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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuațiile_lui_Maxwell_în_forma_generală"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ecuațiile lui Maxwell în forma generală</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuațiile_lui_Maxwell_în_forma_generală-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuațiile_lui_Maxwell_într-un_mediu_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuațiile_lui_Maxwell_într-un_mediu_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ecuațiile lui Maxwell într-un mediu material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuațiile_lui_Maxwell_într-un_mediu_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Disponibil în 77 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_se_vergelykings" title="Maxwell se vergelykings – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maxwell se vergelykings" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell-Gleichungen" title="Maxwell-Gleichungen – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maxwell-Gleichungen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="معادلات ماكسويل – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معادلات ماكسويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaciones_de_Maxwell" title="Ecuaciones de Maxwell – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ecuaciones de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksvell_t%C9%99nlikl%C9%99ri" title="Maksvell tənlikləri – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maksvell tənlikləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماکسول موعادیله‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماکسول موعادیله‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ураўненні Максвела – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ураўненні Максвела" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Раўнаньні Максўэла – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Раўнаньні Максўэла" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Уравнения на Максуел – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уравнения на Максуел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="ম্যাক্সওয়েলের সমীকরণসমূহ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাক্সওয়েলের সমীকরণসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_jedna%C4%8Dine" title="Maxwellove jednačine – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maxwellove jednačine" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equacions_de_Maxwell" title="Equacions de Maxwell – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equacions de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellovy_rovnice" title="Maxwellovy rovnice – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maxwellovy rovnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9Ca%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Мaксвелл танлăхĕсем – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мaксвелл танлăхĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells_ligninger" title="Maxwells ligninger – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maxwells ligninger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell-Gleichungen" title="Maxwell-Gleichungen – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maxwell-Gleichungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%8E%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Εξισώσεις Μάξγουελ – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξισώσεις Μάξγουελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Maxwell's equations" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekvacioj_de_Maxwell" title="Ekvacioj de Maxwell – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekvacioj de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaciones_de_Maxwell" title="Ecuaciones de Maxwell – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecuaciones de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwelli_v%C3%B5rrandid" title="Maxwelli võrrandid – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maxwelli võrrandid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maxwellen ekuazioak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84" title="معادلات ماکسول – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معادلات ماکسول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellin_yht%C3%A4l%C3%B6t" title="Maxwellin yhtälöt – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maxwellin yhtälöt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quations_de_Maxwell" title="Équations de Maxwell – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équations de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuaci%C3%B3ns_de_Maxwell" title="Ecuacións de Maxwell – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecuacións de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C" title="משוואות מקסוול – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משוואות מקסוול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="मैक्सवेल के समीकरण – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैक्सवेल के समीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maxwellove jednadžbe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekwasyon_Maxwell" title="Ekwasyon Maxwell – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekwasyon Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell-egyenletek" title="Maxwell-egyenletek – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maxwell-egyenletek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մաքսվելի հավասարումներ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքսվելի հավասարումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equationes_de_Maxwell" title="Equationes de Maxwell – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Equationes de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_Maxwell" title="Persamaan Maxwell – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persamaan Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6fnur_Maxwells" title="Jöfnur Maxwells – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jöfnur Maxwells" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equazioni_di_Maxwell" title="Equazioni di Maxwell – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equazioni di Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="マクスウェルの方程式 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マクスウェルの方程式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მაქსველის განტოლებები – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაქსველის განტოლებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Максвелл теңдеуі – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Максвелл теңдеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌ವೆಲ್‌ನ ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌ವೆಲ್‌ನ ಸಮೀಕರಣಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 방정식 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥스웰 방정식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aequationes_Maxwellianae" title="Aequationes Maxwellianae – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aequationes Maxwellianae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A8tte_van_Maxwell" title="Wètte van Maxwell – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wètte van Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksvelo_lygtys" title="Maksvelo lygtys – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maksvelo lygtys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksvela_vien%C4%81dojumi" title="Maksvela vienādojumi – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maksvela vienādojumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Максвелови равенки – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Максвелови равенки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="मॅक्सवेलची समीकरणे – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅक्सवेलची समीकरणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persamaan_Maxwell" title="Persamaan Maxwell – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persamaan Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="माक्सवेल समीकरण – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माक्सवेल समीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetten_van_Maxwell" title="Wetten van Maxwell – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetten van Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells_likningar" title="Maxwells likningar – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Maxwells likningar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells_likninger" title="Maxwells likninger – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maxwells likninger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਮੈਕਸਵੈੱਲ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਮੀਕਰਨਾਂ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਕਸਵੈੱਲ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਮੀਕਰਨਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3wnania_Maxwella" title="Równania Maxwella – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Równania Maxwella" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equa%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Maxwell" title="Equações de Maxwell – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equações de Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Уравнения Максвелла – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уравнения Максвелла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maxwellove jednadžbe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Maxwell's equations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_rovnice" title="Maxwellove rovnice – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maxwellove rovnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwellove_ena%C4%8Dbe" title="Maxwellove enačbe – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maxwellove enačbe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekuacionet_e_Maksuellit" title="Ekuacionet e Maksuellit – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekuacionet e Maksuellit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Максвелове једначине – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Максвелове једначине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwells_ekvationer" title="Maxwells ekvationer – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maxwells ekvationer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மாக்சுவெல்லின் சமன்பாடுகள் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாக்சுவெல்லின் சமன்பாடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మాక్స్వెల్ సమీకరణాలు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాక్స్వెల్ సమీకరణాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="สมการของแมกซ์เวลล์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมการของแมกซ์เวลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_ekwasyon_ni_Maxwell" title="Mga ekwasyon ni Maxwell – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga ekwasyon ni Maxwell" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_denklemleri" title="Maxwell denklemleri – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maxwell denklemleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makswell_tigezl%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4re" title="Makswell tigezlämäläre – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Makswell tigezlämäläre" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Рівняння Максвелла – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рівняння Максвелла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="میکسویل مساوات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکسویل مساوات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_tenglamalari" title="Maxwell tenglamalari – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maxwell tenglamalari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Maxwell" title="Phương trình Maxwell – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương trình Maxwell" 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ecuațiile lui Maxwell</b> constituie fundamentarea matematică a principiilor <a href="/wiki/Electrodinamic%C4%83" title="Electrodinamică">electrodinamicii</a> clasice, teoria <a href="/wiki/Scar%C4%83_macroscopic%C4%83" title="Scară macroscopică">macroscopică</a> a câmpului electromagnetic. În memoriul intitulat <i>O teorie dinamică a câmpului electromagnetic (A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field)</i>, publicat în <a href="/wiki/1864" title="1864">1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a> a formulat „ecuațiile generale ale câmpului electromagnetic” ca „douăzeci de ecuații” pentru „douăzeci de cantități variabile”, precizând că „aceste ecuații sunt deci suficiente pentru a determina toate cantitățile care apar în ele, dacă ne sunt cunoscute condițiile problemei.” <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ele au fost reformulate în <a href="/wiki/1884" title="1884">1884</a>, după moartea lui Maxwell, de <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a>, ca ecuații pentru mărimile cu semnificație fizică directă (câmpul electric și câmpul magnetic), folosind notația compactă a <a href="/wiki/Calcul_vectorial" title="Calcul