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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1450"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1450</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1450-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1451" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1451"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1451</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1451-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1452" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1452"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1452</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1452-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1453" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1453"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1453</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1453-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1454" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1454"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1454</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1454-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1455" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1455"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1455</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1455-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1456" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1456"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1456</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1456-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1457" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1457"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1457</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1457-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1458" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1458"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1458</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1458-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1459" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1459"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1459</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1459-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1450s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1450" title="عقد 1450 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1450" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1450" title="Anyos 1450 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1450" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1450" title="Década del 1450 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1450" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-an" title="1450-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1450-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১৪৫০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৪৫০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1450 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1450 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D1%8F" title="1450-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1450-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D1%8F" title="1450-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1450-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-e" title="1450-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1450-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1450" title="Bloavezhioù 1450 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1450" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1450" title="Dècada del 1450 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1450" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1450-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1450-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450au" title="1450au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1450au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450%27erne" title="1450'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1450'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1450" title="عوام 1450 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1450" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450er" title="1450er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1450er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450._aastad" title="1450. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1450. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1450" title="An 1450 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1450" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1450 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1450 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1450" title="Años 1450 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1450" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-aj_jaroj" title="1450-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1450-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450eko_hamarkada" title="1450eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1450eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B5%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۴۵۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۴۵۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%C3%A1rini" title="1450-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1450-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1450" title="Années 1450 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1450" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450d%C3%AD" title="1450dí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1450dí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450an" title="1450an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1450an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1450" title="Década de 1450 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1450" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1450年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1450年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1450년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1450년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1450a" title="Yari 1450a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1450a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-an" title="1450-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1450-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1451-1460" title="1451-1460 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1451-1460" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1450" title="Anni 1450 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1450" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-50_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-15" title="שנות ה-50 של המאה ה-15 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-50 של המאה ה-15" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-an" title="1450-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1450-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1450-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1450-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1450" title="Miaka ya 1450 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1450" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1450-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1450-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_am%C5%BEiaus_6-asis_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XV amžiaus 6-asis dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XV amžiaus 6-asis dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1450" title="Anni 1450 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1450" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1450-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1450-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1450-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1450-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १४५० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १४५० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1450-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1450-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1450" title="عقد 1450 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1450" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-an" title="1450-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1450-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1450 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1450 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-1459" title="1450-1459 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1450-1459" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-1459" title="1450-1459 – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="1450-1459" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1450年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1450年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%C3%A5rene" title="1450-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1450-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1450" title="Annaées 1450 