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<span>Context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lupton's_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lupton's_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lupton's impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lupton's_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English educator</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American sculptor, painter, and miniaturist, see <a href="/wiki/Frances_Platt_Townsend_Lupton" title="Frances Platt Townsend Lupton">Frances Platt Townsend Lupton</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frances Lupton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_Mrs_Francis_Lupton_from_the_book_A_Short_History_of_Leeds_Girls_High_School_1876-1906_by_K.E._Procter_(1926).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image_of_Mrs_Francis_Lupton_from_the_book_A_Short_History_of_Leeds_Girls_High_School_1876-1906_by_K.E._Procter_%281926%29.png/220px-Image_of_Mrs_Francis_Lupton_from_the_book_A_Short_History_of_Leeds_Girls_High_School_1876-1906_by_K.E._Procter_%281926%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image_of_Mrs_Francis_Lupton_from_the_book_A_Short_History_of_Leeds_Girls_High_School_1876-1906_by_K.E._Procter_%281926%29.png/330px-Image_of_Mrs_Francis_Lupton_from_the_book_A_Short_History_of_Leeds_Girls_High_School_1876-1906_by_K.E._Procter_%281926%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Image_of_Mrs_Francis_Lupton_from_the_book_A_Short_History_of_Leeds_Girls_High_School_1876-1906_by_K.E._Procter_%281926%29.png/440px-Image_of_Mrs_Francis_Lupton_from_the_book_A_Short_History_of_Leeds_Girls_High_School_1876-1906_by_K.E._Procter_%281926%29.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="998" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frances Elizabeth Greenhow</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1821-07-20</span>)</span>20 July 1821<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 1892<span style="display:none">(1892-03-09)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Roundhay" title="Roundhay">Roundhay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Female education reform</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lupton_family" title="Lupton family">Francis Lupton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frances Elizabeth Lupton</b> (née <b>Greenhow</b>; 20 July 1821 – 9 March 1892) was an Englishwoman of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> who worked to open up <a href="/wiki/Female_education#Modern_period" title="Female education">educational opportunities for women</a>. She married into the politically active <a href="/wiki/Lupton_family" title="Lupton family">Lupton family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, where she co-founded <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Girls%27_High_School" title="Leeds Girls' High School">Leeds Girls' High School</a> in 1876 and was the Leeds representative of the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England_Council_for_Promoting_the_Higher_Education_of_Women" title="North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women">North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Lupton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lupton was born Frances Elizabeth Greenhow on 20 July 1821, into a medical family in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Camilla_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camilla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her father, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Michael_Greenhow" title="Thomas Michael Greenhow">Thomas Michael Greenhow</a>, co-founded the city's Eye Infirmary, with <a href="/wiki/John_Fife_(surgeon)" title="John Fife (surgeon)">Sir John Fife</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-TimeLine1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeLine1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle University Medical School">Newcastle University Medical School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ONDB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONDB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked at Newcastle Infirmary, renamed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Infirmary" title="Royal Victoria Infirmary">Royal Victoria Infirmary</a>, for many years and was instrumental in its expansion in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-TimeLine1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimeLine1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her mother, Elizabeth, was born into the <a href="/wiki/Martineau_family" title="Martineau family">Martineau family</a>, an intellectual, business, and <a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">political dynasty</a>. Many of her relatives were nationally prominent as <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">Unitarians</a>, a branch of <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a>; a main hall of the post-<a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">Blitz</a> rebuilding of <a href="/wiki/Essex_Street_Chapel" title="Essex Street Chapel">Essex Hall</a> – the national headquarters for British Unitarians – was named after them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth grew up in Norwich, attending the <a href="/wiki/Octagon_Chapel,_Norwich" title="Octagon Chapel, Norwich">Octagon Chapel</a>. Her siblings included <a href="/wiki/James_Martineau" title="James Martineau">James</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">religious philosopher</a> and professor at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_New_College#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester New College">Manchester New College</a> (known today as <a href="/wiki/Harris_Manchester_College,_Oxford" title="Harris Manchester College, Oxford">Harris Manchester College, Oxford University</a>); <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> writer, often cited as the first female sociologist;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Robert, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Birmingham" title="List of mayors of Birmingham">Mayor of Birmingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas and Elizabeth Greenhow lived in Newcastle's fashionable <a href="/wiki/Old_Eldon_Square" title="Old Eldon Square">Old Eldon Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had several children; Frances and at least two boys. Henry Martineau Greenhow (1829–1912) followed his father into medicine. