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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Taxonomic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication_and_spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication_and_spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Domestication and spread</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestication_and_spread-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestication and spread subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestication_and_spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agriculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcoholic_beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholic_beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Alcoholic beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholic_beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_forage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_forage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>As forage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_forage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Human consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Millet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manna_(graan)" title="Manna (graan) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manna (graan)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%86" title="دخن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دخن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millo" title="Millo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Millo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyu" title="Miyu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Miyu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="داری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF" title="জোয়ার-বাজরা-রাগি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোয়ার-বাজরা-রাগি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai-%C3%A1-b%C3%AD" title="Tai-á-bí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tai-á-bí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Просо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Просо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brein" title="Brein – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brein" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྲེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill" title="Mill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1hly" title="Jáhly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jáhly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukweza" title="Rukweza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rukweza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%8B%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ކުދިބަތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކުދިބަތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirss" title="Hirss – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hirss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AF" title="Κεχρί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεχρί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijo" title="Mijo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mijo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milio_(cerealo)" title="Milio (cerealo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milio (cerealo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artatxiki" title="Artatxiki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artatxiki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%86" title="ارزن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارزن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(gramin%C3%A9e)" title="Millet (graminée) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Millet (graminée)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muil%C3%A9ad" title="Muiléad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muiléad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%ADnzo_(hom%C3%B3nimos)" title="Paínzo (homónimos) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paínzo (homónimos)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EA%B3%A1_(%EA%B3%A1%EB%AC%BC)" title="서곡 (곡물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서곡 (곡물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gero" title="Gero – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gero" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="ज्वार आदि मोटे अनाज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वार आदि मोटे अनाज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jah%C5%82y" title="Jahły – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jahły" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proso" title="Proso – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proso" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milieto" title="Milieto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milieto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otek" title="Otek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Елцык – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Елцык" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9F" title="דוחן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוחן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%A9la" title="Mɩla – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɩla" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಿರುಧಾನ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಿರುಧಾನ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulezi" title="Ulezi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulezi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Таруу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таруу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milium" title="Milium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Milium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosa" title="Prosa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soros" title="Soros – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Soros" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirs" title="Hirs – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hirs" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milio" title="Milio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Milio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6les" title="Köles – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köles" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile" title="Mile – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mile" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="മില്ലറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മില്ലറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="भरड धान्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भरड धान्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekoi" title="Sekoi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sekoi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gierst" title="Gierst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gierst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87" title="दुसे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दुसे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%91%E7%A9%80" title="雑穀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雑穀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="БерцанӀов – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="БерцанӀов" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirse" title="Hirse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hirse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ମାଣ୍ଡିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଣ୍ଡିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBk" title="Soʻk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="باجرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باجرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%96%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ږدن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ږدن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milhete" title="Milhete – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Milhete" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Пшено – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пшено" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" title="Millet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Millet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BB%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1" title="ٻاجهر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٻاجهر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Просо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Просо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirssi" title="Hirssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hirssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirs" title="Hirs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hirs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறுதானியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுதானியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illan" title="Illan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Illan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="చిరుధాన్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చిరుధాన్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awu%C9%94%CC%88u" title="Awuɔ̈u – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Awuɔ̈u" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арзан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арзан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C4%B1" title="Darı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Darı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuk" title="Zuk – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zuk" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Пшоно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пшоно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%DB%81" title="باجرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باجرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AA" title="Kê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%B7" title="稷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="稷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E8%B0%B7" title="杂谷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="杂谷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet" title="Millet – Southern Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Millet" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Southern Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazui" title="Kazui – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Kazui" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q259438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of grasses (food grain)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Millet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Millet (disambiguation)">Millet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grain_millet,_early_grain_fill,_Tifton,_7-3-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/220px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/330px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg/440px-Grain_millet%2C_early_grain_fill%2C_Tifton%2C_7-3-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">Pearl millet</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Millets</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionaries_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionaries-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a highly varied group of small-seeded <a href="/wiki/Grasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasses">grasses</a>, widely grown around the world as <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> crops or grains for <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and human food. Most millets belong to the tribe <a href="/wiki/Paniceae" title="Paniceae">Paniceae</a>. </p><p>Millets are important crops in the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semiarid tropics</a> of Asia and Africa, especially in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, with 97% of production in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HCS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crop is favoured for its <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">productivity</a> and short growing season under hot dry conditions. The millets are sometimes understood to include the widely cultivated <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>; apart from that, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a> is the most commonly cultivated of the millets.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Finger millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">proso millet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a> are other important crop species. Millets may have been consumed by humans for about 7,000 years and potentially had "a pivotal role in the rise of multi-crop agriculture and settled farming societies".<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>millet</i> is derived via <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>millet, millot</i> from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>millium</i>, 'millet', ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*mele-</i>, 'to crush'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millets are small-grained, annual, warm-weather cereals belonging to the grass family. They are highly tolerant of drought and other extreme weather conditions and have a similar nutrient content to other major <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fahad_Bajwa_Nazir_Anjum_2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahad_Bajwa_Nazir_Anjum_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Finger millet in the field"><img alt="Finger millet in the field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg/250px-Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg/330px-Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg/500px-Finger_millet_3_11-21-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eleusine_coracana" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusine coracana">Finger millet</a> in the field</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ripe head of proso millet"><img alt="Ripe head of proso millet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg/250px-Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg/330px-Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg/500px-Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ripe head of <a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">proso millet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sprouting millet plants"><img alt="Sprouting millet plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg/180px-Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg/270px-Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg/360px-Millet_In_Kerala-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">Sprouting</a> millet plants</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomic_history">Taxonomic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1753, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> described <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a> as <i>Panicum italicum</i>. In 1812, <a href="/wiki/Palisot_de_Beauvois" title="Palisot de Beauvois">Palisot de Beauvois</a> grouped several taxa into <i>Setaria italica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-House_1995_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House_1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pennisetum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennisetum">Pennisetum</a></i> was divided by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stapf_(botanist)" title="Otto Stapf (botanist)">Otto Stapf</a> in 1934 into the section <i>penicillaria</i>, with 32 species including all the cultivated ones, and four other sections. In 1977, J. Brunken and colleagues classed the wild <i>P. violaceum</i> as part of the cultivated species <i>P. glaucum</i> (pearl millet).<sup id="cite_ref-House_1995_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House_1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Finger millet</a> was described as <i>Eleusine coracana</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gaertner" title="Joseph Gaertner">Joseph Gaertner</a> in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The millets are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> within the <a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> of grasses,<sup id="cite_ref-GWPGII_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GWPGII-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more distantly to the <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Escobar_Scornavacca_Cenci_Guilhaumon_2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Escobar_Scornavacca_Cenci_Guilhaumon_2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">(Part of <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a> (bamboos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Poeae" title="Poeae">Poeae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Avena" title="Avena">Avena</a></i> (oat), <a href="/wiki/Fescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Fescue">fescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">ryegrass</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum">Hordeum</a></i> (barley) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Triticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Triticum">Triticum</a></i> (wheat) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Secale" title="Secale">Secale</a></i> (rye) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza" title="Oryza">Oryza</a></i> (rice) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristidoideae">Aristidoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a> (most <b>millets</b>; <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chloridoideae" title="Chloridoideae">Chloridoideae</a> (<b>finger millet; teff</b>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Danthonioideae" title="Danthonioideae">Danthonioideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arundinoideae" title="Arundinoideae">Arundinoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Micrairoideae" title="Micrairoideae">Micrairoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Within