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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuatro_Oirates" title="Cuatro Oirates – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cuatro Oirates" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyrat_xanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Oyrat xanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oyrat xanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rben_Oirat" title="Dörben Oirat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dörben Oirat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuatro_Oirates" title="Cuatro Oirates – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuatro Oirates" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatre_o%C3%AFrats" title="Quatre oïrats – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quatre oïrats" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%B0%EB%A7%B9" title="오이라트 연맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오이라트 연맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="ოირათთა სახანო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოირათთა სახანო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8_(15-%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B)" title="Ойрот биримдиги (15-кылымдын башы) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ойрот биримдиги (15-кылымдын башы)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Дөрвөн Ойрадын холбоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дөрвөн Ойрадын холбоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%B3" title="ドルベン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドルベン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiratkonf%C3%B8derasjonen" title="Oiratkonføderasjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oiratkonføderasjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyrot_xonligi" title="Oyrot xonligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oyrot xonligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Oirate" title="Confederação Oirate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confederação Oirate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ойратское ханство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ойратское ханство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyrat_Hanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Oyrat Hanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oyrat Hanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Дербен-Ойрат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дербен-Ойрат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_minh_B%E1%BB%91n_Oirat" title="Liên minh Bốn Oirat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên minh Bốn Oirat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Oirats" title="Timeline of the Oirats">Timeline of the Oirats</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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#a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Alliance of the Four Oirats</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ</span><br /><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn-Cyrl">Дөрвөн Ойрад</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Dörwön Oirad</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1399–1634</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Oirat Confederation is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Oirat Confederation is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Oirats_Confederation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Oirats_Confederation.png/300px-Map_of_the_Oirats_Confederation.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Oirats_Confederation.png/450px-Map_of_the_Oirats_Confederation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_the_Oirats_Confederation.png/600px-Map_of_the_Oirats_Confederation.png 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1600_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1600 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">1600</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_145x73" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:73px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YARKENT<br />KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x67" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:67px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TURPAN<br />KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x90" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TSANGPA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_228x148" style="position:absolute; left:228px; top:148px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAM-<br />PA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_133x61" style="position:absolute; left:133px; top:61px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_Khanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz Khanate (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KYRGYZ</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_132x59" style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:59px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_Khanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz Khanate (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">            <br />KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x90" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MING<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x105" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:105px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MUGHAL<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x138" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:138px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">VIJAYA<br />NAGARA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_136x154" style="position:absolute; left:136px; top:154px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MADURAI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x87" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:87px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAFAVID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x80" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">OTTOMAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x65" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:65px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHIVA<br />KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_104x66" style="position:absolute; left:104px; top:66px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BUKHARA<br />KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_80x46" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:46px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KAZAKH KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x22" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:22px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TSARDOM OF RUSSIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x50" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:50px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CRIMEAN<br />KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">JO-<br />SEON</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x145" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">AYUT-<br />THAYA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x130" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DAI<br />VIET</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x123" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:123px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lan_Na" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lan Na"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">LAN<br />NA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_152x40" style="position:absolute; left:152px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Four_Oirats" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirats"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">FOUR<br />OIRATS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x55" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:55px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">NORTHERN YUAN</span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Oirat Confederation and contemporary Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Mongolic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a></li> <li>later <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Taishi</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Customary rules<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mongol-Oirat Code</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Postclassical_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Postclassical Era">Postclassical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Möngke-Temür places himself at the head of the Oirats </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1399</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Oirats overthrow a Genghisid Khagan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1399</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Esen_Taishi" title="Esen Taishi">Esen Taishi</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> Khagan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1453-54</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Movement of the Torghuds to the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1616–17</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishments of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1630s</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1634</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk Khanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Four Oirats</b> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Дөрвөн Ойрад</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Mongolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Mongolian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Dörwön Oirad</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[ˈtɵrw̜ʊ̈ɴ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɞe̯ɾ(ə)t]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">四衛拉特</span>), formerly known as the <b>Eleuths</b> and alternatively known as the <b>Alliance of the Four Oirat Tribes</b> or the <b>Oirat Confederation</b>, was the <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> tribes which marked the rise of the Western <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>. </p><p>Despite the universal currency of the term "Four Oirat" among <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Eastern Mongols</a>, Oirats, and numerous explanations by historians, no consensus has been reached on the identity of the original four tribes. While it is believed that the term Four Oirats refers to the <a href="/wiki/Choros_(Oirats)" title="Choros (Oirats)">Choros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorbet_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorbet Oirat">Dorbet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a> tribes,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is a theory that the Oirats were not consanguineous units, but political-ethnic units composed of many patrilineages.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early period, the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Kergüd</a> tribe also belonged to the confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oirat_Confederation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> were one of the forest peoples who lived in west of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. They submitted to Genghis in 1207 and played prominent roles in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. </p><p>After the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), Möngke-Temür, a high official of the Yuan, had placed himself at the head of the Oirats. When he died, three chieftains, Mahamu (<a href="/wiki/Mahmud" title="Mahmud">Mahmud</a>), Taiping and Batu-bolad, ruled them.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sent envoys with gifts to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. In 1409, the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> (r. 1402–1424) bestowed upon them the title of <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">wang</a> in return. The Oirats began to challenge the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> Emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elbeg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbeg Khan">Elbeg Khan</a> (c. 1394–1399). </p><p>Before 1640, the Oirats had been wavering between the two faiths, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apogee">Apogee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oirat_Confederation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Apogee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> demanded <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljei_Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Öljei Temür Khan">Öljei Temür Khan Bunyashiri</a> to accept his supremacy in 1409 but Öljei Temür refused and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherlen" title="Battle of Kherlen">defeated</a> a Ming force the next year. In 1412 a <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">large force under Yongle forced Öljei Temür Khan to flee westward</a>. The Oirats led by Mahamu of <a href="/wiki/Choros_(Oirats)" title="Choros (Oirats)">Choros</a> killed Öljei Temür who suffered great loss.