foreign policy</a>, and was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP's constitution</a> in 2017 during its <a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shinn_2023-58">[56]</a>: 58  The BRI represents a set of policies for Chinese engagement with the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">global South</a>, including diversifying resource and energy supplies, building loan-funded infrastructure using Chinese companies, creating new markets for Chinese companies, and engaging global South countries simultaneously at bilateral and regional levels.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 6  With regard to China and the African countries, the <a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China%E2%80%93Africa_Cooperation" title="Forum on China–Africa Cooperation">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC)</a> is a significant multi-lateral cooperation mechanism for facilitating BRI projects.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy_2022-69">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum" title="China–Arab States Cooperation Forum">China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF)</a> serves a similar coordinating role with regard to BRI projects in the Arab states.<a href="#cite_note-Murphy_2022-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Membership">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_and_Road_Initiative_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_members.svg/220px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_members.svg/330px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_members.svg/440px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Current members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Past members</div></figcaption></figure> Countries join the Belt and Road Initiative by signing a memorandum of understanding with China regarding their participation in it. The Government of China maintains a listing of all involved countries on its Belt and Road Portal,<a href="#cite_note-belt-and-road-portal-70">[68]</a> and state media outlet Xinhua News Agency puts out a press release whenever a memorandum of understanding related to the Belt and Road Initiative is signed with a new country.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Not counting China, there were 154 countries formally affiliated with the Belt and Road Initiative As of August 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit">[update]</a> according to observers at <a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a>'s Green Finance and Development Center,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> and an independent analysis from Germany from the same time also found 148 member states out of 249 political entities surveyed.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> additionally found 139 member countries as of March 2021;<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> countries that are documented as joining since then include Syria<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> and Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In February 2025, United States Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> warned Panama that it would have to reduce Chinese influence around the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> or face consequences; Panama announced that it would not renew its BRI membership upon expiration.<a href="#cite_note-:5-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-78">[76]</a> As of December 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit">[update]</a>, the list of members according to the Green Finance and Development Center is below: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_members">Current members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current members">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of Congo</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1920" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a><a href="#cite_note-thediplomat.com-83">[81]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-78">[76]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a><a href="#cite_note-thediplomat.com-83">[81]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/23px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/35px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg/46px-Flag_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a><a href="#cite_note-thediplomat.com-83">[81]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_members">Past members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Past members">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing">Financing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Financing">edit</a>]</div> China's investment in the BRI began at a moderate level in 2013 and increased significantly over 2014 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-:Jiang-89">[87]</a>: 214  Investment volume peaked in 2016 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:Jiang-89">[87]</a>: 214  Afterwards, investments decreased gradually, and then significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-:Jiang-89">[87]</a>: 214  The BRI's lowest investment volume was in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:Jiang-89">[87]</a>: 214  China's investment in the Maritime Silk Road portion of the BRI has grown at a steady pace.<a href="#cite_note-:Jiang-89">[87]</a>: 214  As of 2023, Maritime Silk Road investments were 60% of the BRI's total investment volume.<a href="#cite_note-:Jiang-89">[87]</a>: 214  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_(AIIB)">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_map.svg/300px-Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_map.svg/450px-Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_map.svg/600px-Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Prospective members (regional)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Members (regional)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Prospective members (non-regional)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Members (non-regional)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a>, first proposed in October 2013, is a development bank dedicated to lending for infrastructure projects. As of 2015, China announced that over one trillion yuan (US$160 billion) of infrastructure-related projects were in planning or construction.<a href="#cite_note-google_20151216-90">[88]</a> The primary goals of AIIB are to address the expanding infrastructure needs across Asia, enhance regional integration, promote economic development and improve public access to social services.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-26-91">[89]</a> At inception, the AIIB was explicitly linked to the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 166  The AIIB was subsequently broadened to include investments with states that are not involved with the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 166  Loans through AIIB are accessible on AIIB's website, unlike many other forms of Chinese investment through the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 85  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silk_Road_Fund">Silk Road Fund</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Silk Road Fund">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the main article, see <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a>.</div> On 29 December 2014, China established the Silk Road Fund with total capital of US$40 billion and ¥100 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:03-28">[26]</a>: 221  The Silk Road Fund invests in BRI infrastructure, resource development, energy development, industrial cooperation, and financial cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-:03-28">[26]</a>: 221  The <a href="/wiki/Karot_Hydropower_Project" title="Karot Hydropower Project">Karot Hydropower Project</a> in Pakistan was its first project.<a href="#cite_note-:03-28">[26]</a>: 221–222  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_Investment_Corporation">China Investment Corporation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China Investment Corporation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation" title="China Investment Corporation">China Investment Corporation</a> supports the BRI by investing in its infrastructure projects, participating in other BRI-related development funds, and assisting Chinese corporations with foreign mergers and acquisitions.<a href="#cite_note-Liu_2023-92">[90]</a>: 124  China Investment Corporation also invested in the Silk Road Fund.<a href="#cite_note-:03-28">[26]</a>: 221  CIC's domestic subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Central_Huijin_Investment" title="Central Huijin Investment">Central Huijin</a> indirectly supports the BRI through its support of domestic financial institutions, such as <a href="/wiki/Policy_bank" title="Policy bank">policy banks</a> or <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned</a> commercial banks, which in turn fund BRI projects.<a href="#cite_note-Liu_2023-92">[90]</a>: 124  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy_banks">Policy banks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Policy banks">edit</a>]</div> Policy banks, including the <a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">Chinese Development Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_China" title="Export–Import Bank of China">Export-Import Bank of China</a>, have important roles in funding BRI projects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 167  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_financing">Other financing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other financing">edit</a>]</div> Between 2015 and 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a> lent over US$185.1 billion for BRI projects.<a href="#cite_note-:Chen-93">[91]</a>: 143  As of April 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Bank_of_China" title="Industrial and Commercial Bank of China">Industrial and Commercial Bank of China</a> had lent over US$100 billion for BRI projects.<a href="#cite_note-:Chen-93">[91]</a>: 143  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debt_sustainability">Debt sustainability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Debt sustainability">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, China joined the G20 Operational Guidelines for Sustainable Financing and in 2019 to the G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment. The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Global_Development" title="Center for Global Development">Center for Global Development</a> described China's New Debt Sustainability Framework as "virtually identical" to the World Bank's and IMF's own debt sustainability framework.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> According to academic Jeremy Garlick, for many impoverished countries, China is the best available option for development finance and practical assistance.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 6  Western investors and the World Bank have been reluctant to invest in troubled countries like Pakistan, Cambodia, Tajikistan, and Montenegro, which China is willing to invest in through the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 146–147  Generally, the United States and EU have not offered global South countries with investment comparable to what China offers through the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 147  China is the largest bilateral lender in the world.<a href="#cite_note-///-96">[94]</a> Loans are backed by <a href="/wiki/Collateral_(finance)" title="Collateral (finance)">collateral</a> such as rights to a mine, a port or money.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_2020-6">[5]</a> This policy has been alleged by the US Government to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">debt-trap diplomacy</a>;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] however, according to the <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>, the term itself has come under scrutiny as analysts and researchers have pointed out that there is no evidence to prove that China is deliberately aiming to do debt-trap diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Research from <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Br%C3%A4utigam" title="Deborah Bräutigam">Deborah Brautigam</a>, an international political economy professor at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, and Meg Rithmire, an associate professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>, have disputed the allegations of debt-trap diplomacy by China and pointed out that "Chinese banks are willing to restructure the terms of existing loans and have never actually seized an asset from any country, much less the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hambantota" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Hambantota">port of Hambantota</a>". In an editorial letter, they argued that it was 'long overdue' for people to know the truth and not to have it be "wilfully misunderstood".<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Writing in 2023, academic and former UK diplomat <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(historian)" title="Kerry Brown (historian)">Kerry Brown</a> states that China's relationship to the Hambantota port has become the opposite of the theorized debt-trap modus operandi.<a href="#cite_note-:10-99">[97]</a>: 56  Brown observes that China has had to commit more money to the project, expose itself to further risk, and has had to become entangled in complex local politics.<a href="#cite_note-:10-99">[97]</a>: 56 As of 2024, the port has not been a significant economic success, although shipping through the port is on the increase.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 69  In his comparison of BRI loans to IMF loans and <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a> loans, which have not been very successful in reducing the debt of developing countries, academic Jeremy Garlick concludes that there is no reason to believe the BRI framework is worse for developing countries' debt than Western lending frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 69  For China itself, a report from <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Ratings" title="Fitch Ratings">Fitch Ratings</a> doubts Chinese banks' ability to control risks, as they do not have a good record of <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">allocating resources</a> efficiently at home. This may lead to new <a href="/wiki/Asset_quality" title="Asset quality">asset quality</a> problems for Chinese banks where most funding is likely to originate.<a href="#cite_note-archive_001071181-100">[98]</a> In August 2022, China announced that it would forgive 23 of its interest-free loans to 17 African nations.<a href="#cite_note-Forgives_2022-101">[99]</a> The loans had matured at the end of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Forgives_2022-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> An analysis of BRI loans from 2007 to 2022 found that they make other forms of financing on the <a href="/wiki/Bond_market" title="Bond market">bond market</a> more expensive for the debtor country.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure_networks">Infrastructure networks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Infrastructure networks">edit</a>]</div> The BRI is composed of six urban development land corridors linked by road, rail, energy, and digital infrastructure and the Maritime Silk Road linked by the development of ports.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 1  The Silk Road has proven to be a productive but at the same time elusive concept, increasingly used as an evocative metaphor.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> With China's 'Belt and Road Initiative', it has found fresh invocations and audiences.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> These are the belts in the name, and there is also a maritime silk road.<a href="#cite_note-UnitedNations-105">[103]</a> Infrastructure corridors spanning some 60 countries, primarily in Asia and Europe but also including Oceania and East Africa, will cost an estimated US$4–8 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-ejinsight20160412-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Econ27-107">[105]</a> The land corridors include:<a href="#cite_note-UnitedNations-105">[103]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</a> (CPEC) (Chinese:中国-巴基斯坦经济走廊; <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">پاكستان-چین اقتصادی راہداری) is the most developed land corridor of the BRI, as of at least 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 42  It is a US$62 billion collection of infrastructure projects throughout Pakistan<a href="#cite_note-tribune_1381733-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcclatchydc-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiani-110">[108]</a> which aims to rapidly modernize Pakistan's transportation networks, energy infrastructure, and economy.<a href="#cite_note-mcclatchydc-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiani-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawn_1153597-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-tribune_846370-112">[110]</a> On 13 November 2016, CPEC became partly operational when Chinese cargo was transported overland to <a href="/wiki/Gwadar_Port" title="Gwadar Port">Gwadar Port</a> for onward maritime shipment to Africa and West Asia.<a href="#cite_note-atimes_20161116-113">[111]</a> CPEC and Gwadar port infrastructure is particularly significant because it opens routes independent of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca strait">Malacca strait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao_2023-114">[112]</a>: 99 </li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="New Eurasian Land Bridge">New Eurasian Land Bridge</a>, which runs from Western China to <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">Western Russia</a> through Kazakhstan, and includes the <a href="/wiki/Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chongqing-Xinjiang-Europe Railway">Silk Road Railway</a> through China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> Autonomous Region, Kazakhstan, Russia, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Poland and Germany. <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan is a major hub for the BRI, including related financial services and legal services.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 45  <a href="/wiki/Khorgos" title="Khorgos">Khorgos</a> which straddles the Kazakhstan-China border, is the major <a href="/wiki/Dry_port" title="Dry port">dry port</a> for this corridor and is the place where rail cargo switches from the standard gauge used in China to the wider gauge used in the former Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 57 </li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor">China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 39  running from Northern China through Mongolia to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>. The Russian government-established <a href="/wiki/Russian_Direct_Investment_Fund" title="Russian Direct Investment Fund">Russian Direct Investment Fund</a> and China's China Investment Corporation, a Chinese sovereign wealth fund, partnered in 2012 to create the <a href="/wiki/Russia-China_Investment_Fund" title="Russia-China Investment Fund">Russia-China Investment Fund</a>, which concentrates on opportunities in bilateral integration.<a href="#cite_note-rcif-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-china_7207419-116">[114]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Central_Asia%E2%80%93West_Asia_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Central Asia–West Asia Corridor">China–Central Asia–West Asia Corridor</a>, which will run from Western China to Turkey.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/China-Indochina_Peninsula_economic_corridor" title="China-Indochina Peninsula economic corridor">China-Indochina Peninsula economic corridor</a>, which will run from Southern China to Singapore.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Himalayan_Multi-dimensional_Connectivity_Network" title="Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network">Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network</a>, which will turn Nepal from a landlocked to a land-linked country.</li></ul> This kind of connectivity is the focus of BRI efforts because China's significant economic growth has been supported by exports and the overland import of major quantities of raw materials and intermediate components.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao_2023-114">[112]</a>: 98  By 2022, China had built cross-border highways and expressway networks to almost every nearby region.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao_2023-114">[112]</a>: 99  Railway connectivity is a major focus of the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 62  Use of BRI-related rail surged after the COVID-19 pandemic, which had congested air freight and sea shipping, and hampered port access.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao_2023-114">[112]</a>: 99  As of 2024, multiple BRI railway projects were branded as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Railways_Express&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Railways Express (page does not exist)">China Railways Express</a>, which linked approximately 60 Chinese cities to approximately 50 European cities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 62  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silk_Road_Economic_Belt">Silk Road Economic Belt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Silk Road Economic Belt">edit</a>]</div> Xi Jinping visited <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan, and Southeast Asia in September and October 2013, and proposed jointly building a new economic area, the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 丝绸之路经济带).<a href="#cite_note-Xiat-117">[115]</a> The "belt" includes countries on the original Silk Road through Central Asia, West Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The initiative would create a cohesive economic area by building both hard infrastructure such as rail and road links and soft infrastructure such as trade agreements and a common commercial legal structure with a court system to police the agreements.<a href="#cite_note-what-5">[4]</a> Besides a zone largely analogous to the historical Silk Road, an expansion includes South Asia and Southeast Asia. The BRI is important from the Southeast Asian perspective because, with the exception of Singapore, Southeast Asian countries require significant infrastructure investment to advance their development.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a>: 210  Three belts are proposed. The North belt would go through Central Asia and Russia to Europe. The Central belt passes through Central Asia and West Asia to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. The South belt runs from China through Southeast Asia and South Asia and on to the Indian Ocean through Pakistan. The strategy will integrate China with Central Asia through Kazakhstan's <a href="/wiki/Nurly_Zhol" title="Nurly Zhol">Nurly Zhol</a> infrastructure program.<a href="#cite_note-EUreporterNZ-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road">21st Century Maritime Silk Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 21st Century Maritime Silk Road">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road" title="21st Century Maritime Silk Road">21st Century Maritime Silk Road</a></div> The "21st Century Maritime Silk Road" (Chinese:21世纪海上丝绸之路), or just the Maritime Silk Road, is the sea route 'corridor.'<a href="#cite_note-what-5">[4]</a> It is a complementary initiative aimed at investing and fostering collaboration in Southeast Asia, Oceania and Africa through several contiguous bodies of water: the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Ocean">South Pacific Ocean</a>, and the wider Indian Ocean area.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-18-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-19-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-ciis7231376-122">[120]</a> It was first proposed in October 2013 by Xi Jinping in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">Indonesian Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chinadaily17008940-123">[121]</a> The maritime Silk Road runs with its links from the Chinese coast to the south via Hanoi to Jakarta, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> via the Sri Lankan Colombo opposite the southern tip of India via Malé, the capital of the Maldives, to the East African Mombasa, from there to Djibouti, then through the Red Sea over the Suez Canal into the Mediterranean, there via Haifa, Istanbul and Athens to the Upper Adriatic to the northern Italian junction of Trieste with its international free port and its rail connections to Central Europe and the North Sea.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_of_Shanghai,_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone,_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_of_Shanghai%2C_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone%2C_02.jpg/220px-Port_of_Shanghai%2C_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone%2C_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_of_Shanghai%2C_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone%2C_02.jpg/330px-Port_of_Shanghai%2C_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone%2C_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Port_of_Shanghai%2C_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone%2C_02.jpg/440px-Port_of_Shanghai%2C_Yangshan_Deep-water_Harbour_Zone%2C_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Yangshan Port of Shanghai, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg/220px-Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg/330px-Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg/440px-Kwai_Tsing_Container_Terminals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Container terminals in Kwai Chung, Hong Kong</figcaption></figure> According to estimates in 2019, the land route of the Silk Road remains a niche project and the bulk of the Silk Road trade continues to be carried out by sea. The reasons are primarily due to the cost of container transport. The maritime Silk Road is also considered to be particularly attractive for trade because, in contrast to the land-based Silk Road leading through the sparsely populated Central Asia, there are on the one hand, far more states on the way to Europe and, on the other hand, their markets, development opportunities, and population numbers are far larger. In particular, there are many land-based links, such as the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Corridor (BCIM). Due to the attractiveness of this now subsidized sea route and the related investments, there have been major shifts in the logistics chains of the shipping sector in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Due to its unique geographical location, Myanmar is viewed to be playing a pivotal role in China's BRI projects.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> From the Chinese point of view, Africa is important as a market, raw material supplier and platform for the expansion of the new Silk Road – the coasts of Africa should be included. In Kenya's port of Mombasa, China has built a rail and road connection to the inland and to the capital <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>. To the northeast of Mombasa, a large port with 32 berths including an adjacent industrial area including infrastructure with new traffic corridors to <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> is being built. A modern deep-water port, a satellite city, an airfield and an industrial area are being built in <a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a>, Tanzania. Further towards the Mediterranean, the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Economic_and_Trade_Cooperation_Zone" title="Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone">Teda Egypt special economic zone</a> is being built near the Egyptian coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Ain_Sokhna" title="Ain Sokhna">Ain Sochna</a> as a joint Chinese-Egyptian project.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 64px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 62px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SuezCanal-EO.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Suez Canal"><img alt="Suez Canal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SuezCanal-EO.JPG/93px-SuezCanal-EO.JPG" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SuezCanal-EO.JPG/140px-SuezCanal-EO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SuezCanal-EO.JPG/187px-SuezCanal-EO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="581" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SuezCanal4_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Container ship transiting the Suez Canal"><img alt="Container ship transiting the Suez Canal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SuezCanal4_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG/240px-SuezCanal4_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SuezCanal4_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG/360px-SuezCanal4_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/SuezCanal4_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG/480px-SuezCanal4_byDanielCsorfoly.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1242" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Container ship transiting the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast"><img alt="Mombasa Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg/270px-A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg/405px-A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg/540px-A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5623" data-file-height="3749" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast</div> </li> </ul> As part of its Silk Road strategy, China is participating in large areas of Africa in the construction and operation of train routes, roads, airports and industry. In several countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, dams have been built with Chinese help. In Nairobi, China is funding the construction of the tallest building in Africa, the Pinnacle Towers. With the Chinese investments of 60 billion dollars for Africa announced in September 2018, on the one hand, sales markets are created, and the local economy is promoted, and, on the other hand, African raw materials are made available for China.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> One of the Chinese bridgeheads in Europe is the port of Piraeus. Overall, Chinese companies are to invest a total of 350 million euros directly in the port facilities there by 2026 and a further 200 million euros in associated projects such as hotels.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> In Europe, China wants to continue investing in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> with its deep-water port in <a href="/wiki/Sines" title="Sines">Sines</a>, but especially in Italy and there at the Adriatic logistics hub around Trieste. <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, the historically important European endpoint of the maritime Silk Road, has less and less commercial importance today due to the shallow depth or silting of its port.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> The international free zone of Trieste provides in particular special areas for storage, handling and processing as well as transit zones for goods.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> At the same time, logistics and shipping companies invest in their technology and locations in order to benefit from ongoing developments.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> This also applies to the logistics connections between Turkey and the free <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Trieste" title="Port of Trieste">port of Trieste</a>, which are important for the Silk Road, and from there by train to Rotterdam and Zeebrugge. There is also direct cooperation, for example between Trieste, <a href="/wiki/Bettembourg" title="Bettembourg">Bettembourg</a>, and the Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. While direct train connections from China to Europe, such as from Chengdu to Vienna overland, are partially stagnating or discontinued, there are (as of 2019) new weekly rail connections between <a href="/wiki/Wolfurt" title="Wolfurt">Wolfurt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> and Trieste or between Trieste, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> on the maritime Silk Road.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg/660px-Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg/990px-Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg/1320px-Porto_nuovo_di_Trieste_1.4.2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Port of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></figcaption></figure> There are also extensive intra-European infrastructure projects to adapt trade flows to current needs. Concrete projects (as well as their financing), which are to ensure the connection of the Mediterranean ports with the European hinterland, are decided among others at the annual China-Central-East-Europe summit, which was launched in 2012. This applies, for example, to the expansion of the Belgrade-Budapest railway line, the construction of the high-speed train between Milan, Venice and Trieste<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> and connections on the Adriatic-Baltic and Adriatic-North Sea axis. Poland, the Baltic States, Northern Europe and Central Europe are also connected to the maritime Silk Road through many links and are thus logistically networked via the Adriatic ports and Piraeus to East Africa, India and China. Overall the pan is that the ship connections for container transport between Asia and Europe will be reorganized.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In contrast to the longer East Asia traffic via northwest Europe, the south-facing sea route through the Suez Canal towards the Trieste bridgehead shortens the transport of goods by at least four days.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> According to a study by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a>, the maritime route via Trieste dramatically reduces transport costs. The example of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> shows that the transport there from Shanghai via Trieste takes 33 days, while the northern route takes 43 days. From Hong Kong, the southern route reduces transport to Munich from 37 to 28 days. The shorter route leads to better use of the ships and lower CO2 emissions. Therefore, in the Mediterranean area, where the economic zone of the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool%E2%80%93Milan_Axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool–Milan Axis">Liverpool–Milan Axis</a> meets functioning railroad connections and deep-water ports, there are significant growth zones. Henning Vöpel, Director of the Hamburg World Economic Institute, says that the North Range (i.e. transport via the North Sea ports to Europe) will not necessarily remain dominant in the medium term.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> From 2025, the <a href="/wiki/Brenner_Base_Tunnel" title="Brenner Base Tunnel">Brenner Base Tunnel</a> will also link the upper Adriatic with southern Germany. The port of Trieste, next to Gioia Tauro the only deep water port in the central Mediterranean for container ships of the seventh generation, is therefore a special target for Chinese investments. In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/China_Communications_Construction_Company" title="China Communications Construction Company">China Communications Construction Company</a> (CCCC) signed agreements to promote the ports of Trieste and Genoa. Accordingly, the port's annual handling capacity will be increased from 10,000 to 25,000 trains in Trieste (Trihub project) and a reciprocal platform to promote and handle trade between Europe and China will be created. It is also about logistics promotion between the North Adriatic port and Shanghai or <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. This also includes a state Hungarian investment of 100 million euros for a 32 hectare logistics center and funding from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> of 45 million euros in 2020 for the development of the railway system in the port city.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Furthermore, the Hamburg port logistics group <a href="/wiki/HHLA" title="HHLA">HHLA</a> invested in the logistics platform of the port of Trieste (PLT) in September 2020.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> In 2020, Duisburger Hafen AG (Duisport), the world's largest intermodal terminal operator, took a 15% stake in the Trieste freight terminal.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> There are also further contacts between Hamburg, Bremen and Trieste with regard to cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> There are also numerous collaborations in the Upper Adriatic, for example with the logistics platform in Cervignano.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> In particular, the area of the upper Adriatic is developing into an extended intersection of the economic areas known as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Banana" title="Blue Banana">Blue Banana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Banana" title="Golden Banana">Golden Banana</a>. The importance of the free port of Trieste is expected to continue to increase in the coming years[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] due to the planned port expansion and the expansion of the Baltic-Adriatic railway axis (<a href="/wiki/Semmering_Base_Tunnel" title="Semmering Base Tunnel">Semmering Base Tunnel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koralm_Tunnel" title="Koralm Tunnel">Koralm Tunnel</a> and in the wider area Brenner Base Tunnel).<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_Silk_Road">Ice Silk Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ice Silk Road">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the Maritime Silk Road, Russia and China are reported to have agreed to jointly build an 'Ice Silk Road' along the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a> in the Arctic, along a maritime route within Russian territorial waters.<a href="#cite_note-archive_201808182334-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Henderson-149">[147]</a> China <a href="/wiki/COSCO" title="COSCO">COSCO</a> Shipping Corp. has completed several trial trips on <a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a>, and Chinese and Russian companies are cooperating on <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">oil and gas exploration</a> in the area and to advance comprehensive collaboration on infrastructure construction, tourism and scientific expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-Henderson-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_Silk_Road">Digital Silk Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Digital Silk Road">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, Xi announced the Digital Silk Road.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 71  The Digital Silk Road is a component of the BRI which includes digital technological development, the development of digital standards, and the expansion of digital infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Parzyan_2023-150">[148]</a>: 177–188 Its stated aim is to improve digital connectivity among participating countries, with China as the main driver of the improved digital infrastructure, with the benefit to China of reducing its reliance on American digital technology.<a href="#cite_note-Sciacovelli_2023-151">[149]</a>: 205  It has also been called a way to export China's system of <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">mass surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">censorship</a>, according to rights group <a href="/wiki/Article_19" title="Article 19">Article 19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Like the BRI more broadly, the Digital Silk Road is not monolithic and involves many actors across both China's public and private sectors.<a href="#cite_note-Sciacovelli_2023-151">[149]</a>: 205  <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a> supplies a significant amount of technology for the Digital Silk Road.<a href="#cite_note-:Zhang-154">[152]</a>: 272  China frames the Digital Silk Road as part of an effort to create a <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">community of common destiny</a> in cyberspace.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 72  A key component of the strategy is to build digital infrastructure in areas of the global south where private providers have not been willing to develop infrastructure and where local governments do not have the capacity to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 76  China's willingness to develop digital infrastructure in such locations is in part due to the expectation that future population growth will be especially high in global south regions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 76–77  As part of the Digital Silk Road, China built 34 terrestrial cables and dozens of underwater cables within 12 BRI countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe over the period 2017–2022.<a href="#cite_note-Parzyan_2023-150">[148]</a>: 180  Digital Silk Road-related investments in projects outside China reached an estimated US$79 billion as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Sciacovelli_2023-151">[149]</a>: 205  At the opening ceremony of the first Belt and Road Forum, Xi Jinping emphasized the importance of developing a Digital Silk Road through innovation in intelligent cities concepts, the digital economy, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and quantum computing.<a href="#cite_note-Parzyan_2023-150">[148]</a>: 77  The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> cooperates with China on the development of the Digital Silk Road.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a>: 187  Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Belarus are actively involved in the Digital Silk Road while Russia incorporated Chinese technologies into its digital infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> In February 2024, leaked documents from a Chinese government contractor based in Shanghai called I-Soon provided details into a hacking campaign involving the critical infrastructure of Digital Silk Road partner countries.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_grid">Super grid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Super grid">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Super_Grid" title="Asian Super Grid">super grid</a> project aims to develop six <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-voltage_electricity_transmission_in_China" title="Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission in China">ultra high voltage</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a> across China, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia and West Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> resources of Central Asia would form one component of this grid.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-20-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-ieee_20190221-159">[157]</a> Because renewable resources are far from the centres of population, a long-distance transmission system is needed, which needs to be ultra-high voltage to operate efficiently. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additionally_proposed">Additionally proposed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Additionally proposed">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM)</a> was proposed to run from southern China to Myanmar and was initially officially classified as "closely related to the Belt and Road Initiative".<a href="#cite_note-vision-160">[158]</a> Since the second <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Forum_for_International_Cooperation" title="Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation">Belt and Road Forum</a> in 2019, BCIM has been dropped from the list of projects due to India's refusal to participate in the Belt and Road Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-21-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects">Projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Projects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_projects_of_the_Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative">List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One-belt-one-road.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/400px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/600px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/One-belt-one-road.svg/800px-One-belt-one-road.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>The Belt and Road initiative. China in red. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a> in orange.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-17-162">[160]</a></figcaption></figure> China has engaged 149<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> countries and 30 international organizations in the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-yidaiyilu_20190412-164">[162]</a> Infrastructure projects include ports, railways, highways, power stations, aviation and telecommunications.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-22-165">[163]</a> The flagship projects include the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, the <a href="/wiki/Boten%E2%80%93Vientiane_railway" title="Boten–Vientiane railway">Boten–Vientiane railway</a> in Laos and Khorgos land port.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> The launch of the China-Europe Freight Train (CEFT) preceded the BRI but was later incorporated into the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 120  Interpretations of which projects are part of the BRI can differ because the Chinese government does not publish a comprehensive list of projects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 60–61  The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> takes a narrow definition, including only projects derived from, or included in, cooperation dialogues between China and other BRI countries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-169">[167]</a>: 223  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption_scandals">Corruption scandals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Corruption scandals">edit</a>]</div> There is limited data on corruption and organized crime involving the BRI in Chinese government sources.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> However, scholars have recognized an increase in <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Chinese organized crime syndicate</a> activity in some BRI countries.<a href="#cite_note-:7-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> In response to public corruption scandals such as the bribery and money laundering conviction of BRI advocate <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ho" title="Patrick Ho">Patrick Ho</a>, in 2019, the CCP's <a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> announced that it would embed officers in countries participating in the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> A 2021 analysis by <a href="/wiki/AidData" title="AidData">AidData</a> at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> found that Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Papua New Guinea, Cambodia, Mozambique, and Belarus, were the top countries for reported corruption scandals involving BRI projects.<a href="#cite_note-:3-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_issues">Ecological issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ecological issues">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 54% of the BRI's energy projects are in clean energy or alternative energy sectors.<a href="#cite_note-:Jiang-89">[87]</a>: 216  The Belt and Road initiative has attracted attention and concern from environmental organizations. A joint report by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> argued that the BRI presents significant risks as well as opportunities for sustainable development. These risks include the overuse of natural resources, the disruption of ecosystems, and the emission of pollutants.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal-fired power stations</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Emba_Hunutlu_power_station" title="Emba Hunutlu power station">Emba Hunutlu power station</a> in Turkey, are being built as part of BRI, thus increasing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-25-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Glacier_melting" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier melting">Glacier melting</a> as a result of excess greenhouse gas emissions, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> preservation, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> and over farming, mining practices, <a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">water resource management</a>, and air and water pollution as a result of poorly planned infrastructure projects are some of the ongoing concerns as they relate to Central Asian nations.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> A point of criticism of the BRI overall relates to the motivation of pollution and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> outsourcing to poorer nations, whose governments will disregard the consequences. In Serbia, for instance, where pollution-related deaths already top Europe, the presence of Chinese-owned coal-powered plants have resulted in an augmentation in the country's dependency on coal, as well as air and <a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">soil pollution</a> in some towns.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> BRI coal projects accounted for as much as 42% of China's overseas investment in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-kuo-180">[178]</a> and 93% of energy investments of the BRI-linked Silk Road Fund go to fossil fuels.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> The development of port infrastructure and increasing shipping associated with the maritime Belt and Road Initiative could impact sensitive species and marine habitats like <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">seagrass meadows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltmarsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltmarsh">saltmarsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> A report by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> and the <a href="/wiki/China_Center_for_International_Economic_Exchanges" title="China Center for International Economic Exchanges">China Center for International Economic Exchanges</a> frame the BRI as an opportunity for environmental protection so long as it is used to provide green trade, <a href="/wiki/Green_finance_and_the_Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Green finance and the Belt and Road Initiative">finance</a>, and investment in alignment with each country's implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Other proposals include providing financial support for BRI member countries aiming to fulfill their contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>, or providing resources and policy expertise to aid the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> in member countries.<a href="#cite_note-Coenen_2021-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> China views the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">ecological civilization</a> as part of the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 85  The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition (BRIGC) was launched during the 2nd Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Shinn_2023-58">[56]</a>: 60  It aims to "integrate sustainable development, in particular <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>, international standards and best practices, across the... priorities of the Belt and Road Initiative".<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> However, many scholars are unsure whether these best practices will be implemented. All BRI-specific environmental protection goals are outlined in informal guidelines rather than legally binding policies or regulations.<a href="#cite_note-Coenen_2021-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Moreover, member nations may choose to prioritize economic development over environmental protections, leading them to neglect to enforce environmental policy or lower environmental policy standards.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> This could cause member nations to become "<a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a>" as Chinese <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">domestic environmental protections</a> are strengthened, though evidence of this currently happening is limited.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Based on the most recent report from the Green Finance and Development center, which reports on the environmental progress of Belt and Road Initiative investment, there is evidence which shows that China has been successful in following the informal guidelines laid out by the BRIGC.<a href="#cite_note-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023-193">[191]</a> Many of the southeast Asia and eastern Europe countries that China seeks to work with through the BRI prioritize sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 87  China has responded by emphasizing a "Green Silk Road" and promoting harmony between humanity and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 87  Chinese BRI investment in 2023 show that the year has been China's “greenest” yet since the project's inception when it comes to clean energy investment.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> China made its largest ever contribution to investment in the green-energy sector, with US$7.9 billion being devoted to solar and wind power development, with projects being built in Brazil and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> A further US$1.9 billion was invested in <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> industry, including BRI hydroelectric dam projects in Cambodia, Pakistan, Uganda, Tajikistan, Georgia, Myanmar and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 86 <a href="#cite_note-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023-193">[191]</a> There are additional solar and wind farm projects in Kazakhstan and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 86  In September 2021, Xi Jinping announced that his country will "step up support" for developing countries to adopt "green and low-carbon energy" and will no longer be financing overseas coal-fired power plants.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Xi has seemingly failed to live up to this pledge, as there has been expressed interest by China in providing financial and technically support for new coal-fired power projects. In January 2023, Pakistan announced that it had approved the construction of a Chinese-funded 300 MW coal-fired power plant in Gwadar, Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> More recently in January 2024, a 380 MW coal-fired power plant started operation in Sulawesi, Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023-193">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_human_rights_violations">Allegations of human rights violations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Allegations of human rights violations">edit</a>]</div> A 2021 analysis by AidData at the College of William & Mary found that 35 percent of BRI infrastructure projects have encountered "major implementations problems" such as labor violations, corruption, environmental hazards, and public protests.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-175">[173]</a> According to a report by American NGO <a href="/wiki/China_Labor_Watch" title="China Labor Watch">China Labor Watch</a>, there are widespread human rights violations concerning Chinese migrant workers sent abroad. The Chinese companies allegedly "commit forced labor" and usually confiscate the workers' passports once they arrive in another country, make them apply for illegal business visas and threaten to report their illegal status if they refuse to comply, refuse to give adequate medical care and rest, restrict workers' personal freedom and freedom of speech, force workers to overwork, cancel vacations, delay the payment of wages, publish deceptive advertisements and promises, browbeat workers with high amount of damages if they intend to leave, provide bad working and living conditions, punish workers who lead protests and so on.<a href="#cite_note-CLW-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-voa51-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Table_of_BRI_investment_by_country_from_2014_to_2018">Table of BRI investment by country from 2014 to 2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Table of BRI investment by country from 2014 to 2018">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>BRI investment by country in billion $ from 2014 to 2018<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-23-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-24-203">[201]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Construction </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Investment </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Pakistan</td> <td>31.9</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Singapore</td> <td>24.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Nigeria</td> <td>23.2</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Malaysia</td> <td>14.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> Bangladesh</td> <td>17.5</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russia</td> <td>10.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Indonesia</td> <td>16.8</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Indonesia</td> <td>9.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Malaysia</td> <td>15.8</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> South Korea</td> <td>8.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Egypt</td> <td>15.3</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> Israel</td> <td>7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Arab Emirates</td> <td>14.7</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Pakistan</td> <td>7.6 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> Generally, it is more important for China to persuade its domestic audiences of the benefits of BRI than it is to persuade foreign audiences at-large.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 148  Academic Jeremy Garlick writes that this is a reason why the Chinese government presents the BRI in a way more intuitively understandable to domestic than global audiences.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 148  Former EU diplomat <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Ma%C3%A7%C3%A3es" title="Bruno Maçães">Bruno Maçães</a> describes the BRI as the world's first transnational <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a> because it goes beyond national policy to influence the industrial policy of other states.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 165  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> As of 2020, more than 130 countries had issued endorsements.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_2020-6">[5]</a> UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> has described the BRI as capable of accelerating the UN Sustainable Development Goals.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 164  Institutional connections between the BRI and multiple UN bodies have also been established.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 164 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_(27699551272).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg/220px-Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg/330px-Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg/440px-Wizyta_prezydenta_Chi%C5%84skiej_Republiki_Ludowej_%2827699551272%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Poland's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o" title="Beata Szydło">Beata Szydło</a> and China's President Xi Jinping during meeting, 2016</figcaption></figure> In June 2016, Xi Jinping visited Poland and met with Poland's President <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o" title="Beata Szydło">Beata Szydło</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Duda and Xi signed a declaration on strategic partnership in which they reiterated that Poland and China viewed each other as long-term strategic partners.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_advance_of_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vladimir_Putin_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_advance_of_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics_%281%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_advance_of_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vladimir_Putin_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_advance_of_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics_%281%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_advance_of_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vladimir_Putin_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_advance_of_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics_%281%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_met_with_Xi_Jinping_in_advance_of_2022_Beijing_Winter_Olympics_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and the Chinese President Xi Jinping on 4 February 2022</figcaption></figure> As a wealthy country, Singapore does not need massive external financing or technical assistance for domestic infrastructure building, but has repeatedly endorsed the BRI and cooperated in related projects in a quest for global relevance and to strengthen economic ties with BRI recipients. It is also one of the largest investors in the project. Furthermore, there is a strategic defensive factor: making sure a single country is not the single dominant factor in Asian economics.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-30-207">[205]</a> While the Philippines historically has been closely tied to the United States, China sought its support for the BRI in terms of the quest for dominance in the South China Sea. The Philippines adjusted its policy in favor of Chinese claims in the South China Sea under President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-31-208">[206]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Greek_Minister_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Minister of Finance">Greek Minister of Finance</a>, wrote in <a href="/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a> that his experience with the Belt and Road Initiative has been highly encouraging.<a href="#cite_note-Varoufakis_2017-209">[207]</a> He remarked that the Chinese authorities managed to combine their sense of self-interest with a patient investment attitude and a genuine commitment to negotiate over and over again, in order to achieve a mutually advantageous agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Varoufakis_2017-209">[207]</a> In April 2019 and during the second <a href="/wiki/Arab_Forum_for_Environment_and_Development" title="Arab Forum for Environment and Development">Arab Forum for Environment and Development</a>, China engaged in an array of partnerships called "Build the Belt and Road, Share Development and Prosperity" with 18 Arab countries. The general stand of African countries sees BRI as a tremendous opportunity for independence from foreign aid and influence.<a href="#cite_note-africatimes_20190418_china-210">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, and 14 other Eastern European countries are already dealing with China within the framework of the BRI. In March 2019, Italy was the first member of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a> nations to join the BRI. The new partners signed a Memorandum of Understanding worth €2.5 billion across an array of sectors such as transport, logistics, and port infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Ellyatt-211">[209]</a> Despite initially criticizing BRI, the former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> pledged support for the BRI project in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:2-212">[210]</a>: 54  He stated that he was fully in support of the Belt and Road Initiative and that his country would benefit from BRI. "Yes, the Belt and Road idea is great. It can bring the land-locked countries of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> closer to the sea. They can grow in wealth and their poverty reduced," Mahathir said.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Russian political scientist <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Karaganov" title="Sergey Karaganov">Sergey Karaganov</a> argues that the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) and China's Belt and Road Initiative will work together to promote economic integration throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> Some observers and skeptics, mainly from non-participant countries, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, interpret it as a plan for a <a href="/wiki/Sinocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinocentric">Sinocentric</a> <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport network">network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-comp1-215">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-comp2-216">[214]</a> In response the United States, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> had formed a counter initiative, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Dot_Network" title="Blue Dot Network">Blue Dot Network</a> in 2019, followed by the G7's <a href="/wiki/Build_Back_Better_World" title="Build Back Better World">Build Back Better World</a> initiative in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Blue_Dot_network-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> The United States proposes a counter-initiative called the "<a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Indo-Pacific" title="Free and Open Indo-Pacific">Free and Open Indo-Pacific strategy</a>" (FOIP). US officials have articulated the strategy as having three pillars: security, economics, and governance.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-32-219">[217]</a> At the beginning of June 2019, there has been a redefinition of the general definitions of "free" and "open" into four stated principles: respect for sovereignty and independence; peaceful resolution of disputes; free, fair, and reciprocal trade; and adherence to international rules and norms.<a href="#cite_note-defense_2002139210-220">[218]</a> Government officials in India have repeatedly objected to China's Belt and Road Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> In particular, they believe the "China–Pakistan Economic Corridor" (CPEC) project ignores New Delhi's essential concerns about its sovereignty and territorial integrity.<a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes_20160422-222">[220]</a> Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad had initially found the terms of BRI to be too harsh for most countries and recommended countries avoid joining the BRI, but has changed his stance since.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, in 2019 the United States <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> began a clandestine campaign on <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Chinese social media</a> to spread negative narratives about the <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Jinping administration</a> in an effort to influence Chinese public opinion against the government. The CIA promoted narratives that CCP leaders were hiding money overseas and that the BRI was corrupt and wasteful. As part of the campaign, the CIA also targeted foreign countries where the United States and China compete for influence.<a href="#cite_note-:02-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed">Mixed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mixed">edit</a>]</div> Vietnam historically has been at odds with China, so it has been indecisive about supporting or opposing BRI.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-33-227">[225]</a> In December 2023, Vietnam and China agreed a number of cooperation documents, including one related to the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> South Korea has tried to develop the "Eurasia Initiative" (EAI) as its own vision for an east–west connection. In calling for a revival of the ancient Silk Road, the main goal of President <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> was to encourage a flow of economic, political, and social interaction from Europe through the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>. Her successor, President <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> announced his own foreign policy initiative, the "New Southern Policy" (NSP), which seeks to strengthen relations with Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-34-229">[227]</a> In 2017, former secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> stressed that cooperation between the US and Chinese governments was preferable to a race towards a new cold war. In his view the United States should embed itself into the Belt and Road Initiative by way of joining the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, which would allow the United States to legitimately object to Chinese diplomatic over-reach.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> While Italy and Greece have joined the Belt and Road Initiative, other European countries have voiced ambivalent opinions. German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> declared that the BRI "must lead to a certain reciprocity, and we are still wrangling over that bit". In January 2019, French president <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> said, "the ancient Silk Roads were never just Chinese … New roads cannot go just one way."<a href="#cite_note-Ellyatt-211">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> Chief <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> and Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a> signed an infrastructure agreement in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in September 2019 to counter China's Belt and Road Initiative and link Europe and Asia to coordinate infrastructure, transport, and digital projects.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-35-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-co_20190928_business-233">[231]</a> In 2018, the premier of the south-eastern Australian <a href="/wiki/States_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Australia">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Andrews" title="Daniel Andrews">Daniel Andrews</a>, signed a memorandum of understanding on the Belt and Road Initiative to establish infrastructure ties and further relations with China.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-36-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2020-235">[233]</a> Home Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Peter Dutton</a> described the BRI as "a propaganda initiative from China" that brings an "enormous amount of foreign interference", while arguing that "Victoria needs to explain why it is the only state in the country that has entered into this agreement". Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Scott Morrison</a> said Victoria was stepping into federal government policy territory, stating "We didn't support that decision at the time [the Victoria State Government and the National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China] made [the agreement]. National interest issues on foreign affairs are determined by the federal government, and I respect their jurisdiction when it comes to the issues they're responsible for, and it's always been the usual practice for states to respect and recognise the role of the federal government in setting <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>". In April 2021, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Marise_Payne" title="Marise Payne">Marise Payne</a> declared Australia would pull out of the Belt and Road Initiative, cancelling Victoria's agreements signed with China, and pulling out of the "Belt and Road" initiative completely.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2020-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-37-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The federal government's decision to veto the deal reflected the increasingly soured relationship between the Australian Government and the Chinese Government, after China's alleged attempts to employ economic coercion<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> in response to the Australian Government's support for an inquest into the origins of COVID-19,<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> as well as the Australian Government's decision to support the US in several regional disputes opposing China, such as the issue of Taiwan<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> or the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> In October 2024, Brazil opted against joining the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_neo-colonialism_and_debt-trap_diplomacy">Accusations of neo-colonialism and debt-trap diplomacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Accusations of neo-colonialism and debt-trap diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debt-trap_diplomacy" title="Debt-trap diplomacy">Debt-trap diplomacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accusations">Accusations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Accusations">edit</a>]</div> Some, including Western governments,<a href="#cite_note-dmav-245">[243]</a> have accused the Belt and Road Initiative of being a form of <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colonialism</a>, due to what they allege is China's practice of debt-trap diplomacy to fund the initiative's infrastructure projects.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> The concept of debt-trap diplomacy was first coined by an Indian <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a>, the New Delhi-based <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Research" title="Centre for Policy Research">Centre for Policy Research</a>, before being picked up and expanded on by papers by two Harvard students, which subsequently gained media attention in the mainstream press.<a href="#cite_note-Brautigam,_D._2020-247">[245]</a> China contends that the initiative has provided markets for commodities, improved prices of resources, and thereby reduced inequalities in exchange, improved infrastructure, created employment, stimulated industrialization, and expanded <a href="/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">technology transfer</a>, thereby benefiting host countries.<a href="#cite_note-blan-revisit-248">[246]</a> Tanzanian President <a href="/wiki/John_Magufuli" title="John Magufuli">John Magufuli</a> said the loan agreements of BRI projects in his country were "exploitative and awkward".<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> He said Chinese financiers set "tough conditions that can only be accepted by mad people," because his government was asked to give them a guarantee of 33 years and an extensive lease of 99 years on a port construction. Magufuli said Chinese contractors wanted to take the land as their own, but his government had to compensate them for drilling the project construction.<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> In May 2021, DRC's President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> called for a review of mining contracts signed with China by his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabila" title="Joseph Kabila">Joseph Kabila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> in particular, the Sicomines multibillion-dollar <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations#Sicomines" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">'minerals-for-infrastructure' agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> China's plans to link its western Xinjiang province to Gwadar in the Balochistan province of Pakistan with its US$500m investment in the Gwadar Port has met resistance from local fishermen protesting against Chinese trawlers and <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebuttals">Rebuttals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Rebuttals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Br%C3%A4utigam" title="Deborah Bräutigam">Deborah Bräutigam</a>, a professor at the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, described the debt-trap diplomacy theory as a "meme" that became popular due to "human negativity bias" based on anxiety about the rise of China.<a href="#cite_note-Brautigam_2020-18">[16]</a> A 2019 research paper by Bräutigam revealed that most of the debtor countries voluntarily signed on to the loans and had positive experiences working with China, and "the evidence so far, including the Sri Lankan case, shows that the drumbeat of alarm about Chinese banks' funding of infrastructure across the BRI and beyond is overblown" and "a large number of people have favorable opinions of China as an economic model and consider China an attractive partner for their development."<a href="#cite_note-Brautigam_2020-18">[16]</a> She said that the theory lacked evidence and criticized the media for promoting a narrative that "wrongfully misrepresents the relationship between China and the developing countries that it deals with," highlighting the fact that Sri Lanka owed more to Japan, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> than to China.<a href="#cite_note-Rithmire-257">[255]</a> A 2018 <a href="/wiki/China_Africa_Research_Initiative" title="China Africa Research Initiative">China Africa Research Initiative</a> report, co-authored by Bräutigam, remarked that "Chinese loans are not currently a major contributor to debt distress in Africa."<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>-based economist Anastasia Papadimitriou, partnering countries are equally responsible when making deals with China. China's alleged "neocolonialist intentions" can be disproved by Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Hambantota_International_Port" title="Hambantota International Port">Hambantota Port</a> project on the southeast coast of Sri Lanka, one of the most cited examples of debt-trap diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-Papadimitriou_2019-259">[257]</a> After an analysis of the Belt and Road Initiative, Papadimitriou concludes that it is "not so much neocolonialism, rather it is <a href="/wiki/Economic_Regionalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Regionalisation">economic regionalism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Papadimitriou_2019-259">[257]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">The Royal Institute of International Affairs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>-based international affairs think tank, asserted that the debt crisis in Sri Lanka was unrelated to Chinese lending, but was instead caused mainly from "the misconduct of local elites and Western-dominated financial markets".<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> It was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. A 2019 report by the Lowy Institute said that China had not engaged in deliberate actions in the Pacific which justified accusations of debt-trap diplomacy (based on contemporaneous evidence), and China had not been the primary driver behind rising debt risks in the Pacific; the report expressed concern about the scale of the country's lending, however, and the institutional weakness of Pacific states which posed the risk of small states being overwhelmed by debt.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> A 2020 Lowy Institute article called Sri Lanka's Hambantota International Port the "case par excellence" for China's debt-trap diplomacy, but called the narrative a "myth" because the project was proposed by former Sri Lankan president <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a>, not Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-lowyinstitute.org2-262">[260]</a> The article added that Sri Lanka's debt distress was not caused by Chinese lending, but by "excessive borrowing on Western-dominated capital markets."<a href="#cite_note-lowyinstitute.org2-262">[260]</a> The Rhodium Group, an American research company, analyzed Chinese <a href="/wiki/Debt_restructuring" title="Debt restructuring">debt renegotiations</a> and concluded that China's <a href="/wiki/Leveraged_buyout" title="Leveraged buyout">leverage</a> in them are often exaggerated and realistically limited in power. The findings of their study frequently showed an outcome in favor of the borrower rather than the supposedly predatory Chinese lender. The firm found that "<a href="/wiki/Asset_forfeiture" title="Asset forfeiture">asset seizures</a> are a very rare occurrence" and that instead debt write-off was the most common outcome.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> Darren Lim, senior lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, said that the debt-trap diplomacy claim was never credible, despite the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first Trump administration</a> pushing it.<a href="#cite_note-Needham_2019-264">[262]</a> Dawn C. Murphy, Professor of International Security Studies at the <a href="/wiki/USAF_Air_War_College" title="USAF Air War College">USAF Air War College</a>, concludes that describing China's behavior as "neocolonialist" is an "exaggeration and misrepresentation".<a href="#cite_note-Murphy_2022-69">[67]</a>: 158  According to political scientist and researcher Zhexin Zhang, the overwhelming enthusiasm of <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> in the Belt and Road Initiative, as seen first in the "Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation" held in May 2017, is sufficient to invalidate the neo-colonialism argument.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> A March 2018 study released by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Global_Development" title="Center for Global Development">Center for Global Development</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>-based think tank, remarks that between 2001 and 2017, China restructured or waived loan payments for 51 debtor nations, the majority of BRI participants, without seizing state assets.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> The study concluded that in most cases, it was unlikely that there would be severe problems with debt.<a href="#cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">[17]</a>: 87  In September 2018, W. Gyude Moore, a former Liberian public works minister and senior policy fellow at the Center for Global Development, stated that "[t]he language of "debt-trap diplomacy" resonates more in Western countries, especially the United States, and is rooted in anxiety about China's rise as a global power rather than in the reality of Africa."<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> He also stated that "China has been a net positive partner with most African countries."<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> According to Pradumna Bickram Rana and Jason Ji Xianbai of Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a>, although there is a number of implementation issues confronting the Belt and Road Initiative mostly due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, China's alleged debt-trap diplomacy "more myth than reality".<a href="#cite_note-Rana_2020-269">[267]</a> While they acknowledge that various countries are facing difficulties in paying their debts to China, they highlight China's willingness to help these countries restructure their debt through forgiving policies, such as partial <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rana_2020-269">[267]</a> In eleven cases, China postponed loans for indebted countries, one being Tonga.<a href="#cite_note-Needham_2019-264">[262]</a> Writing in 2023, academic Süha Atatüre stated that United States opposition to the Belt and Road Initiative stems from the fact that it lacks the capacity to implement a rival project.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a>: 40  Publishing in 2023, academic Austin Strange concludes that scholars have challenged the narrative of a Chinese debt-trap and that analysis of BRI projects does not substantiate the debt-trap narrative.<a href="#cite_note-:4-271">[269]</a>: 15–16  On the issue of criticism of the BRI more broadly, Strange writes that unintended negative consequences can result from global infrastructure projects generally (citing examples of issues arising from overseas projects by Japan and South Korea) and are not a BRI-specific or China-specific challenge.<a href="#cite_note-:4-271">[269]</a>: 58–59  Academics Yan Hairong and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sautman" title="Barry Sautman">Barry Sautman</a> stated in a 2024 study that the debt-trap narrative is incorrect, as China does not foreclose on borrower assets.<a href="#cite_note-:1-169">[167]</a>: 223  <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> Professor Keyu Jin writes that the claim that China leads borrowers into a debt trap is misleading.<a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-50">[48]</a>: 280  Jin observes that the majority of BRI countries' debt is owed to international organizations or private institutions like hedge funds, rather than to China.<a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-50">[48]</a>: 280–281  Jin also writes that China has written off many of its loans and also provided debt relief to borrowers.<a href="#cite_note-Jin_2023-50">[48]</a>: 281  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country-specific">Country-specific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Country-specific">edit</a>]</div> Through the BRI, China has a major role in infrastructure development in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-:2-212">[210]</a>: 29  In 2017, China financed approximately 70% of Cambodia's road and bridge development.<a href="#cite_note-:2-212">[210]</a>: 29  China built a major expressway between <a href="/wiki/Sihanoukville_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sihanoukville (city)">Sihanoukville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, which began operating in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:2-212">[210]</a>: 29  As of at least 2024, the expressway is the largest BRI project in Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 132  Chinese leadership describes Ethiopia as a bridge between the Belt and Road Initiative and Africa's development, stating that the relationship between the two countries is a model of <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South-South cooperation</a> and "a pilot program for <a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_economic_relations" title="Africa–China economic relations">China-Africa</a> production capacity cooperation."