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1450" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1450" title="Ans 1450 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1450" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1450 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1450 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-lar" title="1450-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1450-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1450 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1450 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1450" title="Década de 1450 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1450" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1450" title="Anii 1450 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1450" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450_watakuna" title="1450 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1450 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1450-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1450-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D1%81" title="1450-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1450-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450s" title="1450s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1450s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1450" title="Vitet 1450 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1450" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450ini" title="1450ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1450ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450s" title="1450s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1450s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/50._roky_15._storo%C4%8Dia" title="50. roky 15. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="50. roky 15. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450." title="1450. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1450." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D0%B5" title="1450-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1450-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-e" title="1450-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1450-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-an" title="1450-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1450-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-luku" title="1450-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1450-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-talet" title="1450-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1450-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1450கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1450கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1450-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1450-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1450" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1450 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1450" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1450_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1450 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1450 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1450ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1450ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1450-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1450-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1450ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1450ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1450" title="Thập niên 1450 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1450" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1450" title="Anêyes 1450 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1450" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450_nga_dekada" title="1450 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1450 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Decade</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1430s" title="1430s">1430s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1440s" title="1440s">1440s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1450s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1460s" title="1460s">1460s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1470s" title="1470s">1470s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1450" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1450">1450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1451" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1452" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1452">1452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1453" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1453">1453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1454" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1454">1454</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1455" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1455">1455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1456" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1456">1456</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1457" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1457">1457</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1458" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1458">1458</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1459" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1459">1459</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1450s_births" title="Category:1450s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1450s_deaths" title="Category:1450s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1450s_by_country" title="Category:1450s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1450s_establishments" title="Category:1450s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1450s_disestablishments" title="Category:1450s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1450s</b> decade ran from January 1, 1450, to December 31, 1459. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1450">1450</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1450" title="1450">1450</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1450&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1450&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December"><span id="January.E2.80.93December"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1450&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk">John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk</a>, marries <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a> enters <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> after a siege, becoming Duke of the city-state, and founding a dynasty that will rule Milan for a century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">commander</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny" title="Battle of Formigny">Battle of Formigny</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> troops under the <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="John II, Duke of Bourbon">Comte de Clermont</a> defeat an English army under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Kyriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Kyriel">Sir Thomas Kyriel</a> and Sir Matthew Gough, which was attempting to relieve <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade%27s_Rebellion" title="Jack Cade's Rebellion">Jack Cade's Rebellion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kentishmen</a> revolt against King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abdal-Latif_Mirza" title="Abdal-Latif Mirza">Abdal-Latif Mirza</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> monarch, is assassinated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Charles VIII of Sweden</a>, also serving as Carl I of Norway, is declared deposed from the latter throne, in favor of <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – Battle of Solefields (Sevenoaks): <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cade">Jack Cade</a>'s rebels are driven from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> by loyal troops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> surrenders to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Cade">Jack Cade</a> is slain in a skirmish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> territory in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, surrenders to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> are expelled from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Bavaria" title="Lower Bavaria">Lower Bavaria</a>, by order of Duke <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria">Ludwig IX</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Barcelona" title="University of Barcelona">University of Barcelona</a> is founded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Krujë">First Siege of Krujë</a>: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">Albanian</a> troops are victorious, forcing an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army">Ottoman army</a> of approximately 100,000 men to retreat from <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Albania</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1450&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>: Machu Pikchu, "Old mountain"), a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> site located 2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level, is believed to be under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A religious sacrifice of over a hundred children is performed around this time, outside of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> (near modern <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo</a>), on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> has set up his movable type <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutenberg press">printing press</a>, as a commercial operation in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, by this date.