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Western Mongols had <a href="/wiki/Delbeg_Khan" title="Delbeg Khan">Delbeg Khan</a>—a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a>, whose family had been relegated to the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a> during the Yuan dynasty—crowned. However, the Eastern Mongols of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> under <a href="/wiki/Arugtai" class="mw-redirect" title="Arugtai">Arugtai</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a> refused to accept the new khan and they were in constant war with each other. The Ming dynasty intervened aggressively against any overpowerful Mongol leader, exacerbating the Mongol-Oirat conflict. </p><p>In 1408 Mahamu was succeeded by his son Toghan, who continued his strife with Arugtai chingsang. By 1437, Toghan had totally defeated Arugtai and an <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ögedeid">Ögedeid</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Adai_Khan" title="Adai Khan">Adai Khan</a>. Toghan made <a href="/wiki/Genghisid" class="mw-redirect" title="Genghisid">Genghisid</a> princes his <a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">puppet</a> khans of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan dynasty</a>. When he died in 1438, his son <a href="/wiki/Esen_taishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Esen taishi">Esen</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">taishi</a>. The Oirats had close relations with <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hami_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami City">Hami</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Chagatayid_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagatayid Khan">Chagatayid Khans</a> reigned. </p><p>From the Ming chronicles, it is known that the Oirats conducted regular raids on those areas. Esen crushed the Moghulistan and Hami monarchs and forced them to accept him as their overlord. He also conquered <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and subjugated the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. The Ming dynasty's <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming" title="Emperor Yingzong of Ming">Emperor Yingzong</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumu_Crisis" title="Tumu Crisis">was captured</a> by Esen in 1449. </p><p>During his reign, the Oirat power base was centered on northwestern Mongolian Plateau and <a href="/wiki/Barkol" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkol">Barkol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a> were the western limits of their settlement. Esen relied on Muslim merchants from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, Hami and <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> and his own <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">royal house</a>: Choros was related to Moghulistan according to a myth. After murdering Khagan <a href="/wiki/Agbarjin" title="Agbarjin">Agbarjin</a>, Esen took the title khan for himself. But soon after he was overthrown by the Oirat noblemen and killed by a son of a man whom he executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oirat_Confederation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esen's death broke up the unity of the Oirats. They now warred with each other for leadership. Esen's son Amasanj moved west, pillaging the lands of Hami, Moghulistan and the <a href="/wiki/Uzbegs" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbegs">Uzbegs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1480 on, the Eastern Mongols under <a href="/wiki/Mandukhai_Khatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukhai Khatun">Mandukhai Khatun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan" title="Dayan Khan">Dayan Khan</a> pushed the Oirats westward. By 1510 Dayan Khan had unified the various Mongol tribes, including the Oirats. However, the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha">Khalkhas</a> and some princes of southwest <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> repeatedly launched massive attacks on the Oirats and looted their properties in the Irtysh, Barkol and <a href="/wiki/Altai_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Altai Region">Altai</a> from 1552 to 1628. </p><p>The Oirats were still powerful in the Mongolian Plateau even after the fall of Esen and continued to hold Karakorum until the 16th century when <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan_of_the_Khalkha" title="Altan Khan of the Khalkha">Altan Khan</a> recaptured the city from the hands of the Oirats. Oppressed and subjugated by <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan_of_the_Khalkha" title="Altan Khan of the Khalkha">Altan Khan of the Khalkha</a>, Oirat confederation crushed the Khalkha prince <a href="/wiki/Ubasi_Khong_Tayiji" title="Ubasi Khong Tayiji">Sholoi Ubaashi Khungtaiji</a> perhaps around 1623. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse_and_formation_of_the_Dzungar_Khanate">Collapse and formation of the Dzungar Khanate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oirat_Confederation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collapse and formation of the Dzungar Khanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Oirat_Confederation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_of_the_Oirat_Confederation.png/330px-Map_of_the_Oirat_Confederation.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_of_the_Oirat_Confederation.png/495px-Map_of_the_Oirat_Confederation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Map_of_the_Oirat_Confederation.png/660px-Map_of_the_Oirat_Confederation.