the Panicoideae, sorghum is in the tribe <i><a href="/wiki/Andropogoneae" title="Andropogoneae">Andropogoneae</a></i>, while pearl millet, proso, foxtail, fonio, little millet, sawa, Japanese barnyard millet and kodo are in the tribe <i><a href="/wiki/Paniceae" title="Paniceae">Paniceae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soreng_Peterson_2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soreng_Peterson_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morrone_Aagesen_2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrone_Aagesen_2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Chloridoideae, finger millet is in the tribe <i><a href="/wiki/Cynodonteae" title="Cynodonteae">Cynodonteae</a></i>, while teff is in the tribe <i><a href="/wiki/Eragrostideae" title="Eragrostideae">Eragrostideae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soreng_Peterson_2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soreng_Peterson_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The different species of millets are not all closely related. All are members of the family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> (the grasses), but they belong to different <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribes</a> and subfamilies. Commonly cultivated millets are:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eragrostideae" title="Eragrostideae">Eragrostideae</a> tribe in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Chloridoideae" title="Chloridoideae">Chloridoideae</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleusine_coracana" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusine coracana">Eleusine coracana</a></i>: Finger millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eragrostis_tef" class="mw-redirect" title="Eragrostis tef">Eragrostis tef</a></i>: Teff; often not considered to be a millet<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Paniceae" title="Paniceae">Paniceae</a> tribe in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a>: </p> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Panicum" title="Panicum">Panicum</a></i>: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">Panicum miliaceum</a></i>: Proso millet (common millet, broomcorn millet, hog millet, or white millet, also known as baragu in Kannada, panivaragu in Tamil)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panicum_sumatrense" title="Panicum sumatrense">Panicum sumatrense</a></i>: Little millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panicum_hirticaule" title="Panicum hirticaule">Panicum hirticaule</a></i>: Sonoran millet, cultivated in the American Southwest</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cenchrus_americanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenchrus americanus">Cenchrus americanus</a></i>: Pearl millet</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_(Cumbu).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG/330px-A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG/500px-A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG/960px-A_closeup_of_Pearl_Millet_%28Cumbu%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Pearl millet (<i>Cenchrus americanus</i>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Setaria_italica" class="mw-redirect" title="Setaria italica">Setaria italica</a></i>: Foxtail millet, Italian millet, panic<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria" title="Digitaria">Digitaria</a></i>: of minor importance as crops<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria_exilis" title="Digitaria exilis">Digitaria exilis</a></i>: known as white fonio, fonio millet, and hungry rice or acha rice</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria_iburua" title="Digitaria iburua">Digitaria iburua</a></i>: Black fonio</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria_compacta" title="Digitaria compacta">Digitaria compacta</a></i>: Raishan, cultivated in the <a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hills" title="Khasi Hills">Khasi Hills</a> of northeast India</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digitaria_sanguinalis" title="Digitaria sanguinalis">Digitaria sanguinalis</a></i>: Polish millet</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa" title="Echinochloa">Echinochloa</a></i>: collectively, the members of this genus are called <i>barnyard grasses</i> or <i>barnyard millets</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_esculenta" title="Echinochloa esculenta">Echinochloa esculenta</a></i>: Japanese barnyard millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_frumentacea" title="Echinochloa frumentacea">Echinochloa frumentacea</a></i>: Indian barnyard millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_stagnina" title="Echinochloa stagnina">Echinochloa stagnina</a></i>: Burgu millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echinochloa_crus-galli" title="Echinochloa crus-galli">Echinochloa crus-galli</a></i>: Common barnyard grass (or cockspur grass)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paspalum_scrobiculatum" title="Paspalum scrobiculatum">Paspalum scrobiculatum</a></i>: Kodo millet</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG/330px-A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG/500px-A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG/960px-A_closeup_of_Varagu_millet_with_husk..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Kodo millet (<i>Paspalum scrobiculatum</i>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Urochloa" title="Urochloa">Urochloa</a> (formerly Brachiaria) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Urochloa_deflexa" title="Urochloa deflexa">Urochloa deflexa</a></i>: Guinea millet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urochloa_ramosa" title="Urochloa ramosa">Urochloa ramosa</a></i>: Browntop millet, southern India<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GA-browntop_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-browntop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spodiopogon_formosanus" title="Spodiopogon formosanus">Spodiopogon formosanus</a></i>: Taiwan oil millet, endemic to Taiwan<sup id="cite_ref-Takei_2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takei_2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Andropogoneae" title="Andropogoneae">Andropogoneae</a> tribe, also in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorghum_bicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum bicolor">Sorghum bicolor</a></i>: Sorghum; usually considered a separate cereal, but sometimes known as <i>great millet</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Coix lacryma-jobi</a></i>: Job's tears, also known as adlay millet<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestication_and_spread">Domestication and spread</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Domestication and spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specialized archaeologists called <a href="/wiki/Palaeoethnobotanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoethnobotanists">palaeoethnobotanists</a>, relying on data such as the relative abundance of charred grains found in archaeological sites, hypothesize that the cultivation of millets was of greater prevalence in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> than <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, especially in northern China and Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultivation of common millet as the earliest dry crop in East Asia has been attributed to its resistance to drought,<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this has been suggested to have aided its spread.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawler_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawler-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian varieties of millet made their way from China to the Black Sea region of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by 5000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawler_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawler-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millet was growing wild in Greece as early as 3000 BC, and bulk storage containers for millet have been found from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> and northern Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> describes that "the beards grow round the millet, which men sow in summer."