vectorial">analizei vectoriale</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecuațiile_lui_Maxwell_în_forma_generală"><span id="Ecua.C8.9Biile_lui_Maxwell_.C3.AEn_forma_general.C4.83"></span>Ecuațiile lui Maxwell în forma generală</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ecuațiile lui Maxwell în forma generală" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ecuațiile lui Maxwell în forma generală"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Electrodinamic%C4%83" title="Electrodinamică">Electrodinamică</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p>Sub forma de <a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Bie_diferen%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Ecuație diferențială">ecuații diferențiale</a> (în variabilele independente poziție <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/020e7eadc575495b6fddb0d255e5076d67f4c767" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.489ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,}"></span> și timp <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/946383a7c6d1876177c662a95b369ced2ad99cd9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.227ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\,}"></span>), ecuațiile lui Maxwell leagă câmpul electromagnetic (vectorul <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_electric" title="Câmp electric">câmp electric</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3657d4fa1b27599f223b269a77fd589a0946c62a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.144ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} \,}"></span> și vectorul <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_magnetic" title="Câmp magnetic">câmp magnetic</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/226f65ba2bf61c4a82a8e299d14b3b2e0e85c595" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.288ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \,}"></span>) de sursele sale (densitatea de <a href="/wiki/Sarcin%C4%83_electric%C4%83" title="Sarcină electrică">sarcină electrică</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1d651c28959a0f15127c097ff4488b123d9e708" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.589ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho \,}"></span> și densitatea de <a href="/wiki/Curent_electric" title="Curent electric">curent electric</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0dab38b796c4d9f3cc85c7acc274bf2e5e6c76e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.768ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} \,}"></span>). Sub forma de <a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Bie_integral%C4%83" title="Ecuație integrală">ecuații integrale</a>, ele leagă fluxul printr-o suprafață închisă <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/933054f2b86e79da95030b113a7c7dfdff643268" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.886ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S\,}"></span> și circulația în lungul unei curbe închise <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/785a192e3331793e37b1be0c5315d196da1a7049" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.153ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C\,}"></span>, pentru vectorii câmp electric și câmp magnetic, de sarcina electrică <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b23c85e3da723c6f662dfd28b9ea209f3f0df613" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.225ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q\,}"></span> din volumul delimitat de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/933054f2b86e79da95030b113a7c7dfdff643268" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.886ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S\,}"></span>, de curentul electric <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/988f6ada07675268dc7164f44f469dbec6e00b8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.559ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I\,}"></span> printr-o suprafață <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,S_{C}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,S_{C}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f7a4eeccb765d8eb609515e3bdd4c6312c24775" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.68ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,S_{C}\,}"></span> delimitată de <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/785a192e3331793e37b1be0c5315d196da1a7049" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.153ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C\,}"></span>, precum și de variația în timp a fluxului electromagnetic prin această suprafață. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dimensiunea_m%C4%83rimii" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensiunea mărimii">Dimensiunile</a> mărimilor electromagnetice și coeficienții cu care ele apar în ecuațiile lui Maxwell depind de <a href="/wiki/Sistem_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem de unități">sistemul de unități</a> adoptat. <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_interna%C8%9Bional_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Sistemul internațional de unități">Sistemul internațional de unități</a>, utilizat cu preponderență în aplicații și pe care se bazează tabelul următor, definește două <a href="/wiki/Constant%C4%83_fizic%C4%83" title="Constantă fizică">constante fizice</a> fundamentale: permeabilitatea magnetică a vidului <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6964c55c4dd413c9ea5c1b0db961dae2b47f887c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.843ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}\,}"></span> și permitivitatea electrică a vidului <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fcf9854c0de85b948ef1f3d7623f529da1f3b0d0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.385ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}\,}"></span>. În studiile teoretice sunt utilizate adesea <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_Gauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul de unități Gauss">sistemul de unități Gauss</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_Heaviside-Lorentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistemul de unități Heaviside-Lorentz">sistemul de unități Heaviside-Lorentz</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="padding:1em">Ecuațiile lui Maxwell (în forma generală) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:1em">ecuații diferențiale </th> <th style="padding:1em">ecuații integrale </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c3f28af564c085c84e3f134ad9d4eafcc5829d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.507ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\rho }"></span> </td> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {E} \,d\mathbf {S} ={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\,Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {E} \,d\mathbf {S} ={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\,Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0998025ec2e98e1c6dccdd94523dee8c0b2a0086" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.976ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {E} \,d\mathbf {S} ={\frac {1}{\epsilon _{0}}}\,Q}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2eb118e22c941e34f5537dbbdcaa3d7ba23603e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.495ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=-{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ℓ</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=-{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07fd7010ba7d3313a022aa78e42f2620472b33c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.493ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=-{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16ee950683349dacdd9e9c262ff6133812747edd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.777ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ae1e8001a8af6d447ab3f81eeb139c86a51a04b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.222ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S} =0}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\,\mathbf {J} +\mu _{0}\epsilon _{0}\,{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\,\mathbf {J} +\mu _{0}\epsilon _{0}\,{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae22e2a278293add12c8bd389bb0f2b05caced31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:25.593ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {B} =\mu _{0}\,\mathbf {J} +\mu _{0}\epsilon _{0}\,{\frac {\partial \mathbf {E} }{\partial t}}}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {B} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=\mu _{0}\,I+\mu _{0}\epsilon _{0}\,{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {E} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ℓ</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>I</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {B} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=\mu _{0}\,I+\mu _{0}\epsilon _{0}\,{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {E} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/020ebd6eddda62da144879283f928039bdb46d31" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:36.382ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {B} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=\mu _{0}\,I+\mu _{0}\epsilon _{0}\,{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {E} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecuațiile_lui_Maxwell_într-un_mediu_material"><span id="Ecua.C8.9Biile_lui_Maxwell_.C3.AEntr-un_mediu_material"></span>Ecuațiile lui Maxwell într-un mediu material</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ecuațiile lui Maxwell într-un mediu material" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ecuațiile lui Maxwell într-un mediu material"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În tabelul precedent apar densitatea de sarcină și densitatea de curent <i>totale</i>; ele includ atât sursele <i>libere</i> (sarcini și curenți la scară macroscopică), cât și sursele <i>legate</i> (induse la scară <a href="/wiki/Scar%C4%83_microscopic%C4%83" title="Scară microscopică">microscopică</a> în mediul material de câmpul electromagnetic, prin polarizare și magnetizare). În aplicații este convenabil să apară explicit doar sursele libere; celelalte sunt absorbite în două câmpuri auxiliare, câmpul electric indus <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46cbba5ca6fdfb78d6e28b16eb037bd2f5c95b20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.437ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} \,}"></span> și câmpul magnetic indus <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be12f1f199b1ac901e4ca865296424decc1ff9fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \,}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prin aceasta numărul funcțiilor necunoscute se dublează; pentru a obține o soluție a ecuațiilor lui Maxwell trebuie specificată dependența câmpurilor induse de câmpurile fundamentale, prin <i>relații de material</i> de forma <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} =\mathbf {D} \left(\mathbf {E} \right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} =\mathbf {D} \left(\mathbf {E} \right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4b04dadfd249b40f4e9d4d25907887ffc977784" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.151ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} =\mathbf {D} \left(\mathbf {E} \right)}"></span> și <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {H} \left(\mathbf {B} \right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {H} \left(\mathbf {B} \right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/196207fd724e3e76b14d4f6f513beb2035118074" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.379ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {H} \left(\mathbf {B} \right)}"></span>. În tabelul care urmează, sursele <i>libere</i> (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <i>free</i>) sunt distinse prin indicele <i>f</i>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho _{f},\,\mathbf {J} _{f},\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{f},\,\mathbf {J} _{f},\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e41bbd5ce41f1ea36a84e06bf91da9af4fab2ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.31ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{f},\,\mathbf {J} _{f},\,}"></span> respectiv <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{f},\,I_{f}.\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{f},\,I_{f}.\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1aa1ad65e76e495e2b46246808c71d9cd103985" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.589ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{f},\,I_{f}.