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>The location of the Four Oirats, Oirat Confederation</figcaption></figure> <p>The collapse of the confederation of the Oirats began with Torghuds, along with the Dorbets and a few Khoshud clansmen, seceding from the union. In 1628 the <a href="/wiki/Torghud" class="mw-redirect" title="Torghud">Torghud</a> chief Khoo Orlug with some <a href="/wiki/Dorbeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorbeds">Dorbeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khoshuud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoshuud">Khoshuuds</a> moved westward across the Kazakh steppes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Little_j%C3%BCz" class="mw-redirect" title="Little jüz">little jüz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> tried to halt them at <a href="/wiki/Nemba" title="Nemba">Nemba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> but were defeated by the Torghuds. The Torghuds subjugated local <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mangyshlak_Peninsula" title="Mangyshlak Peninsula">Mangyshlak Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. They colonized the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a> and occupied whole steppes north of the Caspian, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk people">Kalmyk</a> Khanate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalmyks plundered the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> from 1603 to 1670. The Kalmyk Khanate proved good allies to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu,_1769,_Tayiji_(prince)_of_the_Torghuts_and_his_wife_(%E5%9C%9F%E7%88%BE%E6%89%88%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B0%E5%90%89(%E5%A9%A6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Tayiji_%28prince%29_of_the_Torghuts_and_his_wife_%28%E5%9C%9F%E7%88%BE%E6%89%88%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B0%E5%90%89%28%E5%A9%A6%29.jpg/170px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Tayiji_%28prince%29_of_the_Torghuts_and_his_wife_%28%E5%9C%9F%E7%88%BE%E6%89%88%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B0%E5%90%89%28%E5%A9%A6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Tayiji_%28prince%29_of_the_Torghuts_and_his_wife_%28%E5%9C%9F%E7%88%BE%E6%89%88%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B0%E5%90%89%28%E5%A9%A6%29.jpg/255px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Tayiji_%28prince%29_of_the_Torghuts_and_his_wife_%28%E5%9C%9F%E7%88%BE%E6%89%88%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B0%E5%90%89%28%E5%A9%A6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Tayiji_%28prince%29_of_the_Torghuts_and_his_wife_%28%E5%9C%9F%E7%88%BE%E6%89%88%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B0%E5%90%89%28%E5%A9%A6%29.jpg/340px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Tayiji_%28prince%29_of_the_Torghuts_and_his_wife_%28%E5%9C%9F%E7%88%BE%E6%89%88%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%B0%E5%90%89%28%E5%A9%A6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3463" /></a><figcaption><i>Tayiji</i> (台吉, prince) of the <a href="/wiki/Torghuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Torghuts">Torghuts</a>, one of the Four Oirats tribes, and his wife (土爾扈特台吉). <a href="/wiki/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu" title="Huang Qing Zhigong Tu">Huang Qing Zhigong Tu</a>, 1769</figcaption></figure> <p>The Khoshuud <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> (Koke Nuur) in 1636. He increased his possessions in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a>. Güshi Khan protected the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> and his Yellow Church from the old red clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a> defeated the enemy of the Dalai Lama and Güshi Khan appointed his son ruler of Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 1620 the Choros scattered after bitter fighting with the Khalkha <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan_of_the_Khotgoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Altan Khan of the Khotgoid">Altan Khan</a>. Some of the Choros fled with a body of the Dorbed northward into <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and present-day Baranaoul. But the majority of the Choros with the Dorbeds and the Khoids settled in the region of the Black Irtysh, the Urungu, the Imil, and the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1640 the Oirats and the Khalkha made peace and formed an alliance, issuing new code, the Mongol–Oirat code. Led by the Khoshuud nobility, the Oirats began to convert to Buddhism. They became the chief defenders of the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchen">Panchen</a> Lamas. The Oirats who used the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> adopted in 1648–49 the <a href="/wiki/Clear_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear script">clear script</a> designed by the Oirat cleric and scholar <a href="/wiki/Zaya_Pandita" title="Zaya Pandita">Zaya Pandita</a> Namkhaijamtsu. </p><p>In the 17th century, the Dzungar pioneered the local manifestation of the ‘Military Revolution’ in Central Eurasia after perfecting a process of manufacturing indigenously created gunpowder weapons. They created a mixed agro-pastoral economy, as well as complementary mining and manufacturing industries on their lands. The Zunghar managed to enact an empire-wide system of laws and policies to boost the use of the Oirat language in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their geographical distribution, the Oirats maintained strong ties with each other and remained powerful players of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asian</a> politics until 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders_of_the_Oirat_alliance">Leaders of the Oirat alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oirat_Confederation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leaders of the Oirat alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawachi_surrendering_to_Qing_general_Zhaohui_at_Ili_in_1755._Painting_by_Jesuit_painter_at_the_Qing_court,_Ignatius_Sichelbart,_1764.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dawachi_surrendering_to_Qing_general_Zhaohui_at_Ili_in_1755._Painting_by_Jesuit_painter_at_the_Qing_court%2C_Ignatius_Sichelbart%2C_1764.jpg/170px-Dawachi_surrendering_to_Qing_general_Zhaohui_at_Ili_in_1755._Painting_by_Jesuit_painter_at_the_Qing_court%2C_Ignatius_Sichelbart%2C_1764.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dawachi_surrendering_to_Qing_general_Zhaohui_at_Ili_in_1755._Painting_by_Jesuit_painter_at_the_Qing_court%2C_Ignatius_Sichelbart%2C_1764.jpg/255px-Dawachi_surrendering_to_Qing_general_Zhaohui_at_Ili_in_1755._Painting_by_Jesuit_painter_at_the_Qing_court%2C_Ignatius_Sichelbart%2C_1764.