<sup id="cite_ref-Hesiod2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesiod2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millet is listed along with wheat in the third century BC by <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)">Enquiry into Plants</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proso millet (<i>Panicum miliaceum</i>) and foxtail millet (<i>Setaria italica</i>) were important crops beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Neolithic">Early Neolithic</a> of China. Some of the earliest evidence of millet cultivation in China was found at <a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan</a> (north), where proso millet husk <a href="/wiki/Phytoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoliths">phytoliths</a> and biomolecular components have been identified around 10,300–8,700 years ago in <a href="/wiki/Storage_pit_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage pit (archaeology)">storage pits</a> along with remains of pit-houses, pottery, and stone tools related to millet cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence at Cishan for foxtail millet dates back to around 8,700 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noodles made from these two varieties of millet were found under a 4,000-year-old earthenware bowl containing well-preserved noodles at the <a href="/wiki/Lajia" title="Lajia">Lajia</a> archaeological site in north China; this is the oldest evidence of millet noodles in China.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palaeoethnobotanists have found evidence of the cultivation of millet in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> dating to the Middle <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery period</a> (around 3500–2000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_1992_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_Lee_2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_Lee_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millet continued to be an important element in the intensive, multicropping agriculture of the <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a> (about 1500–300 BC) in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_Lee_2003_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_Lee_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millets and their wild ancestors, such as <a href="/wiki/Barnyard_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnyard grass">barnyard grass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic grass">panic grass</a>, were also cultivated in Japan during the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> sometime after 4000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_1992_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Zhengluo region of China, two millet species (foxtail millet and proso millet) were grown, enabling the people to survive the <a href="/wiki/4.2-kiloyear_event" title="4.2-kiloyear event">cooling of the global climate around 2200 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-An_Kirleis_Jin_2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-An_Kirleis_Jin_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese myths attribute the domestication of millet to <a href="/wiki/Shennong" title="Shennong">Shennong</a>, a legendary Emperor of China, and <a href="/wiki/Hou_Ji" title="Hou Ji">Hou Ji</a>, whose name means Lord Millet.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little millet (<i>Panicum sumatrense</i>) is believed to have been domesticated around 5000 BC in Indian subcontinent and Kodo millet (<i>Paspalum scrobiculatum</i>) around 3700 BC, also in Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-weber_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Browntop millet (<i>Urochloa ramosa</i>) was likely domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> near the beginning of the third millennium BCE and spread throughout India though was later superseded by other millets.<sup id="cite_ref-GA-browntop_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA-browntop-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various millets have been mentioned in some of the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> texts, identifying <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a> (<i>priyaṅgu</i>), <a href="/wiki/Barnyard_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnyard millet">Barnyard millet</a> (<i>aṇu</i>) and black <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">finger millet</a> (<i>śyāmāka</i>), indicating that millet cultivation was happening around 1200 BC in India.<sup id="cite_ref-miraroy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miraroy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon request by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian Government</a> in 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations</a> declared 2023 as <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Millets" title="International Year of Millets">International Year of Millets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i>) was domesticated in the Sahel region of West Africa from <i>Pennisetum violaceum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Andrea_Casey_2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Andrea_Casey_2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early archaeological evidence in Africa includes finds at <a href="/wiki/Kintampo_Complex" title="Kintampo Complex">Birimi</a> in northern Ghana (1740 <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating#Reporting_dates" title="Radiocarbon dating">cal BC</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Dhar Tichitt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (1936–1683 cal BC) and the lower Tilemsi valley in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (2500 to 2000 cal BC).<sup id="cite_ref-D'Andrea_Casey_2002_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Andrea_Casey_2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of <a href="/wiki/Isozyme" title="Isozyme">isozymes</a> suggest domestication took place north east of the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> in the far west of the Sahel and tentatively around 6000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Andrea_Casey_2002_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Andrea_Casey_2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pearl millet had arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> by 2000 BC to 1700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Finger millet</a> is native to the highlands of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and was domesticated before the third millennium BC. Its cultivation had spread to South India by 1800 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broomcorn or <a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">proso millet</a> (<i>Panicum miliaceum</i>) came to Europe from East Asia as early as the 17th century BC in Vinogradnyi Sad, Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirleis_2022_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirleis_2022-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around 1500 BC it reached Italy and southeastern Europe; around 1400 BC it came to central Europe, and from 1200 BC, it arrived in northern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirleis_2022_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirleis_2022-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pearl millet is one of the two major crops in the semiarid, impoverished, less fertile agriculture regions of Africa and southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltensperger_2002_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltensperger_2002-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millets are not only adapted to poor, dry infertile soils, but they are also more reliable under these conditions than most other grain crops.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltensperger_2002_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltensperger_2002-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millets, however, do respond to high fertility and moisture. On a per-hectare basis, millet grain production can be 2 to 4 times higher with use of irrigation and soil supplements. Improved breeds of millet with enhanced disease resistance can significantly increase farm yield. There has been cooperation between poor countries to improve millet yields. For example, 'Okashana 1', a variety developed in India from a natural-growing millet variety in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, doubled yields. This breed was selected for trials in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. From there it was taken to <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, where it was released in 1990 and enthusiastically adopted by farmers. 'Okashana 1' became the most popular variety in Namibia, the only non-<a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a> country where pearl millet—locally known as <i>mahangu</i>—is the dominant food staple for consumers. 