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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greg_Glatzmaier_determines_the_high-temperature_thermal_and_mechanical_stability_of_sealants_used_in_a_lab_prototype_of_the_integrated_hydrogen_sensor_separator_module.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greg_Glatzmaier_determines_the_high-temperature_thermal_and_mechanical_stability_of_sealants_used_in_a_lab_prototype_of_the_integrated_hydrogen_sensor_separator_module.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greg_Glatzmaier_determines_the_high-temperature_thermal_and_mechanical_stability_of_sealants_used_in_a_lab_prototype_of_the_integrated_hydrogen_sensor_separator_module.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Greg Glatzmaier, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a>, determines the high-temperature thermal and mechanical stability of sealants used in a lab prototype of the integrated hydrogen sensor separator module.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hydrogen sensor</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">gas detector</a> that detects the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. They contain micro-fabricated point-contact hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> and are used to locate hydrogen leaks. They are considered low-cost, compact, durable, and easy to maintain as compared to conventional gas detecting instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_issues">Key issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Key issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five key issues with hydrogen detectors:<sup id="cite_ref-Pitts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a>: Functionality should be easily verifiable.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Performance (disambiguation)">Performance</a>: Detection 0.5% hydrogen in air or better</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_time_(technology)" title="Response time (technology)">Response time</a> < 1 second.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">Lifetime</a>: At least the time between scheduled maintenance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">Cost</a>: Goal is $5 per sensor and $30 per controller.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_requirements">Additional requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Additional requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Measurement range coverage of 0.1–10.0% concentration<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Operation in temperatures of −30 °C to 80 °C</li> <li>Accuracy within 5% of full scale</li> <li>Function in an ambient air gas environment within a 10–98% relative humidity range</li> <li>Resistance to hydrocarbon and other interference.</li> <li>Lifetime greater than 10 years</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_microsensors">Types of microsensors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of microsensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various types of hydrogen microsensors, which use different mechanisms to detect the gas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> is used in many of these, because it selectively absorbs hydrogen gas and forms the compound <a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">palladium hydride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-innovations_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-innovations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palladium-based sensors have a strong temperature dependence which makes their response time too large at very low temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palladium sensors have to be protected against <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_fibre_hydrogen_sensors">Optical fibre hydrogen sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Optical fibre hydrogen sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several types of <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibre">optical fibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface_plasmon_resonance" title="Surface plasmon resonance">surface plasmon resonance</a> (SPR) sensor are used for the point-contact detection of hydrogen: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Bragg_grating" title="Fiber Bragg grating">Fiber Bragg grating</a> coated with a palladium layer – Detects the hydrogen by metal hindrance.</li> <li>Micromirror – With a palladium thin layer at the cleaved end, detecting changes in the backreflected light.</li> <li>Tapered fibre coated with palladium – Hydrogen changes the <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, and consequently the amount of losses in the <a href="/wiki/Evanescent_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Evanescent wave">evanescent wave</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types">Other types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Electrochemical hydrogen sensor – low (ppm) levels of hydrogen gas can be sensed using electrochemical sensors which comprise an array of electrodes packaged so as to be surrounded by a conductive electrolyte and gas ingress controlled with a diffusion limited capillary.</li> <li>MEMS hydrogen sensor – The combination of <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">microelectromechanical systems</a> (MEMS) technology allows the production of a hydrogen microsensor that functions properly at room temperature. One type of MEMS-based hydrogen sensor is coated with a film consisting of nanostructured <a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">indium oxide</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">In<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Tin_oxide" title="Tin oxide">tin oxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical configuration for mechanical Pd-based hydrogen sensors is the usage of a free-standing cantilever that is coated with Pd.