<a href="#cite_note-:1-169">[167]</a>: 222–223  Greece hosts the most successful BRI port project as of at least 2024, the port at Piraeus.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 67  The port's incorporation as part of the BRI has been one of the mechanisms through which China has strengthened <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="China–Greece relations">its relationship with Greece</a>, following the increased strain in the European Union-Greece relationship after <a href="/wiki/First_Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Greece" title="First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece">Greece's bailout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 67  As of at least 2024, Hungary and Serbia are also two of the major European supporters of the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Italy was the only G7 country which had been a partner in the development of the BRI, having been involved since March 2019, but in July 2023 declared its intention to quit the BRI.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a> stated that the project was not of any real benefit to Italy's economy.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> The China-Laos Railway is one of the most sectorally integrated of the major BRI projects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 129  It has brought together expertise in large-scale engineering, finance, construction, and economic design.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 129  The Boten-Ventiane Railway is the Laos section of the broader railway, which is in turn part of the China-Laos Economic Corridor.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 129  The railway's high speed trains travel at 160 km per hour and have reduced travel time from <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Ventiane</a> to <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a> to two hours, down from a day or more before the railway.<a href="#cite_note-:2-212">[210]</a>: 39  Due to its opposition to the Gwadar Port City in Pakistan, in 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_Liberation_Army" title="Balochistan Liberation Army">Baloch Liberation Army</a> targeted Chinese nationals in an attack at the <a href="/wiki/Pearl-Continental_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Pearl-Continental Hotels & Resorts">Pearl-Continental Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[7]</a>: 60  During a November 2024 <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping" title="List of international trips made by Xi Jinping">visit by Xi</a> to Peru, Boluarte and Xi celebrated the opening of the Chancay port, which is part of the Belt and Road Initiative.<a href="#cite_note-:04-275">[273]</a> Xi described the port as the beginning of a new maritime-land corridor between China and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-:04-275">[273]</a> The port was built by <a href="/wiki/COSCO_Shipping_Ports" title="COSCO Shipping Ports">COSCO Shipping Ports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-275">[273]</a> In Thailand, the public views BRI projects, particularly railways, positively.<a href="#cite_note-:2-212">[210]</a>: 34–35  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belt_and_Road_educational_policy">Belt and Road educational policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Belt and Road educational policy">edit</a>]</div> Along with policy coordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade and financial integration, people-to-people bonds are among the five major goals of BRI.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> BRI educational component implies mutual recognition of qualifications, academic mobility and student exchanges, coordination on education policy, life-long learning, and development of joint study programmes.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> To this end, Xi Jinping announced plan to allocate funds for additional 30,000 scholarships for SCO citizens and 10,000 scholarships for the students and teachers along the Road.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> The Silk Road Scholarship is part of China's broader agenda of increasing academic and cultural cooperation with BRI-participating countries.<a href="#cite_note-:Sun-20">[18]</a>: 158  Among the BRI cooperation priorities is also strengthening people-to-people ties through academic mobility, research cooperation, and student exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-Richter_2020-280">[278]</a> Since the beginning of the BRI, China has occupied a key role in shaping how academic, and skilled migration in general, develops along the BRI and increased efforts to attract and retain foreign talents.<a href="#cite_note-Richter_2020-280">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_Alliance_of_the_Silk_Road" title="University Alliance of the Silk Road">University Alliance of the Silk Road</a> centered at <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Jiaotong_University" title="Xi'an Jiaotong University">Xi'an Jiaotong University</a> aims to support the Belt and Road initiative with research and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-UWN-281">[279]</a> A French think tank, Fondation France Chine (France-China Foundation), focused on the study of the New Silk Roads, was launched in 2018. It is described as pro–Belt and Road Initiative and pro-China.<a href="#cite_note-AutoLT-38-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Forum_for_International_Cooperation" title="Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation">Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Africa_Growth_Corridor" title="Asia-Africa Growth Corridor">Asia-Africa Growth Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Highway_Network" title="Asian Highway Network">Asian Highway Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Banana" title="Blue Banana">Blue Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dot_Network" title="Blue Dot Network">Blue Dot Network</a> – counter-initiative by the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_Back_Better_World" title="Build Back Better World">Build Back Better World</a> – counter-initiative by the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Middle_East-Europe_Economic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor">India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Arab States Cooperation Forum">China-Arab States Cooperation Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Continental_Bridge_corridor" title="Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor">Eurasia Continental Bridge corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China-Africa_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum on China-Africa Cooperation">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Banana" title="Golden Banana">Golden Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_North%E2%80%93South_Transport_Corridor" title="International North–South Transport Corridor">International North–South Transport Corridor</a></li> <li>Southern Ocean – See <a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbors_of_Antarctica" title="Category:Ports and harbors of Antarctica">Category: Ports and harbors of Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceport" title="Iceport">Iceports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pier" title="Ice pier">Ice pier</a> – <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean">List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Ports of the Baltic Sea">Ports of the Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Ports" title="Channel Ports">Channel Ports</a> – ports and harbours of the English Channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Sea_ports" title="List of North Sea ports">List of North Sea ports</a> – ports of the North Sea and its influent rivers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coastal_settlements_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea">List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Arctic Ocean">List of ports and harbors of the Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean">List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_China" title="List of the largest trading partners of China">List of the largest trading partners of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Asian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Asian Railway">Trans-Asian Railway</a></li> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 一带一路; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Yīdài Yīlù </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 大国外交 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ndrc_751695-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ndrc_751695_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511191431/http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/gzdt/201509/t20150921_751695.html">"Wǒ wěi děng yǒuguān bùmén guīfàn "Yīdài Yīlù" chàngyì Yīngwén yì fǎ" <bdi lang="zh">我委等有关部门规范"一带一路"倡议英文译法</bdi></a> [Regulations on the English translation of "Belt and Road" Initiative by our Commission and related departments]. ndrc.gov.cn (in Chinese (China)). National Development and Reform Commission. 11 May 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/gzdt/201509/t20150921_751695.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ndrc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=W%C7%92+w%C4%9Bi+d%C4%9Bng+y%C7%92ugu%C4%81n+b%C3%B9m%C3%A9n+gu%C4%ABf%C3%A0n+%22Y%C4%ABd%C3%A0i+Y%C4%ABl%C3%B9%22+ch%C3%A0ngy%C3%AC+Y%C4%ABngw%C3%A9n+y%C3%AC+f%C7%8E+%E6%88%91%E5%A7%94%E7%AD%89%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E9%83%A8%E9%97%A8%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%22%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%22%E5%80%A1%E8%AE%AE%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E8%AF%91%E6%B3%95&rft.date=2019-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndrc.gov.cn%2Fgzdt%2F201509%2Ft20150921_751695.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative">"China's Massive Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526233755/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Massive+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fchinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-1-4"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-1_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative">"Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015644/http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fregional-integration%2Fbrief%2Fbelt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-what-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-what_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-what_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuoKommenda2018" class="citation news cs1">Kuo, Lily; Kommenda, Niko (30 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/what-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer">"What is China's Belt and Road Initiative?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905062336/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/what-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+is+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3F&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft.au=Kommenda%2C+Niko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2Fng-interactive%2F2018%2Fjul%2F30%2Fwhat-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_2020-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_2020_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_2020_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_2020_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_2020_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/04/the-pandemic-is-hurting-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">"The pandemic is hurting China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 4 June 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219175603/https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/04/the-pandemic-is-hurting-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+pandemic+is+hurting+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2020%2F06%2F04%2Fthe-pandemic-is-hurting-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stephen (16 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/fpa/article-abstract/17/2/orab002/6139347?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"China's Major Country Diplomacy"</a>. Foreign Policy Analysis. 17 (2): orab002. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffpa%2Forab002">10.1093/fpa/orab002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921151122/https://academic.oup.com/fpa/article-abstract/17/2/orab002/6139347?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Analysis&rft.atitle=China%27s+Major+Country+Diplomacy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=orab002&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffpa%2Forab002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ffpa%2Farticle-abstract%2F17%2F2%2Forab002%2F6139347%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-35">aj</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisKlaus2024" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order. New Haven and London: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102">10.2307/jj.11589102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300266900" title="Special:BookSources/9780300266900"><bdi>9780300266900</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.11589102">jj.11589102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+City%3A+Geopolitics%2C+Urbanization%2C+and+China%27s+Search+for+a+New+International+Order&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.11589102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.11589102&rft.isbn=9780300266900&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Klaus%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaridi2023" class="citation book cs1">Caridi, Giorgio (2023). "BRI's Digital Silk Road and the EU: The Role of Innovation and Communication in the Italian Case Study". China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace. Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BRI%27s+Digital+Silk+Road+and+the+EU%3A+The+Role+of+Innovation+and+Communication+in+the+Italian+Case+Study&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Caridi&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-centralGovernment-11"><a href="#cite_ref-centralGovernment_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2015/03/28/content_281475079055789.htm">"China unveils action plan on Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. Gov.cn. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua</a>. 28 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024034/http://english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2015/03/28/content_281475079055789.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.cn&rft.atitle=China+unveils+action+plan+on+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.gov.cn%2Fnews%2Ftop_news%2F2015%2F03%2F28%2Fcontent_281475079055789.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pr_780645-12"><a href="#cite_ref-pr_780645_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pr.com/press-release/780645">"CrowdReviews Partnered with Strategic Marketing & Exhibitions to Announce: One Belt, One Road Forum"</a>. PR.com. 25 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430071306/https://www.pr.com/press-release/780645">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PR.com&rft.atitle=CrowdReviews+Partnered+with+Strategic+Marketing+%26+Exhibitions+to+Announce%3A+One+Belt%2C+One+Road+Forum&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pr.com%2Fpress-release%2F780645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526010510/https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2019/12/china-belt-and-road-initiative-and-the-global-chemical-industry.html">"China's Belt and Road Initiative and the global chemical industry - KPMG Global"</a>. KPMG. 7 December 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2019/12/china-belt-and-road-initiative-and-the-global-chemical-industry.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KPMG&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+and+the+global+chemical+industry+-+KPMG+Global&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.kpmg%2Fxx%2Fen%2Fhome%2Finsights%2F2019%2F12%2Fchina-belt-and-road-initiative-and-the-global-chemical-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative">"Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134904/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/regional-integration/brief/belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Ftopic%2Fregional-integration%2Fbrief%2Fbelt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cebr.com/reports/belt-and-road-initiative-to-boost-world-gdp-by-over-7-trillion-per-annum-by-2040/">"Belt and Road Initiative to boost world GDP by over $7 trillion per annum by 2040"</a>. CEBR. 27 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925074129/https://cebr.com/reports/belt-and-road-initiative-to-boost-world-gdp-by-over-7-trillion-per-annum-by-2040/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEBR&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road+Initiative+to+boost+world+GDP+by+over+%247+trillion+per+annum+by+2040&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcebr.com%2Freports%2Fbelt-and-road-initiative-to-boost-world-gdp-by-over-7-trillion-per-annum-by-2040%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciob.org/media-centre/news/new-report-chinese-belt-and-road-initiative-predicts-boost-global-gdp-%E2%80%9C-over-7">"New report on the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative predicts boost to global GDP "by over $7 trillion per annum""</a>. CIOB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505083756/https://www.ciob.org/media-centre/news/new-report-chinese-belt-and-road-initiative-predicts-boost-global-gdp-%E2%80%9C-over-7">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIOB&rft.atitle=New+report+on+the+Chinese+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+predicts+boost+to+global+GDP+%22by+over+%247+trillion+per+annum%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciob.org%2Fmedia-centre%2Fnews%2Fnew-report-chinese-belt-and-road-initiative-predicts-boost-global-gdp-%25E2%2580%259C-over-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityam.com/chinas-giant-belt-and-road-infrastructure-push-could-pump-7/">"China's giant Belt and Road infrastructure push 'could pump $7 trillion into global GDP' by 2040"</a>. CityAM. 27 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801022409/https://www.cityam.com/chinas-giant-belt-and-road-infrastructure-push-could-pump-7/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CityAM&rft.atitle=China%27s+giant+Belt+and+Road+infrastructure+push+%27could+pump+%247+trillion+into+global+GDP%27+by+2040&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityam.com%2Fchinas-giant-belt-and-road-infrastructure-push-could-pump-7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brautigam_2020-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brautigam_2020_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brautigam_2020_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brautigam_2020_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBräutigam2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Br%C3%A4utigam" title="Deborah Bräutigam">Bräutigam, Deborah</a> (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828">"A critical look at Chinese 'debt-trap diplomacy': the rise of a meme"</a>. Area Development and Policy. 5 (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23792949.2019.1689828">10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2379-2949">2379-2949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214547742">214547742</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130924/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Area+Development+and+Policy&rft.atitle=A+critical+look+at+Chinese+%27debt-trap+diplomacy%27%3A+the+rise+of+a+meme&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214547742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2379-2949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23792949.2019.1689828&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A4utigam&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F23792949.2019.1689828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garlick_2024-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garlick_2024_19-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlick2024" class="citation book cs1">Garlick, Jeremy (2024). Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8"><bdi>978-1-350-25231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advantage+China%3A+Agent+of+Change+in+an+Era+of+Global+Disruption&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-25231-8&rft.aulast=Garlick&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Sun-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Sun_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Sun_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun2024" class="citation book cs1">Sun, Yi (2024). "Necessitated by Geopolitics: China's Economic and Cultural Initiatives in Central Asia". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Press">Leiden University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087284411" title="Special:BookSources/9789087284411"><bdi>9789087284411</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.15136086">jj.15136086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Necessitated+by+Geopolitics%3A+China%27s+Economic+and+Cultural+Initiatives+in+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.15136086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9789087284411&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Yi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uniview-21"><a href="#cite_ref-uniview_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.uniview.com/News/News/201809/804999_169683_0.htm">"News—Zhejiang Uniview Technologies Co., Ltd"</a>. en.uniview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511095521/http://en.uniview.com/News/News/201809/804999_169683_0.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.uniview.com&rft.atitle=News%E2%80%94Zhejiang+Uniview+Technologies+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.uniview.com%2FNews%2FNews%2F201809%2F804999_169683_0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Bank_blog-22"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Bank_blog_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas_Firzli2017" class="citation news cs1">Nicolas Firzli (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.worldbank.org/ppps/pension-investment-infrastructure-debt-new-source-capital-project-finance/">"World Pensions Council: Pension Investment in Infrastructure Debt: A New Source of Capital"</a>. World Bank blog World Pensions & Investments Forum World Pensions Council (WPC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606060630/https://blogs.worldbank.org/ppps/pension-investment-infrastructure-debt-new-source-capital-project-finance">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+blog+World+Pensions+%26+Investments+Forum+World+Pensions+Council+%28WPC%29&rft.atitle=World+Pensions+Council%3A+Pension+Investment+in+Infrastructure+Debt%3A+A+New+Source+of+Capital&rft.date=2017-02&rft.au=Nicolas+Firzli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.worldbank.org%2Fppps%2Fpension-investment-infrastructure-debt-new-source-capital-project-finance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Analyse_Financière-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Analyse_Financière_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Nicolas_J._Firzli2015" class="citation news cs1">M. Nicolas J. Firzli (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19535167">"China's Asian Infrastructure Bank and the 'New Great Game'"</a>. Analyse Financière: World Pensions & Investments Forum World Pensions Council (WPC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129073111/http://www.academia.edu/19535167/China_s_AIIB_America_s_Pivot_to_Asia_and_the_Geopolitics_of_Infrastructure_Investments">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analyse+Financi%C3%A8re%3A+World+Pensions+%26+Investments+Forum+World+Pensions+Council+%28WPC%29&rft.atitle=China%27s+Asian+Infrastructure+Bank+and+the+%27New+Great+Game%27&rft.date=2015-10&rft.au=M.+Nicolas+J.+Firzli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19535167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-4-24"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-4_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Office_of_Leading_Group_of_Advancing_the_Building_of_the_Belt_and_Road_Initiative2016" class="citation news cs1">General Office of Leading Group of Advancing the Building of the Belt and Road Initiative (2016). "Belt and Road in Big Data 2016". Beijing: the Commercial Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beijing%3A+the+Commercial+Press&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road+in+Big+Data+2016&rft.date=2016&rft.au=General+Office+of+Leading+Group+of+Advancing+the+Building+of+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-time_4776845-25"><a href="#cite_ref-time_4776845_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4776845/china-xi-jinping-belt-road-initiative-obor/">"What to Know About China's Belt and Road Initiative Summit"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128230549/http://time.com/4776845/china-xi-jinping-belt-road-initiative-obor/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+to+Know+About+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+Summit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4776845%2Fchina-xi-jinping-belt-road-initiative-obor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_20170511_asia-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_20170511_asia_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_20170511_asia_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/11/asia/china-one-belt-one-road-explainer/index.html">"Just what is this One Belt, One Road thing anyway?"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145534/https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/11/asia/china-one-belt-one-road-explainer/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Just+what+is+this+One+Belt%2C+One+Road+thing+anyway%3F&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F05%2F11%2Fasia%2Fchina-one-belt-one-road-explainer%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-5-27"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-5_27-0">^</a> Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_28-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2022" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Shuanglin (22 September 2022). China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009099028">10.1017/9781009099028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-09902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-09902-8"><bdi>978-1-009-09902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Public+Finance%3A+Reforms%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Options&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009099028&rft.isbn=978-1-009-09902-8&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Shuanglin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transportresearch-29"><a href="#cite_ref-transportresearch_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangWongLiYuen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Xueqin; Wong, Yiik Diew; Li, Kevin X.; Yuen, Kum Fai (2021). "Transport research under Belt and Road Initiative: current trends and future research agenda". Transportmetrica A:Transport Science. 17 (4): 357–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23249935.2020.1731008">10.1080/23249935.2020.1731008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10356%2F146535">10356/146535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225499859">225499859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportmetrica+A%3ATransport+Science&rft.atitle=Transport+research+under+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+current+trends+and+future+research+agenda&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10356%2F146535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225499859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23249935.2020.1731008&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xueqin&rft.au=Wong%2C+Yiik+Diew&rft.au=Li%2C+Kevin+X.&rft.au=Yuen%2C+Kum+Fai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-7-30"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-7_30-0">^</a> Christoph He"Wie Amerika Chinas Neue Seidenstraße kontern will" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-8-31"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-8_31-0">^</a> Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-9-32"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-9_32-0">^</a> "Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China's Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-10-33"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-10_33-0">^</a> Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera, 5 November 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-11-34"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-11_34-0">^</a> "Triest – Ein Welthafen für Bayern" Bayrische Staatszeitung, 30 November 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-12-35"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-12_35-0">^</a> Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), p 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-13-36"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-13_36-0">^</a> Andrew Wheeler: How Trieste could become the Singapore of the Adriatic in Asia Shipping Media – Splash247, 19 February 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasood2019" class="citation journal cs1">Masood, Ehsan (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01124-7">"How China is redrawing the map of world science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 569 (7754): 20–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.569...20M">2019Natur.569...20M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01124-7">10.1038/d41586-019-01124-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31043732">31043732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=How+China+is+redrawing+the+map+of+world+science&rft.volume=569&rft.issue=7754&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01124-7&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31043732&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.569...20M&rft.aulast=Masood&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-019-01124-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenChan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shen, Simon; Chan, Wilson (27 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0077-9">"A comparative study of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Marshall plan"</a>. Palgrave Communications. 4 (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0077-9">10.1057/s41599-018-0077-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2055-1045">2055-1045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4387434">4387434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palgrave+Communications&rft.atitle=A+comparative+study+of+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+and+the+Marshall+plan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4387434%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2055-1045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0077-9&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Chan%2C+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fs41599-018-0077-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Yuan, Shaoyu (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fworld4020021">"The Health Silk Road: A Double-Edged Sword? Assessing the Implications of China's Health Diplomacy"</a>. World. 4 (2): 333–346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fworld4020021">10.3390/world4020021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2673-4060">2673-4060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World&rft.atitle=The+Health+Silk+Road%3A+A+Double-Edged+Sword%3F+Assessing+the+Implications+of+China%27s+Health+Diplomacy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fworld4020021&rft.issn=2673-4060&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Shaoyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fworld4020021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbbc_20170713-40"><a href="#cite_ref-cbbc_20170713_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713011420/http://www.cbbc.org/cbbc/media/cbbc_media/One-Belt-One-Road-main-body.pdf">"One Belt One Road"</a> (PDF). 13 July 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbbc.org/cbbc/media/cbbc_media/One-Belt-One-Road-main-body.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+Belt+One+Road&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbbc.org%2Fcbbc%2Fmedia%2Fcbbc_media%2FOne-Belt-One-Road-main-body.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warontherocks_20190305-41"><a href="#cite_ref-warontherocks_20190305_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolland2019" class="citation web cs1">Rolland, Nadège (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2019/03/jaw-jaw-the-geo-economic-challenge-of-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative/">"The Geo-Economic Challenge of China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. War on the Rocks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701014926/https://warontherocks.com/2019/03/jaw-jaw-the-geo-economic-challenge-of-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019. <q>Because initially in the Chinese papers, the name attached to yī dài yī lù, One Belt, One Road, was strategy. And they thought that this idea of strategy is going to create some suspicions from the outside world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+on+the+Rocks&rft.atitle=The+Geo-Economic+Challenge+of+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Rolland&rft.aufirst=Nad%C3%A8ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarontherocks.com%2F2019%2F03%2Fjaw-jaw-the-geo-economic-challenge-of-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latvia-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Latvia_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206061842/http://liia.lv/en/analysis/bri-instead-of-obor-china-edits-the-english-name-of-its-most-ambitious-international-project-532">"BRI Instead of OBOR – China Edits the English Name of its Most Ambitious International Project"</a>. liia.lv. 28 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liia.lv/en/analysis/bri-instead-of-obor-china-edits-the-english-name-of-its-most-ambitious-international-project-532">the original</a> on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liia.lv&rft.atitle=BRI+Instead+of+OBOR+%E2%80%93+China+Edits+the+English+Name+of+its+Most+Ambitious+International+Project&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliia.lv%2Fen%2Fanalysis%2Fbri-instead-of-obor-china-edits-the-english-name-of-its-most-ambitious-international-project-532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xinhuanet_1124890400-43"><a href="#cite_ref-xinhuanet_1124890400_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-08/18/c_1124890399.htm"><bdi lang="zh">王毅：着力打造西部陆海新通道推动高质量共建"一带一路"-新华网</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). Xinhua News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821145507/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-08/18/c_1124890399.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%8B%E6%AF%85%EF%BC%9A%E7%9D%80%E5%8A%9B%E6%89%93%E9%80%A0%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%99%86%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%B0%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93+%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%A8%E9%AB%98%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%85%B1%E5%BB%BA%22%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%22-%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019-08%2F18%2Fc_1124890399.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ft_768954394623-44"><a href="#cite_ref-ft_768954394623_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth,_Jamie" class="citation news cs1">Smyth, Jamie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082600/https://www.ft.com/content/e30f3122-0eae-11e7-b030-768954394623">"Australia rejects China push on Silk Road strategy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e30f3122-0eae-11e7-b030-768954394623">the original</a> on 8 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Australia+rejects+China+push+on+Silk+Road+strategy&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe30f3122-0eae-11e7-b030-768954394623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988">, Financial Times, 22 March 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-thediplomat_20190126-45"><a href="#cite_ref-thediplomat_20190126_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSempa2019" class="citation web cs1">Sempa, Francis P. (26 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126023844/https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/china-and-the-world-island/">"China and the World-Island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/china-and-the-world-island/">the original</a> on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=China+and+the+World-Island&rft.date=2019-01-26&rft.aulast=Sempa&rft.aufirst=Francis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fchina-and-the-world-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignpolicy_20180312_chinas-46"><a href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy_20180312_chinas_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2018" class="citation web cs1">Daly, Robert (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/12/chinas-global-dreams-are-giving-its-neighbors-nightmares/">"China's Global Dreams Give Its Neighbors Nightmares"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601215808/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/12/chinas-global-dreams-are-giving-its-neighbors-nightmares/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=China%27s+Global+Dreams+Give+Its+Neighbors+Nightmares&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2018%2F03%2F12%2Fchinas-global-dreams-are-giving-its-neighbors-nightmares%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg_20190610_china-47"><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_20190610_china_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavridis2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Stavridis" title="James G. Stavridis">Stavridis, James</a> (10 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-06-10/china-and-russia-want-to-control-the-world-island">"China and Russia Want to Control the 'World Island'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628185323/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-06-10/china-and-russia-want-to-control-the-world-island">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=China+and+Russia+Want+to+Control+the+%27World+Island%27&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Stavridis&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fopinion%2Farticles%2F2019-06-10%2Fchina-and-russia-want-to-control-the-world-island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-15-48"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-15_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rolland, Nadège (12 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinopsis.cz/en/rolland-bri-influence-operations/">"Mapping the footprint of Belt and Road influence operations"</a>. Sinopsis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925210415/https://sinopsis.cz/en/rolland-bri-influence-operations/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sinopsis&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+footprint+of+Belt+and+Road+influence+operations&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.aulast=Rolland&rft.aufirst=Nad%C3%A8ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsinopsis.cz%2Fen%2Frolland-bri-influence-operations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Loh, Dylan M H (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/irap/article/21/2/167/5549877">"The 'Chinese Dream' and the 'Belt and Road Initiative': narratives, practices, and sub-state actors"</a>. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific. 21 (2): 167–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Firap%2Flcz018">10.1093/irap/lcz018</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10356%2F145543">10356/145543</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-482X">1470-482X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803231725/https://academic.oup.com/irap/article/21/2/167/5549877">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Relations+of+the+Asia-Pacific&rft.atitle=The+%27Chinese+Dream%27+and+the+%27Belt+and+Road+Initiative%27%3A+narratives%2C+practices%2C+and+sub-state+actors&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2021-04-23&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10356%2F145543&rft.issn=1470-482X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Firap%2Flcz018&rft.aulast=Loh&rft.aufirst=Dylan+M+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Firap%2Farticle%2F21%2F2%2F167%2F5549877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jin_2023-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jin_2023_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keyu_Jin" title="Keyu Jin">Jin, Keyu</a> (2023). The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-7828-1"><bdi>978-1-9848-7828-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+China+Playbook%3A+Beyond+Socialism+and+Capitalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Keyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenpress.am/eng/news/975933.html">"China ready to reveal new directions with Armenia for construction of One Belt, One Road"</a>. armenpress.am. 23 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502000821/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/975933.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armenpress.am&rft.atitle=China+ready+to+reveal+new+directions+with+Armenia+for+construction+of+One+Belt%2C+One+Road&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenpress.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F975933.