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<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Saint Catherine's Monastery</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دير القدّيسة كاترين</span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dayr al-Qiddīsa Katrīn</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μονὴ τῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης</span>), officially the <b>Sacred Autonomous Royal Monastery of Saint Catherine of the Holy and God-Trodden Mount Sinai</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Monastery#Christianity" title="Monastery">Christian monastery</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Located at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>, it was built between 548 and 565, and is the world's oldest continuously inhabited Christian monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeroyCollin2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeroyCollin2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Saint Catherine's Monastery</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="background: #efefef;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg/250px-Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg/375px-Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg/500px-Katharinenkloster_Sinai_BW_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top:2pt;">General view of Saint Catherine's Monastery, looking down from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="background: #efefef;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_Sinai_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery is located in Sinai"><img alt="Saint Catherine's Monastery is located in Sinai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Egypt_Sinai_location_map.svg/250px-Egypt_Sinai_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Egypt_Sinai_location_map.svg/375px-Egypt_Sinai_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Egypt_Sinai_location_map.svg/500px-Egypt_Sinai_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="796"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.127%;left:60.52%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saint Catherine's Monastery"><img alt="Saint Catherine's Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Sinai</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery is located in Egypt"><img alt="Saint Catherine's Monastery is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.819%;left:74.627%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saint Catherine's Monastery"><img alt="Saint Catherine's Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Egypt</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">Monastery information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Sacred Autonomous Royal Monastery of Saint Catherine of the Holy and God-Trodden Mount Sinai <br> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ιερά Αυτόνομος Βασιλική Μονή Αγίας Αικατερίνης του Αγίου και Θεοβαδίστου Όρους Σινά</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Monastery of Saint Katherine <br> <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Moni tis Agias Aikaterinis</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">Order</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Church of Sinai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 565</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">People</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;">Site</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine,_Egypt" title="Saint Catherine, Egypt">Saint Catherine</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Egypt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&params=28_33_20_N_33_58_34_E_region:EG-JS_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°33′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°58′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.55556°N 33.97611°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.55556; 33.97611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visible remains</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Catherine of Alexandria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinaimonastery.com">www<wbr></wbr>.sinaimonastery<wbr></wbr>.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#E663CA; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Saint Catherine Area</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2002 <small>(26th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/954">954</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States">Arab States</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The monastery was built by the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, enclosing what is claimed to be the <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a> seen by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Centuries later, the purported body of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine of Alexandria</a>, said to have been found in the area, was taken to the monastery; Saint Catherine's <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> turned it into an important <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage site</a>, and the monastery was eventually renamed after the saint. </p><p>Controlled by the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Church of Sinai</a>, which is part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>, the monastery became a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 2002 for its unique importance to the three major <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monastery library holds unique and rare works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Sinaiticus" title="Syriac Sinaiticus">Syriac Sinaiticus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a collection of early <a href="/wiki/Christian_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian icon">Christian icons</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator_(Sinai)" title="Christ Pantocrator (Sinai)">earliest known depiction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>. </p><p>Saint Catherine's has as its backdrop the three mountains it lies near: <a href="/wiki/Willow_Peak" title="Willow Peak">Ras Sufsafeh</a> (possibly the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a>, peak c.1 km (0.62 mi) west); Jebel Arrenziyeb, peak c.<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>1km south; and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> (locally, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jabal Musa</i></span>, by tradition identified with the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">biblical Mount Sinai</a>; peak <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2 km (1.2 mi)</span> south).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Christian_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Christian traditions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Manuscripts_and_icons"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Manuscripts and icons</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sinai_Palimpsests_Project"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sinai Palimpsests Project</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Works_of_art"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Works of art</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Icons"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Icons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Historical_images"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Historical images</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Panoramic_view"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Panoramic view</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Christian_traditions">Christian traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Christian traditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The monastery was built around the location of what is traditionally considered to be the place of the <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a> seen by the Hebrew prophet <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1998_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint Catherine's monastery also encloses the "Well of Moses", where Moses is said to have met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a>. The well is still today one of the monastery's main sources of water. The site is considered sacred by the three major <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Centuries after its foundation, the body of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine of Alexandria</a> was said to be found in a cave in the area. Catherine was a popular saint in Europe during the Middle Ages; her story says that, for defending Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-eb_StC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb_StC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was sentenced to death on a spiked <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">breaking wheel</a>, but, at her touch, the wheel shattered.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then ordered that she be <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relics of Saint Catherine, kept to this day inside the monastery, have made it a favourite <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">site of pilgrimage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1998_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The patronal feast of the monastery is the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Feast of the Transfiguration</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery with Willow Peak (traditionally considered Mount Horeb) in the background"><noscript><img alt="Saint Catherine's Monastery with Willow Peak (traditionally considered Mount Horeb) in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg/200px-Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg/200px-Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg" data-alt="Saint Catherine's Monastery with Willow Peak (traditionally considered Mount Horeb) in the background" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg/300px-Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg/400px-Saint_Catherine_Sinai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Catherine's Monastery with <a href="/wiki/Willow_Peak" title="Willow Peak">Willow Peak</a> (traditionally considered <a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a>) in the background</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_Bush,_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The monastery's centuries-old bramble is considered to be the biblical burning bush."><noscript><img alt="The monastery's centuries-old bramble is considered to be the biblical burning bush." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Burning_Bush%2C_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg/200px-Burning_Bush%2C_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Burning_Bush%2C_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg/200px-Burning_Bush%2C_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg" data-alt="The monastery's centuries-old bramble is considered to be the biblical burning bush." data-width="200" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Burning_Bush%2C_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg/300px-Burning_Bush%2C_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Burning_Bush%2C_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg/400px-Burning_Bush%2C_St_Catherine%27s_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The monastery's centuries-old <a href="/wiki/Rubus" title="Rubus">bramble</a> is considered to be the biblical <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='"Well of Moses", where Moses is said to have met his future wife, Zipporah'><noscript><img alt='"Well of Moses", where Moses is said to have met his future wife, Zipporah' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg/200px-Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg/200px-Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg" data-alt='"Well of Moses", where Moses is said to have met his future wife, Zipporah' data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg/300px-Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg/400px-Moses-well-saint-catherine-church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Well of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>", where Moses is said to have met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ossuary_Sinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skeleton of the monk Stephanos, in his robe, in front of the ossuary"><noscript><img alt="Skeleton of the monk Stephanos, in his robe, in front of the ossuary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ossuary_Sinai.jpg/171px-Ossuary_Sinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="609"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 171px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ossuary_Sinai.jpg/171px-Ossuary_Sinai.jpg" data-alt="Skeleton of the monk Stephanos, in his robe, in front of the ossuary" data-width="171" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ossuary_Sinai.jpg/257px-Ossuary_Sinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ossuary_Sinai.jpg/343px-Ossuary_Sinai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skeleton of the monk Stephanos, in his robe, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuary</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The oldest record of monastic life at Mount Sinai comes from the travel journal written in Latin by a pilgrim woman named <a href="/wiki/Egeria_(pilgrim)" title="Egeria (pilgrim)">Egeria</a> (Etheria; <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_of_Aquitaine" title="Sylvia of Aquitaine">Saint Sylvia of Aquitaine</a>) about 381/2–386.