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1451">1451</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1451" title="1451">1451</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1451&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1451&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_2"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_2"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1451&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> issues a <a href="/wiki/Papal_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Bull">Papal Bull</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to establish The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>; classes are initially held in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral" title="Glasgow Cathedral">Glasgow Cathedral</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, dies and is succeeded (on <a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a>) by his son, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Savoy" title="Charlotte of Savoy">Charlotte of Savoy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Celje" title="Celje">Celje</a> acquires <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> status and town rights, by orders from Count Frederic II of Celje.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Dynasty</a> succeeds the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – French troops under <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Dunois" title="Jean de Dunois">Jean de Dunois</a> invade <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>, and capture <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – The French capture <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a>, the last English stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – After assassinating <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_II_of_Moldavia" title="Bogdan II of Moldavia">Bogdan II of Moldavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petru_Aron" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru Aron">Petru Aron</a> takes up the throne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449-1453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ghent (1449-1453)">Revolt of Ghent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> takes up arms against <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_2"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1451&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Peacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Peacemaker">The Great Peacemaker</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Jigonhsasee" title="Jigonhsasee">Jigonhsasee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiawatha" title="Hiawatha">Hiawatha</a>, found the <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a>, commonly called the Iroquois Confederacy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1452">1452</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1452" title="1452">1452</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1452&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1452&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_3"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_3"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1452&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alex%C4%83ndrel_of_Moldavia" title="Alexăndrel of Moldavia">Alexăndrel</a> retakes the throne of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, in his long struggle with <a href="/wiki/Petru_Aron" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru Aron">Petru Aron</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas,_8th_Earl_of_Douglas" title="William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas">William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas</a> is killed by <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Stirling_Castle" title="Stirling Castle">Stirling Castle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Alporchones" title="Battle of Los Alporchones">Battle of Los Alporchones</a> (around the city of <a href="/wiki/Lorca,_Spain" title="Lorca, Spain">Lorca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>): The combined forces of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, and its subsidiary kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Murcia</a>, defeat the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, becomes the last to be crowned in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%9353)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ghent (1449–53)">Revolt of Ghent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>, Duke of Burgundy, officially declares war on <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> issues the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dum_Diversas" title="Dum Diversas">Dum Diversas</a></i>, legitimising the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> <ul><li>English troops under <a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury</a>, land in <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>, France, and retake most of the province without a fight.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine–Ottoman Wars</a>: The Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turakhan_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Turakhan Beg">Turakhan Beg</a>, breaks through the <a href="/wiki/Hexamilion_wall" title="Hexamilion wall">Hexamilion wall</a> for the fourth time, and ravages the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> Peninsula to prevent the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despotate of the Morea</a> from assisting <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">final Ottoman siege</a> of the imperial capital.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_3"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1452&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A major volcanic eruption, <a href="/wiki/1452/1453_mystery_eruption" title="1452/1453 mystery eruption">1452/1453 mystery eruption</a>, has a subsequent global cooling effect (the eruption releases more <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> than any other event in the previous 700 years).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> navigator <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Teive" title="Diogo de Teive">Diogo de Teive</a> discovers the islands of <a href="/wiki/Corvo_Island" title="Corvo Island">Corvo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bealach_nam_Broig" title="Battle of Bealach nam Broig">Battle of Bealach nam Broig</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a> battle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> officially becomes the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1453">1453</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1453&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1453&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_4"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_4"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1453&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tarabya" title="Tarabya">Tarabya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Studius_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Studius (village)">Studius</a> are taken by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, in preparation for the assault on <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, as are the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Islands">Prince Islands</a>, by the Ottoman fleet under Admiral Baltaoglu.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/150px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/225px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg/300px-Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmed_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmed II">Sultan Mehmed II</a>'s entry into <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Work by Italian contemporary painter <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Zonaro" title="Fausto Zonaro">Fausto Zonaro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a>–<a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – Siege and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> puts a decisive final end to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, nearly one and a half thousand years after its foundation by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, by capturing the capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortars</a> are (perhaps) used in battle for the first time in this action. The consequent closure of the traditional overland route from <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, and need to identify new <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">maritime</a> routes, leads to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, and ends the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/May_1453_lunar_eclipse" title="May 1453 lunar eclipse">May 1453 lunar eclipse</a>, a partial eclipse, is visible during the siege of Constantinople.