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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Testu+kritika" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Testu+kritika" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Testu+kritika" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Testu+kritika" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zientzia_laguntzaileak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zientzia_laguntzaileak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zientzia laguntzaileak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zientzia_laguntzaileak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testu_kritikaren_histori_laburra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testu_kritikaren_histori_laburra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Testu kritikaren histori laburra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testu_kritikaren_histori_laburra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Testu kritika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 50 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekskritiek" title="Tekskritiek – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tekskritiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%8A" title="نقد نصي – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقد نصي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99tn%C5%9F%C3%BCnasl%C4%B1q" title="Mətnşünaslıq – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mətnşünaslıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тэксталогія – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэксталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Текстология – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Текстология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_textual" title="Crítica textual – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crítica textual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textov%C3%A1_kritika" title="Textová kritika – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Textová kritika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Текстологи – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Текстологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstkritik" title="Tekstkritik – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tekstkritik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textkritik" title="Textkritik – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Textkritik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Κριτική του κειμένου – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κριτική του κειμένου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Textual criticism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_la_teksto" title="Historio de la teksto – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de la teksto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_textual" title="Crítica textual – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crítica textual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstikriitika" title="Tekstikriitika – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tekstikriitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="تصحیح متون – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصحیح متون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstikritiikki" title="Tekstikritiikki – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekstikritiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_textuelle" title="Critique textuelle – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Critique textuelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8" title="पाठालोचन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाठालोचन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%A1stan" title="Forrástan – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Forrástan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեքստաբանություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեքստաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_textual" title="Critica textual – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Critica textual" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritik_teks" title="Kritik teks – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kritik teks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textar%C3%BDni" title="Textarýni – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Textarýni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critica_testuale" title="Critica testuale – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Critica testuale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="本文批評 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="本文批評" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტექსტოლოგია – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტექსტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Текстология – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Текстология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಗ್ರಂಥ ಸಂಪಾದನೆ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರಂಥ ಸಂಪಾದನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B8%EB%AC%B8_%EB%B9%84%ED%8F%89" title="본문 비평 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="본문 비평" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Текстология – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Текстология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitsikerana_lahatsoratra" title="Fitsikerana lahatsoratra – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fitsikerana lahatsoratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textkritik" title="Textkritik – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Textkritik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstkritiek" title="Tekstkritiek – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tekstkritiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstkritikk" title="Tekstkritikk – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tekstkritikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytyka_tekstu" title="Krytyka tekstu – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krytyka tekstu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADtica_textual" title="Crítica textual – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crítica textual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Текстология – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Текстология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstualna_kritika" title="Tekstualna kritika – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tekstualna kritika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Textual criticism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textov%C3%A1_kritika" title="Textová kritika – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Textová kritika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstna_kritika" title="Tekstna kritika – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tekstna kritika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filolo%C5%A1ka_kritika" title="Filološka kritika – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Filološka kritika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textkritik" title="Textkritik – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Textkritik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstologi%E1%BB%B3a" title="Tekstologiỳa – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tekstologiỳa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritisismong_tekstuwal" title="Kritisismong tekstuwal – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kritisismong tekstuwal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metin_ele%C5%9Ftirisi" title="Metin eleştirisi – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metin eleştirisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Текстологія – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Текстологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matnshunoslik" title="Matnshunoslik – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matnshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="文本批评 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文本批评" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ezra_Codex_Amiantinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ezra_Codex_Amiantinus.jpg/220px-Ezra_Codex_Amiantinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ezra_Codex_Amiantinus.jpg/330px-Ezra_Codex_Amiantinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Ezra_Codex_Amiantinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Liburuak eskuz kopiatzen zirenean ohikoa zen testuetan akatsak sartzea.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Testu kritika</b> edo <b>Ekdotika</b> jatorrizko testuak edo, behintzat, egileek nahi zuten testuetatik bertsio gertuenak lortu nahi dituen <a href="/wiki/Filologia" title="Filologia">filologiaren</a> adarra dugu. Testu asko ez dira haien osotasunean gorde edo denborarekin bertsio desberdinak joan dira sortzen. Ekdotikaren helburua jatorrizko bertsioetatik gertuena eskuratzea izango litzateke. Horretarako testuen konparaketa egingo du, egilearen ideiak aztertuko ditu, <a href="/wiki/Transkripzio_(hizkuntzalaritza)" title="Transkripzio (hizkuntzalaritza)">transkripzioan</a> sortutako okerrak ezabatuko ditu...<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hau guztia testu zaharrei aplikatu diezaiekegu, esaterako, eskuizkribu baten interpretazio desberdinez, baina baita ere testu garaikidei, adibidez, poema beraren bertsio desberdinak ezagutzen direnean. Prozesu horren ondorioz sortutako testuak <a href="/wiki/Edizio_kritiko" title="Edizio kritiko">edizio kritikoaren</a> izenarekin definitzen dira. Modu batez, <a href="/wiki/Testu" title="Testu">testuaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Arkeologia" title="Arkeologia">arkeologia</a> bezala uler daiteke testu kritika. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zientzia_laguntzaileak">Zientzia laguntzaileak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zientzia laguntzaileak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Zientzia laguntzaileak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nagusiki bi dira kritika honen zientzia laguntzaileak: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleografia" title="Paleografia">Paleografia</a>: idazkera zaharren ikerketa eta itzulpen.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodikologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodikologia (sortu gabe)">Kodikologia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eskuizkribu" title="Eskuizkribu">eskuizkribuen</a> azterketa historikoa edo arkeologikoa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testu_kritikaren_histori_laburra">Testu kritikaren histori laburra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Testu kritikaren histori laburra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Testu kritikaren histori laburra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Testuak berreskuratzeko eta berrosatzeko kezkaren inguruko lehenengo datuak <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandriako</a> filologoekin ditugu; filologo horiek <a href="/wiki/Homero" title="Homero">Homeroren</a> obra editatzeko inguruko kezkak azaldu zituzten.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdi_Aroa" title="Erdi Aroa">Erdi Aroan</a> kezka hori <a href="/wiki/Biblia" title="Biblia">Bibliaren</a> testuetan kokatu zen. <a href="/wiki/Jeronimo_Estridongoa" title="Jeronimo Estridongoa">Jeronimo Estridongoak</a> hebraiera eta greziera sakonki estudiatu zuen erlijio-testuak ondo finkatzeko asmoaz.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea">Pizkundean</a> <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Grezia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erromako</a> testuak berreskuratzeko beharra ikusi zen eta horrek testuak berrosatzeko beharra erakutsi zuen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIX._mendea" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mendean</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lachmann" title="Karl Lachmann">Karl Lachmannek</a> testu kritika zientifikoa landu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Humanismo" title="Humanismo">humanismoaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Intuizio" title="Intuizio">intuizioan</a> oinarritutako lanak gainditzeko moduan. <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Parisek</a> ere bere aportazioak egin zituen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea">XX. mendean</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Quentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Quentin (sortu gabe)">Henri Quentinek</a> metodo berreraikitzailea asmatu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Bedier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Bedier (sortu gabe)">Joseph Bedierrek</a> Lachmann metodologian zenbait akats aurkitu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izan ere, neolachmannismoa indartu zen, kalte txikiena bezala ikusita.</li> <li>XX. mendearen amaieran <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Genette" title="Gérard Genette">Gérard Genettek</a> epdotikari aportazio garrantzitsuak egin dizkio.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Bart D. Ehrman: <i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i>. Oxford University Press, 2005. 46.or. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Henri Quentin:<i>Essais de critique textuelle (Ecdotique)</i>. París: A. Picard, 1926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Bédier: <i>La tradition manuscrite du Lai de l'ombre. Réflexions sur l'art d'éditer les anciens textes</i>, 1928. Berrinprimatzea: París, Champion, 1970.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Blecua" title="Alberto Blecua">Alberto Blecua</a>: <i>Manual de Crítica Textual</i>. Madril: Castalia, 1983.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literatura_kritika" title="Literatura kritika">Literatura kritika</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testu_kritika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://textualsociety.org">The Society for Textual Scholarship and Textual Cultures</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecdotica.hypotheses.org">Kritika testualean hasteko azalpenak.</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style 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