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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Funcția_transformatorului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcția_transformatorului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Funcția transformatorului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funcția_transformatorului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principiul_de_funcționare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principiul_de_funcționare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Principiul de funcționare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principiul_de_funcționare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principiul de funcționare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principiul_de_funcționare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pierderi_în_transformator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pierderi_în_transformator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pierderi în transformator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pierderi_în_transformator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplicații" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplicații"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aplicații</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplicații-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transformator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 110 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformador" title="Transformador – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Transformador" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="محول – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresformador" title="Tresformador – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tresformador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ترانسفورماتور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترانسفورماتور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traunsfoamatoa" title="Traunsfoamatoa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Traunsfoamatoa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Трансфарматар – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трансфарматар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Трансфарматар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трансфарматар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="রূপান্তরক – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রূপান্তরক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformador" title="Transformador – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transformador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ترانسفۆرمەر – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترانسفۆرمەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasfurmadore" title="Trasfurmadore – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Trasfurmadore" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform%C3%A1tor" title="Transformátor – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transformátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newidydd" title="Newidydd – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Newidydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Μετασχηματιστής – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετασχηματιστής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Transformer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformatoro" title="Transformatoro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transformatoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformador" title="Transformador – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transformador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformaator" title="Transformaator – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transformaator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformadore" title="Transformadore – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transformadore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ترانسفورماتور – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترانسفورماتور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuntaja" title="Muuntaja – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muuntaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformateur_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Transformateur électrique – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transformateur électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformaator" title="Transformaator – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Transformaator" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasfhoirmeoir" title="Trasfhoirmeoir – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trasfhoirmeoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformador" title="Transformador – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transformador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99" title="שנאי – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="ट्राँसफार्मर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्राँसफार्मर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Transformer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transf%C3%B2mat%C3%A8_elektrik" title="Transfòmatè elektrik – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Transfòmatè elektrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzform%C3%A1tor" title="Transzformátor – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzformátor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Տրանսֆորմատոր – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրանսֆորմատոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformatoro" title="Transformatoro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Transformatoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spennubreytir" title="Spennubreytir – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spennubreytir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasformatore" title="Trasformatore – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trasformatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%89%E5%9C%A7%E5%99%A8" title="変圧器 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="変圧器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ტრანსფორმატორი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრანსფორმატორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95" title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪರಿವರ್ತಕ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಪರಿವರ್ತಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EC%95%95%EA%B8%B0" title="변압기 