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Castillon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Castillon.jpg/150px-Battle_of_Castillon.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Castillon.jpg/225px-Battle_of_Castillon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Battle_of_Castillon.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Castillon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Battle of Castillon</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Battle of Castillon</a>: In the last pitched battle of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bureau" title="Jean Bureau">Jean Bureau</a> defeat the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> under the <a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">Earl of Shrewsbury</a>, who is killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge1910_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge1910-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gavere" title="Battle of Gavere">Battle of Gavere</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>: <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>, Duke of Burgundy, is victorious over the rebels of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, leading to surrender of their city and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Ghent_(1449%E2%80%9353)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of Ghent (1449–53)">Revolt of Ghent</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – The French recapture <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> and leaving the English retaining only <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> on French soil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_the_Posthumous" title="Ladislaus the Posthumous">Ladislaus the Posthumous</a> is crowned <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bohemian_monarchs" title="List of Bohemian monarchs">King of Bohemia</a>, although <a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Poděbrady</a> remains in control of the government.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sejo_of_Joseon" title="Sejo of Joseon">Sejo of Joseon</a> kills his enemy <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-seo_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-seo (general)">General Kim Jong-seo</a> and gains control of the government in <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> Korea (where this rebellion is called <i>Gyeyujeongnan</i>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1454">1454</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1454" title="1454">1454</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1454&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1454&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_5"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_5"></span>January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1454&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)">Thirteen Years' War</a>: The Secret Council of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a> sends a formal act of disobedience to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Masters_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights">Grand Master</a>, and the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> rebel against the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, beginning the conflict.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir IV of Poland">Casimir IV of Poland</a> renounces allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York</a>, becomes Protector for King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>, who is in a catatonic state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lodi" title="Treaty of Lodi">Treaty of Lodi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Sforza">Francesco Sforza</a> forms a triple alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petru_Aron" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru Aron">Petru Aron</a> retakes the throne from <a href="/wiki/Alex%C4%83ndrel_of_Moldavia" title="Alexăndrel of Moldavia">Alexăndrel</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">September 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)">Thirteen Years' War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chojnice_(1454)" title="Battle of Chojnice (1454)">Battle of Chojnice</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Polish</a> army is defeated by a smaller but more professional <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic</a> army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malbork_treaty" title="Malbork treaty">Malbork treaty</a> between the authorities of the Teutonic Order and the mercenary forces fighting for the Teutonic Order.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – King Henry VI of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> having regained his sanity dismisses the Duke of York as Protector.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_4">Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1454&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The press of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> (at Mainz on the Rhine) produces the first printed documents bearing a date.</li> <li>Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, praising the happy conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> under the crescent, in contrast to the "great torture chamber" under the cross, and urging them to come to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Nieszawa" title="Statutes of Nieszawa">Statutes of Nieszawa</a> are enacted in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Poland</a>.</li> <li>The Drought of One Rabbit is recorded in Aztec history.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1455">1455</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1455" title="1455">1455</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1455&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1455&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_6"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_6"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1455&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Romanus_Pontifex" title="Romanus Pontifex">Romanus Pontifex</a></i>, an encyclical addressed to King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V of Portugal</a>, which sanctions the conquest of non-Christian lands, and the reduction of native non-Christian populations to 'perpetual slavery'. (Later there will be a dramatic reversal when, in <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>, the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Sublimis_Deus" title="Sublimis Deus">Sublimis Deus</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> forbids the enslavement of non-Christians.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> is the first book printed with <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Calixtus III">Pope Calixtus III</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a>, as the 209th <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>.</li> <li>Spring – The <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> begin in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkinholm" title="Battle of Arkinholm">Battle of Arkinholm</a>: Forces loyal to King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a> defeat the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Douglas" title="Earl of Douglas">Earl of Douglas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a>, defeats and captures King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War</a>: a decisive victory by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Kneiphof" title="Battle for Kneiphof">Battle for Kneiphof</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a war they would eventually lose with the signing of <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Thorn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – The conflict between <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II of Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> escalates, so the latter decides to support <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a> for the throne of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, the following