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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_suspension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_suspension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact and suspension</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_and_suspension-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact and suspension subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_suspension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_non-cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_non-cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>End of non-cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_non-cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="حركة عدم التعاون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة عدم التعاون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="অসহযোগ আন্দোলন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অসহযোগ আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E2%80%93%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A8)" title="অসহযোগ আন্দোলন (১৯১৯–১৯২২) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অসহযোগ আন্দোলন (১৯১৯–১৯২২)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampagne_der_Nichtkooperation" title="Kampagne der Nichtkooperation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kampagne der Nichtkooperation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekunlabora_movado" title="Nekunlabora movado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nekunlabora movado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_de_non-coop%C3%A9ration" title="Mouvement de non-coopération – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement de non-coopération" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8" title="અસહયોગ આંદોલન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અસહયોગ આંદોલન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="असहयोग आन्दोलन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="असहयोग आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_non-kerja_sama" title="Gerakan non-kerja sama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan non-kerja sama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಸಹಕಾರ ಚಳುವಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಸಹಕಾರ ಚಳುವಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="നിസ്സഹകരണ പ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിസ്സഹകരണ പ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="असहकार आंदोलन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="असहकार आंदोलन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="असहयोग आन्दोलन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="असहयोग आन्दोलन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%9B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="非協力運動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="非協力運動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%A8" title="ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8" title="ਨਾਮਿਲਵਰਤਨ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਮਿਲਵਰਤਨ ਅੰਦੋਲਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ناملورتن تحریک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناملورتن تحریک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Движение несотрудничества – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Движение несотрудничества" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="असहकारान्दोलनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="असहकारान्दोलनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement" title="Non-cooperation movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Non-cooperation movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒத்துழையாமை இயக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒத்துழையாமை இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="సహాయ నిరాకరణోద్యమం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సహాయ నిరాకరణోద్యమం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="تحریک عدم تعاون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تحریک عدم تعاون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="唔合作運動 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="唔合作運動" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="不合作運動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="不合作運動" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1479381#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/72px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/108px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/144px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span class="nowrap">          </span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/55px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/83px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/110px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <span class="nowrap">Motto: <i>Jai Hind</i></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Indian_people" title="Lists of Indian people">Lists of Indian people</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sports</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li>English (<a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Other regional languages</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_India" title="List of Hindu temples in India">Temples</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Buddhism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">Temples</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_people_sidebar" title="Template:Indian people sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_people_sidebar" title="Template talk:Indian people sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_people_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian people sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>non-cooperation movement</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political campaign</a> launched on 4 September 1920 by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> to have <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> revoke their cooperation from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British government</a>, with the aim of persuading them to grant <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">self-governance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This came as result of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC) withdrawing its support for British reforms following the <i><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a></i> of 18 March 1919 – which suspended the rights of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> trials,<sup id="cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.26-36_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor2003p.26-36-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was seen as a "<i>political awakening</i>" by Indians and as a "threat" by the British<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2019p.59_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2019p.59-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—which led to the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a> of 13 April 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.26-36_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor2003p.26-36-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2019p.243_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2019p.243-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement was one of Gandhi's first organized acts of large-scale <i><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi's planning of the non-cooperation movement included persuading all Indians to withdraw their labour from any activity that "sustained the British government and also economy in India,"<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including British industries and educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through non-violent means, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i>, protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts, and picket liquor shops.