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2023" class="citation cs2">Rice, Dana (2023), Mihr, Anja; Sorbello, Paolo; Weiffen, Brigitte (eds.), "An Overview of China's Belt and Road Initiative and Its Development Since 2013", Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia, Cham: <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>, pp. 255–266, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-16659-4_17">10.1007/978-3-031-16659-4_17</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-16658-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-16658-7"><bdi>978-3-031-16658-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Securitization+and+Democracy+in+Eurasia&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+and+Its+Development+Since+2013&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-16659-4_17&rft.isbn=978-3-031-16658-7&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2023/09/06/the-path-ahead-for-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">"The path ahead for China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 6 September 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909222201/https://www.economist.com/china/2023/09/06/the-path-ahead-for-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+path+ahead+for+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2023-09-06&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2023%2F09%2F06%2Fthe-path-ahead-for-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2018" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Euan (14 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-road-more-just-brand">"Belt and Road: more than just a brand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240807191840/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-road-more-just-brand">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowy+Institute&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road%3A+more+than+just+a+brand&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Euan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fbelt-road-more-just-brand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaoShahNawazAsad2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hao, Wu; Shah, Syed Mehmood Ali; Nawaz, Ahsan; Asad, Ali; Iqbal, Shahid; Zahoor, Hafiz; Maqsoom, Ahsen (12 October 2020). Khater, M. A. Mostafa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2020%2F8820021">"The Impact of Energy Cooperation and the Role of the One Belt and Road Initiative in Revolutionizing the Geopolitics of Energy among Regional Economic Powers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Complexity_(journal)" title="Complexity (journal)">Complexity</a>. 2020: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2020%2F8820021">10.1155/2020/8820021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1099-0526">1099-0526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Complexity&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Energy+Cooperation+and+the+Role+of+the+One+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+in+Revolutionizing+the+Geopolitics+of+Energy+among+Regional+Economic+Powers&rft.volume=2020&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2020-10-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2020%2F8820021&rft.issn=1099-0526&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=Wu&rft.au=Shah%2C+Syed+Mehmood+Ali&rft.au=Nawaz%2C+Ahsan&rft.au=Asad%2C+Ali&rft.au=Iqbal%2C+Shahid&rft.au=Zahoor%2C+Hafiz&rft.au=Maqsoom%2C+Ahsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2020%252F8820021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendonMcCarthy2023" class="citation web cs1">Lendon, Brad; McCarthy, Simone (2 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/01/asia/china-navy-overseas-military-bases-intl-hnk-ml/index.html">"Blue-water ambitions: Is China looking beyond its neighborhood now it has the world's largest navy?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130905/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/01/asia/china-navy-overseas-military-bases-intl-hnk-ml/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Blue-water+ambitions%3A+Is+China+looking+beyond+its+neighborhood+now+it+has+the+world%27s+largest+navy%3F&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft.aulast=Lendon&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F09%2F01%2Fasia%2Fchina-navy-overseas-military-bases-intl-hnk-ml%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooleyZhangFedorochkoPatterson2023" class="citation web cs1">Wooley, Alex; Zhang, Sheng; Fedorochko, Rory; Patterson, Sarina (25 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiddata.org/publications/harboring-global-ambitions">"Harboring Global Ambitions: China's Ports Footprint and Implications for Future Overseas Naval Bases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AidData" title="AidData">AidData</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230904003838/https://www.aiddata.org/publications/harboring-global-ambitions">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AidData&rft.atitle=Harboring+Global+Ambitions%3A+China%27s+Ports+Footprint+and+Implications+for+Future+Overseas+Naval+Bases&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft.aulast=Wooley&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Sheng&rft.au=Fedorochko%2C+Rory&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Sarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiddata.org%2Fpublications%2Fharboring-global-ambitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shinn_2023-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_2023_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_2023_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_2023_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_2023_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shinn_2023_58-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinnEisenman2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Shinn" title="David H. Shinn">Shinn, David H.</a>; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21001-0"><bdi>978-0-231-21001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Relations+with+Africa%3A+a+New+Era+of+Strategic+Engagement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-231-21001-0&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Eisenman%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-16-59"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-16_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Hong (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2016.1245894">"Motivation behind China's 'One Belt, One Road' Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China" title="Journal of Contemporary China">Journal of Contemporary China</a>. 26 (105): 353–368. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2016.1245894">10.1080/10670564.2016.1245894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157430852">157430852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=Motivation+behind+China%27s+%27One+Belt%2C+One+Road%27+Initiatives+and+Establishment+of+the+Asian+Infrastructure+Investment+Bank&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=105&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E353-%3C%2Fspan%3E368&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2016.1245894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157430852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10670564.2016.1245894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠimalčík2023" class="citation book cs1">Šimalčík, Matej (2023). "China in the World". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1"><bdi>978-1-03-239508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China+in+the+World&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China%3A+a+New+Superpower%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-03-239508-1&rft.aulast=%C5%A0imal%C4%8D%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Matej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobolik2024" class="citation book cs1">Sobolik, Michael Scott (15 April 2024). Countering China's Great Game. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-951-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-951-3"><bdi>978-1-68247-951-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countering+China%27s+Great+Game&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2024-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-68247-951-3&rft.aulast=Sobolik&rft.aufirst=Michael+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Anna (2 January 2020). "Interwoven 'Destinies': The Significance of Xinjiang to the China Dream, the Belt and Road Initiative, and the Xi Jinping Legacy". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_China" title="Journal of Contemporary China">Journal of Contemporary China</a>. 29 (121): 31–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2019.1621528">10.1080/10670564.2019.1621528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191742114">191742114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=Interwoven+%27Destinies%27%3A+The+Significance+of+Xinjiang+to+the+China+Dream%2C+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%2C+and+the+Xi+Jinping+Legacy&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=121&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2019.1621528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191742114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashgarianHussein2019" class="citation news cs1">Kashgarian, Asim; Hussein, Rikar (22 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/chinas-plan-xinjiang-seen-key-factor-uighur-crackdown">"China's Plan in Xinjiang Seen as Key Factor in Uighur Crackdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223232707/https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/chinas-plan-xinjiang-seen-key-factor-uighur-crackdown">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=China%27s+Plan+in+Xinjiang+Seen+as+Key+Factor+in+Uighur+Crackdown&rft.date=2019-12-22&rft.aulast=Kashgarian&rft.aufirst=Asim&rft.au=Hussein%2C+Rikar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fextremism-watch%2Fchinas-plan-xinjiang-seen-key-factor-uighur-crackdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1668516/xinjiang-crackdown-at-the-heart-of-chinas-belt-and-road">"Xinjiang crackdown at the heart of China's 'Belt and Road'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 28 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704124513/https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1668516/xinjiang-crackdown-at-the-heart-of-chinas-belt-and-road">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Xinjiang+crackdown+at+the+heart+of+China%27s+%27Belt+and+Road%27&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fworld%2F1668516%2Fxinjiang-crackdown-at-the-heart-of-chinas-belt-and-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladney2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dru_C._Gladney" title="Dru C. Gladney">Gladney, Dru C.</a> (27 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/xinjiang-bridge-or-barrier-xi-jinpings-belt-and-road-initiative">"Xinjiang: Bridge Or Barrier To Xi Jinping's Belt And Road Initiative?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512184231/https://www.hoover.org/research/xinjiang-bridge-or-barrier-xi-jinpings-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=Xinjiang%3A+Bridge+Or+Barrier+To+Xi+Jinping%27s+Belt+And+Road+Initiative%3F&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=Gladney&rft.aufirst=Dru+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fxinjiang-bridge-or-barrier-xi-jinpings-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feng-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Feng_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150405/43488218_0.shtml"><bdi lang="zh">一带一路领导班子"一正四副"名单首曝光</bdi></a>. Ifeng (in Simplified Chinese). 5 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223044614/http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150405/43488218_0.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ifeng&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E7%8F%AD%E5%AD%90%22%E4%B8%80%E6%AD%A3%E5%9B%9B%E5%89%AF%22%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95%E9%A6%96%E6%9B%9D%E5%85%89&rft.date=2015-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fa%2F20150405%2F43488218_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ndrc_669367-67"><a href="#cite_ref-ndrc_669367_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127225143/http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html">"Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road"</a>. National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), People's Republic of China. 28 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Development+and+Reform+Commission+%28NDRC%29%2C+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.atitle=Vision+and+Actions+on+Jointly+Building+Silk+Road+Economic+Belt+and+21st-Century+Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ndrc.gov.cn%2Fnewsrelease%2F201503%2Ft20150330_669367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGohRuwitch2017" class="citation news cs1">Goh, Brenda; Ruwitch, John (24 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1CT1H9/">"Pressure on as Xi's 'Belt and Road' enshrined in Chinese party charter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 27 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pressure+on+as+Xi%27s+%27Belt+and+Road%27+enshrined+in+Chinese+party+charter&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.aulast=Goh&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft.au=Ruwitch%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSKBN1CT1H9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy_2022-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_2022_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_2022_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_2022_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2022" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Dawn C. (2022). China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.8305946">10.2307/jj.8305946</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3060-4"><bdi>978-1-5036-3060-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8305946">jj.8305946</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1249712936">1249712936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+rise+in+the+Global+South+%3A+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Beijing%27s+alternative+world+order&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1249712936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.8305946%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.8305946&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Dawn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-belt-and-road-portal-70"><a href="#cite_ref-belt-and-road-portal_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/country">"国别 - 中国一带一路网"</a>. Belt and Road Portal (in Chinese). National Development and Reform Commission, Xinhua News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713083230/https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/country">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belt+and+Road+Portal&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%AB+-+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yidaiyilu.gov.cn%2Fcountry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.imsilkroad.com/catlist/500">"Belt and Road Countries"</a>. Xinhua Silk Road Information Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713083232/https://en.imsilkroad.com/catlist/500">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belt+and+Road+Countries&rft.pub=Xinhua+Silk+Road+Information+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.imsilkroad.com%2Fcatlist%2F500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedopil" class="citation web cs1">Nedopil, Christoph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/">"Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Green Finance & Development Center"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518091931/https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+of+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+%28BRI%29+%E2%80%93+Green+Finance+%26+Development+Center&rft.aulast=Nedopil&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreenfdc.org%2Fcountries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinertWeyrauch2022" class="citation web cs1">Steinert, Christoph; Weyrauch, David (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bri-project.github.io/posts/2022/03/blog-post-22-001/">"Collecting data on Membership in the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. Analyzing the BRI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930151820/https://bri-project.github.io/posts/2022/03/blog-post-22-001/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Analyzing+the+BRI&rft.atitle=Collecting+data+on+Membership+in+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Steinert&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Weyrauch%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbri-project.github.io%2Fposts%2F2022%2F03%2Fblog-post-22-001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2021" class="citation web cs1">Sacks, David (24 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/countries-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-whos-and-whos-out">"Countries in China's Belt and Road Initiative: Who's In And Who's Out"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130915/https://www.cfr.org/blog/countries-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-whos-and-whos-out">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+in+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+Who%27s+In+And+Who%27s+Out&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fcountries-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-whos-and-whos-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2022" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Tom (12 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/syria-officially-joins-chinas-belt-road-seeking-lifeline-defy-us-sanctions-1668849">"Syria Officially Joins China's Belt and Road, Seeking Lifeline to Defy U.S. Sanctions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921235604/https://www.newsweek.com/syria-officially-joins-chinas-belt-road-seeking-lifeline-defy-us-sanctions-1668849">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Officially+Joins+China%27s+Belt+and+Road%2C+Seeking+Lifeline+to+Defy+U.S.+Sanctions&rft.pub=Newsweek&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fsyria-officially-joins-chinas-belt-road-seeking-lifeline-defy-us-sanctions-1668849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/argentina-and-china-seal-silk-road-deal/a-60679278">"Argentina and China seal Silk Road deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 6 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713175452/https://www.dw.com/en/argentina-and-china-seal-silk-road-deal/a-60679278">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argentina+and+China+seal+Silk+Road+deal&rft.pub=Deutsche+Welle&rft.date=2022-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fargentina-and-china-seal-silk-road-deal%2Fa-60679278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeZamorano2025" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Matthew; Zamorano, Juan (2 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/panama-rubio-trump-canal-mulino-illegal-immigration-f159e218e66812bc0e462d8fb8bb5b5f">"Rubio says Panama must reduce Chinese influence around the canal or face possible US action"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Rubio+says+Panama+must+reduce+Chinese+influence+around+the+canal+or+face+possible+US+action&rft.date=2025-02-02&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Zamorano%2C+Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpanama-rubio-trump-canal-mulino-illegal-immigration-f159e218e66812bc0e462d8fb8bb5b5f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/04/marco-rubio-panama-china-us-relationship-infrastructure-plan">"Rubio welcomes Panama's move to exit Chinese infrastructure plan as 'great step forward'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 4 February 2025. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rubio+welcomes+Panama%E2%80%99s+move+to+exit+Chinese+infrastructure+plan+as+%E2%80%98great+step+forward%E2%80%99&rft.date=2025-02-04&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2025%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fmarco-rubio-panama-china-us-relationship-infrastructure-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenfdc.org-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-84">cg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-85">ch</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-86">ci</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-87">cj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-90">cm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-91">cn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-92">co</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-93">cp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-94">cq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-95">cr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-96">cs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-97">ct</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-98">cu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-99">cv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-100">cw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-101">cx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-102">cy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-103">cz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-104">da</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-105">db</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-106">dc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-107">dd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-108">de</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-109">df</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-110">dg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-111">dh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-112">di</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-113">dj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-114">dk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-115">dl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-116">dm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-117">dn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-118">do</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-119">dp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-120">dq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-121">dr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-122">ds</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-123">dt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-124">du</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-125">dv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-126">dw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-127">dx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-128">dy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-129">dz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-130">ea</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-131">eb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-132">ec</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-133">ed</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-134">ee</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-135">ef</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-136">eg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-137">eh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-138">ei</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-139">ej</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-140">ek</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-141">el</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenfdc.org_79-142">em</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedopil" class="citation web cs1">Nedopil, Christoph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/">"Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Green Finance & Development Center"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518091931/https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+of+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+%28BRI%29+%E2%80%93+Green+Finance+%26+Development+Center&rft.aulast=Nedopil&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreenfdc.org%2Fcountries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/news/pressreleases/202111/t20211130_1306258.html">"【The Chinese Government and the Government of Burkina Faso Signed the Belt and Road Initiative Cooperation Document】-National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) People's Republic of China"</a>. en.ndrc.gov.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230627232745/https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/news/pressreleases/202111/t20211130_1306258.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.ndrc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90The+Chinese+Government+and+the+Government+of+Burkina+Faso+Signed+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+Cooperation+Document%E3%80%91-National+Development+and+Reform+Commission+%28NDRC%29+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.ndrc.gov.cn%2Fnews%2Fpressreleases%2F202111%2Ft20211130_1306258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/what-will-honduras-gain-by-establishing-ties-with-china/">"What Will Honduras Gain By Establishing Ties With China?"</a>. The Dialogue. 24 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130920/https://www.thedialogue.org/analysis/what-will-honduras-gain-by-establishing-ties-with-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dialogue&rft.atitle=What+Will+Honduras+Gain+By+Establishing+Ties+With+China%3F&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedialogue.org%2Fanalysis%2Fwhat-will-honduras-gain-by-establishing-ties-with-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauTimes" class="citation web cs1">Chau, Jocelyn; Times, The Jordan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/bri/china-welcomes-jordans-active-participation-in-belt-and-road-initiative-k739hak0">"China welcomes Jordan's active participation in Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. www.zawya.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730162434/https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/bri/china-welcomes-jordans-active-participation-in-belt-and-road-initiative-k739hak0">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zawya.com&rft.atitle=China+welcomes+Jordan%27s+active+participation+in+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.aulast=Chau&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft.au=Times%2C+The+Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zawya.com%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Fbri%2Fchina-welcomes-jordans-active-participation-in-belt-and-road-initiative-k739hak0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thediplomat.com-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thediplomat.com_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thediplomat.com_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thediplomat.com_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/chinas-belt-and-road-makes-inroads-in-africa/">"China's Belt and Road Makes Inroads in Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517102405/https://thediplomat.com/2018/07/chinas-belt-and-road-makes-inroads-in-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Makes+Inroads+in+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2018%2F07%2Fchinas-belt-and-road-makes-inroads-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cn/english/2021-12/02/c_1310346980.htm">"China, Sao Tome and Principe vow to strengthen pragmatic cooperation"</a>. www.news.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513114651/http://www.news.cn/english/2021-12/02/c_1310346980.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.news.cn&rft.atitle=China%2C+Sao+Tome+and+Principe+vow+to+strengthen+pragmatic+cooperation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cn%2Fenglish%2F2021-12%2F02%2Fc_1310346980.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vm.ee/en/china#economic-cooperation">"China | Välisministeerium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240420144525/https://vm.ee/en/china#economic-cooperation">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+%26%23124%3B+V%C3%A4lisministeerium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvm.ee%2Fen%2Fchina%23economic-cooperation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/why-italy-withdrawing-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">"Why is Italy Withdrawing from China's Belt and Road Initiative?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514023126/https://www.cfr.org/blog/why-italy-withdrawing-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 29 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+Italy+Withdrawing+from+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fwhy-italy-withdrawing-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2023" class="citation web cs1">Walker, Tommy (8 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-drops-chinas-belt-and-road-as-tensions-flare/a-67344929">"Philippines drops China's Belt and Road as tensions flare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250114185640/https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-drops-chinas-belt-and-road-as-tensions-flare/a-67344929">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2025. Retrieved 14 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Philippines+drops+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+as+tensions+flare&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fphilippines-drops-chinas-belt-and-road-as-tensions-flare%2Fa-67344929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/world/after-italy-philippines-to-exit-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-article-104955410">"After Italy, Philippines To Exit China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. 4 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105120333/https://www.timesnownews.com/world/after-italy-philippines-to-exit-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-article-104955410">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+Italy%2C+Philippines+To+Exit+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2023-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Fworld%2Fafter-italy-philippines-to-exit-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-article-104955410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Jiang-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Jiang_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Jiang_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Jiang_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Jiang_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Jiang_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Jiang_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Jiang_89-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang2024" class="citation book cs1">Jiang, Ting (2024). "Belt and Road by the Sea: 21st Century Maritime Silk Road". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Press">Leiden University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087284411" title="Special:BookSources/9789087284411"><bdi>9789087284411</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.15136086">jj.15136086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road+by+the+Sea%3A+21st+Century+Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.15136086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9789087284411&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Ting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google_20151216-90"><a href="#cite_ref-google_20151216_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan2015" class="citation book cs1">Wan, Ming (16 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PskwCwAAQBAJ">The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: The Construction of Power and the Struggle for the East Asian International Order</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137593887" title="Special:BookSources/9781137593887"><bdi>9781137593887</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203062903/https://books.google.com/books?id=PskwCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Infrastructure+Investment+Bank%3A+The+Construction+of+Power+and+the+Struggle+for+the+East+Asian+International+Order&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.isbn=9781137593887&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPskwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-26-91"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-26_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/index.html">"About AIIB Overview – AIIB"</a>. aiib.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930084526/https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aiib.org&rft.atitle=About+AIIB+Overview+%E2%80%93+AIIB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiib.org%2Fen%2Fabout-aiib%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_2023-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_2023_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_2023_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2023" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Zongyuan Zoe (2023). Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions. The Belknap Press of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.2915805">10.2307/jj.2915805</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674271913" title="Special:BookSources/9780674271913"><bdi>9780674271913</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.2915805">jj.2915805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259402050">259402050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereign+Funds%3A+How+the+Communist+Party+of+China+Finances+its+Global+Ambitions&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.2915805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259402050%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.2915805%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780674271913&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Zongyuan+Zoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Chen-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Chen_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Chen_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2024" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Muyang (2024). The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance. Ithaca and London: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501775857" title="Special:BookSources/9781501775857"><bdi>9781501775857</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/jj.6230186">10.7591/jj.6230186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latecomer%27s+Rise%3A+Policy+Banks+and+the+Globalization+of+China%27s+Development+Finance&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fjj.6230186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781501775857&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Muyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/ocean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific">"Ocean of debt? Belt and Road and debt diplomacy in the Pacific"</a>. www.lowyinstitute.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526115226/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/ocean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Ocean+of+debt%3F+Belt+and+Road+and+debt+diplomacy+in+the+Pacific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fpublications%2Focean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgdev.org/blog/chinas-new-debt-sustainability-framework-largely-borrowed-world-bank-and-imf-heres-why-could">"China's New Debt Sustainability Framework Is Largely Borrowed from the World Bank and IMF. Here's Why That Could Be a Problem"</a>. Center For Global Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514023133/https://www.cgdev.org/blog/chinas-new-debt-sustainability-framework-largely-borrowed-world-bank-and-imf-heres-why-could">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+For+Global+Development&rft.atitle=China%27s+New+Debt+Sustainability+Framework+Is+Largely+Borrowed+from+the+World+Bank+and+IMF.+Here%27s+Why+That+Could+Be+a+Problem.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Fblog%2Fchinas-new-debt-sustainability-framework-largely-borrowed-world-bank-and-imf-heres-why-could&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-///-96"><a href="#cite_ref-///_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingo" class="citation news cs1">Wingo, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/30/how-will-china-respond-when-low-income-countries-cant-pay-their-debts/">"How will China respond when low-income countries can't pay their debts?"</a>. Washington Post. WP Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118025333/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/30/how-will-china-respond-when-low-income-countries-cant-pay-their-debts/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+will+China+respond+when+low-income+countries+can%27t+pay+their+debts%3F&rft.aulast=Wingo&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F06%2F30%2Fhow-will-china-respond-when-low-income-countries-cant-pay-their-debts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3122496/debt-trap-diplomacy-myth-no-evidence-china-pushes-poor-nations">"No evidence of China's 'debt-trap diplomacy', researchers and analysts say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>. 21 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719214434/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3122496/debt-trap-diplomacy-myth-no-evidence-china-pushes-poor-nations">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=No+evidence+of+China%27s+%27debt-trap+diplomacy%27%2C+researchers+and+analysts+say&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fdiplomacy%2Farticle%2F3122496%2Fdebt-trap-diplomacy-myth-no-evidence-china-pushes-poor-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=59720">"The Chinese Debt Trap Is a Myth: The Narrative Wrongfully Portrays Both Beijing and the Developing Countries It Deals With. - Editorial - Faculty & Research"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720041831/https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=59720">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+School&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Debt+Trap+Is+a+Myth%3A+The+Narrative+Wrongfully+Portrays+Both+Beijing+and+the+Developing+Countries+It+Deals+With.+-+Editorial+-+Faculty+%26+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Ffaculty%2FPages%2Fitem.aspx%3Fnum%3D59720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Brown_(historian)" title="Kerry Brown (historian)">Brown, Kerry</a> (2023). China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-26724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-26724-4"><bdi>978-1-350-26724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Incorporated%3A+The+Politics+of+a+World+Where+China+is+Number+One&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-350-26724-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive_001071181-100"><a href="#cite_ref-archive_001071181_100-0">^</a> Peter Wells, Don Weinland, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001071181">Fitch warns on expected returns from One Belt, One Road</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303050530/http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001071181">Archived</a> 3 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Financial Times, 26 January 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-Forgives_2022-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forgives_2022_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forgives_2022_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220822131156/https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/china-forgives-debt-for-17-african-nations/news-story/28ab7f45440142634ff8efd0360b2fec">"China forgives debt for 17 African nations amid accusations of debt trap diplomacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News.com.au" title="News.com.au">news.com.au</a>. 22 August 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/china-forgives-debt-for-17-african-nations/news-story/28ab7f45440142634ff8efd0360b2fec">the original</a> on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.com.au&rft.atitle=China+forgives+debt+for+17+African+nations+amid+accusations+of+debt+trap+diplomacy&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Ffinance%2Feconomy%2Fchina-forgives-debt-for-17-african-nations%2Fnews-story%2F28ab7f45440142634ff8efd0360b2fec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/12/05/the-hidden-cost-of-chinese-loans">"The hidden cost of Chinese loans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 5 December 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241205232546/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/12/05/the-hidden-cost-of-chinese-loans">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+hidden+cost+of+Chinese+loans&rft.date=2024-12-05&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ffinance-and-economics%2F2024%2F12%2F05%2Fthe-hidden-cost-of-chinese-loans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlquist2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wahlquist, Hakan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2399654420911410a">"Albert Herrmann: A missing link in establishing the Silk Road as a concept for Trans-Eurasian networks of trade"</a>. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. 38 (5): 803–808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2399654420911410a">10.1177/2399654420911410a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220982093">220982093</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005180333/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2399654420911410a">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+C%3A+Politics+and+Space&rft.atitle=Albert+Herrmann%3A+A+missing+link+in+establishing+the+Silk+Road+as+a+concept+for+Trans-Eurasian+networks+of+trade&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E808&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2399654420911410a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220982093%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wahlquist&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F2399654420911410a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> "Walquist, Hakan. "Albert Herrmann: A missing link in establishing the Silk Road as a concept for Trans-Eurasian networks of trade" 38.5 (2020): 803–808." </li> <li id="cite_note-UnitedNations-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnitedNations_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnitedNations_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamasamyYeungUtokthamDuval2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ramasamy, Bala; Yeung, Matthew; Utoktham, Chorthip; Duval, Yann (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/AWP172.pdf">"Trade and trade facilitation along the Belt and Road Initiative corridors"</a> (PDF). ARTNeT Working Paper Series, Bangkok, ESCAP (172). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417025514/http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/AWP172.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARTNeT+Working+Paper+Series%2C+Bangkok%2C+ESCAP&rft.atitle=Trade+and+trade+facilitation+along+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+corridors&rft.issue=172&rft.date=2017-11&rft.aulast=Ramasamy&rft.aufirst=Bala&rft.au=Yeung%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Utoktham%2C+Chorthip&rft.au=Duval%2C+Yann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescap.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAWP172.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ejinsight20160412-106"><a href="#cite_ref-ejinsight20160412_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road/">"Getting lost in 'One Belt, One Road'"</a>. 