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Medical_Service" title="Indian Medical Service">Indian Medical Service</a> and spent his career in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, rising to surgeon major. His garrison withstood the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">Siege of Lucknow</a>, a key part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another brother, William Thomas Greenhow (1831–1921) became a judge.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siblings' first cousin <a href="/wiki/Edward_Headlam_Greenhow" title="Edward Headlam Greenhow">Edward Headlam Greenhow</a> was a physician-academic, who made his mark in <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> and public health.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frances was educated at her aunt Rachel Martineau's school and remained close to Rachel's sister Harriet in adulthood. The Unitarian ethos of liberalism and service to society stayed with her throughout her life.<sup id="cite_ref-ONDB_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONDB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Lupton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lupton_family" title="Lupton family">Lupton family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_W._Lupton_Esq.,_of_Potternewton_Hall_(died_1884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Francis_W._Lupton_Esq.%2C_of_Potternewton_Hall_%28died_1884%29.jpg/220px-Francis_W._Lupton_Esq.%2C_of_Potternewton_Hall_%28died_1884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Francis_W._Lupton_Esq.%2C_of_Potternewton_Hall_%28died_1884%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Frances married <a href="/wiki/Lupton_family" title="Lupton family">Francis Lupton</a> in 1847</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1847 Frances married Francis Lupton (1813–1884), a member of a prosperous and politically active cloth manufacturing family in Leeds. In addition to his business interests, he was one of the founders of the Yorkshire College of Science in 1874,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became part of the federal <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University (UK)">Victoria University</a>, and from 1904 the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lupton_family" title="Lupton family">The Luptons</a> were Unitarians who worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Mill_Hill_Chapel" title="Mill Hill Chapel">Mill Hill Chapel</a> on <a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds City Square">Leeds City Square</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> window commemorates them.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frances married into a family of activists. Her husband's younger brother, Joseph Lupton, was president<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later vice-president<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Manchester New College, the training college for ministers where Frances's uncle taught. He was an <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Effecting_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade">anti-slavery campaigner</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> who sat on the executive of the <a href="/wiki/National_Reform_Union" title="National Reform Union">National Reform Union</a>. He sat on the committee for the <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="National Society for Women's Suffrage">National Society for Women's Suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brothers' cousin Jane married the minister at Mill Hill, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wicksteed" title="Charles Wicksteed">Charles Wicksteed</a>, an educational reformer. He co-founded the Leeds Education Society,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/National_Education_League" title="National Education League">National Education League</a>. </p><p>Francis and Frances lived just outside the rapidly industrialising city at <a href="/wiki/Potternewton" title="Potternewton">Potternewton Hall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later moving to Beechwood, a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roundhay" title="Roundhay">Roundhay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis had farms at Beechwood and worked as a director of the family wool manufacturing firm until he died suddenly at the age of 70 in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Luptons had five sons, Francis Martineau, Arthur, Herbert (who died young), Charles, and Hugh.<sup id="cite_ref-Camilla_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camilla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When her brother's wife died, she took in their daughter <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Greenhow" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabel Greenhow">Mabel Greenhow</a> to raise alongside her own children; Mabel grew up to write as Mrs Murray Hickson. Her four surviving sons contributed to the civic life of Leeds; two became <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Leeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Leeds">Lord Mayor of Leeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayner_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayner-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through <a href="/wiki/Lupton_family#Olive_Middleton_(née_Lupton)" title="Lupton family">Olive Middleton</a> (1881–1936), the eldest child of her eldest child <a href="/wiki/Lupton_family#Francis_Martineau_Lupton" title="Lupton family">Francis Martineau</a> (1848–1921), Frances Lupton is the great-great-great-grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine, Princess of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unitarians_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unitarians-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_education_reform">Female education reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Lupton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Female education reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Context">Context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Lupton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">History of education in England</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Female_education#Modern_period" title="Female education">Secular education of women</a> became a more pressing issue by the mid-19th century. Girls' schools, including small boarding establishments, had existed for generations (for example <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>'s school in <a href="/wiki/Newington_Green" title="Newington Green">Newington Green</a> in the 1780s, with ties to <a href="/wiki/Newington_Green_Unitarian_Church" title="Newington Green Unitarian Church">Newington Green Unitarian Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Newington_Academy_for_Girls" title="Newington Academy for Girls">Newington Academy for Girls</a>, set up by <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> in 1824), but a new impetus was given by the founding of colleges offering <a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">single-sex education</a> to young women. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_London" title="Queen's College, London">Queen's College, London</a> opened in London in 1848 to provide qualifications for <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governesses</a>. The first girls' schools targeted at university entrance were <a href="/wiki/North_London_Collegiate_School" title="North London Collegiate School">North London Collegiate School</a> (from 1850) and <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Ladies%27_College" title="Cheltenham Ladies' College">Cheltenham Ladies' College</a> (from the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Beale" title="Dorothea Beale">Dorothea Beale</a> in 1858).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emily_Davies" title="Emily Davies">Emily Davies</a> campaigned for women's higher education in the 1860s, and founded <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton</a> in 1869, and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Clough" title="Anne Clough">Anne Clough</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham</a> in 1871 – both of these colleges were affiliated with but not entirely accepted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. </p><p>Lupton's aunt Harriet Martineau paid a visit to the United States in 1834, one of her areas of interest was the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in education in the United States">emerging girls' schools</a>. In <i>Society in America</i> (1837), the sociologist criticised the state of female education: </p> <blockquote><p>"The intellect of women is confined by an unjustifiable restriction of ... education ... As women have none of the objects in life for which an enlarged education is considered requisite, the education is not given ... The choice is to either be ill-educated, passive, and subservient, or well-educated, vigorous, and free only upon sufferance."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lupton's_impact"><span id="Lupton.27s_impact"></span>Lupton's impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Lupton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lupton's impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lupton's entry in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> describes her pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Female_education#Educational_reform" title="Female education">expanding the opportunities for female education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ONDB_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONDB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1871 Lupton became Honorary Secretary to the Ladies' Honorary Council of the Yorkshire Board of Education, which was just six years old. She was "the powerful driving force of the organization" and also that of the Leeds Ladies' Educational Association. One of her first successes was setting up a students' library. Soon, the committees had arranged to superintend the first <a href="/wiki/UCLES" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLES">Cambridge Local Examination</a> for women in Leeds.<sup id="cite_ref-ONDB_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONDB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unitarians_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unitarians-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most pressing need was for better all-round education for girls, equivalent to what boys received at traditional <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>. Established interests prevented the use of existing charitable funds, despite the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Endowed_Schools_Act_1869" title="Endowed Schools Act 1869">Endowed Schools Act 1869</a>, so Lupton led a meeting between the Leeds Association and the Ladies Council to create a new way forward – a <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a>. Her business acumen led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Girls%27_High_School" title="Leeds Girls' High School">Leeds Girls' High School</a> in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-ONDB_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONDB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unitarians_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unitarians-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lupton and the Ladies Council also saw the need for the dissemination of practical information on traditionally female subjects such as health and nursing. They launched a cookery school in 1874, having requested but not received help from civil servant Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cole_(inventor)" title="Henry Cole (inventor)">Henry Cole</a>. In the following decade, the Yorkshire Training School of Cookery developed <a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">teacher training</a> courses at the request of the school boards – eventually this