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to promoting "self-reliance" by spinning <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">khadi</a>, buying Indian-made goods only, and boycotting British goods, Gandhi's non-cooperation movement also called for stopping planned dismemberment of Turkey (<a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a>) and the end to <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>. This resulted in publicly-held meetings and strikes (<a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal"><i>hartals</i></a>), which led to the first arrests of both <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and his father, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, on 6 December 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.41-42_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor2003p.41-42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The non-cooperation movement was among the broader <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">movement for Indian independence</a> from British rule<sup id="cite_ref-CulturalIndia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CulturalIndia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ended, as Nehru described in <a href="/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)" title="An Autobiography (Nehru)">his autobiography</a>, "suddenly" on 4 February 1922 after the <a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nehru1936p.81_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nehru1936p.81-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent independence movements were the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Disobedience Movement">Civil Disobedience Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CulturalIndia_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CulturalIndia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though intended to be non-violent, the movement was eventually called off by Gandhi in February 1922 following the <a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a>. After police opened fire on a crowd of protesters, killing and injuring several, the protesters followed the police back to their station and burned it down, killing the shooters and several other police inside.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the movement marked the transition of <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a> from a middle-class basis to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_leading_to_the_non-cooperation_movement">Factors leading to the non-cooperation movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Factors leading to the non-cooperation movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The non-cooperation movement was a reaction towards the oppressive policies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian government</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a></i> of 18 March 1919, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</a> of 13 April 1919.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although the <i>Rowlatt Act</i> of 1919, which suspended the rights of <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> trials,<sup id="cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.26-36_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor2003p.26-36-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was never invoked and declared void just a few years later,<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner2019p.243_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner2019p.243-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it motivated Gandhi to conceive the idea of <i><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a></i> (truth), which he saw as synonymous with independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Motivation for Gandhi's movement was further solidified following the events of <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">13 April 1919</a>, when a large crowd had gathered at <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> to protest against the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Kitchlew" title="Saifuddin Kitchlew">Saifuddin Kitchlew</a> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Satyapal" title="Satyapal">Satyapal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others had come to attend the annual <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Baisakhi festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civilians were fired upon by soldiers under the command of Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a>, resulting in killing and injuring thousands of protesters. The outcry generated by the massacre led to thousands of unrests and more deaths by the hands of the police. The bagh became the most infamous event of British rule in India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gandhi, who was a preacher of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>, was horrified. He lost all faith in the goodness of the British government and declared that it would be a "sin" to cooperate with the "satanic" government. Likewise, the idea of <i>satyagraha</i> was subsequently authorised by <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, for who the massacre also endorsed "the conviction that nothing short of independence was acceptable."<sup id="cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.26-36_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor2003p.26-36-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gandhi derived his ideologies and inspiration from ongoing non-cooperation movements, particularly that by <a href="/wiki/Ram_Singh_Kuka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Singh Kuka">Satguru Ram Singh</a>, who is credited as being the first <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> to use <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">non-cooperation</a> and boycott of British merchandise and services as a political weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and other violence in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, the movement sought to secure <i><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></i>, independence for India. Gandhi promised Swaraj within one year if his non-cooperation programme was fully implemented. The other reason to start the non-cooperation movement was that Gandhi lost faith in constitutional methods and turned from cooperator of British rule to non-cooperator campaigning for Indian independence from colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other causes include economic hardships to the common Indian citizen, which the <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">nationalists</a> attributed to the economic exploitation of India under colonial rule, the hardships faced Indian artisans due to