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monastery was built by order of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (reigned 527–565), enclosing the Chapel of the Burning Bush (also known as "Saint Helen's Chapel") ordered to be built by <a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Empress Consort Helena</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, at the site where Moses is supposed to have seen the <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The living bush on the grounds is purportedly the one seen by Moses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structurally the monastery's <a href="/wiki/King_post" title="King post">king post</a> truss is the oldest known surviving roof <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">truss</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:396px;max-width:396px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MACCOUN(1899)_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MACCOUN%281899%29_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg/88px-MACCOUN%281899%29_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="2678"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MACCOUN%281899%29_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg/88px-MACCOUN%281899%29_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="88" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MACCOUN%281899%29_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg/132px-MACCOUN%281899%29_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MACCOUN%281899%29_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg/176px-MACCOUN%281899%29_p057_MT._SINAI_OR_JEBEL_MUSA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1899 map of the monastery surroundings</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg/300px-Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8041" data-file-height="4404"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg/300px-Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="300" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg/450px-Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg/600px-Skt_Katharina_Klosteret.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">2011 photo from the north of the monastery, facing southwards</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Saint Catherine's Monastery is located in the shadow of a group of three mountains: <a href="/wiki/Willow_Peak" title="Willow Peak">Ras Sufsafeh</a>/"<a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a>" (peak <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1</span> km west), Jebel Arrenziyeb (peak <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1</span> km south) and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Jebel Musa</a>/"<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Biblical Mount Sinai</a>" (peak <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2</span> km south)</div></div></div></div> <p>From the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, the presence of Crusaders in the Sinai until 1270 spurred the interest of European Christians and increased the number of intrepid pilgrims who visited the monastery. The monastery was supported by its dependencies in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Crete, Cyprus and Constantinople. Throughout the Middle Ages, the monastery had a multiethnic profile, with monks of Arab, Greek, Syrian, Slavonic and Georgian origin. However, in the Ottoman period the monastic community became almost exclusively Greek, possibly due to the decline and depopulation of Transjordanian Christian towns. From the 1480s onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> princes started sending out alms to the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-Panchenko_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panchenko-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> was created by converting an existing chapel during the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> (909–1171), which was in regular use until the era of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> in the 13th century and is still in use today on special occasions. During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the mosque was in desolate condition; it was restored in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the seventh century, the isolated Christian <a href="/wiki/Anchorite" title="Anchorite">anchorites</a> of the Sinai were eliminated: only the fortified monastery remained. The monastery is surrounded by the massive fortifications that have preserved it. Until the twentieth century, access was through a door high in the outer walls. </p><p>The monastery, along with several dependencies in the area, constitute the entire <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Church of Sinai</a>, which is headed by an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a>, who is also the <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> of the monastery. The exact administrative status of the church within the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> is ambiguous: by some, including the church itself,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is considered <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by others an <a href="/wiki/Autonomy#Religion" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> church under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archbishop is traditionally <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem</a>; in recent centuries he has usually resided in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. During the period of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> which was marked by bitterness between the Orthodox and Catholic churches, the monastery was patronized by both the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, and their respective courts. </p><p>Dominican theologian <a href="/wiki/Felix_Fabri" title="Felix Fabri">Felix Fabri</a> visited the monastery in the 15th century and provided a detailed account of it. He also described the monastery's gardens, noting the presence of "tall fruit trees, salad herbs, grass, and grain," and mentioning "more than three thousand olive trees, many fig-trees and pomegranates, and a store of almonds and other fruits." The olives were used to produce oil for lighting lamps and as a relish in the kitchen.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:438px;max-width:438px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LeavittHuntSinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/LeavittHuntSinai.jpg/200px-LeavittHuntSinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/LeavittHuntSinai.jpg/200px-LeavittHuntSinai.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/LeavittHuntSinai.jpg/300px-LeavittHuntSinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/LeavittHuntSinai.jpg/400px-LeavittHuntSinai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Saint Catherine's Monastery by <a href="/wiki/Leavitt_Hunt" title="Leavitt Hunt">Leavitt Hunt</a>, 1852</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg/230px-PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="987"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg/230px-PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="230" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg/345px-PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg/460px-PikiWiki_Israel_8612_Sanatah_Kattarina_Monastery_in_the_Sinai_Desert_in.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Saint Catherine's Monastery, 1968</div></div></div></div></div> <p>For most of the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> the monastery was able to prosper, but as the sultanate started to decline, it went through a crisis. While there had been several hundred monks in the mid-14th century, a hundred years later there were only several dozens. Local <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes started harassing the community, robbing their property of the Christian coastal village of <a href="/wiki/El_Tor,_Egypt" title="El Tor, Egypt">Al-Tur</a> and in 1505, the monastery was captured and sacked. Though the sultan demanded that the property be returned to the monks, the Mamluk government was unable to subdue the Bedouin nomads and preserve order. The German explorer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Baumgarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Baumgarten">Martin Baumgarten</a> visited the monastery in 1507 and noticed its decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Panchenko_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panchenko-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 18, 2017, an attack by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> group at a checkpoint near the Monastery killed one policeman and injured three police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Manuscripts_and_icons">Manuscripts and icons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and icons" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The monastery's library, founded sometime between 527 and 565, is recognized by <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the world's oldest continuously operating library.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It preserves the world's second-largest collection of early <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>, outnumbered only by the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic">Ethiopic/Ge‘ez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manuscripts and books, along with very rare <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> books.<sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Patent_of_Mohammed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Patent_of_Mohammed.jpg/200px-The_Patent_of_Mohammed.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 279px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Patent_of_Mohammed.jpg/200px-The_Patent_of_Mohammed.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="279" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Patent_of_Mohammed.jpg/300px-The_Patent_of_Mohammed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/The_Patent_of_Mohammed.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ashtiname_of_Muhammad" title="Ashtiname of Muhammad">Ashtiname of Muhammad</a></i>, granting protection and other privileges to the followers of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1844 and February 1859, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Constantin von Tischendorf</a> visited the monastery for research and discovered the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>, dating from the 4th century, at the time the oldest almost completely preserved manuscript of the Bible. The finding from 1859 left the monastery for <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, in circumstances that had been long disputed. But in 2003 Russian scholars discovered the donation act for the manuscript signed by the Council of Cairo Metochion and Archbishop Callistratus on 13 November 1869. The monastery received 9000 rubles as a gift from Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Codex was sold by Stalin in 1933 to the British Museum and is now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, London, where it is on public display. Prior to September 1, 2009, a previously unseen fragment of Codex Sinaiticus was discovered in the monastery's library,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as among the New Finds of 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On other visits (1855, 1857) <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Constantin von Tischendorf</a> also amassed their more valuable manuscripts (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Language">Syriac</a>) and took them with him to St. Petersburg and Leipzig, where they are stored today.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1892, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_and_Margaret_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes and Margaret Smith">Agnes S. Lewis</a> discovered an early <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> in St Catherine Monastery's library that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Sinaiticus" title="Syriac Sinaiticus">Syriac Sinaiticus</a> and it remains in the monastery's possession.