'Okashana 1' was then introduced to <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. The breed has significantly enhanced yields in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millets are subject to damage by <a href="/wiki/List_of_insect_pests_of_millets" title="List of insect pests of millets">many insect pests</a>, including corn borers, stem borers, the caterpillars of numerous moths in the families <a href="/wiki/Erebidae" title="Erebidae">Erebidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noctuidae" title="Noctuidae">Noctuidae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geromyia_penniseti" title="Geromyia penniseti">millet midge</a>, many species of flies in the <a href="/wiki/Muscidae" title="Muscidae">Muscidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemipteran</a> bugs of many families including <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, and species of <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalaisekar_2017_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalaisekar_2017-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the many diseases of millets are serious fungal infections such as anthracnose, blast, charcoal rot, downy mildew, ergot, grain mould, rust, and sheath rot. Bacterial diseases are generally less serious; they include bacterial leaf spot, leaf stripe and leaf streak. Viral diseases are again generally less serious, except for a few diseases such as maize stripe virus, maize mosaic virus, sorghum red stripe virus, and maize streak virus.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ededed;">Top millet producers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background:#ededed;">in 2022</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Numbers in million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne">tonnes</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11.8 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,381,877,022,653,000♠" style="display:none"></span>38.19%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,001,119,741,100,324,000♠" style="display:none"></span>11.97%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,873,786,407,767,000♠" style="display:none"></span>8.74%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">4. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.9 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,614,886,731,392,000♠" style="display:none"></span>6.15%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">5. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.8 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,582,524,271,844,000♠" style="display:none"></span>5.83%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">6. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,550,161,812,298,000♠" style="display:none"></span>5.5%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">7. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,388,349,514,564,000♠" style="display:none"></span>3.88%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">8. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,355,987,055,016,000♠" style="display:none"></span>3.56%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">9. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.9 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,291,262,135,923,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.91%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">10. <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/60px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.7 <span style="font-size:inherit">(<span data-sort-value="7,000,226,537,216,828,000♠" style="display:none"></span>2.27%)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">World total</th><td class="infobox-data">30.9</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT2022_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT2022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, global production of millet was 30.9 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is the top millet producer worldwide, with 11.8 million tonnes grown annually – some 38% of the world total and nearly triple its nearest rival. Eight of the remaining nine nations in the top 10 producers are in Africa, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (at 3.7 million tonnes) to <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> (0.7 million tonnes); the sole exception is <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, number three in global production, at 2.7 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSTAT2022_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT2022-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A woman threshing pearl millet in Northern Ghana"><img alt="A woman threshing pearl millet in Northern Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png/162px-A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png/244px-A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png/325px-A_Woman_Threshing_Sorghum_In_Northern_Ghana.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A woman threshing <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a> in Northern Ghana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_(1917)_(14777745304).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Proso millet with bacterial stripe disease"><img alt="Proso millet with bacterial stripe disease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_%281917%29_%2814777745304%29.jpg/250px-Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_%281917%29_%2814777745304%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_%281917%29_%2814777745304%29.jpg/330px-Journal_of_Agricultural_Research_%281917%29_%2814777745304%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">Proso millet</a> with bacterial stripe disease</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milletoutput.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of millet (2008) showing major producing regions of the world"><img alt="Production of millet (2008) showing major producing regions of the world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Milletoutput.png/500px-Milletoutput.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Milletoutput.png/960px-Milletoutput.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of millet (2008) showing major producing regions of the world</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research on millets is carried out by the <a href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</a> (ICRISAT)<sup id="cite_ref-icrisat-overview_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrisat-overview-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icrisat-pearl_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrisat-pearl-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icrisat-small_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icrisat-small-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ICAR-Indian_Institute_of_Millets_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research">ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research</a><sup id="cite_ref-ICAR-main_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICAR-main-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, India, and by the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tifton,_Georgia" title="Tifton, Georgia">Tifton</a>, Georgia, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, millet was historically a common ingredient in the diet of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Kulish" title="Kulish">kulish</a>". This dish, primarily made with millet, served with stewed vegetables and meat, cooked in a cauldron, remains a part of modern <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, it is eaten sweet, for example with milk and berries for breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet_porridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millet porridge (page does not exist)">millet porridge</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:пшённая каша">ru</a>]</span> also remains common and is promoted for its health benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millet porridge made with pumpkin is particularly common. In the <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_Oblast" title="Lipetsk Oblast">Lipetsk Oblast</a> ritual and daily meals from millet include <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">chichi</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">чичи</span>). These are millet <a href="/wiki/Fritters" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritters">fritters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Millet is the main ingredient in <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">bánh đa kê</i></span>, a Vietnamese sweet snack. It contains a layer of smashed millet and mungbean topped with sliced dried <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> meat wrapped in a crunchy rice cake.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of Africa millet is mixed with milk to make a drink, <a href="/wiki/Brukina" title="Brukina">Brukina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ghanaweb.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghanaweb.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Finger millet</a> is made into <i><a href="/wiki/Ragi_rotti" title="Ragi rotti">ragi rotti</a></i> flatbread<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ragi_mudde" title="Ragi mudde">ragi mudde</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Swallow_(food)" title="Swallow (food)">dough lumps</a> in Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dough lumps are eaten as <a href="/wiki/Fura_(food)" title="Fura (food)">fura</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region of West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ragi_Rotti_%26_Chutney.