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dawachi_surrendering_to_Qing_general_Zhaohui_at_Ili_in_1755._Painting_by_Jesuit_painter_at_the_Qing_court%2C_Ignatius_Sichelbart%2C_1764.jpg/340px-Dawachi_surrendering_to_Qing_general_Zhaohui_at_Ili_in_1755._Painting_by_Jesuit_painter_at_the_Qing_court%2C_Ignatius_Sichelbart%2C_1764.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Choros_(Oirats)" title="Choros (Oirats)">Choros</a> Oirat leader <a href="/wiki/Dawachi" title="Dawachi">Dawachi</a> surrendering to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> general Zhaohui at <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili</a> in 1755. Painting by Jesuit painter at the Qing court, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Sichelbart" title="Ignatius Sichelbart">Ignatius Sichelbart</a>, 1764</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Üylintey Badan (c. 1368 – 1390s)</li> <li>Khuuhai <a href="/wiki/Grand_Commandant" title="Grand Commandant">Dayuu</a> (c. 1399)</li> <li>Ugetchi Khashikha (Ögöchi Khashikha; Mönkhtömör) (1399-1415, "Mungke Temur": Four Oirat Khan of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> ethnicity).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Batula <a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Chinsan</a> (Bahamu, Mahamud) (1399–1408)</li> <li>Esehü (Taipin) (c. 1424)</li> <li>Toghon (1408–1438) (Toghan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Tayisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Esen Tayisi">Esen</a> (1438–1454)</li> <li>Amasanj (1454–1455)</li> <li>Ishtömör (Ush-Temür, Ish-Temür) (1455–1469)</li> <li>Khishig</li> <li>Arkhan</li> <li>Büüvei</li> <li>Khongor; Khan Khongor noyon; <b>title:</b> noyon</li> <li>Abai khatan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oirat_Confederation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/75px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/113px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-Wind_Horse_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric</a> period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3300–2500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2750–1900 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Munkhkhairkhan_culture" title="Munkhkhairkhan culture">Munkhkhairkhan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1800–1600 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sagsai_culture" title="Sagsai culture">Sagsai culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–1000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanzuukh_culture" title="Ulaanzuukh culture">Ulaanzuukh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1450–1150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1400–700 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture">Slab-grave culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1100–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture">Chandman culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 600–300 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 209 BC–93 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 93–234</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganates</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 555–630<br />682–744</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 628–646</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Tang protectorate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 647–682</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 744–840</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 907–1125</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Mongol khanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 9th–12th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1130–1206</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1206–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1271–1368</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1368–1635</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oirat Confederation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1399–1634</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1634–1757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1691–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">National Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1911–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">People's Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921<br />1921–1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1924–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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label">Xinjiang</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">West</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Elliott_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Elliott Butler">William Elliott Butler</a>-The Mongolian legal system, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">René Grousset <i>Empire of Steppes</i>, p.341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. 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Atwood <i>Enc</i>, p.310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSsetsen_(Chungtaidschi.)1829" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ssetsen (Chungtaidschi.), Ssanang (1829). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3pMAQAAMAAJ&q=kerg%C3%BCd"><i>Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen und ihres Fürstenhauses: Aus dem Mongolischen übersetzt, und mit dem Originaltexte</i></a> (in German). Europe Printing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Ost-Mongolen+und+ihres+F%C3%BCrstenhauses%3A+Aus+dem+Mongolischen+%C3%BCbersetzt%2C+und+mit+dem+Originaltexte&rft.pub=Europe+Printing&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Ssetsen+%28Chungtaidschi.%29&rft.aufirst=Ssanang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3pMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkerg%25C3%25BCd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOirat+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. 