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agnes and her sister <a href="/wiki/Agnes_and_Margaret_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes and Margaret Smith">Margaret D. Gibson</a> returned in 1893 with the Cambridge team of the two scholars that included their wives, and also <a href="/wiki/James_Rendel_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="James Rendel Harris">J. Rendel Harris</a> to photograph and transcribe the manuscript in its entirety, as well as to prepare the first catalogues of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only among the New Finds two additional palimpsest manuscripts came to light containing additional passages of the Old Syriac Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-Sebastian_P._Brock_2016,_pp._7_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebastian_P._Brock_2016,_pp._7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg/210px-Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1537"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 289px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg/210px-Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg" data-width="210" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg/315px-Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg/420px-Moses_%26_Bush_Icon_Sinai_c12th_century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112152708/http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/videoDetails?segid=3950">The Icons of Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, Egypt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Archived)</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Monastery also has a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Ashtiname_of_Muhammad" title="Ashtiname of Muhammad">Ashtiname of Muhammad</a>, in which the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is claimed to have bestowed his protection upon the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the monastery houses a copy of Mok'c'evay K'art'lisay, a collection of supplementary books of the <a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Cxovreba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartlis Cxovreba">Kartlis Cxovreba</a>, dating from the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important manuscripts have since been filmed or digitized, and so are accessible to scholars. With planning assistance from Ligatus, a research center of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a>, the library was extensively renovated, reopening at the end of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinai_Palimpsests_Project">Sinai Palimpsests Project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sinai Palimpsests Project" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Since 2011, a team of imaging scientists<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and experienced scholars in the decipherment of palimpsest manuscripts<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the U.S. and Europe have photographed, digitized, and studied the library's collection of palimpsests during the international Sinai palimpsests project.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">Palimpsests</a> are notable for having been reused one or more times over the centuries. Since parchment was expensive and time-consuming to produce, monks would erase certain texts with orange juice or scrape them off and write over them.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the original texts were once assumed to be lost,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imaging scientists used narrowband <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Multispectral image">multispectral imaging</a> techniques and technologies to reveal features that were difficult to see with the human eye, including ink residues and small grooves in the parchment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These images have subsequently been digitized and are now freely available for research at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Library" title="UCLA Library">UCLA Library</a> for scholarly use.<sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of June 2018, at least more than 160 palimpsests were identified, with over 6,800 pages of texts recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newer finds were discovered in a secluded storage area of the St George Tower in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highlights include "108 pages of previously unknown Greek poems and the oldest-known recipe attributed to the Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>;" additional folios for the transmission of the Old Syriac Gospels;<sup id="cite_ref-Sebastian_P._Brock_2016,_pp._7_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sebastian_P._Brock_2016,_pp._7-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two unattested witnesses of an early Christian apocryphal text the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of Mary">Dormition of Mary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transitus_Mariae" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitus Mariae">Transitus Mariae</a>) of which most of the Greek text is lost;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a previously unknown martyrdom of Patriklos of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>), one of the eleven followers of <a href="/wiki/Pamphilus_of_Caesarea" title="Pamphilus of Caesarea">Pamphilus of Caesarea</a>; some of the earliest known Georgian manuscripts;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as insight into dead languages such as the previously hardly attested <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_language" title="Caucasian Albanian language">Caucasian Albanian</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Christian Palestinian Aramaic">Christian Palestinian Aramaic</a>, the local dialect of the early Byzantine period, with many unparalleled text witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Works_of_art">Works of art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works of art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The complex houses irreplaceable works of art: mosaics, the best collection of early <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> in the world, many in <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic</a>, as well as liturgical objects, chalices and reliquaries, and church buildings. The large icon collection begins with a few dating to the 5th (possibly) and 6th centuries, which are unique survivals; the monastery having been untouched by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine iconoclasm">Byzantine iconoclasm</a>, and never sacked. The oldest icon on an <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> theme is also preserved there. A project to catalogue the collections has been ongoing since the 1960s. The monastery was an important centre for the development of the hybrid style of <a href="/wiki/Crusader_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader art">Crusader art</a>, and retains over 120 <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> created in the style, by far the largest collection in existence. Many were evidently created by Latins, probably monks, based in or around the monastery in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Icons">Icons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Icons" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1141px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Peter depicted in 6th-century hot wax icon"><noscript><img alt="Saint Peter depicted in 6th-century hot wax icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/88px-Petersinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/88px-Petersinai.jpg" data-alt="Saint Peter depicted in 6th-century hot wax icon" data-width="88" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/133px-Petersinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Petersinai.jpg/177px-Petersinai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Peter depicted in 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">hot wax icon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, 6th century"><noscript><img alt="Icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, 6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/110px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1277"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/110px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" data-alt="Icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, 6th century" data-width="110" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/166px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/221px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, 6th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The oldest known icon of Christ Pantocrator, encaustic on panel"><noscript><img alt="The oldest known icon of Christ Pantocrator, encaustic on panel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/86px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="3774"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/86px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg" data-alt="The oldest known icon of Christ Pantocrator, encaustic on panel" data-width="86" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/128px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg/171px-Spas_vsederzhitel_sinay.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The oldest known icon of <i><a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator_(Sinai)" title="Christ Pantocrator (Sinai)">Christ Pantocrator</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic on panel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Last Judgement, 11th-12th century, by John Tokhabi"><noscript><img alt="The Last Judgement, 11th-12th century, by John Tokhabi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/119px-Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1483"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 119px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/119px-Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" data-alt="The Last Judgement, 11th-12th century, by John Tokhabi" data-width="119" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/178px-Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/237px-Last_Judgement_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Judgement">The Last Judgement</a></i>, 11th-12th century, by <a href="/wiki/John_Tokhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tokhabi">John Tokhabi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifixion, 13th century"><noscript><img alt="Crucifixion, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/94px-Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1549"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/94px-Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" data-alt="Crucifixion, 13th century" data-width="94" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/141px-Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/188px-Crucifixion_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crucifixion, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Doors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy doors"><noscript><img alt="Holy doors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Holy_Doors.jpg/97px-Holy_Doors.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 97px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Holy_Doors.jpg/97px-Holy_Doors.jpg" data-alt="Holy doors" data-width="97" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Holy_Doors.jpg/146px-Holy_Doors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Holy_Doors.jpg/195px-Holy_Doors.