year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1456">1456</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1456" title="1456">1456</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1456&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1456&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_7"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_7"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1456&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – Second <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oronichea_(1456)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Oronichea (1456)">Battle of Oronichea (1456)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Forces of 15,000 are sent to capture <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">Albania</a>, but are met and swiftly defeated by <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>'s smaller forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> makes an appearance, as noted by the humanist scholar <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Platina" title="Bartolomeo Platina">Platina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Retrial_of_Joan_of_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrial of Joan of Arc">retrial of Joan of Arc</a> acquits her of heresy, 25 years after her execution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Battle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade)</a>: The Hungarians under <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> rout the Turkish army of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Noon_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Noon bell">noon bell</a> ordered by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a> commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world (and hence is still rung).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II</a>, reigning Prince of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, is killed in hand-to-hand combat by <a href="/wiki/Vlad_the_Impaler" title="Vlad the Impaler">Vlad the Impaler</a>, who succeeds him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a> is established, making it the second oldest university in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. Due to border changes, from 1648 to 1815 it was the oldest in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and from 1815 to 1945 the oldest in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/1456_Central_Italy_earthquakes" title="1456 Central Italy earthquakes">Two earthquakes</a> in central Italy kill 12,000–70,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Nunziata_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nunziata-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_5"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1456&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Lazar Branković">Lazar Branković</a> becomes despot of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvise_Cadamosto" title="Alvise Cadamosto">Alvise Cadamosto</a> discovers some of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> Islands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Gomes" title="Diogo Gomes">Diogo Gomes</a> reaches the <a href="/wiki/Geba_River" title="Geba River">Geba River</a> in Guinea Bissau, and explores the <a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a>.</li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> founds the city of <a href="/wiki/Debre_Berhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Berhan">Debre Berhan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Muscovy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> conclude the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Yazhelbitsy" title="Treaty of Yazhelbitsy">Treaty of Yazhelbitsy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Aron" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru Aron">Petru Aron</a> becomes the first ruler of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> to pay tribute to the Ottomans.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1457">1457</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1457" title="1457">1457</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1457&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1457&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_8"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_8"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1457&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> – After years of captivity and absence from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming throne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zhengtong_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhengtong Emperor">Zhengtong Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is reinstated, as the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yingzong_of_Ming" title="Emperor Yingzong of Ming">Tianshun Emperor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VIII of Sweden">Charles VIII of Sweden</a> is declared deposed. The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Sweden">Archbishop of Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a>, and statesman <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a> become co-regents of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. The throne is then offered to <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II of Scotland</a> decrees that ". . . <span title="Early Modern English-language text"><span lang="en-emodeng">ye futebawe and ye golf be uterly cryt done and not usyt</span></span> . . ", the first historical mention of the game of <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Etefan_cel_Mare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ştefan cel Mare">Ştefan cel Mare</a> secures the throne of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, which he retains for the next 47 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – Christian I is elected king of Sweden, ending the war between Sweden and Denmark and restoring the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmar union">Kalmar Union</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – The Dutch city of <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a> is devastated by fire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Psalter" title="Mainz Psalter">Mainz Psalter</a>, the second major book printed with movable type in the West, the first to be wholly finished mechanically (including colour), and the first to carry a printed date, is printed for the <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Mainz" title="Elector of Mainz">Elector of Mainz</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uj%C3%ABbardha" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ujëbardha">Battle of Ujëbardha</a>: One of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>'s most important victories is won against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army, in the open field.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_6"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1457&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Albrechts University</a> is founded at <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_Castle" title="Edo Castle">Edo Castle</a> is built by <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cta_D%C5%8Dkan" title="Ōta Dōkan">Ōta Dōkan</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1458">1458</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1458" title="1458">1458</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1458&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1458&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_9"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_9"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1458&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, at age 14.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Loveday,_1458" class="mw-redirect" title="Loveday, 1458">Loveday</a> is staged in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, by which <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a> attempts to unite the warring factions who have triggered the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Roses">War of the Roses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a>, as the 210th pope.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V of Portugal</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Ksar es-Seghir</a>, in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_7"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1458&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, is founded.