formed a component of <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Metropolitan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds Metropolitan University">Leeds Metropolitan University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ONDB_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONDB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unitarians_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unitarians-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1870s, Lupton invited England's leading educationalists: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Clough" title="Anne Clough">Anne Clough</a>, principal of <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College</a> Cambridge University, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell" title="Elizabeth Gaskell">Meta Gaskell</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley" title="John Robert Seeley">Professor Sir John Seely</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a> to her home, Beechwood.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1872, Lupton represented NECPHEW's Leeds Ladies' Educational Association on the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England_Council_for_Promoting_the_Higher_Education_of_Women" title="North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women">North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women</a> (NECPHEW). As a council member, she also belonged to the Education for Girls Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a> which, from 1871, had aligned itself with the aims of NECPHEW.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Review_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lupton, Mrs Henry Currer Briggs and Mrs F.W. Kitson established the Leeds branch of the Association for the Care and Protection of Friendless Girls in 1885 which was also supported by members of her family.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Lupton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lupton died at home at Beechwood on 9 March 1892 and is buried at St John's Church in <a href="/wiki/Roundhay" title="Roundhay">Roundhay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Camilla_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camilla-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Lupton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Camilla-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camilla_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camilla_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camilla_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvon_Massenbach" class="citation web cs1">von Massenbach, Camilla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.links.org/links-cgi/readged?/home/ben/camilla-genealogy/current+c-greenhow103953+2-2-0-1-0">"Frances Elizabeth Greenhow 1821–1892"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frances+Elizabeth+Greenhow+1821%E2%80%931892&rft.aulast=von+Massenbach&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.links.org%2Flinks-cgi%2Freadged%3F%2Fhome%2Fben%2Fcamilla-genealogy%2Fcurrent%2Bc-greenhow103953%2B2-2-0-1-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeLine1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TimeLine1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimeLine1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012213148/http://research.ncl.ac.uk/nsa/tl2.htm">"Newcastle Infirmary Time Line 1801–1849"</a>. Newcastle University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.ncl.ac.uk/nsa/tl2.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>1832: Thomas Greenhow appointed honorary surgeon to the Infirmary. He had already been surgeon to the lying-in hospital, and in 1822 had established the Eye Infirmary with John Fife.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+Infirmary+Time+Line+1801%E2%80%931849&rft.pub=Newcastle+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.ncl.ac.uk%2Fnsa%2Ftl2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettany2004" class="citation web cs1">Bettany, G. T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/9/101009416/">"Fife, Sir John (1795–1871), surgeon and politician"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>He [Fife] specialized in diseases of the eye, founding in 1822, with T. M. Greenhow, a charity which became the Newcastle Eye Infirmary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Fife%2C+Sir+John+%281795%E2%80%931871%29%2C+surgeon+and+politician&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bettany&rft.aufirst=G.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Findex%2F9%2F101009416%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONDB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ONDB_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONDB_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONDB_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONDB_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONDB_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ONDB_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosden2004" class="citation web cs1">Gosden, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/53/101053013/">"Lupton [née Greenhow], Frances Elizabeth (1821–1892), educationist"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Lupton+%5Bn%C3%A9e+Greenhow%5D%2C+Frances+Elizabeth+%281821%E2%80%931892%29%2C+educationist&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gosden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Findex%2F53%2F101053013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323231913/http://research.ncl.ac.uk/nsa/tl3.htm">"Newcastle Infirmary Time Line 1850–1888"</a>. Newcastle University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.ncl.ac.uk/nsa/tl3.htm">the original</a> on 23 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>1850: Mr Greenhow, as spokesman for the honorary medical staff, points out that again the Infirmary is inadequate for the needs of the area, which had tripled in population in the last 100 years. The annual report draws the attention of the governors and public to the Infirmaries shortcomings. 