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Holy doors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna and Child, 13th century"><noscript><img alt="Madonna and Child, 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/111px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 111px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/111px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" data-alt="Madonna and Child, 13th century" data-width="111" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/166px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/222px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madonna and Child, 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikharkhangel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="13th century Byzantine icon of Saint Michael the Archangel"><noscript><img alt="13th century Byzantine icon of Saint Michael the Archangel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mikharkhangel.jpg/120px-Mikharkhangel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="933"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mikharkhangel.jpg/120px-Mikharkhangel.jpg" data-alt="13th century Byzantine icon of Saint Michael the Archangel" data-width="120" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mikharkhangel.jpg/180px-Mikharkhangel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mikharkhangel.jpg/240px-Mikharkhangel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">13th century Byzantine icon of <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Saint Michael the Archangel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transfiguration, 12th century"><noscript><img alt="Transfiguration, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/120px-Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/120px-Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" data-alt="Transfiguration, 12th century" data-width="120" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/180px-Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/240px-Transfiguration_of_Christ_Icon_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Transfiguration, 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ladder of Divine Ascent"><noscript><img alt="Ladder of Divine Ascent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/112px-The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2119"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/112px-The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg" data-alt="Ladder of Divine Ascent" data-width="112" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/167px-The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg/223px-The_Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_Monastery_of_St_Catherine_Sinai_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent_(icon)" title="Ladder of Divine Ascent (icon)">Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_VIII_Palaiologos,_Sinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor John VIII Palaiologos"><noscript><img alt="Emperor John VIII Palaiologos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_VIII_Palaiologos%2C_Sinai.jpg/120px-John_VIII_Palaiologos%2C_Sinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="902"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_VIII_Palaiologos%2C_Sinai.jpg/120px-John_VIII_Palaiologos%2C_Sinai.jpg" data-alt="Emperor John VIII Palaiologos" data-width="120" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_VIII_Palaiologos%2C_Sinai.jpg/180px-John_VIII_Palaiologos%2C_Sinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_VIII_Palaiologos%2C_Sinai.jpg/240px-John_VIII_Palaiologos%2C_Sinai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Icon of Saint Catherine of Alexandria"><noscript><img alt="Icon of Saint Catherine of Alexandria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg/120px-Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1074"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg/120px-Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg" data-alt="Icon of Saint Catherine of Alexandria" data-width="120" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg/180px-Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg/240px-Icon_of_Saint_Catherine.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Icon of Saint <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" title="Catherine of Alexandria">Catherine of Alexandria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The monastery, 18th century"><noscript><img alt="The monastery, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg/120px-Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="739"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg/120px-Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg" data-alt="The monastery, 18th century" data-width="120" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg/180px-Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg/240px-Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The monastery, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vethiy_Denmi_(Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ as the Ancient of Days, 7th century"><noscript><img alt="Christ as the Ancient of Days, 7th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vethiy_Denmi_%28Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%29.jpg/116px-Vethiy_Denmi_%28Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="668"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 116px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vethiy_Denmi_%28Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%29.jpg/116px-Vethiy_Denmi_%28Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%29.jpg" data-alt="Christ as the Ancient of Days, 7th century" data-width="116" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vethiy_Denmi_%28Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%29.jpg/173px-Vethiy_Denmi_%28Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Vethiy_Denmi_%28Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%29.jpg/231px-Vethiy_Denmi_%28Icons_from_Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christ as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_of_Days" title="Ancient of Days">Ancient of Days</a>, 7th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai,_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="12th century icon of Saint George and David IV of Georgia"><noscript><img alt="12th century icon of Saint George and David IV of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg/115px-Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="876"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 115px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg/115px-Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg" data-alt="12th century icon of Saint George and David IV of Georgia" data-width="115" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg/173px-Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg/231px-Icon_of_St._George_and_a_Bagratid_Georgian_king._Sinai%2C_Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">12th century <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV of Georgia</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Historical_images">Historical images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical images" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery,_Carsten_Niebuhr,_1762.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carsten Niebuhr (1762)"><noscript><img alt="Carsten Niebuhr (1762)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%2C_Carsten_Niebuhr%2C_1762.jpg/200px-Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%2C_Carsten_Niebuhr%2C_1762.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%2C_Carsten_Niebuhr%2C_1762.jpg/200px-Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%2C_Carsten_Niebuhr%2C_1762.jpg" data-alt="Carsten Niebuhr (1762)" data-width="200" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%2C_Carsten_Niebuhr%2C_1762.jpg/300px-Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%2C_Carsten_Niebuhr%2C_1762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%2C_Carsten_Niebuhr%2C_1762.jpg/400px-Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery%2C_Carsten_Niebuhr%2C_1762.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Niebuhr" title="Carsten Niebuhr">Carsten Niebuhr</a> (1762)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_(1809).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Description de l'Égypte (1809)"><noscript><img alt="Description de l'Égypte (1809)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%281809%29.jpeg/200px-Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%281809%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="2003"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%281809%29.jpeg/200px-Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%281809%29.jpeg" data-alt="Description de l'Égypte (1809)" data-width="200" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%281809%29.jpeg/300px-Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%281809%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%281809%29.jpeg/400px-Monastery_of_Saint_Catherine_at_Mount_Sinai-_drawing_from_the_Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_%281809%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></i> (1809)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="David Roberts (1839), published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia"><noscript><img alt="David Roberts (1839), published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/142px-David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="3400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/142px-David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg" data-alt="David Roberts (1839), published in The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia" data-width="142" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/213px-David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg/284px-David_Roberts_-_Convent_of_St._Catherine_with_Mount_Horeb_-_1927.90_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a> (1839), published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Land,_Syria,_Idumea,_Arabia,_Egypt,_and_Nubia" title="The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia">The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1861)_b_060.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ernst Keil (1861)"><noscript><img alt="Ernst Keil (1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Die_Gartenlaube_%281861%29_b_060.jpg/200px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281861%29_b_060.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="838"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Die_Gartenlaube_%281861%29_b_060.jpg/200px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281861%29_b_060.jpg" data-alt="Ernst Keil (1861)" data-width="200" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Die_Gartenlaube_%281861%29_b_060.jpg/300px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281861%29_b_060.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Die_Gartenlaube_%281861%29_b_060.jpg/400px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281861%29_b_060.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Keil" title="Ernst Keil">Ernst Keil</a> (1861)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adolf Meckel von Hemsbach (1892)"><noscript><img alt="Adolf Meckel von Hemsbach (1892)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg/200px-Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7845" data-file-height="5230"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg/200px-Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg" data-alt="Adolf Meckel von Hemsbach (1892)" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg/300px-Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg/400px-Adolf_Von_Meckel_-_The_Saint_Catherine_Monastery_in_Sinai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Meckel_von_Hemsbach" title="Adolf Meckel von Hemsbach">Adolf Meckel von Hemsbach</a> (1892)</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Panoramic_view">Panoramic view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Panoramic view" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A panorama of St Catherine's Monastery"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG/800px-St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="800" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG/800px-St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="800" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG/1200px-St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG/1600px-St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:St_CatherinesPanorama.JPG" title="File:St CatherinesPanorama.JPG"> </a></div>A <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panorama</a> of St Catherine's Monastery</div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mount_Sinai_and_Raithu" title="Archbishop of Mount Sinai and Raithu">Archbishop of Mount Sinai and Raithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiname_of_Muhammad" title="Ashtiname of Muhammad">Ashtiname of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnel_house" title="Charnel house">Charnel House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Climaci_Rescriptus" title="Codex Climaci Rescriptus">Codex Climaci Rescriptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus_Rescriptus" title="Codex Sinaiticus Rescriptus">Codex Sinaiticus Rescriptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert fathers">Desert fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Sinai" title="Gregory of Sinai">Gregory of Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladder of Divine Ascent">Ladder of Divine Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_churches_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest churches in the world">Oldest churches in the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Palestine" title="Martyrs of Palestine">Martyrs of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poustinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poustinia">Poustinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinaites_in_Serbia" title="Sinaites in Serbia">Sinaites in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Sinaiticus" title="Syriac Sinaiticus">Syriac Sinaiticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitus_Mariae" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitus Mariae">Transitus Mariae</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Din, Mursi Saad El et al.. Sinai: The Site & The History: Essays. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 1998. p. 80. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814722032" title="Special:BookSources/0814722032">0814722032</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeroyCollin2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeroyCollin2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJules_LeroyPeter_Collin2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Leroy" title="Jules Leroy">Jules Leroy</a>; Peter Collin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bX9KvgAACAAJ"><i>Monks and Monasteries of the Near East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>. pp. 93–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-276-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-276-1"><bdi>978-1-59333-276-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monks+and+Monasteries+of+the+Near+East&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-276-1&rft.au=Jules+Leroy&rft.au=Peter+Collin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbX9KvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keepcalmandwander.com/st-catherine-monastery-mt-sinai-oldes-world/">"St Catherine Monastery – The Oldest in the World"</a>. <i>KEEP CALM and WANDER</i>. 2016-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KEEP+CALM+and+WANDER&rft.atitle=St+Catherine+Monastery+%E2%80%93+The+Oldest+in+the+World&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keepcalmandwander.com%2Fst-catherine-monastery-mt-sinai-oldes-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrope2012" class="citation news cs1">Schrope, Mark (September 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/in-the-sinai-a-global-team-is-revolutionizing-the-preservation-of-ancient-manuscripts/2012/08/30/1c203ef4-ca1f-11e1-aea8-34e2e47d1571_story.html">"In the Sinai, a global team is revolutionizing the preservation of ancient manuscripts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+the+Sinai%2C+a+global+team+is+revolutionizing+the+preservation+of+ancient+manuscripts&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Schrope&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fmagazine%2Fin-the-sinai-a-global-team-is-revolutionizing-the-preservation-of-ancient-manuscripts%2F2012%2F08%2F30%2F1c203ef4-ca1f-11e1-aea8-34e2e47d1571_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountsinaimonastery.org/news-blog/is-the-burning-bush-still-burning">"Is the Burning Bush Still Burning?"</a>. <i>Friends of Mount Sinai Monastery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+Mount+Sinai+Monastery&rft.atitle=Is+the+Burning+Bush+Still+Burning%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountsinaimonastery.org%2Fnews-blog%2Fis-the-burning-bush-still-burning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiou2017" class="citation news cs1">Georgiou, Aristos (December 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/these-spectacular-ancient-texts-were-lost-centuries-now-they-can-be-viewed-online-1652320">"These spectacular ancient texts were lost for centuries, and now they can be viewed online"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702023242/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/these-spectacular-ancient-texts-were-lost-centuries-now-they-can-be-viewed-online-1652320">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=These+spectacular+ancient+texts+were+lost+for+centuries%2C+and+now+they+can+be+viewed+online&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft.aulast=Georgiou&rft.aufirst=Aristos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fthese-spectacular-ancient-texts-were-lost-centuries-now-they-can-be-viewed-online-1652320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/954">"Saint Catherine Area"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Saint+Catherine+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian P. Brock, Two Hitherto Unattested Passages of the Old Syriac Gospels in Palimpsests from St Catherie's Monastery, Sinai, Δελτίο Βιβλικῶν Μελετῶν 31A, 2016, pp. 7–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinai.library.ucla-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sinai.library.ucla_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinai.library.ucla.edu">"Sinai Palimpsests project"</a>. <i>sinai.library.ucla.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sinai.library.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Sinai+Palimpsests+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsinai.library.ucla.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitafrica.site/destinations/experience-egypt/saint-catherine-monastery/">"Visit Saint Catherine Monastery, Egypt"</a>. <i>visitafrica.site</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitafrica.site&rft.atitle=Visit+Saint+Catherine+Monastery%2C+Egypt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitafrica.site%2Fdestinations%2Fexperience-egypt%2Fsaint-catherine-monastery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_1998-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1998_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1998_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Catherines-Monastery">"Saint Catherine's Monastery"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. July 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Catherine%27s+Monastery&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSaint-Catherines-Monastery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://st-katherine.net/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29">"The Monastery"</a>. St-Katherine-net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Monastery&rft.pub=St-Katherine-net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fst-katherine.net%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D14%26Itemid%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb_StC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb_StC_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Catherine-of-Alexandria">"Saint Catherine of Alexandria"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. March 2017 [First published July 1998].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Catherine+of+Alexandria&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Catherine-of-Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClugnet1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clugnet, Léon (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Catherine of Alexandria"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Catherine_of_Alexandria">"St. Catherine of Alexandria" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Catherine+of+Alexandria&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Clugnet&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1841" class="citation book cs1">Morton, James (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008972816/Home"><i>The legend of St. Katherine of Alexandria</i></a>. Abbotsford club. Publications,no. 20. London: Abbotsford club. p. 133 – via Cornell University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+legend+of+St.+Katherine+of+Alexandria&rft.place=London&rft.series=Abbotsford+club.+Publications%2Cno.+20&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Abbotsford+club&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F008972816%2FHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wilkinson (2015), Egeria's travels (Oxford: Oxbow Books). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-710-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-710-5">978-0-85668-710-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/m/mcclure/etheria/etheria.htm">"The Pilgrimage of Egeria"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=The+Pilgrimage+of+Egeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fm%2Fmcclure%2Fetheria%2Fetheria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feilden, Bernard M.. Conservation of historic buildings. 3rd ed. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2003. p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750658630" title="Special:BookSources/0750658630">0750658630</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panchenko-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Panchenko_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Panchenko_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanchenko2021" class="citation book cs1">Panchenko, Constantine A. (24 August 2021). "The "Dark Age" of Middle Eastern Monasticism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnU_EAAAQBAJ"><i>Arabic Christianity between the Ottoman Levant and Eastern Europe</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 33–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46583-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46583-1"><bdi>978-90-04-46583-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Dark+Age%22+of+Middle+Eastern+Monasticism&rft.btitle=Arabic+Christianity+between+the+Ottoman+Levant+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46583-1&rft.aulast=Panchenko&rft.aufirst=Constantine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnU_EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/954">"Saint Catherine Area"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Catherine+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The official Website describes the Church as "διοικητικά "αδούλωτος, ασύδοτος, ακαταπάτητος, πάντη και παντός ελευθέρα, αυτοκέφαλος" or "administratively 'free, loose, untresspassable, free from anyone at any time, autocephalous'" (see link below)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weitzmann, Kurt, in: Galey, John; <i>Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine</i>, p. 14, Doubleday, New York (1980) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-17110-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-17110-2">0-385-17110-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1964" class="citation web cs1">Ware, Kallistos (Timothy) (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/history_timothy_ware_1.htm">"Part I: History"</a>. <i>The Orthodox Church</i>. Penguin Books<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+History&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Kallistos+%28Timothy%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fatheralexander.org%2Fbooklets%2Fenglish%2Fhistory_timothy_ware_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span> Under <i>Introduction</i> Bishop Kallistos says that Sinai is "autocephalous"; under <i>The twentieth century, Greeks and Arabs</i> he states that "There is some disagreement about whether the monastery should be termed an 'autocephalous' or merely an 'autonomous' Church."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewacanada.ca/ecc-bodypg-ca.aspx?IndexView=toc&eccpageID=29">The Orthodox Church of Mount Sinai</a> <a href="/wiki/CNEWA" class="mw-redirect" title="CNEWA">CNEWA</a> Canada, "A papal agency for humanitarian and pastoral support" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530032612/http://www.cnewacanada.ca/ecc-bodypg-ca.aspx?IndexView=toc&eccpageID=29">Archived</a> May 30, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Fabri" title="Felix Fabri">Felix Fabri</a>, Vol II. Pt. II. <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Pilgrims%27_Text_Society" title="Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society">Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society</a>. <a href="//archive.org/details/libraryofpalesti02paleuoft/page/582/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:libraryofpalesti02paleuoft/page/582/mode/2up">p. 582</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-39637439">"Deadly attack near Egypt's old monastery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. April 19, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Deadly+attack+near+Egypt%27s+old+monastery&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-39637439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/677662-oldest-continuously-operating-library">"Oldest continuously operating library"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+continuously+operating+library&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F677662-oldest-continuously-operating-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2018" class="citation news cs1">Macdonald, Fleur (June 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44144527">"Hidden writing in ancient manuscripts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702023740/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44144527">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hidden+writing+in+ancient+manuscripts&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Fleur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-44144527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jost Gippert, The Creation of the Caucasian Alphabets as Phenomenon of Cultural History, in <i>Referate des Internationalen Symposiums (Wien, 1.