British factory-made goods replacing handmade goods, and <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> being employed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> to gather enough recruits during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The non-cooperation movement aimed to challenge the colonial economic and power structure, and British authorities would be forced to take notice of the demands of the independence movement. </p><p>Gandhi's call was for a nationwide protest against the <i>Rowlatt Act</i>. In promoting "self-reliance," his planning of the non-cooperation movement included persuading all Indians to withdraw their labour from any activity that "sustained the British government and also economy in India,"<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2017_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including British industries and educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2017_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through non-violent means, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a></i>, protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts (by spinning <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">khadi</a>, etc.), and picket liquor shops.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>all offices and factories would be closed;</li> <li>Indians would be encouraged to withdraw from Raj-sponsored schools, police services, the military, and the civil service, and lawyers were asked to leave the Raj's courts;</li> <li>public transportation and English-manufactured goods, especially clothing, was boycotted; and</li> <li>Indians returned honours and titles given by the government and resigned from various posts like teachers, lawyers, civil and military services.</li></ul> <p>Gandhi's non-cooperation movement also called for the end to <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>. </p><p>Publicly-held meetings and strikes (<a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal"><i>hartals</i></a>) during the movement ultimately led to the first arrests of both <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and his father, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, on 6 December 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.41-42_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tharoor2003p.41-42-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calls of early political leaders like <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> (Congress Extremists) were called major public meetings. They resulted in disorder or obstruction of government services. The British took them very seriously and imprisoned him in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O.Chidambaram Pillai</a> received 40 years of imprisonment. </p><p>Veterans such as <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah">Mohammad Ali Jinnah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> opposed the idea outright. The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a> also criticized the idea. However, the younger generation of Indian nationalists was thrilled and backed Gandhi, whose plans were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress Party (India)">Congress Party</a> in September 1920 and launched that December.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gandhi strengthened the movement by supporting the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a>, the Muslim campaign to restore the status of the <a href="/wiki/Khalifa" title="Khalifa">Khalifa</a> and protest the dismemberment of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. As such, Gandhi received extensive support from <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslims">Indian-Muslim</a> leaders like <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Azadi_ka_Amrit_Mahotsav_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azadi_ka_Amrit_Mahotsav-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Muhammad_Ali_Jauhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar">Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Shaukat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Shaukat Ali">Maulana Shaukat Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eminent <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> writer, poet, playwright, journalist, and nationalist <a href="/wiki/Rambriksh_Benipuri" title="Rambriksh Benipuri">Rambriksh Benipuri</a>, who spent more than eight years in prison campaigning for India's independence, wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When I recall Non-Cooperation era of 1921, the image of a storm confronts my eyes. From the time I became aware, I have witnessed numerous movements, however, I can assert that no other movement upturned the foundations of Indian society to the extent that the Non-Cooperation movement did. From the most humble huts to the high places, from villages to cities, everywhere there was a ferment, a loud echo.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_suspension">Impact and suspension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact and suspension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impact of the revolt was a total shock to British authorities and a massive support to millions of Indian nationalists. Unity in the country was strengthened and many Indian schools and colleges were created. Indian goods were encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-CulturalIndia_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CulturalIndia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 February 1922 a massacre took place at <a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura" title="Chauri Chaura">Chauri Chaura</a>, a small town in the district of <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. A police officer had attacked some volunteers picketing a liquor shop. A whole crowd of peasants that had gathered there went to the police <i>chowki</i> (station). The mob set fire to the police <i>chowki</i> with some 22 policemen inside it. Around 30 mobs were there for this incident. This cruelty made Gandhi think to end the movement. </p><p><br /> Mahatma Gandhi felt that the revolt was veering off-course, and was disappointed with the rise of violent nature of the movement. He did not want the movement to degenerate into a contest of violence, with police and angry mobs attacking each other back and forth, victimizing civilians in between. Gandhi appealed to the Indian public for all resistance to end, went on a fast and on 12 February 1922 called off the non-cooperation movement. Gandhi was also a firm believer of STS (struggle truce struggle).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He believed that after a duration of struggle, there should be a resting phase by which they could recover the power and rise again more strong and powerful.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Though this point is not mentioned but every movement led by Gandhi was withdrawn by him after a year or two.