1851: Greenhow and Gibb visit hospitals in London and elsewhere to gain insight in modern hospital design, and report back to the committee. On March 13th John Dobson, the famous architect, laid his plans for a new wing and redevelopment of the Infirmary before the committee, and they were agreed on April 3rd. 1855: The Dobson Wing opened, costing £10 500.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newcastle+Infirmary+Time+Line+1850%E2%80%931888&rft.pub=Newcastle+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.ncl.ac.uk%2Fnsa%2Ftl3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayler1959" class="citation book cs1">Tayler, Kenneth S. (1959). "An Architect's Headache". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501021755/http://www.unitarian.org.uk/support/doc-EssexHall6.shtml"><i>The History of Essex Hal</i></a>. Lindsey Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitarian.org.uk/support/doc-EssexHall6.shtml">the original</a> on 1 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>the meeting-hall on the ground floor, to be named the Martineau Hall, and to be used for meetings of the Council of the General Assembly and similar gatherings, but also to be registered as a place of worship and used for occasional religious services</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Architect%27s+Headache&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Essex+Hal&rft.pub=Lindsey+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Tayler&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitarian.org.uk%2Fsupport%2Fdoc-EssexHall6.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillHoecker-Drysdale2002" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Michael R; Hoecker-Drysdale, Susan, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyzyUpMfh24C"><i>Harriet Martineau: Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415945288" title="Special:BookSources/9780415945288"><bdi>9780415945288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harriet+Martineau%3A+Theoretical+and+Methodological+Perspectives&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415945288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqyzyUpMfh24C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2006" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Linda H. (21 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdxHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT778"><i>Autobiography – Harriet Martineau</i></a>. Broadview Press 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781460403143" title="Special:BookSources/9781460403143"><bdi>9781460403143</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Harriet visited Birmingham to see her mother, Elizabeth, in 1846. At that time, Harriet's brother, Robert, was Mayor of Birmingham.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography+%E2%80%93+Harriet+Martineau&rft.pub=Broadview+Press+2007&rft.date=2006-12-21&rft.isbn=9781460403143&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Linda+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdxHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple1997" class="citation book cs1">Chapple, J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46NSp2wZRkAC&q=elizabeth++martineau++doctors++wife++greenhow&pg=PA355"><i>Elizabeth Gaskell: The Early Years</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719025508" title="Special:BookSources/0719025508"><bdi>0719025508</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>... Elizabeth (Lissy) who married a surgeon.... living in the fashionable Eldon Square...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Gaskell%3A+The+Early+Years&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0719025508&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46NSp2wZRkAC%26q%3Delizabeth%2B%2Bmartineau%2B%2Bdoctors%2B%2Bwife%2B%2Bgreenhow%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry in Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online, a biographical register of the Fellows of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Surgeons">Royal College of Surgeons</a> of England, written by its librarian Victor Plarr (1863–1929), and hosted by the College <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/biogs/E002047b.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassell1853" class="citation web cs1">Cassell, J. (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xF_BIl4thRkC&q=king%27s+college+guy%27s+st+thomas+Greenhow&pg=PA116">"The Popular Educator, Volume 3"</a>. John Cassell. p. 116<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2017</span>. <q>On the 4th May, 1853, the ceremony took place in the large hall of King's College, Somerset House...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Educator%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=John+Cassell&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Cassell&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxF_BIl4thRkC%26q%3Dking%2527s%2Bcollege%2Bguy%2527s%2Bst%2Bthomas%2BGreenhow%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair1896" class="citation web cs1">Mair, R. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irQTAAAAYAAJ&q=His+++Hon++Judge++Greehow">"Debrett's Illustrated House of Commons, and the Judicial Bench"</a>. Dean & son. p. 354<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>HIS HONOUR JUDGE GREENHOW. William Thomas Greenhow, son of the late T. M. Greenhow, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.S., of Chapel Allerton, Leeds, and formerly .......His Honour Judge (W.T.) Greenhow....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+Illustrated+House+of+Commons%2C+and+the+Judicial+Bench&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Dean+%26+son&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirQTAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DHis%2B%2B%2BHon%2B%2BJudge%2B%2BGreehow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettany2004" class="citation web cs1">Bettany, G. T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/11/101011431/">"Greenhow, Edward Headlam (1814–1888), epidemiologist and physician"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. 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(1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitarian.org.uk/docs/publications/1932_Manchester_College.pdf"><i>Manchester College</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. George Allen & Unwin Ltd. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester+College&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=V.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitarian.org.uk%2Fdocs%2Fpublications%2F1932_Manchester_College.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221155208/http://www.unitarian.org.uk/docs/publications/1894_ManchesterCollege.pdf"><i>Proceedings and Addresses on the Occasion of the Opening of the College Buildings and the Dedication of the Chapel, October 18–19, 1893</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Longmans, Green & Co. 1894. p. preface. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitarian.org.uk/docs/publications/1894_ManchesterCollege.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+and+Addresses+on+the+Occasion+of+the+Opening+of+the+College+Buildings+and+the+Dedication+of+the+Chapel%2C+October+18%E2%80%9319%2C+1893&rft.pages=preface&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitarian.org.uk%2Fdocs%2Fpublications%2F1894_ManchesterCollege.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8uoe5GSopaUC"><i>The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland: A Regional Survey</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136010620" title="Special:BookSources/9781136010620"><bdi>9781136010620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement+in+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+A+Regional+Survey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136010620&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8uoe5GSopaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1980" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Derek (1980). <i>A History of Modern Leeds</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>By 1860, the Barker family had sub-divided their estate with Potternewton Hall and 13 acres being sold to Francis William Lupton, a "gentleman" whose family had lived at Potternewton Hall since the early 19th century. 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New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062084699" title="Special:BookSources/9780062084699"><bdi>9780062084699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Luptons+1847%E2%80%931930&rft.btitle=Kate%3A+The+Making+of+a+Princess&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780062084699&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkate00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton1965" class="citation book cs1">Lupton, Charles Athelstane (1965). <i>The Lupton Family in Leeds</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+the+family+of+%27commoner%27+Kate+Middleton+has+been+rubbing+shoulders+with+royalty+for+a+century&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft.aulast=Rayner&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fkate-middleton%2F10135251%2FHow-the-family-of-commoner-Kate-Middleton-has-been-rubbing-shoulders-with-royalty-for-a-century.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttenstall1988" class="citation web cs1">Suttenstall, Margaret L (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stonebarrow.org.uk/genealogy/persondetail/jessiebeatricekitson.htm">"Jessie Beatrice Kitson"</a>. Stonebarrow<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jessie+Beatrice+Kitson&rft.pub=Stonebarrow&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Suttenstall&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstonebarrow.org.uk%2Fgenealogy%2Fpersondetail%2Fjessiebeatricekitson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13050232">"Royal wedding: Family tree"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2016) [1872], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4O_DQAAQBAJ&q=Frances+elizabeth+Lupton+Leeds+Manchester+meta&pg=PT112"><i>The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions: 1872</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315411194" title="Special:BookSources/9781315411194"><bdi>9781315411194</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Englishwoman%27s+Review+of+Social+and+Industrial+Questions%3A+1872&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315411194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY4O_DQAAQBAJ%26q%3DFrances%2Belizabeth%2BLupton%2BLeeds%2BManchester%2Bmeta%26pg%3DPT112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Review_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6FBAQAAMAAJ&q=the+english+woman+manchester+review++frances++lupton+meta"><i>The Englishwoman's Review of Social and Industrial Questions</i></a>, Garland, 1985 [1874], <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824037291" title="Special:BookSources/9780824037291"><bdi>9780824037291</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Englishwoman%27s+Review+of+Social+and+Industrial+Questions&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780824037291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6FBAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Benglish%2Bwoman%2Bmanchester%2Breview%2B%2Bfrances%2B%2Blupton%2Bmeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSA-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSA_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBLyAAAAMAAJ&q=manchester+plymouth+grove+Frances+Lupton&pg=PA720">"Announcement by The North of England Council for Promoting the Higher Education of Women (Council)"</a>, <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Arts</i>, <b>19</b>, Royal Society of Arts: 719–720, 1871</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Arts&rft.atitle=Announcement+by+The+North+of+England+Council+for+Promoting+the+Higher+Education+of+Women+%28Council%29&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=719-720&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBLyAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmanchester%2Bplymouth%2Bgrove%2BFrances%2BLupton%26pg%3DPA720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrances+Lupton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=the%20hon%20mrs%20albert%20kitson&county=yorkshire%2c%20england&from=1908&to=1911">"COINCIDENCE"</a>. <i>Leeds Mercury</i>. 9 February 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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