-4. Dezember 2005)</i>, ed. by Werner Seibt, Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, pp. 39–50, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bo Isaksson, "The Monastery of St. Catherine and the New Finds", in <i>Built on Solid Rock: Studies in Honour of Professor Ebbe Egede Knudsen on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday April 11th 1997</i>, edited by Elie Wardini, pp. 128–140, Oslo: Novus forlag, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlr.ru/eng/exib/CodexSinaiticus/zah/3.html">The History of the acquisition of the Sinai Bible by the Russian Government in the context of recent findings in Russian archives (english Internetedition)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221151357/http://www.nlr.ru/eng/exib/CodexSinaiticus/zah/3.html">Archived</a> 2019-12-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The article from A.V. Zakharova was first published in Montfaucon. Études de paléographie, de codicologie et de diplomatique, Moscow–St.Petersburg, 2007, pp. 209–266) see also Alexander Schick, Tischendorf und die älteste Bibel der Welt. Die Entdeckung des Codex Sinaiticus im Katharinenkloster (Tischendorf and the oldest Bible in the world – The discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus in St. Catherine's Monastery), Muldenhammer 2015, pp. 123–128, 145–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fragment-from-world-s-oldest-bible-found-hidden-in-egyptian-monastery-1780274.html">"Fragment from world's oldest Bible found hidden in Egyptian monastery"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2009-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Fragment+from+world%27s+oldest+Bible+found+hidden+in+Egyptian+monastery&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Ffragment-from-world-s-oldest-bible-found-hidden-in-egyptian-monastery-1780274.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4739369.stm">"Oldest known Bible to go online"</a>. 2005-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+known+Bible+to+go+online&rft.date=2005-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F4739369.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Parker (2010), <i>CODEX SINAITICUS: The Story of the World's Oldest Bible.</i> London. British Library, p. 18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712358033" title="Special:BookSources/9780712358033">9780712358033</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. F. Brosset (1858), Note sur un manuscrit géorgien de la Bibliothèque Impériale publique et provenant de M. Tischendorf, <i>Mélanges Asiatiques</i> 3, pp. 264–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Pigoulewsky (1934), Fragments syro-palestiniens des Psaumes CXXIII-IV, <i>Revue Biblique</i> 43, pp. 519–527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. Pigoulewski (1937), Manuscrits syriaques bibliques de Léningrad, <i>Revue Biblique</i> 46, pp. 83–92; N. Pigoulewski, Manuscrits syriaques bibliques de Léningrad (suite), <i>Revue Biblique</i> 46, 1937, pp. 225–230; 556–562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julius Assfalg (1963), <i>Georgische Handschriften</i> (= Verzeichnis der orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, III) (Wiesbaden); Julius Assfalg (1965), <i>Syrische Handschriften</i> (= Verzeichnis der orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, V) (Wiesbaden).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian P. Brock (2012), Sinai: a Meeting Point of Georgian with Syriac and Christian Palestinian Aramaic, in The Caucasus between East & West (Tbilisi), pp. 482–494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grigory Kessel (2016), Membra Disjecta Sinaitica I: A Reconstitution of the Syriac Galen Palimpsest, in André Binggili, et al. (eds.), <i>Manuscripta Graeca et Orientalia: Mélanges monastiques et patristiques en l'honneur de Paul Géhin</i> (Louvain: Peeters), pp. 469–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Géhin (2017), Les manuscrits syriaques de parchemin du Sinaï et leur membra disjecta, CSCO 665 / Subsidia 136 (Louvain: Peeters).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text was deciphered by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crawford_Burkitt" title="Francis Crawford Burkitt">Francis C Burkitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lubbock_Bensly" title="Robert Lubbock Bensly">Robert L. Bensly</a>, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1893" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Margaret Dunlop (1893). <i>How the Codex was Found</i>. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes. pp. 36–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Codex+was+Found&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=36-38&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Bowes&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Dunlop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1893" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Margaret Dunlop (1893). <i>How the Codex was Found</i>. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes. pp. 60–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Codex+was+Found&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=60-67&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Bowes&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Dunlop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agnes Smith Lewis (1894), <i>Catalogue of the Syriac MSS. in the Convent of S. Catharine on Mount Sinai</i>, Studia Sinaitica, I (London: C. J. Clay and Sons).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Dunlop Gibson (1894), <i>Catalogue of the Arabic mss. in the Convent of Saint Catharine on Mount Sinai.</i> Studia Sinaitica, III (London: C. J. Clay and Sons).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebastian_P._Brock_2016,_pp._7-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sebastian_P._Brock_2016,_pp._7_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebastian_P._Brock_2016,_pp._7_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian P. Brock, Two Hitherto Unattested Passages of the Old Syriac Gospels in Palimpsests from St Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, <i>Δελτίο βιβλικῶν Μελετῶν</i> 31, 2016, pp. 7–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brandie Ratliff, "The monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai and the Christian communities of the Caliphate." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintcatherinefoundation.org/files/8013/2983/0724/Sinaiticus_2008-email.pdf"><i>Sinaiticus. The bulletin of the Saint Catherine Foundation</i> (2008)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213034339/http://www.saintcatherinefoundation.org/files/8013/2983/0724/Sinaiticus_2008-email.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavtaradze2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kavtaradze, Giorgi (2001). "The Georgian Chronicles and the Raison D'ètre of the Iberian Kingdom". <i>Journal of Historical Geography of the Ancient World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Geography+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.atitle=The+Georgian+Chronicles+and+the+Raison+D%27%C3%A8tre+of+the+Iberian+Kingdom&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kavtaradze&rft.aufirst=Giorgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligatus.org.uk/stcatherines/node/3877">"Building renovation | The St. Catherine's Project"</a>. <i>www.ligatus.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ligatus.org.uk&rft.atitle=Building+renovation+%7C+The+St.+Catherine%27s+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligatus.org.uk%2Fstcatherines%2Fnode%2F3877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/egypt-reopens-ancient-library-st-catherine-monastery">"Egypt Reopens Ancient Library at St. Catherine Monastery"</a>. <i>Voice of America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Egypt+Reopens+Ancient+Library+at+St.+Catherine+Monastery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fegypt-reopens-ancient-library-st-catherine-monastery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Knox (Chief Science Advisor, EMEL, USA); Roger Easton (Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester, New York, USA); William Christens-Barry (Chief Scientist, Equipoise Imaging, LCC, Maryland, USA); David Kelbe (Centre for Space Science Technology, Alexandra, New Zealand)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaza Aleksidze (Tbilisi, Georgia); André Binggeli (Paris, France); Sebastian Brock (Oxford, UK); Michelle Brown (London, UK); Guglielmo Cavallo (Rome, Italy); Steve Delamarter (Portland, Oregon, USA); Alain J. Desreumaux (Paris, France); David Ganz (Cambridge, UK); Paul Géhin (Paris, France); Jost Gippert (Frankfurt, Germany); Sidney Griffeth (Washington DC, USA); Getachew Haile (Minnesota; New York, USA); Dieter Harlfinger (Hamburg, Germany); Hikmat Kashouh (Metn, Lebanon); Vasilios Katsaros (Thessaloniki, Greece); Grigory Kessel (Vienna, Austria); Daniela Mairhofer (Princeton, New Jersey, USA); Heinz Miklas (Vienna, Austria); Christa Müller-Kessler (University of Jena, Germany); Panayotis Nicolopoulos (Athens, Greece); Pasquale Orsini (Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, Central Institute for Archives, Italy); Bernard Outtier (Paris, France); Claudia Rapp (Vienna, Austria); Giulia Rossetto (Vienna, Austria); Alexander Treiger (Nova Scotia, Canada); Agammenon Tselikas (Athens, Greece); Nigel Wilson (Oxford, UK).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The project's original heads were the professor of Byzantine studies <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Rapp" title="Claudia Rapp">Claudia Rapp</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> and Michael Phelps of the Early Manuscripts Electronic Library (EMEL), Los Angeles, California.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsing2011" class="citation news cs1">Hsing, Crystal (April 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailybruin.com/2011/04/15/scholars_use_tech_tools_to_reveal_texts/">"Scholars use tech tools to reveal texts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Bruin" title="Daily Bruin">Daily Bruin</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Bruin&rft.atitle=Scholars+use+tech+tools+to+reveal+texts&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft.aulast=Hsing&rft.aufirst=Crystal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailybruin.com%2F2011%2F04%2F15%2Fscholars_use_tech_tools_to_reveal_texts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reviel Netz and William Noel (2008), <i>The Archimedes Codex: Revealing the Secrets of the World's Greatest Palimpsest</i> (London, UK: Phoenix), pp. 120–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchant2017" class="citation news cs1">Marchant, Jo (December 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/archaeologoists-only-just-beginning-reveal-secrets-hidden-ancient-manuscripts-180967455/">"Archaeologists Are Only Just Beginning to Reveal the Secrets Hidden in These Ancient Manuscripts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Are+Only+Just+Beginning+to+Reveal+the+Secrets+Hidden+in+These+Ancient+Manuscripts&rft.date=2017-12-11&rft.aulast=Marchant&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Farchaeologoists-only-just-beginning-reveal-secrets-hidden-ancient-manuscripts-180967455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioannis E. Meïmaris (1985), <i>Κατάλογος τῶν νέων ἀραβικῶν χειρογράφων τῆς ἱερᾶς Μονῆς Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης τοῦ Ὄρους Σινᾶ, Ἱερὰ Μονὴ Ἁγίας Αἰκατερίνης</i> (Athens).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ioannis C. Tarnanidis (1988), <i>The Slavonic Manuscripts Discovered in 1975 at St Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai</i> (Thessaloniki).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian P. Brock (1995), <i>Catalogue of the Syriac Fragments (New Finds) in the Library of the Monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai</i> (Athens).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panayotis G. Nicolopoulos (1999), <i>The New Finds of Sinai. Holy Monastery and Archdiocese of Sinai</i> (Athens).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaza Alekzidse, M. Shanidze, L. Khevsuriani, M. Kavtaria (2005), <i>The New Finds of Sinai. Catalogue of Georgian Manuscripts Discovered in 1975 at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai</i> (Athens).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philothee du Sinaï (2008), <i>Nouveaux manuscrits syriaques du Sinaï</i> (Athens).