12 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414014511/http://www.ejinsight.com/20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+lost+in+%27One+Belt%2C+One+Road%27&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2F20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Econ27-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Econ27_107-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/china/21701505-chinas-foreign-policy-could-reshape-good-part-world-economy-our-bulldozers-our-rules">Our bulldozers, our rules</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223090241/https://www.economist.com/news/china/21701505-chinas-foreign-policy-could-reshape-good-part-world-economy-our-bulldozers-our-rules">Archived</a> 23 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Economist, 2 July 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune_1381733-108"><a href="#cite_ref-tribune_1381733_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2017" class="citation news cs1">Siddiqui, Salman (12 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1381733/cpec-investment-pushed-55b-62b/">"CPEC investment pushed from $55b to $62b – The Express Tribune"</a>. The Express Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515011718/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1381733/cpec-investment-pushed-55b-62b/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=CPEC+investment+pushed+from+%2455b+to+%2462b+%E2%80%93+The+Express+Tribune&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Salman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1381733%2Fcpec-investment-pushed-55b-62b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcclatchydc-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcclatchydc_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcclatchydc_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2015" class="citation news cs1">Hussain, Tom (19 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24783286.html">"China's Xi in Pakistan to cement huge infrastructure projects, submarine sales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/McClatchy_News" class="mw-redirect" title="McClatchy News">McClatchy News</a>. Islamabad: mcclatchydc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802124323/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24783286.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McClatchy+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+Xi+in+Pakistan+to+cement+huge+infrastructure+projects%2C+submarine+sales&rft.date=2015-04-19&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Fworld%2Farticle24783286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiani-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiani_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiani_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiani2016" class="citation news cs1">Kiani, Khaleeq (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1287040">"With a new Chinese loan, CPEC is now worth $57bn"</a>. Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120084540/http://www.dawn.com/news/1287040">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=With+a+new+Chinese+loan%2C+CPEC+is+now+worth+%2457bn&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.aulast=Kiani&rft.aufirst=Khaleeq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1287040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn_1153597-111"><a href="#cite_ref-dawn_1153597_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153597/cpec-the-devil-is-not-in-the-details">"CPEC: The devil is not in the details"</a>. 23 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514142904/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153597/cpec-the-devil-is-not-in-the-details">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPEC%3A+The+devil+is+not+in+the+details&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherald.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1153597%2Fcpec-the-devil-is-not-in-the-details&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune_846370-112"><a href="#cite_ref-tribune_846370_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/">"Economic corridor: Chinese official sets record straight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>. 2 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802204549/https://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Economic+corridor%3A+Chinese+official+sets+record+straight&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F846370%2Feconomic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atimes_20161116-113"><a href="#cite_ref-atimes_20161116_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamachandran2016" class="citation web cs1">Ramachandran, Sudha (16 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/cpec-takes-step-forward-violence-surges-balochistan/?platform=hootsuite">"CPEC takes a step forward as violence surges in Balochistan"</a>. Asia Times Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514023210/https://asiatimes.com/2016/11/cpec-takes-step-forward-violence-surges-balochistan/?platform=hootsuite">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 19 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=CPEC+takes+a+step+forward+as+violence+surges+in+Balochistan&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Sudha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2Fcpec-takes-step-forward-violence-surges-balochistan%2F%3Fplatform%3Dhootsuite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhao_2023-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao_2023_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao_2023_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao_2023_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhao_2023_114-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suisheng_Zhao" title="Suisheng Zhao">Zhao, Suisheng</a> (2023). The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3088-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-3088-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1331741429">1331741429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1331741429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcif-115"><a href="#cite_ref-rcif_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015xiattendwwii/2015-05/09/content_20666880.htm">"China to step up Russian debt financing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a>. 9 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122617/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015xiattendwwii/2015-05/09/content_20666880.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=China+to+step+up+Russian+debt+financing&rft.date=2015-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fworld%2F2015xiattendwwii%2F2015-05%2F09%2Fcontent_20666880.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china_7207419-116"><a href="#cite_ref-china_7207419_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://china.org.cn/business/node_7207419.htm">"Silk Road Economic Belt_China.org.cn"</a>. china.org.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315201700/http://www.china.org.cn/business/node_7207419.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=china.org.cn&rft.atitle=Silk+Road+Economic+Belt_China.org.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.org.cn%2Fbusiness%2Fnode_7207419.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiat-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Xiat_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2013/09/xi-jinping-calls-for-regional-cooperation-via-new-silk-road/">"Xi Jinping Calls For Regional Cooperation Via New Silk Road"</a>. The Astana Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055555/https://astanatimes.com/2013/09/xi-jinping-calls-for-regional-cooperation-via-new-silk-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+Calls+For+Regional+Cooperation+Via+New+Silk+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fxi-jinping-calls-for-regional-cooperation-via-new-silk-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstl2023" class="citation book cs1">Gerstl, Alfred (2023). "China in its Immediate Neighborhood". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-03-239508-1"><bdi>978-1-03-239508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China+in+its+Immediate+Neighborhood&rft.btitle=Contemporary+China%3A+a+New+Superpower%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-03-239508-1&rft.aulast=Gerstl&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUreporterNZ-119"><a href="#cite_ref-EUreporterNZ_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eureporter.co/frontpage/2016/12/10/integrating-kazakhstan-nurly-zhol-chinas-silk-road-economic-belt-will-benefit-all-officials-say/">"Integrating #Kazakhstan Nurly Zhol, China's Silk Road economic belt will benefit all, officials say"</a>. EUReporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315090056/https://www.eureporter.co/frontpage/2016/12/10/integrating-kazakhstan-nurly-zhol-chinas-silk-road-economic-belt-will-benefit-all-officials-say/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Integrating+%23Kazakhstan+Nurly+Zhol%2C+China%27s+Silk+Road+economic+belt+will+benefit+all%2C+officials+say&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eureporter.co%2Ffrontpage%2F2016%2F12%2F10%2Fintegrating-kazakhstan-nurly-zhol-chinas-silk-road-economic-belt-will-benefit-all-officials-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-18-120"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-18_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511193307/http://www.maritimesun.com/news/sri-lanka-supports-chinas-initiative-of-a-21st-century-maritime-silk-route">"Sri Lanka Supports China's Initiative of a 21st Century Maritime Silk Route"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maritimesun.com/news/sri-lanka-supports-chinas-initiative-of-a-21st-century-maritime-silk-route">the original</a> on 11 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+Supports+China%27s+Initiative+of+a+21st+Century+Maritime+Silk+Route&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimesun.com%2Fnews%2Fsri-lanka-supports-chinas-initiative-of-a-21st-century-maritime-silk-route&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-19-121"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-19_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon_Tiezzi,_The_Diplomat" class="citation web cs1">Shannon Tiezzi, The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/china-pushes-maritime-silk-road-in-south-southeast-asia/">"China Pushes 'Maritime Silk Road' in South, Southeast Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501173748/https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/china-pushes-maritime-silk-road-in-south-southeast-asia/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=China+Pushes+%27Maritime+Silk+Road%27+in+South%2C+Southeast+Asia&rft.au=Shannon+Tiezzi%2C+The+Diplomat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F09%2Fchina-pushes-maritime-silk-road-in-south-southeast-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciis7231376-122"><a href="#cite_ref-ciis7231376_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-09/15/content_7231376.htm">"Reflections on Maritime Partnership: Building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403001146/http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-09/15/content_7231376.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Maritime+Partnership%3A+Building+the+21st+Century+Maritime+Silk+Road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciis.org.cn%2Fenglish%2F2014-09%2F15%2Fcontent_7231376.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinadaily17008940-123"><a href="#cite_ref-chinadaily17008940_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302055647/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/04/content_17008940.htm">"Xi in call for building of new 'maritime silk road'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/04/content_17008940.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Xi+in+call+for+building+of+new+%27maritime+silk+road%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2013-10%2F04%2Fcontent_17008940.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Bernhard Simon: Die natürlichen Grenzen der Neuen Seidenstraße. Manager Magazin 5/2019, 2 May 2019; Bernhard Zand: China erobert das Wasser Der Spiegel, 9 September 2016; Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China's Belt and Road dreams take off in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkOverlandVakulchuk2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, Siusue; Overland, Indra; Vakulchuk, Roman (2020). "Sharing the Spoils: Winners and Losers in the Belt and Road Initiative in Myanmar". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 39 (3): 381–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1868103420962116">10.1177/1868103420962116</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2689628">11250/2689628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227179618">227179618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Current+Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Sharing+the+Spoils%3A+Winners+and+Losers+in+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+in+Myanmar&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2689628&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227179618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1868103420962116&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Siusue&rft.au=Overland%2C+Indra&rft.au=Vakulchuk%2C+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Johnny Erling: Chinas großer Sprung nach Afrika, Die Welt, 3 September 2018; Andreas Eckert: Mit Mao nach Daressalam, Die Zeit 28 March 2019, p 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Harry G. Broadman "Afrika's Silk Road" (2007), pp 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Andreas Eckert: "Mit Mao nach Daressalam" Die Zeit, 28 March 2019, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Zacharias Zacharakis: Chinas Anker in Europa Die Zeit, 8 May 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Andrea Rossini: Venezia, si incaglia la via della Seta. Porto off limits per le navi cinesi in TGR Veneto (RAI), 16 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Chinesen wollen im Hafen Triest investieren. Warenverkehr der Seidenstraße läuft übers Meer Die Presse 16 May 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Thomas Fischer: Viele europäische Länder fürchten Chinas Einfluss. Portugal glaubt an die Seidenstrasse in Neue Zürcher Zeitung 6 December 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Cosco investiert wieder in große MPP-Flotte. Hansa International Maritime Journal, 20 November 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. Frankfurt am Main 2017, S. 59; Chinesen wollen verstärkt im Hafen Triest investieren, In: Kleine Zeitung 16 May 2017; Marco Kauffmann Bossart: Chinas Seidenstrasse-Initiative bringt Griechenland Investitionen und Jobs. Zu welchem Preis? In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung 12 July 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> P&O Ferrymasters Launches New Intermodal Services Linking Turkey To Rotterdam And Zeebrugge Hubs Via Trieste. in Hellenic Shipping News 8 January 2019; Hafen Triest stärkt Intermodal-Verbindungen nach Luxemburg in Verkehrsrundschau: 12 June 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> "Hafen Triest nun mit Bahnverbindung nach Nürnberg" Industrie Magazin, 9 November 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIt" class="citation web cs1">It, Stol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stol.it/artikel/wirtschaft/italien-will-in-schnellere-bahnverbindung-triest-venedig-investieren">"Italien will in schnellere Bahnverbindung Triest-Venedig investieren"</a>. stol.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209173547/https://www.stol.it/artikel/wirtschaft/italien-will-in-schnellere-bahnverbindung-triest-venedig-investieren">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stol.it&rft.atitle=Italien+will+in+schnellere+Bahnverbindung+Triest-Venedig+investieren&rft.aulast=It&rft.aufirst=Stol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stol.it%2Fartikel%2Fwirtschaft%2Fitalien-will-in-schnellere-bahnverbindung-triest-venedig-investieren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Gerald Pohl: Neue Seidenstraße: China drängt es nach Europa Die Presse, 17 September 2019; Hafen Triest auf Wachstumskurs: Neue Bahnverbindung nach Rostock. Der Trend, 17 October 2018; Frank Behling: Hafenzug Kiel–Triest. Von der Förde ans Mittelmeer. In: Kieler Nachrichten: 25 January 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Triest – Ein Welthafen für Bayern, In: Bayrische Staatszeitung 30 November 2018; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), p 112; Bruno Macaes: China's Italian advance threatens EU unity. Im Nikkei Asian Review 25 March 2019; Werner Balsen: Der neue Blick nach Europa – von Süden in DVZ, 10 July 2019; Alexandra Endres: Schifffahrt ist fürs Klima genau so schlimm wie Kohle, In: Die Zeit, 9 December 2019; Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? In: World Cargo News, 17 December 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> "Trieste, ex Aquila venduta all'ungherese Adria Port" Il Piccolo, 18 December 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Matteo Bressan: Opportunities and challenges for BRI in Europe in Global Time, 2 April 2019; Andreas Deutsch: Verlagerungseffekte im containerbasierten Hinterlandverkehr (2014), p 143; Johnny Erling: Peking streckt die Hand nach italienischen Häfen aus Die Welt, 21 March 2019; Alexander Zwagerman: The eternal city welcomes the eternal Red Emperor: Italy's embrace of Beijing is a headache for its partners, Hong Kong Free Press, 31 March 2019; Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della Sera: 5 November 2019; Trieste to become Hungary's sea exit, The Budapest Business Journal, 21 June 2019; "Hamburger Hafenkonzern investiert groß in Triest" in Die Presse 29 September 2020; Linda Vierecke, Elisabetta Galla "Triest und die neue Seidenstraße" Deutsche Welle, 8 December 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> "Logistica, il colosso Duisport acquisisce il 15% delle quote dell'Interporto di Trieste" Il Piccolo, 15 December 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nordesteconomia.gelocal.it/infrastrutture/2021/01/31/news/verso-il-colosso-ue-dei-container-amburgo-brema-un-faro-su-trieste-1.39843003">"Verso il colosso Ue dei container Amburgo-Brema. Un faro su Trieste"</a>. Nord Est Economia. 31 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227155335/https://nordesteconomia.gelocal.it/infrastrutture/2021/01/31/news/verso-il-colosso-ue-dei-container-amburgo-brema-un-faro-su-trieste-1.39843003">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nord+Est+Economia&rft.atitle=Verso+il+colosso+Ue+dei+container+Amburgo-Brema.+Un+faro+su+Trieste&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnordesteconomia.gelocal.it%2Finfrastrutture%2F2021%2F01%2F31%2Fnews%2Fverso-il-colosso-ue-dei-container-amburgo-brema-un-faro-su-trieste-1.39843003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeneziani2021" class="citation web cs1">Veneziani, Italo (24 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.triesteallnews.it/2021/05/linterporto-cervignano-e-ora-la-banchina-estesa-del-porto-di-trieste/">"L'Interporto Cervignano è ora la banchina estesa del Porto di Trieste - TRIESTE.news"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622010051/https://www.triesteallnews.it/2021/05/linterporto-cervignano-e-ora-la-banchina-estesa-del-porto-di-trieste/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Interporto+Cervignano+%C3%A8+ora+la+banchina+estesa+del+Porto+di+Trieste+-+TRIESTE.news&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft.aulast=Veneziani&rft.aufirst=Italo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.triesteallnews.it%2F2021%2F05%2Flinterporto-cervignano-e-ora-la-banchina-estesa-del-porto-di-trieste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> "RCG verstärkt Verbindung nach Triest" In: Dispo, 3 February 2021; "Zusätzliche Bahnverbindungen zwischen Triest und Nürnberg" In: Verkehrsrundschau 19 April 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://industriemagazin.at/artikel/hafen-triest-nun-mit-bahnverbindung-nach-nuernberg/">"Hafen Triest nun mit Bahnverbindung nach Nürnberg"</a>. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_%C3%96sterreichische_Industriemagazin" class="extiw" title="de:Das Österreichische Industriemagazin">Das Österreichische Industriemagazin</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622004548/https://industriemagazin.at/artikel/hafen-triest-nun-mit-bahnverbindung-nach-nuernberg/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Das+%C3%96sterreichische+Industriemagazin&rft.atitle=Hafen+Triest+nun+mit+Bahnverbindung+nach+N%C3%BCrnberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findustriemagazin.at%2Fartikel%2Fhafen-triest-nun-mit-bahnverbindung-nach-nuernberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html">"Neue Seidenstraße: Das Mega-Projekt aus China"</a>. www.merkur.de. 14 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629064839/https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merkur.de&rft.atitle=Neue+Seidenstra%C3%9Fe%3A+Das+Mega-Projekt+aus+China&rft.date=2021-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merkur.de%2Fpolitik%2Fneue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive_201808182334-148"><a href="#cite_ref-archive_201808182334_148-0">^</a> Suokas, J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbtimes.com/china-russia-build-ice-silk-road-along-northern-sea-route">China, Russia to build ‘Ice Silk Road’ along Northern Sea Route</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818233421/https://gbtimes.com/china-russia-build-ice-silk-road-along-northern-sea-route">Archived</a> 18 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GB Times, published 6 July 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2019" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Isaiah M. (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calrev.org/2019/07/18/cold-ambition-the-new-geopolitical-faultline/">"Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline"</a>. The California Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208023028/https://calrev.org/2019/07/18/cold-ambition-the-new-geopolitical-faultline/?v=7516fd43adaa">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+California+Review&rft.atitle=Cold+Ambition%3A+The+New+Geopolitical+Faultline&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Isaiah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalrev.org%2F2019%2F07%2F18%2Fcold-ambition-the-new-geopolitical-faultline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parzyan_2023-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parzyan_2023_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzyan_2023_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parzyan_2023_150-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParzyan2023" class="citation book cs1">Parzyan, Anahit (2023). "China's Digital Silk Road: Empowering Capabilities for Digital Leadership in Eurasia". China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace. Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003352587-18">10.4324/9781003352587-18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Digital+Silk+Road%3A+Empowering+Capabilities+for+Digital+Leadership+in+Eurasia&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003352587-18&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Parzyan&rft.aufirst=Anahit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sciacovelli_2023-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sciacovelli_2023_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sciacovelli_2023_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sciacovelli_2023_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarissa_Sciacovelli2023" class="citation book cs1">Larissa Sciacovelli, Annita (2023). "Cybersecurity Challenges between the EU and China". China and Eurasian powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace. Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003352587-20">10.4324/9781003352587-20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cybersecurity+Challenges+between+the+EU+and+China&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003352587-20&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Larissa+Sciacovelli&rft.aufirst=Annita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2024" class="citation web cs1">Yang, Lin (28 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/china-s-digital-silk-road-exports-internet-technology-controls/7626266.html">"China's Digital Silk Road exports internet technology, controls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528195557/https://www.voanews.com/a/china-s-digital-silk-road-exports-internet-technology-controls/7626266.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=China%27s+Digital+Silk+Road+exports+internet+technology%2C+controls&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fchina-s-digital-silk-road-exports-internet-technology-controls%2F7626266.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2024" class="citation web cs1">Kaufman, Arthur (15 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2024/05/chinese-surveillance-technology-expands-at-home-and-abroad/">"Chinese Surveillance Technology Expands at Home and Abroad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Digital_Times" title="China Digital Times">China Digital Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528220554/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2024/05/chinese-surveillance-technology-expands-at-home-and-abroad/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Digital+Times&rft.atitle=Chinese+Surveillance+Technology+Expands+at+Home+and+Abroad&rft.date=2024-05-15&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinadigitaltimes.net%2F2024%2F05%2Fchinese-surveillance-technology-expands-at-home-and-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Zhang-154"><a href="#cite_ref-:Zhang_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2024" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197682258.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197682258" title="Special:BookSources/9780197682258"><bdi>9780197682258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Wire%3A+How+China+Regulates+Big+Tech+and+Governs+Its+Economy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197682258.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780197682258&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Angela+Huyue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParzyan2023" class="citation book cs1">Parzyan, Anahit (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-04020081/file/9781003352587_previewpdf.pdf">China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace</a> (PDF). Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003352587">10.4324/9781003352587</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507005252/https://hal.science/hal-04020081/file/9781003352587_previewpdf.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003352587&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Parzyan&rft.aufirst=Anahit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-04020081%2Ffile%2F9781003352587_previewpdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahakyan2024" class="citation journal cs1">Sahakyan, Mher D. (9 December 2024). "China's Digital Silk Road and the Eurasian Economic Union's Member States: Cooperation, Challenges, and Opportunities". <a href="/wiki/Asian_Affairs" title="Asian Affairs">Asian Affairs</a>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068374.2024.2421501">10.1080/03068374.2024.2421501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-8374">0306-8374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=China%27s+Digital+Silk+Road+and+the+Eurasian+Economic+Union%27s+Member+States%3A+Cooperation%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Opportunities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2024-12-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068374.2024.2421501&rft.issn=0306-8374&rft.aulast=Sahakyan&rft.aufirst=Mher+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangHuangTong2024" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Che; Huang, Lian; Tong, Athena (20 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/state-goals-private-tools-digital-sovereignty-and-surveillance-along-the-belt-and-road/">"State Goals, Private Tools: Digital Sovereignty and Surveillance Along the Belt and Road"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241221224027/https://jamestown.org/program/state-goals-private-tools-digital-sovereignty-and-surveillance-along-the-belt-and-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=State+Goals%2C+Private+Tools%3A+Digital+Sovereignty+and+Surveillance+Along+the+Belt+and+Road&rft.date=2024-12-20&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Che&rft.au=Huang%2C+Lian&rft.au=Tong%2C+Athena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fstate-goals-private-tools-digital-sovereignty-and-surveillance-along-the-belt-and-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-20-158"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-20_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e808a542-d6c6-11e7-8c9a-d9c0a5c8d5c9">"China plans super-grid for clean power in Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. 5 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202070611/https://www.ft.com/content/e808a542-d6c6-11e7-8c9a-d9c0a5c8d5c9">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China+plans+super-grid+for+clean+power+in+Asia&rft.date=2017-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe808a542-d6c6-11e7-8c9a-d9c0a5c8d5c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee_20190221-159"><a href="#cite_ref-ieee_20190221_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairley2019" class="citation web cs1">Fairley, Peter (21 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/chinas-ambitious-plan-to-build-the-worlds-biggest-supergrid">"China's Ambitious Plan to Build the World's Biggest Supergrid"</a>. IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512092508/https://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/the-smarter-grid/chinas-ambitious-plan-to-build-the-worlds-biggest-supergrid">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum%3A+Technology%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Science+News&rft.atitle=China%27s+Ambitious+Plan+to+Build+the+World%27s+Biggest+Supergrid&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft.aulast=Fairley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fchinas-ambitious-plan-to-build-the-worlds-biggest-supergrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vision-160"><a href="#cite_ref-vision_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085441/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/03/29/2941s872030_1.htm">"Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Belt and Road"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>. 29 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/03/29/2941s872030_1.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vision+and+Actions+on+Jointly+Building+Belt+and+Road&rft.date=2015-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cri.cn%2F12394%2F2015%2F03%2F29%2F2941s872030_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-21-161"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-21_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-drops-bcim-from-bri-projects-list-119042800540_1.html">"China drops BCIM from BRI projects' list"</a>. Business Standard. 28 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028200349/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-drops-bcim-from-bri-projects-list-119042800540_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=China+drops+BCIM+from+BRI+projects%27+list&rft.date=2019-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-ians%2Fchina-drops-bcim-from-bri-projects-list-119042800540_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-17-162"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-17_162-0">^</a> Based on 《一帶一路規劃藍圖》 in Nanfang Daily </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWANG" class="citation web cs1">WANG, Christoph NEDOPIL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/">"Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Green Finance & Development Center"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518091931/https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Countries+of+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+%28BRI%29+%E2%80%93+Green+Finance+%26+Development+Center&rft.aulast=WANG&rft.aufirst=Christoph+NEDOPIL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreenfdc.org%2Fcountries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yidaiyilu_20190412-164"><a href="#cite_ref-yidaiyilu_20190412_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190208025452/https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/info/iList.jsp?tm_id=126&cat_id=10122&info_id=77298"><bdi lang="zh">已同中國簽訂共建一帶一路合作文件的國家一覽</bdi></a>. BRI Official Website. 12 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/info/iList.jsp?tm_id=126&cat_id=10122&info_id=77298">the original</a> on 8 February 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BRI+Official+Website&rft.atitle=%E5%B7%B2%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B0%BD%E8%A8%82%E5%85%B1%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%B6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yidaiyilu.gov.cn%2Finfo%2FiList.jsp%3Ftm_id%3D126%26cat_id%3D10122%26info_id%3D77298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-22-165"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-22_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174859/https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/qwyw/rdxw/69500.htm">"B&R interconnection witnesses great breakthroughs in 5-year development-Belt and Road Portal"</a>. eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/qwyw/rdxw/69500.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn&rft.atitle=B%26R+interconnection+witnesses+great+breakthroughs+in+5-year+development-Belt+and+Road+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn%2Fqwyw%2Frdxw%2F69500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/asean-business/understanding-chinas-bri-in-laos">"Understanding China's BRI in Laos"</a>. www.businesstimes.com.sg. 13 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412105659/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/asean-business/understanding-chinas-bri-in-laos">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.businesstimes.com.sg&rft.atitle=Understanding+China%27s+BRI+in+Laos&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstimes.com.sg%2Fasean-business%2Funderstanding-chinas-bri-in-laos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/29/magazine/china-globalization-kazakhstan.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/29/magazine/china-globalization-kazakhstan.html">"Can China Turn the Middle of Nowhere Into the Center of the World Economy?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 29 January 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Can+China+Turn+the+Middle+of+Nowhere+Into+the+Center+of+the+World+Economy%3F&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F01%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fchina-globalization-kazakhstan.html%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2019%2F01%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fchina-globalization-kazakhstan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merics.org/en/analysis/bri-pakistan-chinas-flagship-economic-corridor">"The BRI in Pakistan: China's flagship economic corridor | Merics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mercator_Institute_for_China_Studies" title="Mercator Institute for China Studies">Mercator Institute for China Studies</a>. 20 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505123128/https://merics.org/en/analysis/bri-pakistan-chinas-flagship-economic-corridor">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mercator+Institute+for+China+Studies&rft.atitle=The+BRI+in+Pakistan%3A+China%27s+flagship+economic+corridor+%7C+Merics&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerics.org%2Fen%2Fanalysis%2Fbri-pakistan-chinas-flagship-economic-corridor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_169-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanSautman2024" class="citation journal cs1">Yan, Hairong; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sautman" title="Barry Sautman">Sautman, Barry</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741023000966">"China, Ethiopia and the Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a>. 257 (257): 222–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741023000966">10.1017/S0305741023000966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=China%2C+Ethiopia+and+the+Significance+of+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=257&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741023000966&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Hairong&rft.au=Sautman%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0305741023000966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tan, Veltrice (18 April 2023). "Belt and Road Initiative: the interplay between corruption, plea-bargaining and civil alternative dispute resolution". Journal of Financial Crime. 30 (3): 603–617. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJFC-02-2023-0029">10.1108/JFC-02-2023-0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-0790">1359-0790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Financial+Crime&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+the+interplay+between+corruption%2C+plea-bargaining+and+civil+alternative+dispute+resolution&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E603-%3C%2Fspan%3E617&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FJFC-02-2023-0029&rft.issn=1359-0790&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Veltrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-171"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaikady2022" class="citation journal cs1">Baikady, Rajendra (2 October 2022). "Organized crime and corruption across borders: Exploring the belt and road initiative". <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Science_Journal" title="The Social Science Journal">The Social Science Journal</a>. 59 (4): 671–672. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03623319.2020.1848295">10.1080/03623319.2020.1848295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-3319">0362-3319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Social+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Organized+crime+and+corruption+across+borders%3A+Exploring+the+belt+and+road+initiative&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E671-%3C%2Fspan%3E672&rft.date=2022-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03623319.2020.1848295&rft.issn=0362-3319&rft.aulast=Baikady&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurbrick2025" class="citation web cs1">Purbrick, Martin (25 March 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/organized-crime-on-the-belt-and-road/">"Organized Crime on the Belt and Road"</a>. China Brief. <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241107184324/https://jamestown.org/program/organized-crime-on-the-belt-and-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Brief&rft.atitle=Organized+Crime+on+the+Belt+and+Road&rft.date=2025-03-25&rft.aulast=Purbrick&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Forganized-crime-on-the-belt-and-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComolli2021" class="citation web cs1">Comolli, Virginia (5 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/bri-crime/">"China's New Silk Road: Navigating the organized crime risk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime">Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250114210916/https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/bri-crime/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2025. Retrieved 10 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Initiative+Against+Transnational+Organized+Crime&rft.atitle=China%E2%80%99s+New+Silk+Road%3A+Navigating+the+organized+crime+risk&rft.date=2021-05-05&rft.aulast=Comolli&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalinitiative.net%2Fanalysis%2Fbri-crime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinland2019" class="citation web cs1">Weinland, Don (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190719001102/https://www.ft.com/content/a5815e66-a91b-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04">"China to embed anti-corruption officers in BRI projects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/a5815e66-a91b-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04">the original</a> on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China+to+embed+anti-corruption+officers+in+BRI+projects&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.aulast=Weinland&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fa5815e66-a91b-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road">"Banking on the Belt and Road: Insights from a new global dataset of 13,427 Chinese development projects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AidData" title="AidData">AidData</a>. 29 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408012254/https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AidData&rft.atitle=Banking+on+the+Belt+and+Road%3A+Insights+from+a+new+global+dataset+of+13%2C427+Chinese+development+projects&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiddata.org%2Fpublications%2Fbanking-on-the-belt-and-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sustainablefinance.hsbc.com/-/media/gbm/reports/sustainable-financing/greening-the-belt-and-road-initiative.pdf">"Greening the Belt and Road Initiative"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019005132/https://www.sustainablefinance.hsbc.com/-/media/gbm/reports/sustainable-financing/greening-the-belt-and-road-initiative.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greening+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainablefinance.hsbc.com%2F-%2Fmedia%2Fgbm%2Freports%2Fsustainable-financing%2Fgreening-the-belt-and-road-initiative.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-25-177"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-25_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/digest/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-could-drive-warming-to-2-7-degrees">"China's Belt and Road Initiative Could Drive Warming to 2.7 Degrees"</a>. Yale E360. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925175240/https://e360.yale.edu/digest/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-could-drive-warming-to-2-7-degrees">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+E360&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+Could+Drive+Warming+to+2.7+Degrees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe360.yale.edu%2Fdigest%2Fchinas-belt-and-road-initiative-could-drive-warming-to-2-7-degrees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2019" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Geoff, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoinet.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/BRI-Layout-WEB.pdf">Greening the Belt and Road Projects in Central Asia: A Visual Synthesis</a> (PDF). Switzerland: Zoi Environment Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208023029/https://zoinet.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/BRI-Layout-WEB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greening+the+Belt+and+Road+Projects+in+Central+Asia%3A+A+Visual+Synthesis&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pub=Zoi+Environment+Network&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzoinet.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FBRI-Layout-WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuksanovic2021" class="citation web cs1">Vuksanovic, Vuk (16 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/16/serbia-china-bri-coal-copper-dirty-energy-dumping-ground/">"China's Belt and Road Initiative Is Causing Environmental Damage in Serbia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717194112/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/16/serbia-china-bri-coal-copper-dirty-energy-dumping-ground/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+Is+Causing+Environmental+Damage+in+Serbia&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Vuksanovic&rft.aufirst=Vuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F07%2F16%2Fserbia-china-bri-coal-copper-dirty-energy-dumping-ground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuo-180"><a href="#cite_ref-kuo_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuo2019" class="citation news cs1">Kuo, Lily (25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/25/belt-and-road-forum-chinas-project-of-the-century-hits-tough-times">"Belt and Road forum: China's 'project of the century' hits tough times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Beijing. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224">1756-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60623878">60623878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514023148/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/25/belt-and-road-forum-chinas-project-of-the-century-hits-tough-times">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road+forum%3A+China%27s+%27project+of+the+century%27+hits+tough+times&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60623878&rft.issn=1756-3224&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fapr%2F25%2Fbelt-and-road-forum-chinas-project-of-the-century-hits-tough-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouGilbertWangMuñoz_Cabre2018" class="citation report cs1">Zhou, L.; Gilbert, S.; Wang, Y.; Muñoz Cabre, M.; Gallagher, K.P. (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wri.org/research/moving-green-belt-and-road-initiative-words-actions">Moving the Green Belt and Road Initiative: From Words to Actions</a> (Report). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517165546/https://www.wri.org/research/moving-green-belt-and-road-initiative-words-actions">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Moving+the+Green+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+From+Words+to+Actions&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=World+Resources+Institute&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+S.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz+Cabre%2C+M.&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+K.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wri.org%2Fresearch%2Fmoving-green-belt-and-road-initiative-words-actions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurschwellBrownPearsonConnolly2020" class="citation journal cs1">Turschwell, Mischa P.; Brown, Christopher J.; Pearson, Ryan M.; Connolly, Rod M. (1 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X19307675">"China's Belt and Road Initiative: Conservation opportunities for threatened marine species and habitats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marine_Policy" title="Marine Policy">Marine Policy</a>. 112: 103791. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MarPo.11203791T">2020MarPo.11203791T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2019.103791">10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103791</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-597X">0308-597X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212771175">212771175</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503124904/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X19307675">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+Conservation+opportunities+for+threatened+marine+species+and+habitats&rft.volume=112&rft.pages=103791&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2019.103791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212771175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-597X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020MarPo.11203791T&rft.aulast=Turschwell&rft.aufirst=Mischa+P.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Pearson%2C+Ryan+M.&rft.au=Connolly%2C+Rod+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0308597X19307675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cn.undp.org/content/china/en/home/library/south-south-cooperation/a-new-means-to-transformative-global-governance-towards-sustaina.html">"A New Means to Transformative Global Governance Towards Sustainable Development"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505215832/https://www.cn.undp.org/content/china/en/home/library/south-south-cooperation/a-new-means-to-transformative-global-governance-towards-sustaina.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=A+New+Means+to+Transformative+Global+Governance+Towards+Sustainable+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cn.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fchina%2Fen%2Fhome%2Flibrary%2Fsouth-south-cooperation%2Fa-new-means-to-transformative-global-governance-towards-sustaina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coenen_2021-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coenen_2021_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coenen_2021_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoenenBagerMeyfroidtNewig2021" class="citation journal cs1">Coenen, Johanna; Bager, Simon; Meyfroidt, Patrick; Newig, Jens; Challies, Edward (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feet.1901">"Environmental Governance of China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. Environmental Policy and Governance. 31 (1): 3–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feet.1901">10.1002/eet.1901</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-9338">1756-9338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225610730">225610730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Policy+and+Governance&rft.atitle=Environmental+Governance+of+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225610730%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1756-9338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Feet.1901&rft.aulast=Coenen&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft.au=Bager%2C+Simon&rft.au=Meyfroidt%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Newig%2C+Jens&rft.au=Challies%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Feet.1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLuMiaoDeng2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Shi; Lu, Xi; Miao, Yufei; Deng, Yu; Nielsen, Chris P.; Elbot, Noah; Wang, Yuanchen; Logan, Kathryn G.; McElroy, Michael B.; Hao, Jiming (21 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.06.006">"The Potential of Photovoltaics to Power the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joule_(journal)" title="Joule (journal)">Joule</a>. 3 (8): 1895–1912. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Joule...3.1895C">2019Joule...3.1895C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.06.006">10.1016/j.joule.2019.06.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2542-4351">2542-4351</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197671970">197671970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joule&rft.atitle=The+Potential+of+Photovoltaics+to+Power+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1895-%3C%2Fspan%3E1912&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.06.006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197671970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2542-4351&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Joule...3.1895C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Shi&rft.au=Lu%2C+Xi&rft.au=Miao%2C+Yufei&rft.au=Deng%2C+Yu&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Chris+P.&rft.au=Elbot%2C+Noah&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuanchen&rft.au=Logan%2C+Kathryn+G.&rft.au=McElroy%2C+Michael+B.&rft.au=Hao%2C+Jiming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.joule.2019.06.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/belt-and-road-initiative-international-green">"The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition"</a>. 9 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125134639/https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/belt-and-road-initiative-international-green">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+International+Green+Development+Coalition&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unenvironment.org%2Fregions%2Fasia-and-pacific%2Fregional-initiatives%2Fbelt-and-road-initiative-international-green&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreyer2019" class="citation web cs1">Treyer, Sébastien (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/blog-post/greening-belt-and-road-initiative-recent-advances-assessing-scale">"Greening the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. IDDR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220143457/https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/blog-post/greening-belt-and-road-initiative-recent-advances-assessing-scale">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greening+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.pub=IDDR&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Treyer&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iddri.org%2Fen%2Fpublications-and-events%2Fblog-post%2Fgreening-belt-and-road-initiative-recent-advances-assessing-scale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2020" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Christian (5 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e00426f4-8ead-11ea-af59-5283fc4c0cb0">"China's Belt and Road urged to take green route"</a>. Financial Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1766">0307-1766</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217100008/https://www.ft.com/content/e00426f4-8ead-11ea-af59-5283fc4c0cb0">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+urged+to+take+green+route&rft.date=2020-06-05&rft.issn=0307-1766&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe00426f4-8ead-11ea-af59-5283fc4c0cb0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakano2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nakano, Jane (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/greening-or-greenwashing-belt-and-road-initiative">"Greening or Greenwashing the Belt and Road Initiative?"</a>. www.csis.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018192709/https://www.csis.org/analysis/greening-or-greenwashing-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.csis.org&rft.atitle=Greening+or+Greenwashing+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3F&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Nakano&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fgreening-or-greenwashing-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamso2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gamso, Jonas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eet.1807">"Environmental policy impacts of trade with China and the moderating effect of governance"</a>. Environmental Policy and Governance. 28 (6): 395–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feet.1807">10.1002/eet.1807</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-9338">1756-9338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158113385">158113385</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183328/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eet.1807">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Policy+and+Governance&rft.atitle=Environmental+policy+impacts+of+trade+with+China+and+the+moderating+effect+of+governance&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E405&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158113385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1756-9338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Feet.1807&rft.aulast=Gamso&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Feet.1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracyShvartsSimonovBabenko2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tracy, Elena F.; Shvarts, Evgeny; Simonov, Eugene; Babenko, Mikhail (2 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15387216.2017.1295876">"China's new Eurasian ambitions: the environmental risks of the Silk Road Economic Belt"</a>. Eurasian Geography and Economics. 58 (1): 56–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15387216.2017.1295876">10.1080/15387216.2017.1295876</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-7216">1538-7216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157808832">157808832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Geography+and+Economics&rft.atitle=China%27s+new+Eurasian+ambitions%3A+the+environmental+risks+of+the+Silk+Road+Economic+Belt&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157808832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1538-7216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15387216.2017.1295876&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Elena+F.&rft.au=Shvarts%2C+Evgeny&rft.au=Simonov%2C+Eugene&rft.au=Babenko%2C+Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F15387216.2017.1295876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianHuYinGeng2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tian, Xu; Hu, Yunyi; Yin, Haitao; Geng, Yong; Bleischwitz, Raimund (1 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344919303258">"Trade impacts of China's Belt and Road Initiative: From resource and environmental perspectives"</a>. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 150: 104430. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019RCR...15004430T">2019RCR...15004430T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2019.104430">10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-3449">0921-3449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202098591">202098591</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514023150/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921344919303258">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Trade+impacts+of+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+From+resource+and+environmental+perspectives&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=104430&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2019.104430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202098591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0921-3449&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019RCR...15004430T&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Xu&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yunyi&rft.au=Yin%2C+Haitao&rft.au=Geng%2C+Yong&rft.au=Bleischwitz%2C+Raimund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0921344919303258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023_193-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang,_Christoph_Nedopil_2023_193-3">d</a> Wang, Christoph Nedopil. “China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2023.” Green Finance & Development Center, March 19, 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang,_Christoph_Nedopil2024" class="citation web cs1">Wang, Christoph Nedopil (19 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501180948/https://greenfdc.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-2023/#:~:text=China%27s%20energy%20related%20engagement%20in%202023%20was%20the%20greenest%20since,6%20billion">"China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2023"</a>. Green Finance & Development Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greenfdc.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-2023/">the original</a> on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Green+Finance+%26+Development+Center&rft.atitle=China+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+%28BRI%29+Investment+Report+2023&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft.au=Wang%2C+Christoph+Nedopil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreenfdc.org%2Fchina-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evwind.es/2023/03/24/goldwind-will-install-a-factory-of-wind-turbines-for-wind-power-in-brazil/90891">"Goldwind will install a factory of wind turbines for wind power in Brazil"</a>. 24 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501180943/https://www.evwind.es/2023/03/24/goldwind-will-install-a-factory-of-wind-turbines-for-wind-power-in-brazil/90891">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Goldwind+will+install+a+factory+of+wind+turbines+for+wind+power+in+Brazil&rft.date=2023-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evwind.es%2F2023%2F03%2F24%2Fgoldwind-will-install-a-factory-of-wind-turbines-for-wind-power-in-brazil%2F90891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkyasa2023" class="citation news cs1">Arkyasa, Mahinda (18 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/risks-opportunities/pln-partners-with-state-grid-corporation-of-china-and-trina-solar-to-boost-clean-energy-and-develop-smart-grid/">"PLN partners with State Grid Corporation of China and Trina Solar to boost clean energy and develop smart grid"</a>. Indonesia Business Post. Business Whisper & Intelligence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219193528/https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/risks-opportunities/pln-partners-with-state-grid-corporation-of-china-and-trina-solar-to-boost-clean-energy-and-develop-smart-grid/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PLN+partners+with+State+Grid+Corporation+of+China+and+Trina+Solar+to+boost+clean+energy+and+develop+smart+grid&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft.aulast=Arkyasa&rft.aufirst=Mahinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findonesiabusinesspost.com%2Frisks-opportunities%2Fpln-partners-with-state-grid-corporation-of-china-and-trina-solar-to-boost-clean-energy-and-develop-smart-grid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6100439/china-stop-funding-coal-plants/">"Why China's Promise to Stop Funding Coal Plants Around the World Is a Really Big Deal"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514053918/https://time.com/6100439/china-stop-funding-coal-plants/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+China%27s+Promise+to+Stop+Funding+Coal+Plants+Around+the+World+Is+a+Really+Big+Deal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6100439%2Fchina-stop-funding-coal-plants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1027065-300mw-coal-power-plant-okayed-for-gwadar">"300MW coal power plant okayed for Gwadar"</a>. International The News. 4 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514023136/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1027065-300mw-coal-power-plant-okayed-for-gwadar">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=300MW+coal+power+plant+okayed+for+Gwadar&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F1027065-300mw-coal-power-plant-okayed-for-gwadar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2023" class="citation web cs1">Huang, Joyce (8 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/china-and-the-lessons-learned-from-a-decade-of-the-bri-/7301915.html">"China and the Lessons Learned From a Decade of the BRI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411060237/https://www.voanews.com/a/china-and-the-lessons-learned-from-a-decade-of-the-bri-/7301915.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=China+and+the+Lessons+Learned+From+a+Decade+of+the+BRI&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fchina-and-the-lessons-learned-from-a-decade-of-the-bri-%2F7301915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLW-200"><a href="#cite_ref-CLW_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinalaborwatch.org/silent-victims-of-labor-trafficking-chinas-belt-and-road-workers-stranded-overseas-amid-covid-19-pandemic/">"Silent Victims of Labor Trafficking: China's Belt and Road workers stranded overseas amid Covid-19 pandemic"</a>. China Labor Watch. 30 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514023818/https://chinalaborwatch.org/silent-victims-of-labor-trafficking-chinas-belt-and-road-workers-stranded-overseas-amid-covid-19-pandemic/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Labor+Watch&rft.atitle=Silent+Victims+of+Labor+Trafficking%3A+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+workers+stranded+overseas+amid+Covid-19+pandemic&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinalaborwatch.org%2Fsilent-victims-of-labor-trafficking-chinas-belt-and-road-workers-stranded-overseas-amid-covid-19-pandemic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-voa51-201"><a href="#cite_ref-voa51_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF方冰2021" class="citation news cs1">方冰 (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voachinese.com/a/Forced-labor-Chinese-Worker-Overseas-Belt-Road-Initiative-Indonesia-China-Labor-Watch-20210430/5873308.html">"劳工组织："一带一路"加剧海外中国劳工被强迫劳动"</a>. 美国之音. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507031110/https://www.voachinese.com/a/Forced-labor-Chinese-Worker-Overseas-Belt-Road-Initiative-Indonesia-China-Labor-Watch-20210430/5873308.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%EF%BC%9A%22%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%B7%AF%22%E5%8A%A0%E5%89%A7%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E8%A2%AB%E5%BC%BA%E8%BF%AB%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft.au=%E6%96%B9%E5%86%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voachinese.com%2Fa%2FForced-labor-Chinese-Worker-Overseas-Belt-Road-Initiative-Indonesia-China-Labor-Watch-20210430%2F5873308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-23-202"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-23_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/">"China Global Investment Tracker"</a>. American Enterprise Institute - AEI. American Enterprise Institute and Heritage Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200330231334/https://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Enterprise+Institute+-+AEI&rft.atitle=China+Global+Investment+Tracker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fchina-global-investment-tracker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-24-203"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-24_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScissors2019" class="citation book cs1">Scissors, Derek (12 June 2019). "Facts on the BRI's Past and Present". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/BRI-Senate-testimony-6.12.19.pdf">The Belt and Road is Overhyped, Commercially</a> (PDF). American Enterprise Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301104316/https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/BRI-Senate-testimony-6.12.19.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facts+on+the+BRI%27s+Past+and+Present&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Road+is+Overhyped%2C+Commercially&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=Scissors&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F06%2FBRI-Senate-testimony-6.12.19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.pl/en/news/art,191,president-duda-hopes-poland-will-become-chinas-gateway-to-europe.html">"President Duda hopes Poland will become China's gateway to Europe"</a>. President.pl. 20 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415055933/https://www.president.pl/en/news/art,191,president-duda-hopes-poland-will-become-chinas-gateway-to-europe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=President.pl&rft.atitle=President+Duda+hopes+Poland+will+become+China%27s+gateway+to+Europe&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fart%2C191%2Cpresident-duda-hopes-poland-will-become-chinas-gateway-to-europe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/president-duda-sends-sympathy-message-to-president-xi-jinping-10277">"President Duda sends sympathy message to President Xi Jinping"</a>. Polish Press Agency. 3 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414180434/https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/president-duda-sends-sympathy-message-to-president-xi-jinping-10277">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Press+Agency&rft.atitle=President+Duda+sends+sympathy+message+to+President+Xi+Jinping&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefirstnews.com%2Farticle%2Fpresident-duda-sends-sympathy-message-to-president-xi-jinping-10277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-poland-china-xi/xi-welcomes-chinese-freight-train-to-strategic-partner-poland-idUKKCN0Z6205">"Xi welcomes Chinese freight train to 'strategic partner' Poland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 20 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308204431/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-poland-china-xi/xi-welcomes-chinese-freight-train-to-strategic-partner-poland-idUKKCN0Z6205">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Xi+welcomes+Chinese+freight+train+to+%27strategic+partner%27+Poland&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-poland-china-xi%2Fxi-welcomes-chinese-freight-train-to-strategic-partner-poland-idUKKCN0Z6205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-30-207"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-30_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Irene (September 2019). "Reversing China's Belt-and-Road Initiative—Singapore's Response to the BRI and Its Quest for Relevance". East Asia. 36 (3): 185–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09317-7">10.1007/s12140-019-09317-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-6838">1096-6838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203492432">203492432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia&rft.atitle=Reversing+China%27s+Belt-and-Road+Initiative%E2%80%94Singapore%27s+Response+to+the+BRI+and+Its+Quest+for+Relevance&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203492432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1096-6838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09317-7&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-31-208"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-31_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Castro2019" class="citation journal cs1">De Castro, Renato Cruz (21 August 2019). "China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Duterte Administration's Appeasement Policy: Examining the Connection Between the Two National Strategies". East Asia. 36 (3): 205–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09315-9">10.1007/s12140-019-09315-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-6838">1096-6838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202316018">202316018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+%28BRI%29+and+the+Duterte+Administration%27s+Appeasement+Policy%3A+Examining+the+Connection+Between+the+Two+National+Strategies&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202316018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1096-6838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09315-9&rft.aulast=De+Castro&rft.aufirst=Renato+Cruz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varoufakis_2017-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Varoufakis_2017_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Varoufakis_2017_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaroufakis2017" class="citation web cs1">Varoufakis, Yanis (27 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.project-syndicate.org/videos/china-is-the-real-deal">"China is the Real Deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220426064417/http://www.project-syndicate.org/videos/china-is-the-real-deal">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Syndicate&rft.atitle=China+is+the+Real+Deal&rft.date=2017-10-27&rft.aulast=Varoufakis&rft.aufirst=Yanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.project-syndicate.org%2Fvideos%2Fchina-is-the-real-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-africatimes_20190418_china-210"><a href="#cite_ref-africatimes_20190418_china_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africatimes.com/2019/04/18/china-notes-africas-key-bri-role-ahead-of-forum-in-beijing/">"China notes Africa's key BRI role ahead of forum in Beijing"</a>. Africa Times. 18 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623105451/https://africatimes.com/2019/04/18/china-notes-africas-key-bri-role-ahead-of-forum-in-beijing/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africa+Times&rft.atitle=China+notes+Africa%27s+key+BRI+role+ahead+of+forum+in+Beijing&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricatimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F18%2Fchina-notes-africas-key-bri-role-ahead-of-forum-in-beijing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellyatt-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellyatt_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellyatt_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllyatt2019" class="citation web cs1">Ellyatt, Holly (27 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/27/italys-joins-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative.html">"Is Italy playing with fire when it comes to China?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501161750/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/27/italys-joins-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Italy+playing+with+fire+when+it+comes+to+China%3F&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.aulast=Ellyatt&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F03%2F27%2Fitalys-joins-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_212-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_212-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_212-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_212-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHan2024" class="citation book cs1">Han, Enze (2024). The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769659-0"><bdi>978-0-19-769659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ripple+Effect%3A+China%27s+Complex+Presence+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0-19-769659-0&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Enze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210720061023/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/mahathir-endorse-belt-and-road-china-11481782">"'The Belt and Road Initiative is great': Malaysia PM Mahathir"</a>. CNA. 26 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/mahathir-endorse-belt-and-road-china-11481782">the original</a> on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=%27The+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+is+great%27%3A+Malaysia+PM+Mahathir&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Fmahathir-endorse-belt-and-road-china-11481782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaragamov2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karagamov, Sergey (26 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412065518/http://karaganov.ru/publications/preview/378">"The Promise of Eurasia"</a>. karaganov.ru (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://karaganov.ru/publications/preview/378">the original</a> on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=karaganov.ru&rft.atitle=The+Promise+of+Eurasia&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft.aulast=Karagamov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaraganov.ru%2Fpublications%2Fpreview%2F378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-comp1-215"><a href="#cite_ref-comp1_215-0">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChohan2017" class="citation cs2">Chohan, Usman W. (7 July 2017), What Is One Belt One Road? A Surplus Recycling Mechanism Approach, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2997650">2997650</a>, <q>It has been lauded as a visionary project among key participants such as China and Pakistan, but has received a critical reaction, arguably a poorly thought out one, in nonparticipant countries such as the United States and India (see various discussions in Ferdinand 2016, Kennedy and Parker 2015, Godement and Kratz, 2015, Li 2015, Rolland 2015, Swaine 2015).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+One+Belt+One+Road%3F+A+Surplus+Recycling+Mechanism+Approach&rft.date=2017-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2997650%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Chohan&rft.aufirst=Usman+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-comp2-216"><a href="#cite_ref-comp2_216-0">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road/">"Getting lost in 'One Belt, One Road'"</a>. Hong Kong Economic Journal. 12 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414014511/http://www.ejinsight.com/20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016. <q>Simply put, China is trying to buy friendship and political influence by investing massive amounts of money on infrastructure in countries along the 'One Belt, One Road'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Getting+lost+in+%27One+Belt%2C+One+Road%27&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2F20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blue_Dot_network-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Blue_Dot_network_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-blue-dot-network-on-the-table-during-trump-visit-to-india-6286524/">"Explained: What is the Blue Dot network, on the table during Trump visit to India"</a>. Indian Express. 26 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226153240/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-blue-dot-network-on-the-table-during-trump-visit-to-india-6286524/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explained%3A+What+is+the+Blue+Dot+network%2C+on+the+table+during+Trump+visit+to+India&rft.pub=Indian+Express&rft.date=2020-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-what-is-the-blue-dot-network-on-the-table-during-trump-visit-to-india-6286524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalden2019" class="citation news cs1">Walden, Max (8 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-09/blue-dot-network-explainer-us-china-belt-and-road/11682454">"What is the Blue Dot Network and is it really the West's response to China's Belt and Road project?"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305224038/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-09/blue-dot-network-explainer-us-china-belt-and-road/11682454">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Blue+Dot+Network+and+is+it+really+the+West%27s+response+to+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+project%3F&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-11-09%2Fblue-dot-network-explainer-us-china-belt-and-road%2F11682454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-32-219"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-32_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrashanth_Parameswaran" class="citation web cs1">Prashanth Parameswaran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/advancing-democracy-in-the-us-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy/">"Advancing Democracy in the US Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy"</a>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425155943/https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/advancing-democracy-in-the-us-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Advancing+Democracy+in+the+US+Free+and+Open+Indo-Pacific+Strategy&rft.au=Prashanth+Parameswaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2019%2F04%2Fadvancing-democracy-in-the-us-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-defense_2002139210-220"><a href="#cite_ref-defense_2002139210_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2019/May/31/2002139210/-1/-1/1/DOD_INDO_PACIFIC_STRATEGY_REPORT_JUNE_2019.PDF">"Ministry of US Defense. Indo-Pacific Report June 2019"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190626000337/https://media.defense.gov/2019/May/31/2002139210/-1/-1/1/DOD_INDO_PACIFIC_STRATEGY_REPORT_JUNE_2019.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+US+Defense.+Indo-Pacific+Report+June+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2019%2FMay%2F31%2F2002139210%2F-1%2F-1%2F1%2FDOD_INDO_PACIFIC_STRATEGY_REPORT_JUNE_2019.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-doesn-t-join-sco-members-in-endorsing-china-s-belt-and-road-project/story-CBH22ODWVImRFpwkkhehWI.html">"India refuses to support China's Belt and Road project at SCO meet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 30 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518153956/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-doesn-t-join-sco-members-in-endorsing-china-s-belt-and-road-project/story-CBH22ODWVImRFpwkkhehWI.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=India+refuses+to+support+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+project+at+SCO+meet&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Findia-doesn-t-join-sco-members-in-endorsing-china-s-belt-and-road-project%2Fstory-CBH22ODWVImRFpwkkhehWI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindustantimes_20160422-222"><a href="#cite_ref-hindustantimes_20160422_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/cpec-route-through-kashmir-could-create-tension-with-india-un-report/story-05fDgjtdFmATT6K13ZJffN.html">"CPEC route through Kashmir could create tension with India: UN report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 22 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511024457/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/cpec-route-through-kashmir-could-create-tension-with-india-un-report/story-05fDgjtdFmATT6K13ZJffN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=CPEC+route+through+Kashmir+could+create+tension+with+India%3A+UN+report&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fcpec-route-through-kashmir-could-create-tension-with-india-un-report%2Fstory-05fDgjtdFmATT6K13ZJffN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/JovtmKFxi3c">"China: Power and Prosperity -- Watch the full documentary"</a>. PBS. 22 November 2019. 16:13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JovtmKFxi3c">the original</a> on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%3A+Power+and+Prosperity+--+Watch+the+full+documentary&rft.pages=16%3A13&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJovtmKFxi3c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419050106/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/mahathir-endorse-belt-and-road-china-889066">"'The Belt and Road Initiative is great': Malaysia PM Mahathir"</a>. Channel News Asia. 26 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/mahathir-endorse-belt-and-road-china-889066">the original</a> on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+is+great%27%3A+Malaysia+PM+Mahathir&rft.pub=Channel+News+Asia&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fasia%2Fmahathir-endorse-belt-and-road-china-889066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-225"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingSchectman2024" class="citation news cs1">Bing, Christopher; Schectman, Joel (14 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-launched-cia-covert-influence-operation-against-china-2024-03-14/">"Exclusive: Trump Launched CIA Covert Influence Operation against China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327081927/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-launched-cia-covert-influence-operation-against-china-2024-03-14/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Trump+Launched+CIA+Covert+Influence+Operation+against+China&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft.aulast=Bing&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Schectman%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Ftrump-launched-cia-covert-influence-operation-against-china-2024-03-14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEconomy2024" class="citation journal cs1">Economy, Elizabeth (23 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/chinas-alternative-order-xi-jinping-elizabeth-economy">"China's Alternative Order:And What America Should Learn From It"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 103 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004142642/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/chinas-alternative-order-xi-jinping-elizabeth-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=China%27s+Alternative+Order%3AAnd+What+America+Should+Learn+From+It&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft.aulast=Economy&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fchina%2Fchinas-alternative-order-xi-jinping-elizabeth-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-33-227"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-33_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_LanVu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Di Lan, Ngo; Vu, Truong-Minh (September 2019). "The Sino-US-Vietnam Triangle in a Belt and Road Era". East Asia. 36 (3): 229–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09318-6">10.1007/s12140-019-09318-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-6838">1096-6838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211091110">211091110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Sino-US-Vietnam+Triangle+in+a+Belt+and+Road+Era&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211091110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1096-6838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09318-6&rft.aulast=Di+Lan&rft.aufirst=Ngo&rft.au=Vu%2C+Truong-Minh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1637945/viet-nam-china-sign-36-cooperation-documents-on-diplomacy-trade-defence-sea-issues.html">"Việt Nam, China sign 36 cooperation documents on diplomacy, trade, defence & sea issues"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213041904/https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1637945/viet-nam-china-sign-36-cooperation-documents-on-diplomacy-trade-defence-sea-issues.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%2C+China+sign+36+cooperation+documents+on+diplomacy%2C+trade%2C+defence+%26+sea+issues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnews.vn%2Fpolitics-laws%2F1637945%2Fviet-nam-china-sign-36-cooperation-documents-on-diplomacy-trade-defence-sea-issues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-34-229"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-34_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hwang, Balbina Y. (26 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09310-0">"Northeast Asian Perspectives on China's Belt Road Initiative: the View from South Korea"</a>. East Asia. 36 (2): 129–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09310-0">10.1007/s12140-019-09310-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-6838">1096-6838</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198492001">198492001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asia&rft.atitle=Northeast+Asian+Perspectives+on+China%27s+Belt+Road+Initiative%3A+the+View+from+South+Korea&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198492001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1096-6838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09310-0&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Balbina+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12140-019-09310-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2017" class="citation web cs1">Delaney, Robert (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/world/2024/06/501_237061.html">"Kissinger urges greater cooperation with China as 'the world's center of gravity' shifts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240608005104/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/world/2024/06/501_237061.