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ragi rotti, finger millet flatbread, Karnataka, India"><img alt="Ragi rotti, finger millet flatbread, Karnataka, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ragi_Rotti_%26_Chutney.jpg/90px-Ragi_Rotti_%26_Chutney.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ragi_Rotti_%26_Chutney.jpg/135px-Ragi_Rotti_%26_Chutney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ragi_Rotti_%26_Chutney.jpg/180px-Ragi_Rotti_%26_Chutney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ragi_rotti" title="Ragi rotti">Ragi rotti</a></i>, finger millet flatbread, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RAGI_MUDDE.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ragi mudde, dough lumps of finger millet"><img alt="Ragi mudde, dough lumps of finger millet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/RAGI_MUDDE.JPG/250px-RAGI_MUDDE.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/RAGI_MUDDE.JPG/330px-RAGI_MUDDE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Ragi_mudde" title="Ragi mudde">Ragi mudde</a></i>, dough lumps of finger millet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Awaokoshi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Awaokoshi, candied millet puffs, are a specialty of Osaka, Japan."><img alt="Awaokoshi, candied millet puffs, are a specialty of Osaka, Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Awaokoshi_01.jpg/250px-Awaokoshi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Awaokoshi_01.jpg/330px-Awaokoshi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Awaokoshi"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Awaokoshi</span></span></i>, candied millet <a href="/wiki/Puffed_grain" title="Puffed grain">puffs</a>, are a specialty of <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bánh đa kê, a specialty sweet snack in Hanoi, Vietnam"><img alt="Bánh đa kê, a specialty sweet snack in Hanoi, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg/134px-B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg/201px-B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg/268px-B%C3%A1nh_%C4%91a_k%C3%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bánh đa kê, a specialty sweet snack in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tongba, a millet-based alcoholic brew from Nepal and Sikkim"><img alt="Tongba, a millet-based alcoholic brew from Nepal and Sikkim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/116px-Tongba.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/175px-Tongba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tongba.jpg/233px-Tongba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></i>, a millet-based alcoholic brew from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikkim,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkim, India">Sikkim</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcoholic_beverages">Alcoholic beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Alcoholic beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Himalayas, including in Nepal, Sikkim, and Darjeeling, millet is fermented into <a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a>, an alcoholic drink.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, alcoholic beverages including <a href="/wiki/Rakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshi">rakshi</a> are produced from millets.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar-2018_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_forage">As forage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: As forage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millet is sometimes used as a forage crop. Compared to forage sorghum, animals including lambs gain weight faster on millet, and it has better hay or silage potential, although it produces less dry matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Collett_2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collett_2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millet does not contain toxic <a href="/wiki/Prussic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussic acid">prussic acid</a>, sometimes found in sorghum.<sup id="cite_ref-Robson_2007_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robson_2007-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid growth of millet as a grazing crop allows flexibility in its use. Farmers can wait until sufficient late spring / summer moisture is present and then make use of it. It is ideally suited to irrigation where livestock finishing is required.<sup id="cite_ref-Collett_2004_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collett_2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robson_2007_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robson_2007-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lonewood_Trust_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonewood_Trust-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_consumption">Human consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Human consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per capita consumption of millets as food varies in different parts of the world, with consumption being the highest in Western Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sahel region, millet is estimated to account for about 35 percent of total cereal food consumption in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, millets constitute roughly 40 percent of total cereal food consumption per capita, while in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and arid <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> it is over 65 percent (see <i><a href="/wiki/Mahangu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahangu">mahangu</a></i>). Other countries in Africa where millets are a significant food source include <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. Millet is also an important food item for the population living in the drier parts of many other countries, especially in eastern and central Africa, and in the northern coastal countries of western Africa. In developing countries outside Africa, millet has local significance as a food in parts of some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People affected by <a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">gluten-related disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a> sufferers,<sup id="cite_ref-LudvigssonLeffler2013_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LudvigssonLeffler2013-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MulderWanrooij_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MulderWanrooij-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VoltaCaio2015_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoltaCaio2015-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who need a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a>, can replace <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>-containing cereals in their diets with millet.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There remains a risk of contamination with <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>-containing cereals.<sup id="cite_ref-SaturniFerretti2010_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaturniFerretti2010-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table shows the nutrient content of the grains of different species of millet, raw, compared to other staples. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Nutrient content of raw millets compared to other grains (per 100g)<sup id="cite_ref-millets-2009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millets-2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Crop</th> <th>Protein<br />(g)</th> <th>Fibre<br />(g)</th> <th>Minerals<br />(g)</th> <th>Iron<br />(mg)</th> <th>Calcium<br />(mg) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>4</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">Pearl millet</a></td> <td>10.6</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>16.9</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Finger millet</a></td> <td>7.3</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>2.7</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>344 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">Foxtail millet</a></td> <td>12.3</td> <td>8</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Proso_millet" title="Proso millet">Proso millet</a></td> <td>12.5</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kodo_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo millet">Kodo millet</a></td> <td>8.3</td> <td>9</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Little millet">Little millet</a></td> <td>7.7</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>1.5</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnyard_millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnyard millet">Barnyard millet</a></td> <td>11.2</td> <td>10.1</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>15.2</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urochloa_ramosa" title="Urochloa ramosa">Brown top