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christa Müller-Kessler, Three Early Witnesses of the «Dormition of Mary» in Christian Palestinian Aramaic. Palimpsests from the Cairo Genizah (Taylor-Schechter Collection) and the New Finds in St Catherine's Monastery, <i>Apocrypha</i> 29, 2018, pp. 69–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Aleksidze" class="citation book cs1">Aleksidze, Nikoloz (2018). <i>Georgia: A Cultural Journey through the Wardrop Collection</i>. Oxford: Bodleian Library. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851244959" title="Special:BookSources/9781851244959"><bdi>9781851244959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgia%3A+A+Cultural+Journey+through+the+Wardrop+Collection&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781851244959&rft.aulast=Aleksidze&rft.aufirst=Nikoloz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaza Alekzidse and Jean-Pierre Mahé, "Découverte d'un texte albanien: une langue ancienne du Caucase retrouvée", <i>Comptes rendus des séances l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,</i> 141:2 (1997), pp. 512–532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaza Aleksidze and Jean-Pierre Mahé, "Le déchiffrement de l'écriture des Albaniens du Caucase", <i>Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,</i> 145:3 (2001), pp. 1239–1257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weitzmann" title="Kurt Weitzmann">Kurt Weitzmann</a> in <i>The Icon</i>, Evans Brothers Ltd., London (1982), pp. 201–207 (trans. of <i>Le Icone</i>, Montadori 1981), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-237-45645-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-237-45645-1">0-237-45645-1</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOriana_Baddeley1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oriana_Baddeley" title="Oriana Baddeley">Oriana Baddeley</a>, Earleen Brunner (1996). <i>The Monastery of St Catherine</i>. Saint Catherine Foundation. pp. 120 pages with 79 colour illustrations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9528063-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9528063-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9528063-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monastery+of+St+Catherine&rft.pages=120+pages+with+79+colour+illustrations&rft.pub=Saint+Catherine+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9528063-0-1&rft.aulast=Oriana+Baddeley&rft.aufirst=Earleen+Brunner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöttrich2011" class="citation book cs1">Böttrich, Christfried (2011). <i>Der Jahrhundertfund. Entdeckung und Geschichte des Codex Sinaiticus (The Discovery of the Century. Discovery and history of Codex Sinaiticus)</i>. Leipzig: <a href="/wiki/Evangelische_Verlagsanstalt" title="Evangelische Verlagsanstalt">Evangelische Verlagsanstalt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-374-02586-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-374-02586-2"><bdi>978-3-374-02586-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Jahrhundertfund.+Entdeckung+und+Geschichte+des+Codex+Sinaiticus+%28The+Discovery+of+the+Century.+Discovery+and+history+of+Codex+Sinaiticus%29&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Evangelische+Verlagsanstalt&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-374-02586-2&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6ttrich&rft.aufirst=Christfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>James Hamilton Charlesworth, <i>The New Discoveries in St. Catherine's Monastery</i> (= American Schools of Oriental Research Monograph 3) Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89757-403-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89757-403-6">0-89757-403-6</a></li> <li>Alessandro Falcetta (2018). <i>A Biography of James Rendel Harris 1852–1941: The Daily Discoveries of a Bible Scholar and Manuscript Hunter</i>. London, UK: T&T Clark. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567684776" title="Special:BookSources/9780567684776">9780567684776</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsythWeitzmann1973" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, G. H.; Weitzmann, K. (1973). <i>The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai – The Church and Fortress of Justinian: Plates</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-33000-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-33000-4"><bdi>0-472-33000-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monastery+of+Saint+Catherine+at+Mount+Sinai+%E2%80%93+The+Church+and+Fortress+of+Justinian%3A+Plates&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-472-33000-4&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft.au=Weitzmann%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paul Géhin (2017). <i>Les manuscrits syriaques de parchemin du Sinaï et leur membra disjecta</i>. CSCO 665 / Subsidia 136. Louvain: Peeters. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3501-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3501-3">978-90-429-3501-3</a></li> <li>Margaret Dunlop Gibson (1893). <i>How the Codex was Found. A Narrative of Two Visits to Sinai from Mrs. Lewis's Journals. 1892–1893</i>. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes.</li> <li>Dieter Harlfinger, Diether R. Reinsch, and Joseph A. M. Sonderkamp in Zusammenarbeit mit Giancarlo Prato: <i>Specimina Sinaitica: Die datierten griechischen Handschriften des Katharinen-Klosters auf dem Berge Sinai 9. bis 12. Jahrhundert</i>, Berlin: Reimer 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3496007435" title="Special:BookSources/3496007435">3496007435</a></li> <li>Agnes Smith Lewis (1898). <i>In the Shadow of Sinai. A Story travel and Research from 1895 to 1897</i>. Cambridge: Macmillan & Bowes.</li> <li>Panayotis G. Nicolopoulos (1999), <i>The New Finds. Holy Monastery and Archdiocese of Sinai</i> (Athens). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9608598427" title="Special:BookSources/9608598427">9608598427</a></li> <li>David C. Parker (2010). <i>CODEX SINAITICUS: The Story of the World's Oldest Bible.</i> London. British Library. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712358033" title="Special:BookSources/9780712358033">9780712358033</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2015" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Stanley E. (2015). <i>Constantine Tischendorf. The Life and Work of a 19th Century Bible Hunter</i>. London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-5803-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5676-5803-6"><bdi>978-0-5676-5803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine+Tischendorf.+The+Life+and+Work+of+a+19th+Century+Bible+Hunter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-5676-5803-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchick2015" class="citation book cs1">Schick, Alexander (2015). <i>Tischendorf und die älteste Bibel der Welt – Die Entdeckung des CODEX SINAITICUS im Katharinenkloster</i> [<i>Tischendorf and the oldest Bible in the world. The discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus in St. Catherine's Monastery</i>]. Muldenhammer: Jota. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-935707-83-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-935707-83-1"><bdi>978-3-935707-83-1</bdi></a>. Biography cause of the anniversary of the 200th birthday of Tischendorf with many unpublished documents from his estate. These provide insight into previously unknown details of the discoveries and the reasons behind the donation of the manuscript. Recent research on Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus and its significance for New Testament Textual Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tischendorf+und+die+%C3%A4lteste+Bibel+der+Welt+%E2%80%93+Die+Entdeckung+des+CODEX+SINAITICUS+im+Katharinenkloster&rft.place=Muldenhammer&rft.pub=Jota&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-935707-83-1&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoskice1991" class="citation book cs1">Soskice, Janet (1991). <i>Sisters of Sinai: How Two Lady Adventurers Found the Hidden Gospels</i>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3474-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3474-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-3474-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisters+of+Sinai%3A+How+Two+Lady+Adventurers+Found+the+Hidden+Gospels&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3474-1&rft.aulast=Soskice&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotiriou,_G._and_M.1956–1958" class="citation book cs1">Sotiriou, G. and M. (1956–1958). <i>Icones du Mont Sinaï</i>. 2 vols (plates and texts). Collection de L'Institut francais d'Athènes 100 and 102. Athens.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icones+du+Mont+Sina%C3%AF&rft.place=Athens&rft.series=2+vols+%28plates+and+texts%29.+Collection+de+L%27Institut+francais+d%27Ath%C3%A8nes+100+and+102&rft.date=1956%2F1958&rft.au=Sotiriou%2C+G.+and+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Elena Ene D-Vasilescu, "The Monastery of St. Catherine, Sinai and the Romanians", <i>Revue des Études Sud-Est Européennes</i> [Journal of South-East European studies], <b>XLVII</b>, 1–4, 2009, pp. 75–87</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1976" class="citation book cs1">Weitzmann, K. (1976). <i>The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai: The Icons, Volume I: From the Sixth to the Tenth Century</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monastery+of+Saint+Catherine+at+Mount+Sinai%3A+The+Icons%2C+Volume+I%3A+From+the+Sixth+to+the+Tenth+Century&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Weitzmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmannGalavaris1991" class="citation book cs1">Weitzmann, K.; Galavaris, G. (1991). <i>The Monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai. The Illuminated Greek Manuscripts, Volume I. From the Ninth to the Twelfth Century</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03602-0"><bdi>0-691-03602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monastery+of+Saint+Catherine+at+Mount+Sinai.+The+Illuminated+Greek+Manuscripts%2C+Volume+I.+From+the+Ninth+to+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-691-03602-0&rft.aulast=Weitzmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Galavaris%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Catherine_Monastery,_Mount_Sinai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saint Catherine Monastery, Mount Sinai">Saint Catherine Monastery, Mount Sinai</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinaimonastery.com/">Official Website of the Holy Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/954">Saint Catherine Area/ World Heritage Listing on UNESCO's Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintcatherinefoundation.org/">Saint Catherine Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stcatherinesmonastery.googlepages.com/">St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209185920/http://stcatherinesmonastery.googlepages.com/">Archived</a> 2009-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZ3dFABGySg">St Catherine Project (digitisation) video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinai.library.ucla.edu">Digitized palimpsests in St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/icons_sinai/index.html">Holy Image, Hallowed Ground: Icons from Sinai</a> Getty exhibit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.belmont.edu/honors/SinaiIcons/SinaiIcons.html">Early Icons from Sinai, Belmont U</a></li> <li>The text of the Charter from <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> can be read <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iviews.com/Articles/articles.asp?ref=IC0609-3110">here</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/charter1.html">here</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/04/technology/at-a-mountain-monastery-old-texts-gain-digital-life.html">"At a Mountain Monastery, Old Texts Gain Digital Life"</a> article from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-katherine.net">Information about the town of St. Catherine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Monastery of St. Catherine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Monastery_of_St._Catherine">"Monastery of St. Catherine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monastery+of+St.+Catherine&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Catherine%27s+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/charter1.html">Prophet Muhammad's Letter to Monks of St. Catharine Monastery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredland.org/mount-sinai/">More on Saint Catherine's Monastery and Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai113_folder/113_articles/113_zaza_script_ashes.html">Caucasian Albanian Alphabet: Ancient Script Discovered in the Ashes</a> [St. Catherine's], Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 38–41.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=29&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">Article on the Orthodox Church of Mount Sinai by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai113_folder/113_articles/113_zaza_secrets_revealed.html">The Albanian Script: The Process – How Its Secrets Were Revealed</a> [St. Catherine's], Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 44–51.