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the presence of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, the Pd layer expands and thereby induces a stress that causes the cantilever to bend. Pd-coated <a href="/wiki/Nanomechanical_resonator" title="Nanomechanical resonator">nanomechanical resonators</a> have also been reported in literature, relying on the stress-induced mechanical resonance frequency shift caused by the presence of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> gas. In this case, the response speed was enhanced through the use of a very thin layer of Pd (20 nm). Moderate heating was presented as a solution to the response impairment observed in humid conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thin film sensor – A palladium <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin film</a> sensor is based on an opposing property that depends on the nanoscale structures within the thin film. In the thin film, nanosized palladium particles swell when the hydride is formed, and in the process of expanding, some of them form new electrical connections with their neighbors. The resistance decreases because of the increased number of conducting pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitts_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thick film sensors – devices usually having two principal components:1) a thick (hundreds of microns) layer of some <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> material (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">In<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>), called "matrix" and an upper layer of catalytically active additives like noble metals (Pd,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pt<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and metal oxides (<span class="chemf nowrap">Co<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">x</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">y</sub></span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) accelerating the hydrogen oxidation reaction on the surface, which makes the sensor response much faster. The role of "matrix" is to transduce the signal to the measurement system. Thick film sensors are more stable than thin film sensors in terms of signal drifting, but generally exhibit slower sensor response due to diffusion constraints into a thick layer. Thick film sensor technology is getting substituted by thin film approaches due to the increasing need for sensor integration into modern electronic systems. Thick film sensors require increased temperatures for their operation and therefore appear to be poorly compatible with digital electronics systems.</li> <li>Chemochromic hydrogen sensors – Reversible and irreversible chemochromic hydrogen sensors include a smart pigment paint that visually identifies hydrogen leaks by a change in color. The sensor is also available as tape.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other methods have been developed to assay biological <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diode based Schottky sensor – A <a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a>-based hydrogen gas sensor employs a palladium-alloy <a href="/wiki/Field_effect_transistor#Terminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Field effect transistor">gate</a>. Hydrogen can be selectively absorbed in the gate, lowering the <a href="/wiki/Schottky_energy_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Schottky energy barrier">Schottky energy barrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Pd/<a href="/wiki/Indium_gallium_phosphide" title="Indium gallium phosphide">InGaP</a> metal-semiconductor (MS) Schottky diode can detect a concentration of 15 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">parts per million</a> (ppm) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> in air.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a> semiconductor or <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> substrates are used.</li> <li>Metallic <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a>-<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg2</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> which is <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductive</a>, absorbs hydrogen near ambient conditions, forming the nonmetallic hydride <a href="/w/index.php?title=LaMg2NiH7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LaMg2NiH7 (page does not exist)">LaMg2NiH7</a> an <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulator (electrical)">insulator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Sensors are typically <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibrated</a> at the manufacturing factory and are valid for the <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a> of the unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enhancement">Enhancement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enhancement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Siloxane" title="Siloxane">Siloxane</a> enhances the sensitivity and reaction time of hydrogen sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-innovations_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-innovations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detection of hydrogen levels as low as 25 ppm can be achieved; far below hydrogen's <a href="/wiki/Lower_explosive_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower explosive limit">lower explosive limit</a> of around 40,000 ppm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_analyzer" title="Hydrogen analyzer">Hydrogen analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_leak_testing" title="Hydrogen leak testing">Hydrogen leak testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_safety" title="Hydrogen safety">Hydrogen safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Katharometer">Katharometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sensors" title="List of sensors">List of sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide_nanorod_sensor" title="Zinc oxide nanorod sensor">Zinc oxide nanorod sensor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFQu2005" class="citation web cs1">Qu, Xi Dong (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706203529/http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/retrieve/2097/etd1726.pdf">"MOS Capacitor Sensor Array for Hydrogen Gas Measurement"</a> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biomedexperts.com&rft.atitle=Hydrogenation-induced+insulating+state+in+the+intermetallic+compound+LaMg2Ni.