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"Charismatic Authority in Context: An Explanation of Guushi Khan's Swift Rise to Power in the Early 17th Century". <i>Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies</i>. <b>52</b>. International Association of Mongolists: 24–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongolica%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Mongolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Charismatic+Authority+in+Context%3A+An+Explanation+of+Guushi+Khan%27s+Swift+Rise+to+Power+in+the+Early+17th+Century&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=24-31&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=R+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOirat+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Alfred Stein, J. E. Driver <i>Tibetan civilization</i>, p.82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Walter Bergholz <i>The partition of the steppe</i>, p.353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2017" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, Spencer (2017). "The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745)". <i>Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies</i>. <b>51</b>: 170–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongolica%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Mongolian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%27Military+Revolution%27+Arrives+on+the+Central+Eurasian+Steppe%3A+The+Unique+Case+of+the+Zunghar+%281676+-+1745%29&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=170-185&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOirat+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood, <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>, p.421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniMasson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA111"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103876-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Development+in+contrast+%3A+from+the+sixteenth+to+the+mid-nineteenth+century&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103876-1&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft.au=Masson%2C+Vadim+Mikha%C4%ADlovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzG5llo3YCMC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOirat+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oirats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oirats" title="Template:Oirats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Oirats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Oirats (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oirats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oirats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oirats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk Khanate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nawr%C5%ABz_(Mongol_emir)" title="Nawrūz (Mongol emir)">Nawrūz</a> (d. August 13, 1297)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arghun_Aqa" title="Arghun Aqa">Arghun Aqa</a> (d. 1278)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_Kitbugha" title="Al-Adil Kitbugha">Al-Adil Kitbugha</a> (d. 7 December 1296)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Esen_Taishi" title="Esen Taishi">Esen Taishi</a> (d. 1455)<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kho_Orluk" title="Kho Orluk">Kho Orluk</a> (1633-1644)<br /> Shukhur Daichin (1644-1661)<br /> Puntsug (Monchak) (1661-1672)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ayuka_Khan" title="Ayuka Khan">Ayuka Khan</a> (1672-1723)<br /> Tseren Donduk Khan (1723-1735)<br /> Donduk Ombo Khan (1735-1741)<br /> Donduk Dashi Khan (1741-1761)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ubashi_Khan" title="Ubashi Khan">Ubashi Khan</a> (1761-1771)<br /> Dodbi Khan (1771-1781)<br /> As Saray Khan (1781)<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kharkhul" title="Kharkhul">Kharkhul</a> (d. 1634)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Erdeni_Batur" title="Erdeni Batur">Erdeni Batur</a> (1634–1653)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sengge" title="Sengge">Sengge</a> (1653–1671)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu Khan</a> (1671–1697)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tsewang_Rabtan" title="Tsewang Rabtan">Tsewang Rabtan</a> (1697–1727)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Tseren" title="Galdan Tseren">Galdan Tseren</a> (1727–1745)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tsewang_Dorji_Namjal" title="Tsewang Dorji Namjal">Tsewang Dorji Namjal</a> (1745–1750)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lama_Dorji" title="Lama Dorji">Lama Dorji</a> (1750–1753)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dawachi" title="Dawachi">Dawachi</a> (1753-1755)<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a> (1642–1655)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan_(Khoshut)" title="Dayan Khan (Khoshut)">Dayan Khan</a> (1655–1668)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Dalai_Khan" title="Tenzin Dalai Khan">Tenzin Dalai Khan</a> (1668–1696)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Wangchuk_Khan" title="Tenzin Wangchuk Khan">Tenzin Wangchuk Khan</a> (1696–1697)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lha-bzang Khan</a> (1697–1717)<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a> (1755–1757)<br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_Yuan_(1368–1635)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Yuan_dynasty" title="Template:Northern Yuan dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northern_Yuan_dynasty" title="Template talk:Northern Yuan dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northern_Yuan_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northern Yuan dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_Yuan_(1368–1635)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a> (1368–1635)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Political organization</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Yuan_khans" title="List of Northern Yuan khans">List of Khans</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Independent khans</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Six Tumen <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Four_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirat">Four Oirat</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Notable cities</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <p><b>Three Eastern Tumens</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a><br /> <b>Three Western Tumens</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols#Yunshebu_Tümen" title="Kharchin Mongols">Yunshebu