millet</a></td> <td>11.5</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>0.65</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></td> <td>14.1</td> <td>7</td> <td>*</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></td> <td>13</td> <td>8</td> <td>0.85</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>5.31</td> <td>84.8</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></td> <td>6.8</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.6</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></td> <td>11.8</td> <td>1.2<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="This fibre number is very different than what is seen in the table at Wheat#Food_value_and_uses (March 2025)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Millet#Dubious" title="Talk:Millet">discuss</a></i>]</sup></td> <td>1.5</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>41 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dishes" title="List of ancient dishes">List of ancient dishes and foods</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dictionaries-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionaries_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/millet">"Definition of millet"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Definition+of+millet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fmillet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HCS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonoughRooneySerna-Saldivar2000" class="citation journal cs1">McDonough, Cassandrea M.; Rooney, Lloyd W.; Serna-Saldivar, Sergio O. (2000). "The Millets". <i>Food Science and Technology: Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology</i>. <b>99</b> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sorghum+and+millet+in+human+nutrition&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2FT0818E%2FT0818E00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-panic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=panic">"panic"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=panic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dpanic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> from classical Latin pānicum (or pānīcum) Italian millet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_urra.pdf">"Browntop Millet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Browntop+Millet&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2Fplantguide%2Fpdf%2Fpg_urra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA-browntop-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GA-browntop_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GA-browntop_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKingwell-BanhamFuller2014" class="citation book cs1">Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318">"Brown Top Millet: Origins and Development"</a>. 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(2009). "Bridging East and West: Millet on the move". <i>Science</i>. <b>325</b> (5943): <span class="nowrap">942–</span>943. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.325_940">10.1126/science.325_940</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19696328">19696328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bridging+East+and+West%3A+Millet+on+the+move&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5943&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E942-%3C%2Fspan%3E943&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.325_940&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19696328&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNesbittSummers1988" class="citation journal cs1">Nesbitt, Mark; Summers, Geoffrey (January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Records-of-millet-from-the-Ancient-Near-East-and-Greece_tbl1_234002850">"Some Recent Discoveries of Millet (Panicum miliaceum L. and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) at Excavations in Turkey and Iran"</a>. <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (38): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642844">10.2307/3642844</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642844">3642844</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84670275">84670275</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Recent+Discoveries+of+Millet+%28Panicum+miliaceum+L.+and+Setaria+italica+%28L.%29+P.+Beauv.%29+at+Excavations+in+Turkey+and+Iran&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1988-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84670275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642844&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Summers%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FRecords-of-millet-from-the-Ancient-Near-East-and-Greece_tbl1_234002850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesiod2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hesiod2013_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHesiod2013" class="citation book cs1">Hesiod (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9uungEACAAJ"><i>Hesiod, the Poems and Fragments, Done Into English Prose</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+African+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=Pearl+Millet+and+Kintampo+Subsistence&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162042735%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25130746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1016518919072&rft.aulast=D%27Andrea&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=Casey%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1016518919072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manning_Pelling_Higham_2011_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManningPellingHighamSchwenniger2011" class="citation journal cs1">Manning, Katie; Pelling, Ruth; Higham, Tom; Schwenniger, Jean-Luc; Fuller, Dorian Q. 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"4500-Year old domesticated pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternatives are cereal domestication pathway". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>38</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">312–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JArSc..38..312M">2011JArSc..38..312M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.09.007">10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=4500-Year+old+domesticated+pearl+millet+%28Pennisetum+glaucum%29+from+the+Tilemsi+Valley%2C+Mali%3A+new+insights+into+an+alternatives+are+cereal+domestication+pathway&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.09.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JArSc..38..312M&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Pelling%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Higham%2C+Tom&rft.au=Schwenniger%2C+Jean-Luc&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngelsHawkesHawkesWorede1991" class="citation book cs1">Engels, J. M. M.; Hawkes, J. G.; Hawkes, John Gregory; Worede, M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKj__YqTU4AC&q=finger+millet+domesticated+ethiopia&pg=PA162"><i>Plant Genetic Resources of Ethiopia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521384568" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521384568"><bdi>978-0521384568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Genetic+Resources+of+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521384568&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+M.&rft.au=Hawkes%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Hawkes%2C+John+Gregory&rft.au=Worede%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKj__YqTU4AC%26q%3Dfinger%2Bmillet%2Bdomesticated%2Bethiopia%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirleis_2022-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirleis_2022_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirleis_2022_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirleisFilipović2022" class="citation book cs1">Kirleis, Edited by Wiebke; Filipović, Marta Dal Corso & Dragana (15 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sidestone.com/books/millet-and-what-else"><i>Millet and What Else?. The Wider Context of the Adoption of Millet Cultivation in Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6427-015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6427-015-0"><bdi>978-94-6427-015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millet+and+What+Else%3F.