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_non-cooperation">End of non-cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: End of non-cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The non-cooperation movement was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident. Although he had stopped the national revolt single-handedly, on 12 February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested. On 18 March 1922, he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials. This led to the suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest of other leaders. </p><p>Although most Congress leaders remained firmly behind Gandhi, the determined leaders broke away, including the Ali brothers (<a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(politician)" title="Shaukat Ali (politician)">Shaukat Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jouhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jouhar">Mohammad Ali Jouhar</a>). <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a>, rejecting Gandhi's leadership. Many nationalists had felt that the non-cooperation movement should not have been stopped due to isolated incidents of violence, and most nationalists while retaining confidence in Gandhi, were discouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gandhi's commitment to nonviolence was redeemed when, between 1930 and 1934, tens of millions again revolted in the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">Salt Satyagraha</a> which made India's cause famous worldwide for its unerring adherence to non-violence. The Satyagraha ended in success. The demands of Indians were met and the Congress was recognized as a representative of the Indian people. The <i><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a></i> also gave India its first taste in democratic self-governance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowlatt Satyagraha">Rowlatt Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil disobedience movement">Civil-disobedience Movement</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoodan_movement" title="Bhoodan movement">Bhoodan movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207074357/http://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/freedom-struggle/the-non-cooperation-movement.php">"Culture And Heritage - Freedom Struggle - The Non Cooperation Movement - Know India: National Portal of India"</a>. <i>knowindia.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/freedom-struggle/the-non-cooperation-movement.php">the original</a> on 7 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=knowindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Culture+And+Heritage+-+Freedom+Struggle+-+The+Non+Cooperation+Movement+-+Know+India%3A+National+Portal+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowindia.gov.in%2Fculture-and-heritage%2Ffreedom-struggle%2Fthe-non-cooperation-movement.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/noncooperation-movement">Noncooperation movement</a>." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2021-08-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, Edmund, ed. 2006. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100237329">non-cooperation (in British India)</a>." <i>A Dictionary of World History</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192807007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tharoor2003p.26-36-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.26-36_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.26-36_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.26-36_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.26-36_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tharoor, <i>Nehru: The Invention of India</i> (2003) p.26-36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2019p.59-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2019p.59_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=rowlatt">Wagner, Kim. <i>Amritsar 1919</i> (2019) p.59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner2019p.243-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2019p.243_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner2019p.243_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=non-cooperation">Wagner, Kim. <i>Amritsar 1919</i> (2019) p.243</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2017_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2017_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2017_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2017_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2017" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Durba (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/gentlemanly-terrorists/reforms-of-1919-montaguchelmsford-the-rowlatt-act-jails-commission-and-the-royal-amnesty/D97CA2DF6D0AEBDD9AD2066DB1504C04/core-reader#">"The Reforms of 1919: Montagu–Chelmsford, the Rowlatt Act, Jails Commission, and the Royal Amnesty"</a>. <i>Gentlemanly Terrorists</i>. pp. 27–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316890806.003">10.1017/9781316890806.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316890806" title="Special:BookSources/9781316890806"><bdi>9781316890806</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157075881">157075881</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Reforms+of+1919%3A+Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford%2C+the+Rowlatt+Act%2C+Jails+Commission%2C+and+the+Royal+Amnesty&rft.btitle=Gentlemanly+Terrorists&rft.pages=27-59&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157075881%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316890806.003&rft.isbn=9781316890806&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Durba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fgentlemanly-terrorists%2Freforms-of-1919-montaguchelmsford-the-rowlatt-act-jails-commission-and-the-royal-amnesty%2FD97CA2DF6D0AEBDD9AD2066DB1504C04%2Fcore-reader%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/jess303.pdf">"Nationalism in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>India and the Contemporary World - II Textbook in History for Class X</i>. NCERT. 2007. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7450-707-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7450-707-5"><bdi>978-81-7450-707-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nationalism+in+India&rft.btitle=India+and+the+Contemporary+World+-+II+Textbook+in+History+for+Class+X&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=NCERT&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7450-707-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncert.nic.in%2Fncerts%2Fl%2Fjess303.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tharoor2003p.41-42-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.41-42_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tharoor2003p.41-42_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tharoor, <i>Nehru: The Invention of India</i> (2003) p.41-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CulturalIndia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CulturalIndia_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CulturalIndia_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CulturalIndia_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.culturalindia.net/non-cooperation-movement-history-causes-result-importance.html">Essay on Non-Cooperation Movement : Data Points</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nehru1936p.81-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nehru1936p.81_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98834/page/n99">Nehru. <i>An Autobiography</i> (1936). p.81</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/distribution-number-articles-punjab-disturbances-published-indian-mirror-pamphlet-form">"Distribution of the number of articles on the Punjab disturbances published by the Indian Mirror in pamphlet form to members of Parliament and in America"</a>. <i>INDIAN CULTURE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INDIAN+CULTURE&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+the+number+of+articles+on+the+Punjab+disturbances+published+by+the+Indian+Mirror+in+pamphlet+form+to+members+of+Parliament+and+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianculture.gov.in%2Farchives%2Fdistribution-number-articles-punjab-disturbances-published-indian-mirror-pamphlet-form&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>India and contemporary world II</i>. India: NCERT. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+contemporary+world+II&rft.place=India&rft.pub=NCERT&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ram-Singh">"Ram Singh | Indian philosopher"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ram+Singh+%7C+Indian+philosopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRam-Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press Information Bureau, Government of India issued on 16 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBipan_ChandraMukherjeeMukherjeePanikkar2016" class="citation book cs1">Bipan Chandra; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, Kandiyur Narayana; Mahajan, Sucheta (2016). <i>India's struggle for independence: 1857-1947</i> (Nachdruck ed.). Gurgaon: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010781-4"><bdi>978-0-14-010781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+struggle+for+independence%3A+1857-1947&rft.place=Gurgaon&rft.edition=Nachdruck&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-14-010781-4&rft.au=Bipan+Chandra&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Mridula&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Aditya&rft.au=Panikkar%2C+Kandiyur+Narayana&rft.au=Mahajan%2C+Sucheta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBipan_ChandraMukherjeeMukherjeePanikkar2016" class="citation book cs1">Bipan Chandra; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, Kandiyur Narayana; Mahajan, Sucheta (2016). <i>India's struggle for independence: 1857-1947</i> (Nachdruck ed.). Gurgaon: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010781-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010781-4"><bdi>978-0-14-010781-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+struggle+for+independence%3A+1857-1947&rft.place=Gurgaon&rft.edition=Nachdruck&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-14-010781-4&rft.au=Bipan+Chandra&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Mridula&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Aditya&rft.au=Panikkar%2C+Kandiyur+Narayana&rft.au=Mahajan%2C+Sucheta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/the-shame-of-sir-british-honours-and-decolonisation">Titles, Medals and Ribbons</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azadi_ka_Amrit_Mahotsav-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azadi_ka_Amrit_Mahotsav_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138">"Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi"</a>. <i>amritmahotsav.nic.in</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amritmahotsav.nic.in&rft.atitle=Maghfoor+Ahmad+Ajazi&rft.aulast=Ministry+of+Culture&rft.aufirst=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famritmahotsav.nic.in%2Funsung-heroes-detail.htm%3F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiswamoy_Pati2014" class="citation book cs1">Biswamoy Pati, Lata Singh, ed. (2014). <i>Colonial and Contemporary Bihar and Jharkhand (Chapter 7. Lata Singh, </i>Nationalism in Bihar, 1921-22: Mapping Resistances<i> quoting Suresh Sharma (ed.) </i>Benipuri Granthavali<i>, vol. IV, 1998, p.38)</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primus_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primus Books (page does not exist)">Primus Books</a>. p. 264 (at p. 127). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-92-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-92-4"><bdi>978-93-80607-92-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+and+Contemporary+Bihar+and+Jharkhand+%28Chapter+7.+Lata+Singh%2C+Nationalism+in+Bihar%2C+1921-22%3A+Mapping+Resistances+quoting+Suresh+Sharma+%28ed.%29+Benipuri+Granthavali%2C+vol.+IV%2C+1998%2C+p.38%29&rft.pages=264+%28at+p.+127%29&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-92-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraboulay1997" class="citation web cs1">Traboulay, David M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=si_pubs">"Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha and NonViolent Resistance"</a>. <i>CUNY Academic works</i>. <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>. p. 184<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CUNY+Academic+works&rft.atitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%27s+Satyagraha+and+NonViolent+Resistance&rft.pages=184&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Traboulay&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicworks.cuny.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1092%26context%3Dsi_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98834"><i>Jawaharlal Nehru An Autobiography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (1936)</li> <li>Tharoor, Shashi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nehruinventionof00thar"><i>Nehru: The Invention of India</i></a>. Arcade Publishing (2003). New York. First edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559706971" title="Special:BookSources/9781559706971">9781559706971</a></li> <li>Jawaharlal Nehru and <a href="/wiki/Nayantara_Sahgal" title="Nayantara Sahgal">Nayantara Sahgal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85772500">Before freedom, 1909–1947 : Nehru's letters to his sister</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roli_Books" title="Roli Books">Roli Books</a> (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8174363475" title="Special:BookSources/8174363475">8174363475</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85772500">85772500</a></li> <li>Wagner, Kim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=non-cooperation"><i>Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> (2019). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300200355" title="Special:BookSources/9780300200355">9780300200355</a></li> <li>Anand, Anita, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mk7ptwEACAAJ&q=satypal"><i>The Patient Assassin: a true tale of massacre, revenge, and India's quest for independence</i></a>, Simon & Schuster (2019), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-9570-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-9570-9">978-1-5011-9570-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">Andrews, C. F</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131130110336/http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/fundamental_workdetail/NS0xMDQ="><i>Non-Co-Operation</i></a>. Madras: Ganesh & Co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/fundamental_workdetail/NS0xMDQ=">the original</a> on 30 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Co-Operation&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=Ganesh+%26+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=C.+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiheritageportal.org%2Ffundamental_workdetail%2FNS0xMDQ%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-cooperation+movement+%281919%E2%80%931922%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2051326?