Tümen</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Choros_(clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros (clan)">Choros</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet Oirat</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yingchang" title="Yingchang">Yingchang</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Taishi</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_chancellor_(China)" title="Grand chancellor (China)">Councellor</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Wang</a><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Unified</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur</a> (1368–1370) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Biligt%C3%BC_Khan_Ayushiridara" title="Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara">Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara</a> (1370–1378) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Uskhal_Khan_T%C3%B6g%C3%BCs_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür">Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür</a> (1378–1388) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Jorightu_Khan_Yes%C3%BCder" title="Jorightu Khan Yesüder">Jorightu Khan Yesüder</a> (1388–1391) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Engke_Khan" title="Engke Khan">Engke Khan</a> (1391–1394) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Elbeg_Nig%C3%BCles%C3%BCgchi_Khan" title="Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan">Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan</a> (1394–1399) <br /> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCn_Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Gün Temür Khan">Gün Temür Khan</a> (1399–1402) <br /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96r%C3%BCg_Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Örüg Temür Khan">Örüg Temür Khan</a> Gulichi (1402–1408) <br /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljei_Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Öljei Temür Khan">Öljei Temür Khan</a> Bunyashiri (1403–1412) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Delbeg_Khan" title="Delbeg Khan">Delbeg Khan</a> (1411–1415) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Oyiradai" title="Oyiradai">Oyiradai Khan</a> (1415–1425) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Adai_Khan" title="Adai Khan">Adai Khan</a> (1425–1438) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Taisun_Khan" title="Taisun Khan">Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha</a> (1433–1452) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Agbarjin" title="Agbarjin">Agbarjin</a> (1453) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Esen_Taishi" title="Esen Taishi">Esen Taishi</a> (1453–1454) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mark%C3%B6rgis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Markörgis Khan">Markörgis Khan</a> (Ükegtü) (1454–1465) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Molon_Khan" title="Molon Khan">Molon Khan</a> (1465–1466) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Manduul_Khan" title="Manduul Khan">Manduul Khan</a> (1475–1479) <br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan" title="Dayan Khan">Dayan Khan</a> (1480–1516) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bars_Bolud_Jinong" title="Bars Bolud Jinong">Bars Bolud Jinong</a> (deputy) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bodi_Alagh_Khan" title="Bodi Alagh Khan">Bodi Alagh Khan</a> (1516–1547) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Daraisung_Guden_Khan" title="Daraisung Guden Khan">Darayisung Gödeng Khan</a> (1547–1557) <br /> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmen_Zasagt_Khan" title="Tümen Zasagt Khan">Tümen Jasaghtu Khan</a> (1557–1592) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Buyan_Sechen_Khan" title="Buyan Sechen Khan">Buyan Sechen Khan</a> (1592–1604) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ligdan_Khan" title="Ligdan Khan">Ligdan Khan</a> (1604–1634) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ejei_Khan" title="Ejei Khan">Ejei Khan</a> (1634–1635) </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:20%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCsheet_Khan" title="Tüsheet Khan">Tüsheet</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Jasagtu</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Sechen</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Khotogoid" title="Khotogoid">Khotogoid</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> (1521–1582) <br /> Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585) <br /> Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607) <br /> Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636) <br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p>Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521) <br /> Mergen Jinong (d. 1542) <br /> Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572) <br /> Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576) <br /> Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624) <br /> Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636) <br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abtai_Sain_Khan" title="Abtai Sain Khan">Abtai Sain Khan</a> (1567–1588) <br /> Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?) <br /> Gombodorji Khan (d. 1655) <br /> Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698) <br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p>Laikhur Khan <br /> Subandai Khan <br /> Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661)<br /> Chambun Khan (1670?–)<br /> Zenggün <br /> Shara (d. 1687)<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p>Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652) <br /> Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?)<br /> Sechen Khan (d. 1686)<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ubasi_Khong_Tayiji" title="Ubasi Khong Tayiji">Ubasi Khong Tayiji</a> (c.1609–1623)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Badma_Erdeni_Khong_Tayiji" title="Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji">Badma Erdeni Khong Tayiji</a> (1623–1652)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Erinchin_Lobsang_Tayiji" title="Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji">Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji</a> (1652–1667)<br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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