+The+Wider+Context+of+the+Adoption+of+Millet+Cultivation+in+Europe&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft.isbn=978-94-6427-015-0&rft.aulast=Kirleis&rft.aufirst=Edited+by+Wiebke&rft.au=Filipovi%C4%87%2C+Marta+Dal+Corso+%26+Dragana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidestone.com%2Fbooks%2Fmillet-and-what-else&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDal_CorsoPashkevychFilipovićLiu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dal Corso, Marta; Pashkevych, Galyna; Filipović, Dragana; Liu, Xinyi; Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre; Stobbe, Astrid; Shatilo, Ludmila; Videiko, Mihail; Kirleis, Wiebke (1 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10963-022-09171-1">"Between Cereal Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: Millet in the Early Economy of the North Pontic Region"</a>. <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>35</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-022-09171-1">10.1007/s10963-022-09171-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Between+Cereal+Agriculture+and+Animal+Husbandry%3A+Millet+in+the+Early+Economy+of+the+North+Pontic+Region&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-022-09171-1&rft.aulast=Dal+Corso&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft.au=Pashkevych%2C+Galyna&rft.au=Filipovi%C4%87%2C+Dragana&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xinyi&rft.au=Motuzaite+Matuzeviciute%2C+Giedre&rft.au=Stobbe%2C+Astrid&rft.au=Shatilo%2C+Ludmila&rft.au=Videiko%2C+Mihail&rft.au=Kirleis%2C+Wiebke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-022-09171-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/details/news/081-hirse-superfood">"Millet in the Bronze Age: A Superfood conquers the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kiel_University" title="Kiel University">Kiel University</a></i>. 21 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kiel+University&rft.atitle=Millet+in+the+Bronze+Age%3A+A+Superfood+conquers+the+World&rft.date=2025-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-kiel.de%2Fen%2Fdetails%2Fnews%2F081-hirse-superfood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltensperger_2002-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baltensperger_2002_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltensperger_2002_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaltensperger2002" class="citation book cs1">Baltensperger, David D. (2002). "Progress with Proso, Pearl and Other Millets". In Janick, J.; Whipkey, A. 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Alexandria, Virginia: ASHS Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030421033516/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/pdf/baltensperger.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 April 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Progress+with+Proso%2C+Pearl+and+Other+Millets&rft.btitle=Trends+in+New+Crops+and+New+Uses&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=ASHS+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Baltensperger&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fncnu02%2Fpdf%2Fbaltensperger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFICRISAT" class="citation web cs1">ICRISAT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/html/cgiar/newsletter/Oct96/6millet.html">"A New Generation of Pearl Millet on the Horizon"</a>. The World Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Generation+of+Pearl+Millet+on+the+Horizon&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.au=ICRISAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fhtml%2Fcgiar%2Fnewsletter%2FOct96%2F6millet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalaisekar_2017-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalaisekar_2017_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalaisekar2017" class="citation book cs1">Kalaisekar, A. (2017). <i>Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=FAOSTAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQCL%2Fvisualize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icrisat-overview-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icrisat-overview_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrisat.org/icrisat-strategic-plan/">"ICRISAT overview"</a>. <i>ICRISAT</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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India: National Forum for Policy Dialogues. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917051422/https://milletindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/II_National_Consulate.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)96" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings528" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Template talk:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_agricultural_output_rankings528" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">agricultural output</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cereal_production" title="List of countries by cereal production">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat#Production" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_corn_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International corn production statistics">Corn/Maize</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Production">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat#Production_and_trade" title="Oat">Oat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_production" title="List of countries by rice production">Rice</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_exports" title="List of countries by rice exports">exports</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye#Production_and_consumption" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sorghum#Cultivation_and_uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale#Conventional_breeding_approaches" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Wheat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">exports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_fruit_production" title="List of countries by fruit production">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production" title="List of countries by apple production">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apricot_production" title="List of countries by apricot production">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production" title="List of countries by avocado production">Avocado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana#Production_and_export" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cherry_production" title="List of countries by cherry production">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)#Production" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coconut_production" title="List of countries by coconut production">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cucumber_production" title="List of countries by cucumber production">Cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_eggplant_production" title="List of countries by eggplant production">Eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_grape_production" title="List of countries by grape production">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon#Production" title="Lemon">Lemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)#Production" title="Lime (fruit)">Lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango#Cultivation" title="Mango">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_papaya_production" title="List of countries by papaya production">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear_production_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Pear production by country">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pineapple_production" title="List of countries by pineapple production">Pineapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_plum_production" title="List of countries by plum production">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry#Production" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tomato_production" title="List of countries by tomato production">Tomato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vegetable_production" title="List of countries by vegetable production">Vegetables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_artichoke_production" 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao#Cultivation" title="Theobroma cacao">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">Cassava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Leading_producer_countries" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_milk_production" title="List of countries by milk production">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil#Production" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet#Production_statistics" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane#Production" title="Sugarcane">Sugar cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed#Cultivation" title="Sunflower seed">Sunflower seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry#Production_by_country_or_region" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_irrigated_land_area" title="List of countries by irrigated land area">Irrigated land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use_statistics_by_country" title="Land use statistics by country">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_organic_farmland" title="List of countries by organic farmland">Organic farmland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata855" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259438#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536247705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/027665">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millet&oldid=1279639524">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millet&oldid=1279639524</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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