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedexperts.com%2FAbstract.bme%2F15783759%2FHydrogenation-induced_insulating_state_in_the_intermetallic_compound_LaMg2Ni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+sensor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoundarrajanSchweighardt2009" class="citation book cs1">Soundarrajan, Prabhu; Schweighardt, Frank (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103131411/http://photonics.inescporto.pt/links/fct2013/metap28.pdf">"15. Hydrogen sensing and detection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Gupta, R.B. (ed.). <i>Hydrogen fuel: production, transport, and storage</i>. CRC Press. pp. 495–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781420045772">10.1201/9781420045772</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4577-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4577-2"><bdi>978-1-4200-4577-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246585264">246585264</a>. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+Hydrogen+sensing+and+detection&rft.btitle=Hydrogen+fuel%3A+production%2C+transport%2C+and+storage&rft.pages=495-534&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246585264&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9781420045772&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4577-2&rft.aulast=Soundarrajan&rft.aufirst=Prabhu&rft.au=Schweighardt%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotonics.inescporto.pt%2Flinks%2Ffct2013%2Fmetap28.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+sensor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/52319.html">"ISO 26142:2010 Hydrogen detection apparatus: Stationary applications"</a>. International Organization for Standardization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+26142%3A2010+Hydrogen+detection+apparatus%3A+Stationary+applications&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F52319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+sensor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrouilletMarinVeillas2006" class="citation journal cs1">Trouillet, A.; Marin, E.; Veillas, C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/52659001.pdf">"Fibre gratings for hydrogen sensing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Measurement Science and Technology</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 1124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0957-0233%2F17%2F5%2FS31">10.1088/0957-0233/17/5/S31</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Measurement+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Fibre+gratings+for+hydrogen+sensing&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1124&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0957-0233%2F17%2F5%2FS31&rft.aulast=Trouillet&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Marin%2C+E.&rft.au=Veillas%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F52659001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+sensor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangDeshpandeSealCho2006" class="citation conference cs1">Zhang, P.; Deshpande, S.; Seal, S.; Cho, H.J.; Medelius, P.J. (2006). "Fast detection of hydrogen at room temperature using a nanoparticle-integrated microsensor". <i>SENSORS, 2006</i>. IEEE. pp. 712–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICSENS.2007.355560">10.1109/ICSENS.2007.355560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4244-0375-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4244-0375-8"><bdi>1-4244-0375-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Fast+detection+of+hydrogen+at+room+temperature+using+a+nanoparticle-integrated+microsensor&rft.btitle=SENSORS%2C+2006&rft.pages=712-5&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICSENS.2007.355560&rft.isbn=1-4244-0375-8&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Deshpande%2C+S.&rft.au=Seal%2C+S.&rft.au=Cho%2C+H.J.&rft.au=Medelius%2C+P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+sensor" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2003" class="citation web cs1">Brett, L. (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int/more_information/download/hydrogen%20safety%20sensors%20and%20their%20applications%20.pdf">"Hydrogen safety sensors and their applications in hydrogen storage, distribution and use"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Joint Research Centre, European Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrogen+safety+sensors+and+their+applications+in+hydrogen+storage%2C+distribution+and+use&rft.pub=Joint+Research+Centre%2C+European+Commission&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jrc.cec.eu.int%2Fmore_information%2Fdownload%2Fhydrogen%2520safety%2520sensors%2520and%2520their%2520applications%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydrogen+sensor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926184752/http://www.sandia.gov/mstc/technologies/microsensors/hydrogensensor.html">Wide-Range Hydrogen Sensor </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117052326/http://bit.or.at/irca/bbsshow8.php?ref1=OO%2FINTA%2F36&vQuelle=&bcc=">Bragg type optic fibre sensor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/sensors_automation/pdfs/h2_monitoring.pdf">EERE success story H2scan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cna.com.tw/postwrite/cvpread.aspx?ID=57560">2010-NCKU-Semiconductor transistor-type hydrogen sensor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anl.gov/techtransfer/pdf/HydrogenSensorr&d100.pdf">Argonne National Laboratory (Thin Film)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ika.rwth-aachen.de/r2h/index.php/Hydrogen_Sensor#_ref-0">Roads2HyCom</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&oldid=1256835550">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_sensor&oldid=1256835550</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sensors" title="Category:Sensors">Sensors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydrogen_technologies" title="Category:Hydrogen technologies">Hydrogen technologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nanoelectronics" title="Category:Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microtechnology" title="Category:Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 20:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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