\,}"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="padding:1em">Ecuațiile lui Maxwell (într-un mediu material) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:1em">ecuații diferențiale </th> <th style="padding:1em">ecuații integrale </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/556841060462dafa6265eb2815d7cb4b52891c6f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.101ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f}}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {D} \,d\mathbf {S} =Q_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {D} \,d\mathbf {S} =Q_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d977608ce6c2a4656593087fbf180909e8f996a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.183ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {D} \,d\mathbf {S} =Q_{f}}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2eb118e22c941e34f5537dbbdcaa3d7ba23603e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:15.495ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =-{\frac {\partial \mathbf {B} }{\partial t}}}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=-{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ℓ</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=-{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/07fd7010ba7d3313a022aa78e42f2620472b33c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:26.493ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {E} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=-{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16ee950683349dacdd9e9c262ff6133812747edd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.777ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {B} =0}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ae1e8001a8af6d447ab3f81eeb139c86a51a04b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.222ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{S}\mathbf {B} \,d\mathbf {S} =0}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3259c98becc34ab9b054509d03271e60dbace602" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.528ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {H} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+{\frac {\partial \mathbf {D} }{\partial t}}}"></span> </td> <td style="padding:1em"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {H} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=I_{f}+{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {D} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo>∮</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">ℓ</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {H} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=I_{f}+{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {D} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/58ff467493393f5a7dc516aedca5c67e46e44d04" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:30.168ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \oint _{C}\mathbf {H} \,d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=I_{f}+{\frac {d}{dt}}\int _{S_{C}}\mathbf {D} \,d\mathbf {S_{C}} }"></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell</i>, pp. 554–562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">O parte din literatura de specialitate (de exemplu Jackson, p. 271) continuă să folosească denumirile tradiționale: <i>deplasare electrică</i> pentru <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {D} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {D} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c6412174f246b3bc32906635e12af6641bcfab7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.836ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {D} \,}"></span> și <i>câmp magnetic</i> pentru <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {H} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {H} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a629b66bd6206cf6a3fe789f3ff70b07db79247" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.866ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {H} \,}"></span>, iar câmpul magnetic <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {B} \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {B} \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df9007f542cf7e4b0f609f6e24089e1ae9e80c85" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.731ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \mathbf {B} \,}"></span> este redenumit, în mod impropriu, <i>inducție magnetică</i>. Această terminologie creează confuzie (Griffiths, p. 271).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard P.</a>; Leighton, Robert B.; Sands, Matthew: <i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i>, New Millenium Edition, Vol. II, Basic Books, New York, 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780465024148" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-465-02414-8</a></li> <li>Griffiths, David J.: <i>Introduction to Electrodynamics</i>, Pearson Cummings, San Francisco, 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0139199608" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-919960-8</a></li> <li>Jackson, John David: <i>Classical Electrodynamics</i>, ed. 3-a, Wiley, New York, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/047130932X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-30932-X</a></li> <li><i>The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell</i>, ed. W.D. Niven, Vol. I, Cambridge University Press, 1890, p. 500. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/scientificpapers01maxwuoft">e-book</a> și <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7027396M/The_scientific_papers">e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeriu_Novacu" title="Valeriu Novacu">Novacu, Valeriu</a>: <i>Electrodinamica</i>, Editura didactică si pedagogică, București, 1966.</li> <li>Stratton, Julius Adams: <i>Electromagnetic Theory</i>, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrodinamic%C4%83" title="Electrodinamică">Electrodinamică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral%C4%83_multipl%C4%83" title="Integrală multiplă">Integrală multiplă</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maxwells-equations.com/">Maxwell's equations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.secs.oakland.edu/haskell/SpecialRelativity.htm">Special Relativity and Maxwell's Equations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101005238/http://www.cse.secs.oakland.edu/haskell/SpecialRelativity.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2008-01-01">1 ianuarie 2008</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Electromagnetism" title="Format:Electromagnetism"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Electromagnetism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Electromagnetism — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Electromagnetism&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. 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