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Kissinger+urges+greater+cooperation+with+China+as+%27the+world%27s+center+of+gravity%27+shifts&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fworld%2F2024%2F06%2F501_237061.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissingerAllison2017" class="citation conference cs1">Kissinger, Henry; Allison, Graham (11 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKI6M2UiCGk">Henry Kissinger and Graham Allison on the U.S., China, and the Thucydides's Trap</a>. Harvard Club of New York City: <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Henry+Kissinger+and+Graham+Allison+on+the+U.S.%2C+China%2C+and+the+Thucydides%27s+Trap&rft.place=Harvard+Club+of+New+York+City&rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=2017-07-11&rft.aulast=Kissinger&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Allison%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIKI6M2UiCGk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-35-232"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-35_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEva2019" class="citation web cs1">Eva, Joanna (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.european-views.com/2019/09/japan-and-the-eu-sign-infrastructure-deal-to-rival-chinas-belt-and-road/">"Japan and the EU sign infrastructure deal to rival China's Belt and Road"</a>. European Views. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102061341/https://www.european-views.com/2019/09/japan-and-the-eu-sign-infrastructure-deal-to-rival-chinas-belt-and-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Views&rft.atitle=Japan+and+the+EU+sign+infrastructure+deal+to+rival+China%27s+Belt+and+Road&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=Eva&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.european-views.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fjapan-and-the-eu-sign-infrastructure-deal-to-rival-chinas-belt-and-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-co_20190928_business-233"><a href="#cite_ref-co_20190928_business_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/28/business/japan-eu-vow-infrastructure-cooperation-counter-china/">"Japan and EU ink infrastructure cooperation pact in counter to China's Belt and Road"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. 28 September 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0447-5763">0447-5763</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102061339/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/28/business/japan-eu-vow-infrastructure-cooperation-counter-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+and+EU+ink+infrastructure+cooperation+pact+in+counter+to+China%27s+Belt+and+Road&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft.issn=0447-5763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fjapan-eu-vow-infrastructure-cooperation-counter-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-36-234"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-36_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-02/Belt-and-Road-Initiative-MOU.pdf">"Memorandum of Understanding between the state of Victoria in Australia and the People's Republic of China"</a> (PDF). 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200601023828/https://www.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-02/Belt-and-Road-Initiative-MOU.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+Understanding+between+the+state+of+Victoria+in+Australia+and+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vic.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-02%2FBelt-and-Road-Initiative-MOU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2020-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2020_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2020_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Josh (2 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/25/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-what-is-it-and-why-is-victoria-under-fire-for-its-involvement">"China's belt and road initiative: what is it and why is Victoria under fire for its involvement?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620221702/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/25/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-what-is-it-and-why-is-victoria-under-fire-for-its-involvement">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China%27s+belt+and+road+initiative%3A+what+is+it+and+why+is+Victoria+under+fire+for+its+involvement%3F&rft.date=2020-05-02&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmay%2F25%2Fchinas-belt-and-road-initiative-what-is-it-and-why-is-victoria-under-fire-for-its-involvement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/federal-government-rips-up-victoria-s-controversial-belt-and-road-agreement-with-china">"Federal government rips up Victoria's controversial Belt and Road agreement with China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SBS_News" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS News">SBS News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a>. 21 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421101325/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/federal-government-rips-up-victoria-s-controversial-belt-and-road-agreement-with-china">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Federal+government+rips+up+Victoria%27s+controversial+Belt+and+Road+agreement+with+China&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Ffederal-government-rips-up-victoria-s-controversial-belt-and-road-agreement-with-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-37-237"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-37_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/turnbull-plays-down-belt-and-road-fears">"Turnbull plays down Belt and Road fears"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SBS_News" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS News">SBS News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620084750/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/turnbull-plays-down-belt-and-road-fears">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Turnbull+plays+down+Belt+and+Road+fears&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fturnbull-plays-down-belt-and-road-fears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/04/the-pandemic-is-hurting-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">"The pandemic is hurting China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 4 June 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613235900/https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/04/the-pandemic-is-hurting-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+pandemic+is+hurting+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fchina%2F2020%2F06%2F04%2Fthe-pandemic-is-hurting-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/organisations/wto/wto-disputes/summary-of-australias-involvement-in-disputes-currently-before-the-world-trade-organization">"Summary of Australia's involvement in disputes currently before the World Trade Organization"</a>. Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218085831/https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/organisations/wto/wto-disputes/summary-of-australias-involvement-in-disputes-currently-before-the-world-trade-organization">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Government%2C+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.atitle=Summary+of+Australia%27s+involvement+in+disputes+currently+before+the+World+Trade+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Ftrade%2Forganisations%2Fwto%2Fwto-disputes%2Fsummary-of-australias-involvement-in-disputes-currently-before-the-world-trade-organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziedzic2020" class="citation news cs1">Dziedzic, Stephen (20 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-20/wha-passes-coronavirus-investigation-australia-what-cost/12265896">"Australia started a fight with China over an investigation into COVID-19 — did it go too hard?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521225421/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-20/wha-passes-coronavirus-investigation-australia-what-cost/12265896">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australia+started+a+fight+with+China+over+an+investigation+into+COVID-19+%E2%80%94+did+it+go+too+hard%3F&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft.aulast=Dziedzic&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-05-20%2Fwha-passes-coronavirus-investigation-australia-what-cost%2F12265896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2021/11/14/2003767840">"Australia would help US defend Taiwan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a>. 14 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218085836/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2021/11/14/2003767840">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Australia+would+help+US+defend+Taiwan&rft.date=2021-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffront%2Farchives%2F2021%2F11%2F14%2F2003767840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer2020" class="citation news cs1">Thayer, Carl (27 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/australia-abandons-its-neutrality-on-the-south-china-sea-maritime-disputes/">"Australia Abandons Its Neutrality on the South China Sea Maritime Disputes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218085847/https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/australia-abandons-its-neutrality-on-the-south-china-sea-maritime-disputes/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Australia+Abandons+Its+Neutrality+on+the+South+China+Sea+Maritime+Disputes&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2020%2F07%2Faustralia-abandons-its-neutrality-on-the-south-china-sea-maritime-disputes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaaz2024" class="citation news cs1">Naaz, Fareha (29 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/brazil-follows-in-indias-footsteps-becomes-second-brics-country-to-reject-bri-in-setback-for-china-11730204408442.html">"China faces setback: Brazil follows in India's footsteps, becomes second BRICS country to reject BRI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241029165743/https://www.livemint.com/news/brazil-follows-in-indias-footsteps-becomes-second-brics-country-to-reject-bri-in-setback-for-china-11730204408442.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=China+faces+setback%3A+Brazil+follows+in+India%27s+footsteps%2C+becomes+second+BRICS+country+to+reject+BRI&rft.date=2024-10-29&rft.aulast=Naaz&rft.aufirst=Fareha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Fbrazil-follows-in-indias-footsteps-becomes-second-brics-country-to-reject-bri-in-setback-for-china-11730204408442.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2024" class="citation web cs1">Kaufman, Arthur (31 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2024/10/back-from-brics-summit-brazil-bucks-belt-and-road-initiative/">"Back from BRICS Summit, Brazil Bucks Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/China_Digital_Times" title="China Digital Times">China Digital Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241109180508/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2024/10/back-from-brics-summit-brazil-bucks-belt-and-road-initiative/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Digital+Times&rft.atitle=Back+from+BRICS+Summit%2C+Brazil+Bucks+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2024-10-31&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinadigitaltimes.net%2F2024%2F10%2Fback-from-brics-summit-brazil-bucks-belt-and-road-initiative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dmav-245"><a href="#cite_ref-dmav_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-21-iss-today-lessons-from-sri-lanka-on-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy/">"ISS Today: Lessons from Sri Lanka on China's 'debt-trap diplomacy'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Maverick" title="Daily Maverick">Daily Maverick</a>. 21 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915231046/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-21-iss-today-lessons-from-sri-lanka-on-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=ISS+Today%3A+Lessons+from+Sri+Lanka+on+China%27s+%27debt-trap+diplomacy%27&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2018-02-21-iss-today-lessons-from-sri-lanka-on-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-and-road-colonialism-chinese-characteristics">"Belt and Road: colonialism with Chinese characteristics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418102420/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-and-road-colonialism-chinese-characteristics">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lowy+Institute&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road%3A+colonialism+with+Chinese+characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fbelt-and-road-colonialism-chinese-characteristics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brautigam,_D._2020-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Brautigam,_D._2020_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrautigam2020" class="citation journal cs1">Brautigam, D. (2020). "A critical look at Chinese 'debt-trap diplomacy': The rise of a meme". Area Development and Policy. 5 (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23792949.2019.1689828">10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214547742">214547742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Area+Development+and+Policy&rft.atitle=A+critical+look+at+Chinese+%27debt-trap+diplomacy%27%3A+The+rise+of+a+meme&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23792949.2019.1689828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214547742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brautigam&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blan-revisit-248"><a href="#cite_ref-blan-revisit_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2018" class="citation news cs1">Blanchard, Jean-Marc F. (8 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/revisiting-the-resurrected-debate-about-chinese-neocolonialism/">"Revisiting the Resurrected Debate About Chinese Neocolonialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123195340/https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/revisiting-the-resurrected-debate-about-chinese-neocolonialism/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Resurrected+Debate+About+Chinese+Neocolonialism&rft.date=2018-02-08&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2018%2F02%2Frevisiting-the-resurrected-debate-about-chinese-neocolonialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/tanzania-president-terms-bri-port-project-exploitative/articleshow/70109612.cms">Tanzania President terms China's BRI port project exploitative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234726/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/tanzania-president-terms-bri-port-project-exploitative/articleshow/70109612.cms">Archived</a> 7 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (July 2019) </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/06/29/china-is-thinking-twice-about-lending-to-africa">"China is thinking twice about lending to Africa"</a>. The Economist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218134328/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/06/29/china-is-thinking-twice-about-lending-to-africa">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=China+is+thinking+twice+about+lending+to+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2019%2F06%2F29%2Fchina-is-thinking-twice-about-lending-to-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/drcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282">"DRC's Tshisekedi has secured his power base: now it's time to deliver"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. 27 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205828/https://theconversation.com/drcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=DRC%27s+Tshisekedi+has+secured+his+power+base%3A+now+it%27s+time+to+deliver&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fdrcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/27/the-belt-and-road-bubble-is-starting-to-burst/">"The Belt and Road Bubble Is Starting to Burst"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. 27 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195044/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/27/the-belt-and-road-bubble-is-starting-to-burst/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Belt+and+Road+Bubble+Is+Starting+to+Burst&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2018%2F06%2F27%2Fthe-belt-and-road-bubble-is-starting-to-burst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-28/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows">"Congo Reviews $6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows"</a>. Bloomberg. 28 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205823/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-28/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Congo+Reviews+%246.2+Billion+China+Mining+Deal+as+Criticism+Grows&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-09-28%2Fcongo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-28/africa-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting">"China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies"</a>. Bloomberg. 28 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205825/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-28/africa-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=China+Cash+Flowed+Through+Congo+Bank+to+Former+President%27s+Cronies&rft.date=2021-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2021-11-28%2Fafrica-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/pakistan-detains-five-chinese-trawlers-for-alleged-fishing">"Pakistan detains five Chinese trawlers for alleged illegal fishing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. 13 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514023807/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/pakistan-detains-five-chinese-trawlers-for-alleged-fishing">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Pakistan+detains+five+Chinese+trawlers+for+alleged+illegal+fishing&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjul%2F13%2Fpakistan-detains-five-chinese-trawlers-for-alleged-fishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokhariParkin2021" class="citation news cs1">Bokhari, Farhan; Parkin, Benjamin (19 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/0bd3988d-96d6-47a2-8006-1810cd90c151">"Pakistan seeks to calm protesters at Chinese Belt and Road port project"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190954/https://www.ft.com/content/0bd3988d-96d6-47a2-8006-1810cd90c151">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan+seeks+to+calm+protesters+at+Chinese+Belt+and+Road+port+project&rft.date=2021-12-19&rft.aulast=Bokhari&rft.aufirst=Farhan&rft.au=Parkin%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F0bd3988d-96d6-47a2-8006-1810cd90c151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rithmire-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Rithmire_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBräutigamRithmire2021" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Br%C3%A4utigam" title="Deborah Bräutigam">Bräutigam, Deborah</a>; Rithmire, Meg (6 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/china-debt-trap-diplomacy/617953/">"The Chinese 'Debt Trap' Is a Myth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206101218/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/china-debt-trap-diplomacy/617953/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+%27Debt+Trap%27+Is+a+Myth&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A4utigam&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Rithmire%2C+Meg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2021%2F02%2Fchina-debt-trap-diplomacy%2F617953%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sais-cari.org/s/Briefing-Paper-1-August-2018-Final.pdf">"The Path Ahead: The 7th Forum on China-Africa Cooperation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/China_Africa_Research_Initiative" title="China Africa Research Initiative">China Africa Research Initiative</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222082047/http://www.sais-cari.org/s/Briefing-Paper-1-August-2018-Final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Africa+Research+Initiative&rft.atitle=The+Path+Ahead%3A+The+7th+Forum+on+China-Africa+Cooperation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sais-cari.org%2Fs%2FBriefing-Paper-1-August-2018-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papadimitriou_2019-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papadimitriou_2019_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papadimitriou_2019_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadimitriou2019" class="citation web cs1">Papadimitriou, Anastasia (20 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworldmind.org/home/2019/10/20/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-is-it-truly-neocolonialist">"China's Belt and Road Initiative: Is it Truly Neocolonialist?"</a>. World Mind –American University's undergraduate policy magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331114406/https://www.theworldmind.org/home/2019/10/20/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-is-it-truly-neocolonialist">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Mind+%E2%80%93American+University%27s+undergraduate+policy+magazine&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+Is+it+Truly+Neocolonialist%3F&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft.aulast=Papadimitriou&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldmind.org%2Fhome%2F2019%2F10%2F20%2Fchinas-belt-and-road-initiative-is-it-truly-neocolonialist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy">"Debunking the Myth of 'Debt-trap Diplomacy'"</a>. Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank. 19 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505054610/https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chatham+House+%E2%80%93+International+Affairs+Think+Tank&rft.atitle=Debunking+the+Myth+of+%27Debt-trap+Diplomacy%27&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2F2020%2F08%2Fdebunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajahDayantPryke2019" class="citation web cs1">Rajah, Roland; Dayant, Alexandre; Pryke, Jonathan (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/ocean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific">"Ocean of debt? Belt and Road and debt diplomacy in the Pacific"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526115226/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/ocean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ocean+of+debt%3F+Belt+and+Road+and+debt+diplomacy+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Lowy+Institute&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft.aulast=Rajah&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Dayant%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Pryke%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fpublications%2Focean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowyinstitute.org2-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lowyinstitute.org2_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowyinstitute.org2_262-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHameiri2020" class="citation news cs1">Hameiri, Shahar (9 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/debunking-myth-china-s-debt-trap-diplomacy">"Debunking the myth of China's "debt-trap diplomacy""</a>. The Interpreter. <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505045022/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/debunking-myth-china-s-debt-trap-diplomacy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Interpreter&rft.atitle=Debunking+the+myth+of+China%27s+%22debt-trap+diplomacy%22&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft.aulast=Hameiri&rft.aufirst=Shahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fdebunking-myth-china-s-debt-trap-diplomacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rhg.com/research/new-data-on-the-debt-trap-question/">"New Data on the "Debt Trap" Question"</a>. Rhodium Group. 29 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502062558/https://rhg.com/research/new-data-on-the-debt-trap-question/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rhodium+Group&rft.atitle=New+Data+on+the+%22Debt+Trap%22+Question&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frhg.com%2Fresearch%2Fnew-data-on-the-debt-trap-question%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham_2019-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_2019_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_2019_264-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2019" class="citation web cs1">Needham, Kirsty (2 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/data-doesn-t-support-belt-and-road-debt-trap-claims-20190502-p51jhx.html">"Data doesn't support Belt and Road debt trap claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502093557/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/data-doesn-t-support-belt-and-road-debt-trap-claims-20190502-p51jhx.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Data+doesn%27t+support+Belt+and+Road+debt+trap+claims&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Kirsty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fdata-doesn-t-support-belt-and-road-debt-trap-claims-20190502-p51jhx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Zhexin (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS2377740018500240">"The Belt and Road Initiative: China's New Geopolitical Strategy?"</a>. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies. 04 (3): 327–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS2377740018500240">10.1142/S2377740018500240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2377-7400">2377-7400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Quarterly+of+International+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%3A+China%27s+New+Geopolitical+Strategy%3F&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E343&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS2377740018500240&rft.issn=2377-7400&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Zhexin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1142%252FS2377740018500240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurleyMorrisPortelance2018" class="citation cs2">Hurley, John; Morris, Scott; Portelance, Gailyn (March 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf">Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective</a> (PDF), Center for Global Development, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505130731/https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 May 2022, retrieved 19 December 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Examining+the+Debt+Implications+of+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+from+a+Policy+Perspective&rft.pub=Center+for+Global+Development&rft.date=2018-03&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Morris%2C+Scott&rft.au=Portelance%2C+Gailyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fexamining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2018" class="citation web cs1">Moore, W. Gyude (17 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1391770/the-anxious-chorus-around-chinese-debt-trap-diplomacy-doesnt-reflect-african-realities/">"The language of "debt-trap diplomacy" reflects Western anxieties, not African realities"</a>. Quartz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917091924/https://qz.com/1391770/the-anxious-chorus-around-chinese-debt-trap-diplomacy-doesnt-reflect-african-realities/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+language+of+%22debt-trap+diplomacy%22+reflects+Western+anxieties%2C+not+African+realities&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=W.+Gyude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1391770%2Fthe-anxious-chorus-around-chinese-debt-trap-diplomacy-doesnt-reflect-african-realities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/africa/china-offers-debt-relief-most-african-countries-borrow-elsewhere">"China Offers Debt Relief, But Most African Countries Borrow Elsewhere"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000028/https://www.voanews.com/africa/china-offers-debt-relief-most-african-countries-borrow-elsewhere">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=China+Offers+Debt+Relief%2C+But+Most+African+Countries+Borrow+Elsewhere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fafrica%2Fchina-offers-debt-relief-most-african-countries-borrow-elsewhere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rana_2020-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rana_2020_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rana_2020_269-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanaXianbai2020" class="citation web cs1">Rana, Pradumna Bickram; Xianbai, Jason Ji (4 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/cms/bris-debt-trap-diplomacy-reality-or-myth/?doing_wp_cron=1639831204.9130430221557617187500">"BRI's 'Debt Trap Diplomacy': Reality or Myth?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/S._Rajaratnam_School_of_International_Studies" title="S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies">S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218130156/https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/cms/bris-debt-trap-diplomacy-reality-or-myth/?doing_wp_cron=1639831204.9130430221557617187500">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S.+Rajaratnam+School+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=BRI%27s+%27Debt+Trap+Diplomacy%27%3A+Reality+or+Myth%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=Pradumna+Bickram&rft.au=Xianbai%2C+Jason+Ji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsis.edu.sg%2Frsis-publication%2Fcms%2Fbris-debt-trap-diplomacy-reality-or-myth%2F%3Fdoing_wp_cron%3D1639831204.9130430221557617187500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtatüre2023" class="citation book cs1">Atatüre, Süha (2023). "The US and China as Main Powers in Multipolar World Order 2.0". China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace. Mher Sahakyan. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-35258-7"><bdi>978-1-003-35258-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533">1353290533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+US+and+China+as+Main+Powers+in+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0&rft.btitle=China+and+Eurasian+Powers+in+a+Multipolar+World+Order+2.0%3A+Security%2C+Diplomacy%2C+Economy+and+Cyberspace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1353290533&rft.isbn=978-1-003-35258-7&rft.aulast=Atat%C3%BCre&rft.aufirst=S%C3%BCha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange2023" class="citation book cs1">Strange, Austin (21 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009090902/type/element">Chinese Global Infrastructure</a> (EPUB). Elements in Global China. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009090902">10.1017/9781009090902</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-09090-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-09090-2"><bdi>978-1-009-09090-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Global+Infrastructure&rft.series=Elements+in+Global+China&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009090902&rft.isbn=978-1-009-09090-2&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781009090902%2Ftype%2Felement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasovicSito-sucic2024" class="citation news cs1">Vasovic, Aleksander; Sito-sucic, Daria (5 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/chinas-xi-jinping-visit-serbia-anniversary-1999-nato-bombing-2024-05-07/">"China's Xi Jinping to Visit Serbia on Anniversary of 1999 NATO Bombing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Xi+Jinping+to+Visit+Serbia+on+Anniversary+of+1999+NATO+Bombing&rft.date=2024-05-05&rft.aulast=Vasovic&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rft.au=Sito-sucic%2C+Daria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchinas-xi-jinping-visit-serbia-anniversary-1999-nato-bombing-2024-05-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolkman2023" class="citation web cs1">Folkman, Varg (30 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-leave-belt-and-road-initiative-china-minister-guido-crosetto/">"Italy intends to leave China's Belt and Road Initiative, defense minister says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico_Europe" title="Politico Europe">Politico Europe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730135106/https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-leave-belt-and-road-initiative-china-minister-guido-crosetto/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico+Europe&rft.atitle=Italy+intends+to+leave+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative%2C+defense+minister+says&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft.aulast=Folkman&rft.aufirst=Varg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fitaly-leave-belt-and-road-initiative-china-minister-guido-crosetto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazmin2023" class="citation news cs1">Kazmin, Amy (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/946636dc-2fa1-4b2b-a83b-84478f804a83">"Italy formally pulls out of China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211092340/https://www.ft.com/content/946636dc-2fa1-4b2b-a83b-84478f804a83">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Italy+formally+pulls+out+of+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.aulast=Kazmin&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F946636dc-2fa1-4b2b-a83b-84478f804a83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_275-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaptistaAquinoElliott2024" class="citation news cs1">Baptista, Eduardo; Aquino, Marco; Elliott, Lucinda (15 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/chinas-xi-arrives-lima-apec-open-pacific-megaport-2024-11-14/">"Starting Latin America trip, Xi Jinping Opens Huge Port in Peru Funded by China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Starting+Latin+America+trip%2C+Xi+Jinping+Opens+Huge+Port+in+Peru+Funded+by+China&rft.date=2024-11-15&rft.aulast=Baptista&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft.au=Aquino%2C+Marco&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Lucinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchinas-xi-arrives-lima-apec-open-pacific-megaport-2024-11-14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/qwyw/qwfb/1084.htm">"Vision And Actions On Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt And 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road"</a>. Belt and Road portal. 30 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505121538/https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/qwyw/qwfb/1084.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belt+and+Road+portal&rft.atitle=Vision+And+Actions+On+Jointly+Building+Silk+Road+Economic+Belt+And+21st-Century+Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn%2Fqwyw%2Fqwfb%2F1084.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/zchj/qwfb/30277.htm">"Education Action Plan for the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. Belt and Road portal. 12 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505014220/https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/zchj/qwfb/30277.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belt+and+Road+portal&rft.atitle=Education+Action+Plan+for+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn%2Fzchj%2Fqwfb%2F30277.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeskinaSabzalieva2021" class="citation journal cs1">Leskina, Natalia; Sabzalieva, Emma (4 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1866997">"Constructing a Eurasian higher education region: "Points of correspondence" between Russia's Eurasian Economic Union and China's Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia"</a>. Eurasian Geography and Economics. 62 (5–6): 716–744. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15387216.2020.1866997">10.1080/15387216.2020.1866997</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-7216">1538-7216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234122770">234122770</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529130920/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15387216.2020.1866997">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Geography+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Constructing+a+Eurasian+higher+education+region%3A+%22Points+of+correspondence%22+between+Russia%27s+Eurasian+Economic+Union+and+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+in+Central+Asia&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E716-%3C%2Fspan%3E744&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234122770%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1538-7216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15387216.2020.1866997&rft.aulast=Leskina&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft.au=Sabzalieva%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F15387216.2020.1866997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm">"Xi proposes a 'new Silk Road' with Central Asia"</a>. www.chinadaily.com.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331114402/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinadaily.com.cn&rft.atitle=Xi+proposes+a+%27new+Silk+Road%27+with+Central+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2013xivisitcenterasia%2F2013-09%2F08%2Fcontent_16952228.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richter_2020-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richter_2020_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter_2020_280-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2020" class="citation journal cs1">Richter, Eva L (1 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/cjcl/article/8/2/331/5896818">"Economic Development through Migration: Facilitating Skilled Migration to China through the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law. 8 (2): 331–350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcjcl%2Fcxaa021">10.1093/cjcl/cxaa021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-4802">2050-4802</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210113935/https://academic.oup.com/cjcl/article/8/2/331/5896818">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chinese+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Economic+Development+through+Migration%3A+Facilitating+Skilled+Migration+to+China+through+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcjcl%2Fcxaa021&rft.issn=2050-4802&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Eva+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcjcl%2Farticle%2F8%2F2%2F331%2F5896818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UWN-281"><a href="#cite_ref-UWN_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYojana2015" class="citation web cs1">Yojana, Sharma (12 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20150611130705830">"University collaboration takes the Silk Road route"</a>. University World News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819131122/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20150611130705830">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+collaboration+takes+the+Silk+Road+route&rft.pub=University+World+News&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.aulast=Yojana&rft.aufirst=Sharma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityworldnews.com%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20150611130705830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutoLT-38-282"><a href="#cite_ref-AutoLT-38_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observatoirenrs.com/">"OFNRS – Observer, analyser et conseiller"</a>. OFNRS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630123440/https://observatoirenrs.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OFNRS&rft.atitle=OFNRS+%E2%80%93+Observer%2C+analyser+et+conseiller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobservatoirenrs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/04/follow-new-silk-road-chinas-growing-trail-think-tanks-and-lobbyists-europe">"Follow the New Silk Road: China's growing trail of think tanks and lobbyists in Europe"</a>. Corporate Europe Observatory. 4 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230133/https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/04/follow-new-silk-road-chinas-growing-trail-think-tanks-and-lobbyists-europe">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Europe+Observatory&rft.atitle=Follow+the+New+Silk+Road%3A+China%27s+growing+trail+of+think+tanks+and+lobbyists+in+Europe&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporateeurope.org%2Fen%2F2019%2F04%2Ffollow-new-silk-road-chinas-growing-trail-think-tanks-and-lobbyists-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Belt and Road Initiative <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Belt+and+Road+Initiative">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Belt+and+Road+Initiative&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2021" class="citation journal cs1">Blanchard, Jean-Marc F. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11366-020-09717-0">"Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Blues: Powering BRI Research Back on Track to Avoid Choppy Seas"</a>. Journal of Chinese Political Science. 26: 235–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11366-020-09717-0">10.1007/s11366-020-09717-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230718702">230718702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Belt+and+Road+Initiative+%28BRI%29+Blues%3A+Powering+BRI+Research+Back+on+Track+to+Avoid+Choppy+Seas&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11366-020-09717-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230718702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11366-020-09717-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cai, Peter. Understanding China's belt and road initiative (Lowy Institute 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/6810/Understanding_Chinas_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_WEB_1.pdf?sequence=1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818033131/https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/6810/Understanding_Chinas_Belt_and_Road_Initiative_WEB_1.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> 18 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Calabrese, L. (2019): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odi.org/blogs/10797-making-belt-and-road-initiative-work-africa">Making the Belt and Road Initiative work for Africa</a>. London: Overseas Development Institute.</li> <li>Calabrese, L. (2019): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odi.org/blogs/10752-china-and-global-development-what-read-ahead-belt-and-road-forum">China and global development: what to read ahead of the Belt and Road Forum</a>. London: Overseas Development Institute.</li> <li>Chansok, L. (2019): The Belt and Road Initiative and Cambodia's Infrastructure Connectivity Development: A Cambodian Perspective. Cheung FM and Hong Y-Y (eds) Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative. The prospects for Economic and Financial Cooperation. London: Routledge, pp. 134–163.</li> <li>Chen, Yaowen, et al. "Does the Connectivity of the Belt and Road Initiative Contribute to the Economic Growth of the Belt and Road Countries?." Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 55.14 (2019): 3227–3240.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContessi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Contessi, Nicola P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euras.2015.11.001">"Central Asia in Asia: Charting Growing Transregional Linkages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Eurasian_Studies" title="Journal of Eurasian Studies">Journal of Eurasian Studies</a>. 7: 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euras.2015.11.001">10.1016/j.euras.2015.11.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=Central+Asia+in+Asia%3A+Charting+Growing+Transregional+Linkages&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.euras.2015.11.001&rft.aulast=Contessi&rft.aufirst=Nicola+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.euras.2015.11.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri_(周士理)2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chaudhuri (周士理), Debasish (2018). "Book Review: Revitalising the Silk Road—China's Belt and Road Initiative by Richard T. Griffiths". China Report. 54 (2): 248–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0009445518761158">10.1177/0009445518761158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220052430">220052430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Report&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Revitalising+the+Silk+Road%E2%80%94China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+by+Richard+T.+Griffiths&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0009445518761158&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220052430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri+%28%E5%91%A8%E5%A3%AB%E7%90%86%29&rft.aufirst=Debasish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"> online review.</li> <li>He, Baogang. "Chinese expanded perceptions of the region and its changing attitudes toward the Indo-Pacific: A hybrid vision of the institutionalization of the Indo-Pacific." East Asia 35.2 (2018): 117–132.</li> <li>Ito, Asei. "China's Belt and Road Initiative and Japan's Response: from Non-participation to Conditional Engagement." East Asia 36.2 (2019): 115–128.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesZeng2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Lee; Zeng, Jinghan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/55868">"Understanding China's 'Belt and Road Initiative': Beyond 'grand strategy' to a state transformation analysis"</a>. Third World Quarterly. 40 (8): 1415–1439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436597.2018.1559046">10.1080/01436597.2018.1559046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159210202">159210202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Understanding+China%27s+%27Belt+and+Road+Initiative%27%3A+Beyond+%27grand+strategy%27+to+a+state+transformation+analysis&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1415-%3C%2Fspan%3E1439&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436597.2018.1559046&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159210202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Jinghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqmro.qmul.ac.uk%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F55868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kohli, Harinder S., Johannes F. Linn, and Leo M. Zucker, eds. China's Belt and Road Initiative: Potential Transformation of Central Asia and the South Caucasus (Sage, 2019).</li> <li>Lai, Karen P.Y., Shaun Lin and James D. Sidaway. "Financing the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Research agendas beyond the "debt-trap" discourse." Eurasian Geography and Economics61.2 (2020): 109–124. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/geojds/">online.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLim2019" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Hong; Lim, Guanie (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2018.1511393">"The Political Economy of a Rising China in Southeast Asia: Malaysia's Response to the Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. Journal of Contemporary China. 28 (116): 216–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2018.1511393">10.1080/10670564.2018.1511393</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10220%2F46634">10220/46634</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158773685">158773685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+China&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+a+Rising+China+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Malaysia%27s+Response+to+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=116&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10220%2F46634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158773685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10670564.2018.1511393&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Lim%2C+Guanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10670564.2018.1511393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lin, Shaun and Carl Grundy-Warr. "Navigating Sino-Thai 'rocky' bilateral ties: The geopolitics of riverine trade in the Greater Mekong Subregion." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38.5 (2020): 826–833.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apv.12322">Lin, Shaun, Naoko Shimazu and James D. Sidaway. "Theorising from the Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路)." Asia Pacific Viewpoint</a></li> <li>Lin, Shaun, James D. Sidaway and Woon Chih Yuan. "Reordering China, respacing the world: Belt and Road Initiative (一带一路) as an emergent geopolitical culture." The Professional Geographer 71.3 (2019): 507–522. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/geojds/">online.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkOverlandVakulchuk2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, Siusue; Overland, Indra; Vakulchuk, Roman (2020). "Sharing the Spoils: Winners and Losers in the Belt and Road Initiative in Myanmar". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 39 (3): 381–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1868103420962116">10.1177/1868103420962116</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2689628">11250/2689628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227179618">227179618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Current+Southeast+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Sharing+the+Spoils%3A+Winners+and+Losers+in+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+in+Myanmar&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2689628&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227179618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1868103420962116&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Siusue&rft.au=Overland%2C+Indra&rft.au=Vakulchuk%2C+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Park, Albert. Which Countries Have Benefited the Most from China's Belt and Road Initiative?. (No. 2019-32. HKUST Institute for Emerging Market Studies, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iems.ust.hk/assets/publications/thought-leadership-briefs/tlb32/park-which-countries-benefited-bri-hkustiems-tlb32.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Scissors, Derek. "The Belt and Road is Overhyped, Commercially." AEI Paper & Studies (<a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A593351967/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=278b77e2">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2019" class="citation journal cs1">Shah, Abdur Rehman (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2019.59.3.407">"China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. Asian Survey. 59 (3): 407–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fas.2019.59.3.407">10.1525/as.2019.59.3.407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197792826">197792826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fas.2019.59.3.407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197792826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Abdur+Rehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fas.2019.59.3.407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidawayRowedderWoonLin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sidaway, James D.; Rowedder, Simon C.; Woon, Chih Yuan; Lin, Weiqiang; Pholsena, Vatthana (2020). "Introduction: Research agendas raised by the Belt and Road Initiative". Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. 38 (5): 795–802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2399654420911410">10.1177/2399654420911410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220987313">220987313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+C%3A+Politics+and+Space&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Research+agendas+raised+by+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E795-%3C%2Fspan%3E802&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2399654420911410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220987313%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sidaway&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=Rowedder%2C+Simon+C.&rft.au=Woon%2C+Chih+Yuan&rft.au=Lin%2C+Weiqiang&rft.au=Pholsena%2C+Vatthana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sidaway, James D. and Chih Yuan Woon. "Chinese narratives on "One Belt, One Road" (一带一路) in geopolitical and imperial contexts." The Professional Geographer 69.4 (2017) 591-603. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/geojds/">online.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chandra99.com.np/2022/07/br-most-important-project-for-china.html">Belt and Road Initiative: China's Most Important Project</a>, 14 July 2022</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stephen N. (2021). "China's "Major Country Diplomacy": Legitimation and Foreign Policy Change". Foreign Policy Analysis. 17 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffpa%2Forab002">10.1093/fpa/orab002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Analysis&rft.atitle=China%27s+%22Major+Country+Diplomacy%22%3A+Legitimation+and+Foreign+Policy+Change&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffpa%2Forab002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTjia2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tjia, Yin-nor Linda (2020). "The Unintended Consequences of Politicization of the Belt and Road's China-Europe Freight Train Initiative". The China Journal. 83: 58–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F706743">10.1086/706743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213765633">213765633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Unintended+Consequences+of+Politicization+of+the+Belt+and+Road%27s+China-Europe+Freight+Train+Initiative&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F706743&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213765633%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tjia&rft.aufirst=Yin-nor+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakulchukOverland2018" class="citation book cs1">Vakulchuk, Roman; Overland, Indra (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329310641">"China's Belt and Road Initiative through the lens of Central Asia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/27521/1/9780429467172_oachapter5.pdf">Regional Connection under the Belt and Road Initiative</a> (PDF). pp. 115–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429467172-5">10.4324/9780429467172-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429467172" title="Special:BookSources/9780429467172"><bdi>9780429467172</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189990559">189990559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+through+the+lens+of+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Regional+Connection+under+the+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189990559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429467172-5&rft.isbn=9780429467172&rft.aulast=Vakulchuk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Overland%2C+Indra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F329310641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wahlquist, Hakan. "Albert Herrmann: A missing link in establishing the Silk Road as a concept for Trans-Eurasian networks of trade" Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38.5 (2020): 803–808.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2020" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Tim (2020). "Geocultural Power: China's Belt and Road Initiative". Geopolitics. 26 (5): 1376–1399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650045.2020.1718656">10.1080/14650045.2020.1718656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213814993">213814993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics&rft.atitle=Geocultural+Power%3A+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1376-%3C%2Fspan%3E1399&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14650045.2020.1718656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213814993%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelt+and+Road+Initiative" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Pensions_%26_Investments_Forum" title="World Pensions & Investments Forum">World Pensions Council (WPC)</a> policy paper: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/chinese-revolution-could-lure-overseas-investment-nicholas-firzli-20151012">Chinese Revolution Could Lure Overseas Investment</a>, Dow Jones Financial News, 12 October 2015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/business/china-railway-one-belt-one-road-1-trillion-plan.html">The New York Times – "Behind China's $1 Trillion Plan"</a>, 13 May 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:One_Belt,_One_Road" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:One Belt, One Road">One Belt, One Road</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.gov.cn/beltAndRoad/">Official website by State Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/">Official website by Office of the Leading Group for the Belt and Road Initiative</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belt_and_Road_Initiative290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Template:Belt and Road Initiative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Template talk:Belt and Road Initiative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belt and Road Initiative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belt_and_Road_Initiative290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belt and Road Initiative</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Corridors_and_projects(2019_Joint_Communique)290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Corridors and <a href="/wiki/List_of_projects_of_the_Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="List of projects of the Belt and Road Initiative">projects</a> (2019 Joint Communique)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Pakistan Economic Corridor">China-Pakistan Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Himalayan_Multi-dimensional_Connectivity_Network" title="Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network">Trans-Himalayan Network</a>/<a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Nepal Railway">China–Nepal Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Myanmar_Economic_Corridor" title="China-Myanmar Economic Corridor">China-Myanmar Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_seaboard_of_Thailand" title="Eastern seaboard of Thailand">Eastern Economic Corridor</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Corridors,_One_Belt" title="Two Corridors, One Belt">Two Corridors, One Belt</a> (Vietnam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Economic corridor in Greater Mekong Subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Indochina_Peninsula_Economic_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor">China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos-China_Economic_Corridor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laos-China Economic Corridor (page does not exist)">Laos-China Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Singapore_railway#Central_route" title="Kunming–Singapore railway">China-Laos-Thailand Railway Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_International_Land-Sea_Trade_Corridor" title="New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor">New International Land-Sea Trade Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinzhou" title="Qinzhou">China-Malaysia Qinzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93China_relations#Economic_relations" title="Brunei–China relations">Brunei-Guangxi Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Central_Asia%E2%80%93West_Asia_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Central Asia–West Asia Economic Corridor">China–Central Asia–West Asia Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M41_highway" title="M41 highway">Uzbekistan-Tajikistan-China International Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan_International_Highway" title="China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan International Highway">China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan International Highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="New Eurasian Land Bridge">New Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Piraeus" title="Port of Piraeus">Port of Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest%E2%80%93Belgrade_railway" title="Budapest–Belgrade railway">China-Europe Land-Sea Express Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku%E2%80%93Tbilisi%E2%80%93Kars_railway" title="Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway">Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Port_of_Baku#Alat" title="Port of Baku">Alyat Free Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Transport_Network" title="Trans-European Transport Network">Trans-European Transport Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a>/<a href="/wiki/TITR" class="mw-redirect" title="TITR">TITR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Belarus_Industrial_Park" title="China–Belarus Industrial Park">China–Belarus Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor">China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_North%E2%80%93South_Transport_Corridor" title="International North–South Transport Corridor">International North–South Transport Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal#Suez_Canal_Economic_Zone" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape to Cairo Road">Cape to Cairo Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Sudan" title="Rail transport in Sudan">Port Sudan-Ethiopia Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa%E2%80%93Djibouti_Railway" title="Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway">Addis Ababa-Djibouti Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Corridor" title="Northern Corridor">Northern Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_Port_and_Lamu-Southern_Sudan-Ethiopia_Transport_Corridor" title="Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor">LAPSSET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">VICMED</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Negra_Pass#Agua_Negra_Tunnel" title="Agua Negra Pass">Agua Negra Pass International Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transoceanic fiber optic cable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China#Polar_Silk_Road" title="Arctic policy of China">Polar Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Silk_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Silk Road (page does not exist)">Air Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_Silk_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space Silk Road (page does not exist)">Space Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Silk_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital Silk Road (page does not exist)">Digital Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Interconnection" title="Global Energy Interconnection">Global Energy Interconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar Economic Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Related Projects (not under 2019 Joint Communique)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulhumal%C3%A9" title="Hulhumalé">Hulhumalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqm" title="Duqm">Sino-Oman Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_Industrial_Zone" title="Khalifa Industrial Zone">China-UAE Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Haifa" title="Port of Haifa">Port of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekki#Lekki_Free_Trade_Zone" title="Lekki">Lekki Free Trade Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/150px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/225px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg/300px-Belt_and_Road_Initiative_participant_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Financial290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Financial</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_renminbi" title="Internationalization of the renminbi">Internationalization of the renminbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_bonds" title="Panda bonds">Panda bonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_finance_and_the_Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Green finance and the Belt and Road Initiative">Green finance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Banking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Policy_bank" title="Policy bank">Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Development_Bank_of_China" title="Agricultural Development Bank of China">Agricultural Development Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">China Exim Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosure" title="Sinosure">Sinosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_United_SME_Guarantee_Corporation" title="China United SME Guarantee Corporation">Sino Guarantee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions#Multilateral_development_banks" title="International financial institutions">Multilateral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Silk_Road_Fund" title="Green Silk Road Fund">Green Silk Road Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Eurasian_Economic_Cooperation_Fund" title="China-Eurasian Economic Cooperation Fund">China-Eurasian Economic Cooperation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-ASEAN_Investment_Cooperation_Fund" title="China-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund">China-ASEAN Investment Cooperation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-China_Investment_Fund" title="Russia-China Investment Fund">Russia-China Investment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-CEE_Investment_Cooperation_Fund" title="China-CEE Investment Cooperation Fund">China-CEE Investment Cooperation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-LAC_Cooperation_Fund" title="China-LAC Cooperation Fund">China-LAC Cooperation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Latin_American_Production_Capacity_Cooperation_Investment_Fund" title="Sino-Latin American Production Capacity Cooperation Investment Fund">Sino-Latin American Production Capacity Cooperation Investment Fund</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China-Brazil_Fund" title="China-Brazil Fund">China-Brazil Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Africa_Development_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="China Africa Development Fund">China Africa Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Credit lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Loan_Program_for_China-Latin_America_Infrastructure_Project" title="Special Loan Program for China-Latin America Infrastructure Project">Special Loan Program for China-Latin America Infrastructure Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum#Special_loans" title="China–Arab States Cooperation Forum">China-Arab states special loans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Political290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Construction_Leadership_Group" title="Belt and Road Construction Leadership Group">Leading Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_shared_future_for_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of shared future for mankind">Community of shared future for mankind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dialogue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Belt and Road Forum">Belt and Road Forum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Belt_and_Road_Forum" title="2017 Belt and Road Forum">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Belt_and_Road_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Belt and Road Forum (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Belt_and_Road_Forum" title="2023 Belt and Road Forum">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Multilateral mechanisms (2019 Leading Group report) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Europe_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Europe Meeting">Asia-Europe Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN-China (10+1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang-Mekong_Cooperation_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism">Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_Tumen_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater Tumen Initiative (page does not exist)">Greater Tumen Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_Regional_Economic_Cooperation_Program" title="Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program">Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_on_China-Africa_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum on China-Africa Cooperation">Forum on China-Africa Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="China-Arab States Cooperation Forum">China-Arab States Cooperation Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=China-CELAC_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China-CELAC Forum (page does not exist)">China-CELAC Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_between_China_and_Central_and_Eastern_European_Countries" title="Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries">China-CEEC (14+1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">China-Pacific Island Countries Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boao_Forum_for_Asia" title="Boao Forum for Asia">Boao Forum for Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Category:Belt and Road Initiative">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xi_Jinping512" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xi_Jinping" title="Template:Xi Jinping"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xi_Jinping" title="Template talk:Xi Jinping"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xi_Jinping" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xi Jinping"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xi_Jinping512" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_under_Xi_Jinping" class="mw-redirect" title="China under Xi Jinping">China under Xi Jinping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> (2012–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">leadership core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Government</a> (2023–present)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Keqiang Government">Li Keqiang Government</a> (2013–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Culture" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Ecological_Civilization" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization">Ecological Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Economy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_the_Rule_of_Law" title="Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law">Rule of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Strengthening_the_Military" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Strengthening the Military">Strengthening the Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_waters_and_green_mountains" title="Clear waters and green mountains">Clear waters and green mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese-style_modernization" title="Chinese-style modernization">Chinese-style modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_prosperity" title="Common prosperity">Common prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Number_Nine" title="Document Number Nine">Document Number Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_circulation" title="Dual circulation">Dual circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Musts" title="Eight Musts">Eight Musts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-point_Regulation" title="Eight-point Regulation">Eight-point Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Confidences" title="Four Confidences">Four Confidences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_changes_unseen_in_a_century" title="Great changes unseen in a century">Great changes unseen in a century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_development" title="High-quality development">High-quality development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houses_are_for_living,_not_for_speculation" title="Houses are for living, not for speculation">Houses are for living, not for speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major-country_diplomacy" title="Major-country diplomacy">Major-country diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_productive_forces" title="New productive forces">New productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_media_takes_the_party%27s_last_name" title="Party media takes the party's last name">Party media takes the party's last name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_national_security" title="Holistic national security">Holistic national security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_East_is_rising_and_the_West_is_declining" title="The East is rising and the West is declining">The East is rising and the West is declining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stricts_and_Three_Honests" title="Three Stricts and Three Honests">Three Stricts and Three Honests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_the_Major_Achievements_and_Historical_Experience_of_the_Party_over_the_Past_Century" title="Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century">Historical resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Centenaries" title="Two Centenaries">Two Centenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Upholds" title="Two Establishes and Two Upholds">Two Establishes and Two Upholds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-process_people%27s_democracy" title="Whole-process people's democracy">Whole-process people's democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Jinping_(November_2024)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg/120px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg/180px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg/240px-Xi_Jinping_%28November_2024%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="880" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2012 election as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (2012–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Internet_Conference" title="World Internet Conference">World Internet Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/709_crackdown" title="709 crackdown">709 crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Revolution_in_China" title="Toilet Revolution in China">Toilet Revolution in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2015 China Victory Day Parade">2015 China Victory Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Xi%E2%80%93Chu_meeting" title="2015 Xi–Chu meeting">Xi–Chu Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2017 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_trade_war" title="China–United States trade war">China–United States trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Hong_Kong_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Hong Kong protests">2019–20 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">2019 China 70th National Day grand parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19" title="Chinese government response to COVID-19">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party">100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Inner_Mongolia_protests" title="2020 Inner Mongolia protests">2020 Inner Mongolia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020-2021_Xi_Jinping_Administration_reform_spree" class="mw-redirect" title="2020-2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree">2020-2021 Xi Jinping Administration reform spree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Xi_Jinping_visit_to_Hong_Kong" title="2022 Xi Jinping visit to Hong Kong">2022 Hong Kong visit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third term</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2022 2nd reelection as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">2022 COVID-19 protests in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Xi_Jinping" title="Foreign policy of Xi Jinping">Diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Policies82" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Forum_for_International_Cooperation" title="Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation">Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Development_Initiative" title="Global Development Initiative">Global Development Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Security_Initiative" title="Global Security Initiative">Global Security Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Civilization_Initiative" title="Global Civilization Initiative">Global Civilization Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Xi_Jinping" title="List of international trips made by Xi Jinping">Meetings and trips</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia,_Tanzania,_South_Africa_and_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to Russia, Tanzania, South Africa and Congo">2013 Russia, Tanzania, South Africa, Congo visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Pakistan" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to Pakistan">2015 Pakistan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_States" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States">2015 United States visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Xi Jinping to the United Kingdom">2015 United Kingdom visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam_and_Laos" title="2017 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam and Laos">2017 Vietnam and Laos visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim%E2%80%93Xi_meetings" title="Kim–Xi meetings">Kim–Xi meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visits_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Italy_and_France" title="State visits by Xi Jinping to Italy and France">2019 Italy and France visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPC_and_World_Political_Parties_Summit" title="CPC and World Political Parties Summit">CPC and World Political Parties Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan" title="2022 state visit by Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan">2022 Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_China-Arab_States_Summit" title="2022 China-Arab States Summit">2022 China-Arab States Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Russia" title="2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia">2023 Russia visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-Central_Asia_Summit" title="China-Central Asia Summit">China-Central Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Vietnam" title="2023 state visit by Xi Jinping to Vietnam">2023 Vietnam visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_France,_Serbia_and_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 visit by Xi Jinping to France, Serbia and Hungary">2024 France, Serbia, Hungary visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Kazakhstan_and_Tajikistan" title="2024 state visit by Xi Jinping to Kazakhstan and Tajikistan">2024 Kazakhstan and Tajikistan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_state_visit_by_Xi_Jinping_to_Peru_and_Brazil" title="2024 state visit by Xi Jinping to Peru and Brazil">2024 Peru and Brazil visit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Xi_Jinping" title="Bibliography of Xi Jinping">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping_important_speech_series" title="General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series">General Secretary Xi Jinping important speech series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hopes_of_President_Xi" title="The Hopes of President Xi">The Hopes of President Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhijiang_Xinyu" title="Zhijiang Xinyu">Zhijiang Xinyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Xin" title="Qi Xin">Qi Xin</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Lingling" title="Ke Lingling">Ke Lingling</a> (1st wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a> (2nd wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Qiaoqiao" title="Qi Qiaoqiao">Qi Qiaoqiao</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Yuanping" title="Xi Yuanping">Xi Yuanping</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Mingze" title="Xi Mingze">Xi Mingze</a> (daughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazing_China" title="Amazing China">Amazing China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator-in-Chief" title="Accelerator-in-Chief">Accelerator-in-Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Xi_Jinping" title="List of awards and honours received by Xi Jinping">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Winnie-the-Pooh_in_China" title="Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh in China">Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Xi Jinping's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deng_Jiagui" title="Deng Jiagui">Deng Jiagui</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zhijiang_Army" title="New Zhijiang Army">New Zhijiang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Letter_asking_Xi_Jinping_to_Resign" title="Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign">Open Letter asking Xi Jinping to Resign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyzodiastes_xii" title="Rhyzodiastes xii">Rhyzodiastes xii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_Xi_Jinping%27s_Kindness_We_Never_Forget" title="General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget">General Secretary Xi Jinping's Kindness We Never Forget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuexi_Qiangguo" title="Xuexi Qiangguo">Xuexi Qiangguo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Xi_Jinping" title="Category:Xi Jinping">Category:Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19692715#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1239" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19692715#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19692715#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34152864176804822661">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1177403080">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2018076036">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177732978">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177732978">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2018998433&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007399010205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/231155298">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&oldid=1274946951">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&oldid=1274946951</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Category:Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_direct_investment" title="Category:Foreign direct investment">Foreign direct investment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Category:Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_investment_abroad" title="Category:Chinese investment abroad">Chinese investment abroad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Xi_Jinping" title="Category:Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Li_Keqiang" title="Category:Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese_(China)-language_sources_(zh-cn)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)">CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Simplified_Chinese-language_sources_(zh-hans)" title="Category:CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)">CS1 Simplified Chinese-language sources (zh-hans)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_November_2018" title="Category:Use American English from November 2018">Use American English from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_obsolete_information_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with obsolete information from July 2024">Articles with obsolete information from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_templates_with_no_data_rows" title="Category:Articles using infobox templates with no data rows">Articles using infobox templates with no data rows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles needing clarification">All Wikipedia articles needing clarification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_establishment_missing" title="Category:Year of establishment missing">Year of establishment missing</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 February 2025, at 04:50 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belt_and_Road_Initiative&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Belt and Road Initiative</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 57 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-564c4f7765-j79x5","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.283","walltime":"4.942","ppvisitednodes":{"value":61020,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1021449,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":48313,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1144457,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4169.293 1 -total"," 36.69% 1529.537 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.21% 633.982 120 Template:Cite_web"," 14.65% 610.798 112 Template:Rp"," 13.99% 583.372 112 Template:R/superscript"," 11.66% 486.123 150 Template:Flag"," 6.87% 286.329 46 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.85% 285.466 336 Template:R/where"," 6.59% 274.815 60 Template:Cite_news"," 4.14% 172.753 1 Template:Politics_of_China"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.193","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21400421,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","23.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","13.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","10.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","60","2.4"],["type","60","2.4"],["[others]","620","25.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-59f9688f97-m9qj7","timestamp":"20250220150116","ttl":723541,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Belt and Road Initiative","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belt_and_Road_Initiative","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19692715","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q19692715","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-03-29T10:20:22Z","headline":"international development strategy and framework proposed by China to put also some participating countries in debt and dependence of the PRC"}</script> </body> </html>