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변압기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformatrum" title="Transformatrum – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Transformatrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasformator" title="Trasformator – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Trasformator" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformatorius" title="Transformatorius – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transformatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformators" title="Transformators – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Transformators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpanova_(haikoriam-boanaratra)" title="Mpanova (haikoriam-boanaratra) – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpanova (haikoriam-boanaratra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="ട്രാൻസ്ഫോർമർ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാൻസ്ഫോർമർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विद्युत रोहित्र – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विद्युत रोहित्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alatubah" title="Alatubah – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alatubah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်တာပြောင်း – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်တာပြောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="ट्रान्सफर्मर – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ट्रान्सफर्मर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="त्रान्सफर्मर – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="त्रान्सफर्मर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformador" title="Transformador – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Transformador" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B0" title="ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସଫର୍ମର – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସଫର୍ମର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਟਰਾਂਸਫਾਰਮਰ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰਾਂਸਫਾਰਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ٹرانسفارمر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹرانسفارمر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformador" title="Transformador – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transformador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Transformer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ٽرانسفارمر – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽرانسفارمر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transformer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform%C3%A1tor" title="Transformátor – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Transformátor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator%C3%ABt" title="Transformatorët – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transformatorët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafo" title="Trafo – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Trafo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfoma" title="Transfoma – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Transfoma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="மின்மாற்றி – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்மாற்றி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ట్రాన్స్‌ఫార్మర్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ట్రాన్స్‌ఫార్మర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="หม้อแปลงไฟฟ้า – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หม้อแปลงไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpormador" title="Transpormador – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Transpormador" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformat%C3%B6r" title="Transformatör – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transformatör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трансформатор – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансформатор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%91%D9%84" title="مبدّل – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مبدّل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Transformator" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BA%BFn_%C3%A1p" title="Biến áp – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biến áp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpormer" title="Transpormer – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Transpormer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppalikaay" title="Soppalikaay – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Soppalikaay" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%8E%8B%E5%99%A8" title="变压器 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="变压器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8" title="טראנספארמאטאר – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טראנספארמאטאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%8E%8B%E5%99%A8" title="变压器 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="变压器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%A0n-ap-kh%C3%AC" title="Piàn-ap-khì – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Piàn-ap-khì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%89%9B" title="火牛 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火牛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-transformer" title="I-transformer – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-transformer" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11658#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transformator" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie:Transformator" rel="discussion" title="Discuții despre această pagină [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transformator"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transformator"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Transformator" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Transformator" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&oldid=15700120" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Transformator&id=15700120&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTransformator"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTransformator"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Transformator"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Transformator&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transformers" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11658" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:WeldingTransformer-1.63.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WeldingTransformer-1.63.png/250px-WeldingTransformer-1.63.