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement--1920-1922"</a>. D. A. Low (1966)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template talk:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events<br />and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Gandhi_arrives_in_India" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Second_Round_Table_Conference_(September_–_December_1931)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochrab_Ashram" title="Kochrab Ashram">India ashrams (Kochrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Asram" title="Gandhi Memorial Asram">Sodepur Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">List of fasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi">Practices and beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeship_(Gandhism)" title="Trusteeship (Gandhism)">trusteeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_Talim" title="Nai Talim">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_vows" title="Eleven vows">Eleven vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_(magazine)" title="Harijan (magazine)"><i>Harijan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule"><i>Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Prabhat" title="Mangal Prabhat">Mangal Prabhat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India"><i>Young India</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Trust" title="Navajivan Trust">Navajivan Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Gandhi Heritage Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)"><i>Civil Disobedience</i> (essay)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsee_Rustomjee" title="Parsee Rustomjee">Parsee Rustomjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i>) (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Gandhi's translation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Raja_Ram" title="Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram">Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ekla_Chalo_Re" title="Ekla Chalo Re">Ekla Chalo Re</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hari_Tuma_Haro" title="Hari Tuma Haro">Hari Tuma Haro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Jana_To" title="Vaishnava Jana To">Vaishnava Jana To</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Anand" title="Swami Anand">Swami Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarlal_Banker" title="Shankarlal Banker">Shankarlal Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Krishna_Chandiwala" title="Brij Krishna Chandiwala">Brij Krishna Chandiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Chaturvedi" title="Sudhakar Chaturvedi">Sudhakar Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Dharmadhikari" title="Dada Dharmadhikari">Dada Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prasad_Gupta" title="Shiv Prasad Gupta">Shiv Prasad Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Hajee_Ahmed_Jhaveri" title="Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri">Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Amtus_Salam" title="Bibi Amtus Salam">Bibi Amtus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Schlesin" title="Sonja Schlesin">Sonja Schlesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Krishna Sinha">Sri Krishna Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravishankar_Vyas" title="Ravishankar Vyas">Ravishankar Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishorlal_Mashruwala" title="Kishorlal Mashruwala">Kishorlal Mashruwala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Foundation" title="Gandhi Peace Foundation">Gandhi Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series">Indian currency (Gandhi Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_New_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi New Series">Gandhi New Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_10_Rupee_Mahatma_Gandhi_postage_stamp" title="Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp">Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Family of Mahatma Gandhi">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Uttamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Gandhi (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maganlal_Gandhi" title="Maganlal Gandhi">Maganlal (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Gandhi" title="Ramchandra Gandhi">Ramchandra (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi_(scientist)" title="Kanu Gandhi (scientist)">Kanu (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu (grandnephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang" title="Abhay and Rani Bang">Abhay Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad" title="Brajkishore Prasad">Brajkishore Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Vallabh_Pant" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Vallabh Pant">Govind Vallabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bondurant" title="Joan Bondurant">Joan Bondurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjee_Singh" title="Ramjee Singh">Ramjee Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Sane" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Sane">Sane Guruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Memorials_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Accra" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Accra">Ghana</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Gandhi_Maidan" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi Maidan">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial" title="National Salt Satyagraha Memorial">National Salt Satyagraha Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_of_India" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India">New Delhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Johannesburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Pietermaritzburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Tavistock_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Davis,_California)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Davis, California)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Houston)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Milwaukee)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh" title="Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh">Gandhi Bhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Market" title="Gandhi Market">Gandhi Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(bookstore)" title="Gandhi (bookstore)">Bookstores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi Promenade">Gandhi Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari#Tourist_sites" title="Kanyakumari">Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Teerth" title="Gandhi Teerth">Gandhi Teerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Temple,_Bhatara" title="Gandhi Temple, Bhatara">Gandhi Temple, Bhatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Centre,_Matale" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Bhavan" title="Mani Bhavan">Mani Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Mohandas Gandhi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gandhi_Museum" title="National Gandhi Museum">National Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">Roads named after Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_House" title="Satyagraha House">Satyagraha House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of 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