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER002368046">Map showing the Monastery, 18th century</a>. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li>Pope Gregory X's Privilege for the Holy Monastery of St Catherine of Sinai (24 September 1274): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineeringhistoricalmemory.com/MountSinai.php">Engineering Historical Memory</a>. Interactive scholarly edition, Diplomatics and Historical Commentary, Deep zoom, English translation, multimodal resources mashup (publications, images, videos).</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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</div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دير سانت كاترين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دير سانت كاترين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A7%D5%AB_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Սուրբ Կատարինէի Վանք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուրբ Կատարինէի Վանք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_ortodoxe_du_Sinayi" title="Égllése ortodoxe du Sinayi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése ortodoxe du Sinayi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monesteriu_de_Santa_Catalina_del_Monte_Sina%C3%AD" title="Monesteriu de Santa Catalina del Monte Sinaí – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Monesteriu de Santa Catalina del Monte Sinaí" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Yekaterina_monast%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Müqəddəs Yekaterina monastırı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Yekaterina monastırı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Манастыр Святой Кацярыны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манастыр Святой Кацярыны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Синайски манастир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синайски манастир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manati_Santez_Katelin_Sinai" title="Manati Santez Katelin Sinai – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manati Santez Katelin Sinai" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monestir_de_Santa_Caterina_del_Sina%C3%AD" title="Monestir de Santa Caterina del Sinaí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monestir de Santa Caterina del Sinaí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1ter_svat%C3%A9_Kate%C5%99iny" title="Klášter svaté Kateřiny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klášter svaté Kateřiny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynachlog_Santes_Catrin" title="Mynachlog Santes Catrin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynachlog Santes Catrin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Katharinas_Kloster" title="Sankt Katharinas Kloster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sankt Katharinas Kloster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinenkloster_(Sinai)" title="Katharinenkloster (Sinai) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katharinenkloster (Sinai)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC" title="Ιερά Μονή Αγίας Αικατερίνης Όρους Σινά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιερά Μονή Αγίας Αικατερίνης Όρους Σινά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterio_de_Santa_Catalina_del_Monte_Sina%C3%AD" title="Monasterio de Santa Catalina del Monte Sinaí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monasterio de Santa Catalina del Monte Sinaí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona%C4%A5ejo_Sankta_Katarina" title="Monaĥejo Sankta Katarina – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monaĥejo Sankta Katarina" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Katalina_monasterioa_(Sinai)" title="Santa Katalina monasterioa (Sinai) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Santa Katalina monasterioa (Sinai)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="دیر کاترین مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیر کاترین مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re_Sainte-Catherine_du_Sina%C3%AF" title="Monastère Sainte-Catherine du Sinaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monastère Sainte-Catherine du Sinaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Katarinakleaster" title="Sint-Katarinakleaster – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sint-Katarinakleaster" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosteiro_de_Santa_Catarina_do_Monte_Sina%C3%AD" title="Mosteiro de Santa Catarina do Monte Sinaí – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mosteiro de Santa Catarina do Monte Sinaí" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%85%80_%EA%B0%80%ED%83%80%EB%A6%AC%EB%82%98_%EC%88%98%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%90" title="성녀 가타리나 수도원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성녀 가타리나 수도원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Սուրբ Եկատերինայի վանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Եկատերինայի վանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="संत केथरीन मोनेस्ट्री, माउंट सिनई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संत केथरीन मोनेस्ट्री, माउंट सिनई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostan_svete_Katarine_na_Sinaju" title="Samostan svete Katarine na Sinaju – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samostan svete Katarine na Sinaju" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebe_Obibi_Nd%E1%BB%8B_M%E1%BB%8Dnk_nke_St._Catherine" title="Ebe Obibi Ndị Mọnk nke St. Catherine – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ebe Obibi Ndị Mọnk nke St. Catherine" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biara_Santa_Katarina" title="Biara Santa Katarina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biara Santa Katarina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastero_di_Santa_Caterina_(Egitto)" title="Monastero di Santa Caterina (Egitto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monastero di Santa Caterina (Egitto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מנזר סנטה קתרינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנזר סנטה קתרינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სინის წმინდა ეკატერინეს მონასტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინის წმინდა ეკატერინეს მონასტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterium_Sanctae_Catharinae_(Sinai)" title="Monasterium Sanctae Catharinae (Sinai) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Monasterium Sanctae Catharinae (Sinai)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93t%C4%81s_Katr%C4%ABnas_klosteris" title="Svētās Katrīnas klosteris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētās Katrīnas klosteris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Kotrynos_vienuolynas" title="Šv. Kotrynos vienuolynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Kotrynos vienuolynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Katalin-kolostor" title="Szent Katalin-kolostor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Katalin-kolostor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="सेन्ट क्याथरिन गुम्बा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सेन्ट क्याथरिन गुम्बा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Синајски манастир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синајски манастир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%82" title="വിശുദ്ധ കാതറിൻ സന്യാസി മഠം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിശുദ്ധ കാതറിൻ സന്യാസി മഠം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteru_ta%27_Santa_Katarina" title="Monasteru ta' Santa Katarina – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Monasteru ta' Santa Katarina" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სინაიშ წიმინდე ეკატერინეშ მონასტერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინაიშ წიმინდე ეკატერინეშ მონასტერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دير سانت كاترين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دير سانت كاترين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biara_St._Catherine,_Gunung_Sinai" title="Biara St. Catherine, Gunung Sinai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biara St. Catherine, Gunung Sinai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharinaklooster" title="Katharinaklooster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katharinaklooster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="सेन्ट क्याथरिन गुम्बा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सेन्ट क्याथरिन गुम्बा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="聖カタリナ修道院 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖カタリナ修道院" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarinaklosteret" title="Katarinaklosteret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katarinaklosteret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monast%C3%A8ri_de_Santa_Catarina,_mont_Sinai" title="Monastèri de Santa Catarina, mont Sinai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Monastèri de Santa Catarina, mont Sinai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خانقاہ مقدسہ کیتھرین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خانقاہ مقدسہ کیتھرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasztor_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tej_Katarzyny" title="Klasztor Świętej Katarzyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasztor Świętej Katarzyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosteiro_de_Santa_Catarina" title="Mosteiro de Santa Catarina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mosteiro de Santa Catarina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83n%C4%83stirea_Sf%C3%A2nta_Ecaterina_din_Muntele_Sinai" title="Mănăstirea Sfânta Ecaterina din Muntele Sinai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mănăstirea Sfânta Ecaterina din Muntele Sinai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Монастырь Святой Екатерины – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монастырь Святой Екатерины" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saint Catherine's Monastery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1%C5%A1tor_sv%C3%A4tej_Katar%C3%ADny" title="Kláštor svätej Kataríny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kláštor svätej Kataríny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samostan_sv._Katarine,_Sinaj" title="Samostan sv. Katarine, Sinaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samostan sv. Katarine, Sinaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83" title="Манастир Свете Катарине на Синају – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манастир Свете Катарине на Синају" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manastir_Svete_Katarine" title="Manastir Svete Katarine – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manastir Svete Katarine" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4n_Katariinan_luostari" title="Pyhän Katariinan luostari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhän Katariinan luostari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarinaklostret" title="Katarinaklostret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katarinaklostret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="อารามนักบุญแคเธอริน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อารามนักบุญแคเธอริน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azize_Katerina_Manast%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Azize Katerina Manastırı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Azize Katerina Manastırı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Монастир святої Катерини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монастир святої Катерини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%81_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خانقاہ مقدسہ کیتھرین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خانقاہ مقدسہ کیتھرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_vi%E1%BB%87n_Th%C3%A1nh_Catarina_(Sinai)" title="Tu viện Thánh Catarina (Sinai) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tu viện Thánh Catarina (Sinai)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasteryo_ni_Santa_Catalina" title="Monasteryo ni Santa Catalina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Monasteryo ni Santa Catalina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%87%AF%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="圣凯瑟琳修道院 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣凯瑟琳修道院" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%98%89%E8%8A%99%E8%93%AE%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="聖嘉芙蓮修道院 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖嘉芙蓮修道院" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%87%AF%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="圣凯瑟琳修道院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣凯瑟琳修道院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This 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