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WeldingTransformer-1.63.png/375px-WeldingTransformer-1.63.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WeldingTransformer-1.63.png/500px-WeldingTransformer-1.63.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Transformator</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:PoleMountTransformer02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PoleMountTransformer02.jpg/250px-PoleMountTransformer02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PoleMountTransformer02.jpg/375px-PoleMountTransformer02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/PoleMountTransformer02.jpg/500px-PoleMountTransformer02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Transformator trifazat coborâtor de tensiune</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>transformator</b> este un dispozitiv electric static care transferă energie electrică dintr-un circuit (primarul transformatorului) în altul (secundarul transformatorului), funcționând pe baza <a href="/wiki/Legea_induc%C8%9Biei_electromagnetice" title="Legea inducției electromagnetice">legii inducției electromagnetice</a>. Un curent electric alternativ care străbate înfășurarea primară produce un câmp magnetic în miezul magnetic al transformatorului, acesta la rândul lui producând o tensiune electrică alternativă în înfășurarea secundară. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcția_transformatorului"><span id="Func.C8.9Bia_transformatorului"></span>Funcția transformatorului</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Funcția transformatorului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Funcția transformatorului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În circuitele și rețelele electrice, transformatorul realizează transfer de energie (electrică) dintr-un circuit (rețea) de anumiți parametri - tensiune U, curent I, rezistență R - , în energie electrică cu alți parametri (valori) de circuit, în condițiile unei separări (izolări) galvanice între cele două circuite (rețele) electrice. Practic se acceptă, că energia electrică obținută la ieșire, în circuitul (circuitele, dacă sunt mai multe) secundar este aproximativ egală cu cea de la intrare, din circuitul primar. Totuși în calcule de proiectare pierderile de energie (din transformator) sunt luate în considerație. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principiul_de_funcționare"><span id="Principiul_de_func.C8.9Bionare"></span>Principiul de funcționare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Principiul de funcționare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Principiul de funcționare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Transformer_principle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Transformer_principle.png/200px-Transformer_principle.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Transformer_principle.png/300px-Transformer_principle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Transformer_principle.png/400px-Transformer_principle.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>Schema de principiu a unui transformator</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Transformer3d_col3_ro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Transformer3d_col3_ro.svg/350px-Transformer3d_col3_ro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Transformer3d_col3_ro.svg/525px-Transformer3d_col3_ro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Transformer3d_col3_ro.svg/700px-Transformer3d_col3_ro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Reprezentarea unui transformator monofazat</figcaption></figure> <p>Presupunem că ambele circuite ale transformatorului au spirele înfășurate în același sens și că au N<sub>1</sub> respectiv N<sub>2</sub> spire <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ep.etc.tuiasi.ro/site/Introducere%20in%20Electronica/SCA3.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090824082524/http://ep.etc.tuiasi.ro/site/Introducere%20in%20Electronica/SCA3.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2009-08-24">24 august 2009</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Transformatorul se consideră că funcționează în gol (i<sub>2</sub>=0, adică circuitul secundar este deschis). Dacă se aplică transformatorului tensiunea alternativă u<sub>1</sub> de valoare efectivă U<sub>1</sub> în primar apare curentul de intensitate i<sub>1</sub> și valoare efectivă I<sub>1</sub>. Acesta, conform <a href="/wiki/Legea_Biot-Savart" title="Legea Biot-Savart">legii Biot-Savart</a>, dă naștere unui flux magnetic alternativ având valoarea instantanee Φ = Φ<sub>m</sub>cos ωt. Acest flux variabil care străbate spirele ambelor înfășurări face să apară în cele N<sub>1</sub> spire ale primarului o tensiune electromotoare (t.e.m) de autoinducție: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{1}=-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}=N_{1}\omega \Phi _{m}sin\omega t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>ω</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{1}=-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}=N_{1}\omega \Phi _{m}sin\omega t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f59aa141afc526ed8df28b792a6860bea486cf68" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:30.162ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{1}=-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}=N_{1}\omega \Phi _{m}sin\omega t}"></span></dd></dl> <p>iar în secundar, t.e.m. este: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{2}=-N_{2}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}=N_{2}\omega \Phi _{m}sin\omega t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>ω</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{2}=-N_{2}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}=N_{2}\omega \Phi _{m}sin\omega t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c784a9167f226d98508860f85ae3474fb52d30c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:30.162ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{2}=-N_{2}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}=N_{2}\omega \Phi _{m}sin\omega t}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Facem raportul celor două relații: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {e_{1}}{e_{2}}}={\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {e_{1}}{e_{2}}}={\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/708a8b919fe459ea3185e278abd0c866dc79df5b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.829ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {e_{1}}{e_{2}}}={\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Conform <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Ohm" title="Legea lui Ohm">legii lui Ohm</a>, în circuitul primar suma dintre tensiunea de alimentare u<sub>1</sub> și t.e.m. de autoinducție e<sub>1</sub> trebuie să fie egală cu căderea de tensiune din primar: </p> <dl><dd>u<sub>1</sub> + e<sub>1</sub> = R<sub>1</sub> i<sub>1</sub></dd></dl> <p>unde R1 este rezistența primarului. De obicei, valoarea lui R<sub>1</sub> este mică și produsul R<sub>1</sub>i<sub>1</sub> se poate neglija, astfel încât: </p> <dl><dd>e<sub>1</sub> ≈ -u<sub>1</sub></dd></dl> <p>Semnul „−” arată că t.e.m. de autoinducție e<sub>1</sub> este în opoziție de fază cu tensiunea rețelei de alimentare a transformatorului, u<sub>1</sub>. La funcționarea în gol a transformatorului, t.e.m. e<sub>2</sub> este egală cu tensiunea u<sub>2</sub> de la bornele secundarului: </p> <dl><dd>e<sub>2</sub> = -u<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Rezultă deci, că: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {e_{1}}{e_{2}}}\simeq {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {e_{1}}{e_{2}}}\simeq {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da21852894f06d441ff6e3be8665735be9b46a40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:9.55ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {e_{1}}{e_{2}}}\simeq {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>T.e.m. e<sub>1</sub> și e<sub>2</sub> sunt în fază, iar tensiunile u<sub>1</sub> și u<sub>2</sub> sunt în opoziție de fază (semnul <i> - </i> din fața raportului u<sub>1</sub> / u<sub>2</sub> indică această defazare, de π radiani). În valoare absolută, rezultă o relație și între valorile efective ale mărimilor alternative: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}\simeq {\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}=k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}\simeq {\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}=k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a660fe159cda9352720185ba9742c0f6becbd999" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:21.347ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}\simeq {\frac {E_{1}}{E_{2}}}={\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}=k}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Raportul tensiunilor la bornele înfășurărilor, la <a href="/wiki/Mers_%C3%AEn_gol" title="Mers în gol">mersul în gol</a> al transformatorului, notat cu <i>k</i>, se numește raportul de transformare al transformatorului. Dacă <i>k</i> < 1, u<sub>2</sub> > u<sub>1</sub>, transformatorul poartă denumirea de <i>transformator ridicător de tensiune</i>, iar dacă <i>k</i> > 1, u<sub>2</sub> < u<sub>1</sub>, se numește <i>transformator coborâtor de tensiune</i>. Când <i>k</i> = 1, u<sub>2</sub> = u<sub>1</sub>, transformatorul servește la separarea electrică a circuitelor (sunt folosite în unele montaje din electronică). </p><p>Dacă la bornele transformatorului se conectează un consumator rezistiv de rezistență R<sub>S</sub>, prin circuitul secundar va apărea curentul de intensitate i<sub>2</sub>. În acest caz, u<sub>2</sub> ≈ e<sub>2</sub> deoarece apare căderea de tensiune pe sarcină R<sub>S</sub> i<sub>2</sub>. În condiții normale (nominale) de funcționare, diferența e<sub>2</sub> - u<sub>2</sub> este mică, deoarece și pierderile Joule în secundarul transformatorului sunt mici. Se poate deci considera că practic, puterea P<sub>1</sub> din primar și cea din secundar P<sub>2</sub> sunt egale: P<sub>1</sub> = P<sub>2</sub> sau U<sub>1</sub>I<sub>1</sub> = U<sub>2</sub>I<sub>2</sub>, de unde: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}={\frac {I_{2}}{I_{1}}}\simeq {\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}=k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≃</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}={\frac {I_{2}}{I_{1}}}\simeq {\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}=k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b425aee90289f8b6c18539c62140983aa7766934" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:20.655ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {U_{1}}{U_{2}}}={\frac {I_{2}}{I_{1}}}\simeq {\frac {N_{1}}{N_{2}}}=k}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Deoarece transformatoarele au un randament foarte mare (la cele de puteri mari fiind peste 99,5%), această relație constituie o foarte bună aproximare. </p><p>Pentru cazul transformatorului care funcționează în sarcină, în sensul că la bornele primarului se aplică tensiunea alternativă u<sub>1</sub>, iar la bornele înfășurării secundare este conectat un receptor (consumator), procesele fizice sunt, în principal, următoarele: circuitul secundar fiind închis printr-un consumator oarecare, rezistiv sau rezistiv-reactiv, t.e.m. e<sub>2</sub> produce în el un curent de intensitate i<sub>2</sub>. Acest curent produce la rândul său un flux Φ<sub>2</sub> care, conform <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legii_lui_Lenz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legii lui Lenz — pagină inexistentă">legii lui Lenz</a>, este de sens contrar fluxului creat de curentul primar, denumit flux de regim Φ<sub>1</sub>. Având în vedere faptul că transferul de putere din primar în secundar (realizat prin cuplaj magnetic) face să apară o serie de pierderi de natură electrică și magnetică (prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efect_Joule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efect Joule — pagină inexistentă">efect Joule</a> în înfășurări și pierderi prin curenți turbionari și <a href="/wiki/Histerezis" title="Histerezis">histerezis</a> în miezul de fier) valoarea maximă a fluxului Φ<sub>2</sub> este mai mică decât valoarea maximă a lui Φ<sub>1</sub>. Diferența celor două fluxuri constituie fluxul principal prin transformator și este practic egal cu fluxul Φ = Φ<sub>m</sub> cos ωt produs de curentul primar la mersul în gol al transformatorului: Φ = Φ<sub>1</sub> - Φ<sub>2</sub> = Φ<sub>m</sub> cos ωt. La o creștere a sarcinii, valoarea maximă a lui Φ<sub>2</sub> crește și are ca efect tendința de scădere a fluxului principal Φ. Ca efect, din relația: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i_{1}={\frac {u_{1}-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}}{R_{1}}},({\text{din }}u_{1}+e_{1}=R_{1}i_{1},e_{1}=-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>din </mtext> </mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i_{1}={\frac {u_{1}-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}}{R_{1}}},({\text{din }}u_{1}+e_{1}=R_{1}i_{1},e_{1}=-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2afd74801756ea285f6b180bdb4e0e4cde755e0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:53.469ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i_{1}={\frac {u_{1}-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}}}{R_{1}}},({\text{din }}u_{1}+e_{1}=R_{1}i_{1},e_{1}=-N_{1}{\frac {\mathrm {d} \Phi }{\mathrm {d} t}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>rezultă că valoarea efectivă I<sub>1</sub> crește. Creșterea lui I<sub>1</sub> implică creșterea valorii maxime a fluxului Φ<sub>1</sub>. Ca urmare, Φ<sub>m</sub> rămâne practic constant în raport cu variația sarcinii. </p><p>Așadar, când crește sarcina transformatorului, adică crește I<sub>2</sub>, crește și intensitatea curentului I<sub>1</sub> prin circuitul primar, deoarece puterea furnizată în secundar crește și deci trebuie să crească și puterea absorbită de primar de la rețeaua de alimentare. Invers, la scăderea puterii în secundar, scade și puterea absorbită de primar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pierderi_în_transformator"><span id="Pierderi_.C3.AEn_transformator"></span>Pierderi în transformator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Pierderi în transformator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pierderi în transformator"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pierderi în circuitul magnetic – nu tot fluxul magnetic trece prin miezul magnetic al transformatorului. În plus, circuitul magnetic nu se comportă perfect liniar, ci are histerezis.</li> <li>Pierderi în înfășurări – prin efect Joule.</li> <li>Curenții turbionari – induși în miezul magnetic, care este un material conductor.</li> <li>Magnetostricție.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplicații"><span id="Aplica.C8.9Bii"></span>Aplicații</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Aplicații" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Aplicații"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Principala utilizare este la transportul energiei electrice pe distanțe mari, prin implementarea liniilor de înaltă tensiune (zeci sau sute de kilovolți). Aceasta este necesar din rațiuni economice. La capătul de aplicare (intrare) a energiei se folosesc transformatoare ridicătoare de tensiune, iar la destinație energia se transmite linilor de joasă tensiune prin intermediul unor transformatoare coborâtoare de tensiune electrică. Prin folosirea unor tensiuni înalte și foarte înalte se scade curentul prin linie la valori care reduc pierderile prin efect Joule la un nivel rezonabil, astfel nefiind necesară utilizarea unor conductoare cu secțiuni sensibil mai mari, care ar ridica costul construcției și conservării linilor electrice de transport de energie </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transformator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transformers?uselang=ro">Transformator</a></b></span></div></div> <ul><li>E. Potolea. <i>Calculul regimurilor de funcționare ale sistemelor electroenergetice</i>. București: Editura Tehnică, 1977.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Electromagnetism" title="Format:Electromagnetism"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Electromagnetism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Electromagnetism — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Electromagnetism&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic%C4%83" title="Electrostatică">Electrostatică</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_electric" title="Câmp electric">Câmp electric</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">Electret</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flux_electric" title="Flux electric">Flux electric</a> <span 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href="/wiki/Sarcin%C4%83_electric%C4%83" title="Sarcină electrică">Sarcină electrică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Teorema_lui_Earnshaw" title="Teorema lui Earnshaw">Teorema lui Earnshaw</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Triboelectricitate" title="Triboelectricitate">Triboelectricitate</a></span> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetostatic%C4%83" title="Magnetostatică">Magnetostatică</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">Câmp magnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_electromagnetic" title="Câmp electromagnetic">Câmp electromagnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Curent_electric" title="Curent electric">Curent electric</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flux_magnetic" title="Flux magnetic">Flux magnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Legea_Biot-Savart" title="Legea Biot-Savart">Legea Biot-Savart</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_lui_Amp%C3%A8re_(circuit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea lui Ampère (circuit) — pagină inexistentă">Legea lui Ampère (circuit)</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legea_lui_Amp%C3%A8re_(for%C8%9B%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legea lui Ampère (forță) — pagină inexistentă">Legea lui Ampère (forță)</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">Magnet</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetism</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_magnetic" title="Moment magnetic">Moment magnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Intensitate_a_c%C3%A2mpului_magnetic" title="Intensitate a câmpului magnetic">Intensitate a câmpului magnetic</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Permeabilitate_magnetic%C4%83" title="Permeabilitate magnetică">Permeabilitate magnetică</a></span> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Electrodinamic%C4%83" title="Electrodinamică">Electrodinamică</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell" title="Ecuațiile lui Maxwell">Ecuațiile lui Maxwell</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/For%C8%9B%C4%83_Lorentz" title="Forță Lorentz">Forță Lorentz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Induc%C8%9Bie_electromagnetic%C4%83" title="Inducție 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</td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Circuite electrice<br /><a href="/wiki/Electrotehnic%C4%83" title="Electrotehnică">Electrotehnică</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bobin%C4%83" title="Bobină">Bobină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">Electromagnet</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">‎Transformator</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Condensator_electric" title="Condensator electric">Condensator electric</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> </span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bobin%C4%83_Helmholtz" 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