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="George of Poděbrady">George of Poděbrady</a> becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> authorities issue a decree to protect the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a>, after they conquer <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Jewish community is expelled from <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> (Germany); their houses are sold, and the synagogue turned into an arsenal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">Tlatoani</a> of Tenochtitlán, leads an expedition to the city-state Coixtlahuaca in <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a> territory, but is defeated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1458_mystery_eruption" title="1458 mystery eruption">A major volcano erupts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1459">1459</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1459" title="1459">1459</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1459&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1459&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December_10"><span id="January.E2.80.93December_10"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1459&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Bethlehem" title="Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem">Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, to defend the island of <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Battle of Blore Heath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yorkist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkist">Yorkists</a> under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury</a>, defeat a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrian</a> force.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – Wars of the Roses: With a royal force advancing on his fortress at <a href="/wiki/Ludlow" title="Ludlow">Ludlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York</a>, flees to Ireland, while his ally <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a> (Warwick the Kingmaker, eldest son of the Earl of Salisbury) goes to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_8"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1459&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> is first mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a>, in western India, is founded by <a href="/wiki/Rao_Jodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rao Jodha">Rao Jodha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a>, returns on a second visit to Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FO_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FO-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish Parliament, meeting at <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a>, upholds his authority against <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, and an English Act of <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">Attainder</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hygons" title="Richard Hygons">Richard Hygons</a>, English composer, begins fifty years of service at <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion"> Religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1459&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Bosnia" title="Thomas of Bosnia">Thomas of Bosnia</a> forces the clergy of the Bosnian Church into exile.</li> <li>According to a legend, the wedding of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Rosenkreuz" title="Christian Rosenkreuz">Christian Rosenkreuz</a> takes place.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1450s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1450s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1450" title="1450">1450</a>, <a href="/wiki/1451" title="1451">1451</a>, <a href="/wiki/1452" title="1452">1452</a>, <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>, <a href="/wiki/1454" title="1454">1454</a>, <a href="/wiki/1455" title="1455">1455</a>, <a href="/wiki/1456" title="1456">1456</a>, <a href="/wiki/1457" title="1457">1457</a>, <a href="/wiki/1458" title="1458">1458</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1459" title="1459">1459</a></div> <p><b>1450</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yejong_of_Joseon" title="Yejong of Joseon">Yejong of Joseon</a>, Joseon King (d. <a href="/wiki/1469" title="1469">1469</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Piero_Soderini" title="Piero Soderini">Piero Soderini</a>, Florentine statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Naples,_Duchess_of_Ferrara" title="Eleanor of Naples, Duchess of Ferrara">Eleanor of Naples, Duchess of Ferrara</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wimpfeling" title="Jakob Wimpfeling">Jakob Wimpfeling</a>, Renaissance humanist (d. <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87" title="Marko Marulić">Marko Marulić</a>, Croatian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ursula_of_Brandenburg,_Duchess_of_M%C3%BCnsterberg-Oels" title="Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Münsterberg-Oels">Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Münsterberg-Oels</a> and Countess of Glatz (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_of_Savoy,_Count_of_Romont" title="Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont">Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont</a>, Prince of Savoy (d. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">William Catesby</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Montagna" title="Bartolomeo Montagna">Bartolomeo Montagna</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaak" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Isaak">Heinrich Isaak</a>, German-Dutch composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a>, English explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād</a>, Persian leader of the <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar Corte-Real</a>, Portuguese explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a>, Spanish navigator and cartographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a>, Dutch composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a>, Franco-Flemish composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Oldham" title="Hugh Oldham">Hugh Oldham</a>, Bishop of Exeter (d. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Solari" title="Pietro Antonio Solari">Pietro Antonio Solari</a>, Italian architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Thaborita" title="Petrus Thaborita">Petrus Thaborita</a>, Dutch historian and monk (d. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyai_Gede_Pinateh" title="Nyai Gede Pinateh">Nyai Gede Pinateh</a>, Javanese merchant (d. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1451</b> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_(1520).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/120px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/180px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/240px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franchinus_Gaffurius" title="Franchinus Gaffurius">Franchinus Gaffurius</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/John,_Prince_of_Portugal_(1451)" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Prince of Portugal (1451)">John, Prince of Portugal</a>, Prince of Portugal (d. 1451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Maffei" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaello Maffei">Raffaello Maffei</a>, Italian theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke</a>, English earl (d. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, Italian explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, Castillian queen regnant and first queen of a united Spain (by marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon) (d. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="René II, Duke of Lorraine">René II, Duke of Lorraine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_II_of_Nassau" title="Engelbert II of Nassau">Engelbert II of Nassau</a>, Count of Nassau-Vianden and Lord of Breda (1475–1504) (d. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giles_Daubeney,_1st_Baron_Daubeney" title="Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney">Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Neville,_Duchess_of_Clarence" title="Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence">Isabel Neville, Duchess of Clarence</a>, elder daughter of Richard Neville (d. <a href="/wiki/1476" title="1476">1476</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">November 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Brandenburg,_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Württemberg">Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Württemberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, Italian explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Noah_of_Lebanon" title="Ignatius Noah of Lebanon">Ignatius Noah of Lebanon</a>, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (d. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Jambheshwar" title="Guru Jambheshwar">Guru Jambheshwar</a> (d. 1536) Founder of the Bishnoi Panth</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1452</b> </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Joana,_Princesa_de_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Santa_Joana%2C_Princesa_de_Portugal.jpg/110px-Santa_Joana%2C_Princesa_de_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Santa_Joana%2C_Princesa_de_Portugal.jpg/165px-Santa_Joana%2C_Princesa_de_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Santa_Joana%2C_Princesa_de_Portugal.jpg/220px-Santa_Joana%2C_Princesa_de_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna, Princess of Portugal">Joanna, Princess of Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joanna,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna, Princess of Portugal">Joanna, Princess of Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davide_Ghirlandaio" title="Davide Ghirlandaio">Davide Ghirlandaio</a>, Italian painter and mosaicist (d. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandolfo_Petrucci" title="Pandolfo Petrucci">Pandolfo Petrucci</a>, tyrant of Siena (d. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, Aragonese king and first king of a united Spain (by marriage to Isabella of Castile) (d. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, Italian artist and inventor (d. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Naples" title="Frederick of Naples">Frederick of Naples</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Younger_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="Henry the Younger of Poděbrady">Henry the Younger of Poděbrady</a>, Bohemian nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a>, Duke of Milan (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Crivelli" title="Lucrezia Crivelli">Lucrezia Crivelli</a>, mistress of Ludovico Sforza (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a>, Spanish Jewish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, rabbi and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, Italian religious reformer (d. <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mancinelli" title="Antonio Mancinelli">Antonio Mancinelli</a>, Italian humanist pedagogue and grammarian (d. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_St%C3%B6ffler" title="Johannes Stöffler">Johannes Stöffler</a>, German mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><i>Date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a>, Portuguese explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Crivelli" title="Lucrezia Crivelli">Lucrezia Crivelli</a>, mistress of Ludovico Sforza of Milan (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>) (approximate date)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1453</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernardin_Frankopan" title="Bernardin Frankopan">Bernardin Frankopan</a>, Croatian nobleman, diplomat and soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Benivieni" title="Girolamo Benivieni">Girolamo Benivieni</a>, Florentine poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1542" title="1542">1542</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Engel" title="Johannes Engel">Johannes Engel</a>, German doctor, astronomer and astrologer (d. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Count_of_Waldeck" title="Philip II, Count of Waldeck">Philip II, Count of Waldeck</a>-Eisenberg (1486–1524) (d. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici" title="Giuliano de' Medici">Giuliano de' Medici</a>, co-ruler of Florence with <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1478" title="1478">1478</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brandenburg_(1453%E2%80%931509)" title="Margaret of Brandenburg (1453–1509)">Margaret of Brandenburg</a>, abbess of the Poor Clares monastery at Hof (d. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_Stewart,_Countess_of_Arran" title="Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran">Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran</a>, Scottish princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Soderini" title="Francesco Soderini">Francesco Soderini</a>, Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba">Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba</a>, Spanish general and statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1471" title="1471">1471</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christoph_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> (1475–1515) (d. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1453%E2%80%931468)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453–1468)">Alfonso, Prince of Asturias</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1468" title="1468">1468</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a>, Flemish composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><i>probable</i> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, Portuguese admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1454</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bogislaw_X,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania">Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania</a> (1474–1523) (d. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Naples" title="Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples">Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Poliziano" title="Poliziano">Poliziano</a>, Italian humanist (d. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gerold_Edlibach" title="Gerold Edlibach">Gerold Edlibach</a>, Swiss historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cornaro" title="Catherine Cornaro">Catherine Cornaro</a>, Queen of Cyprus (d. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Maria_Novara_da_Ferrara" title="Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara">Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara</a>, Italian astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinturicchio" title="Pinturicchio">Pinturicchio</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choe_Bu" title="Choe Bu">Choe Bu</a>, Korean official and venturer to China (d. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany">Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1455</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Berg" title="William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg">William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg</a>, Count of Ravensberg (d. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a>, German-born humanist and scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John of Denmark</a>, Norway, and Sweden (d. <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II of Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Sforza" title="Ascanio Sforza">Ascanio Sforza</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">March 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Accolti" title="Pietro Accolti">Pietro Accolti</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gritti" title="Andrea Gritti">Andrea Gritti</a>, Doge of Venice (d. <a href="/wiki/1538" title="1538">1538</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-BDI_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_I_of_Oettingen" title="Wolfgang I of Oettingen">Wolfgang I of Oettingen</a>, German count (d. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Savoy" title="Anne of Savoy">Anne of Savoy</a>, Savoy royal (d. <a href="/wiki/1480" title="1480">1480</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Baden" title="Frederick IV of Baden">Frederick IV of Baden</a>, Dutch bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deposed_Queen_Lady_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposed Queen Lady Yun">Queen Yun</a>, Korean queen (d. <a href="/wiki/1482" title="1482">1482</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Cicero,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg">John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="George, Duke of Bavaria">George, Duke of Bavaria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_V,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen">John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen</a>, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vischer_the_Elder" title="Peter Vischer the Elder">Peter Vischer the Elder</a>, German sculptor (approximate date) (d. <a href="/wiki/1529" title="1529">1529</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estefania_Carr%C3%B2s_i_de_Mur" title="Estefania Carròs i de Mur">Estefania Carròs i de Mur</a>, Spanish educator (approximate date) (d. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Patah" title="Raden Patah">Raden Patah</a>, Javanese sultan, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1518" title="1518">1518</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Ajofr%C3%ADn" title="María de Ajofrín">María de Ajofrín</a>, Spanish visionary (d. <a href="/wiki/1489" title="1489">1489</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Barnham (page does not exist)">Nicholas Barnham</a>, English knight, killed in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Roses">War of the Roses</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_da_Vallombrosa" title="Angelo da Vallombrosa">Angelo da Vallombrosa</a>, Italian jurist and abbot (d. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1456</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski_(1456%E2%80%931531)" title="Jan Łaski (1456–1531)">Jan Łaski</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II</a>, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (d. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland</a>, consort of <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III of Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_Rosenberg" title="Henry V of Rosenberg">Henry V of Rosenberg</a>, Bohemian nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1489" title="1489">1489</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludmila_of_Pod%C4%9Bbrady" title="Ludmila of Poděbrady">Ludmila of Poděbrady</a>, Regent of the duchies of Brzeg and Oława from 1488 (d. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Bavaria,_Electress_Palatine" title="Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine">Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine</a> and hereditary princess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Gonghye" title="Queen Gonghye">Queen Gonghye</a>, Korean royal consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1474" title="1474">1474</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Hachette" title="Jeanne Hachette">Jeanne Hachette</a> (Laisné), French peasant heroine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_di_Paolo_di_Dono" title="Antonia di Paolo di Dono">Antonia di Paolo di Dono</a>, Italian artist and daughter of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_di_Dono" class="mw-redirect" title="Paolo di Dono">Paolo di Dono</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Lubra%C5%84ski" title="Jan Lubrański">Jan Lubrański</a>, Polish bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1457</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Trivulzio,_seniore" title="Antonio Trivulzio, seniore">Antonio Trivulzio, seniore</a>, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a>, Italo-Spanish historian and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a>, sovereign duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1482" title="1482">1482</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Seongjong_of_Joseon" title="Seongjong of Joseon">Seongjong of Joseon</a>, King of Joseon (d. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Jagiellon,_Duchess_of_Bavaria" title="Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria">Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria</a>, Polish princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Naples" title="Beatrice of Naples">Beatrice of Naples</a>, Hungarian queen (d. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a>, Dutch composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nevill,_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="George Nevill, Duke of Bedford">George Nevill, Duke of Bedford</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brant" title="Sebastian Brant">Sebastian Brant</a>, German humanist and satirist (d. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippino_Lippi" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a>, Florentine painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_8th_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr">Thomas West, 8th Baron De La Warr</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1458</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Young" title="Ivan the Young">Ivan the Young</a>, Ruler of Tver (d. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Battista_da_Varano" title="Camilla Battista da Varano">Camilla Battista da Varano</a>, Italian saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John II, Duke of Cleves">John II, Duke of Cleves</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Viseu" title="Eleanor of Viseu">Eleanor of Viseu</a>, Portuguese princess and later Queen of Portugal (d. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Pucci" title="Lorenzo Pucci">Lorenzo Pucci</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Casimir" title="Saint Casimir">Saint Casimir</a>, Prince of Poland and Duke of Lithuania (d. <a href="/wiki/1484" title="1484">1484</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolph_II,_Prince_of_Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen">Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen</a>, German prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amago_Tsunehisa" title="Amago Tsunehisa">Amago Tsunehisa</a>, Japanese warlord (d. <a href="/wiki/1541" title="1541">1541</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a>, Dutch composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Sannazaro" title="Jacopo Sannazaro">Jacopo Sannazaro</a>, Italian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Docwra" title="Thomas Docwra">Thomas Docwra</a>, Grand Prior of the English Knights Hospitaller (d. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grey" title="Richard Grey">Richard Grey</a>, half brother of <a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a> of England (d. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1459</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hofhaimer" title="Paul Hofhaimer">Paul Hofhaimer</a>, Austrian organist and composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Fugger" title="Jakob Fugger">Jakob Fugger</a>, German banker (d. <a href="/wiki/1525" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Simmern" title="John I, Count Palatine of Simmern">John I, Count Palatine of Simmern</a> (1480–1509) (d. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mingyi_Nyo" title="Mingyi Nyo">Mingyi Nyo</a>, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (d. <a href="/wiki/1530" title="1530">1530</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kaspar,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken">Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken</a>, German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Behaim" title="Martin Behaim">Martin Behaim</a>, German explorer and cartographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Cem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Cem">Sultan Cem</a>, pretender to the Ottoman throne (d. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a> of Poland (d. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynings" title="Edward Poynings">Edward Poynings</a>, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (d. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Brask" title="Christina Brask">Christina Brask</a>, Swedish writer and translator (d. <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_di_Credi" title="Lorenzo di Credi">Lorenzo di Credi</a>, Florentine painter and sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Jheronimus_de_Clibano" title="Jheronimus de Clibano">Jheronimus de Clibano</a>, Dutch composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a>, French composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1450" title="1450">1450</a>, <a href="/wiki/1451" title="1451">1451</a>, <a href="/wiki/1452" title="1452">1452</a>, <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>, <a href="/wiki/1454" title="1454">1454</a>, <a href="/wiki/1455" title="1455">1455</a>, <a href="/wiki/1456" title="1456">1456</a>, <a href="/wiki/1457" title="1457">1457</a>, <a href="/wiki/1458" title="1458">1458</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1459" title="1459">1459</a></div> <p><b>1450</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adam_Moleyns" title="Adam Moleyns">Adam Moleyns</a>, English courtier and Bishop of Chichester</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Sorel" title="Agnès Sorel">Agnès Sorel</a>, mistress of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII of France</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1422" title="1422">1422</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great_of_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejong the Great of Joseon">Sejong the Great of Joseon</a>, ruler of Korea (b. <a href="/wiki/1397" title="1397">1397</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk">William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a>, English military leader (born <a href="/wiki/1396" title="1396">1396</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abdal-Latif_Mirza" title="Abdal-Latif Mirza">Abdal-Latif Mirza</a>, ruler of Transoxania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_Farnese_il_Vecchio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio Farnese il Vecchio">Ranuccio Farnese il Vecchio</a>, Italian <i>condottiero</i> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1390" title="1390">1390</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Fiennes,_1st_Baron_Saye_and_Sele" title="James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele">James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele</a>, English soldier and politician (b. c. 1395)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis I, Duke of Brittany">Francis I, Duke of Brittany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1414" title="1414">1414</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_Warwick" title="Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick">Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1424" title="1424">1424</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Sarteano" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto da Sarteano">Alberto da Sarteano</a>, Italian Franciscan friar and papal legate (b. <a href="/wiki/1385" title="1385">1385</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reginald_West,_6th_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr">Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Navarre,_Countess_of_Armagnac" title="Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac">Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Aleman" title="Louis Aleman">Louis Aleman</a>, French cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Tresham" title="William Tresham">William Tresham</a>, English politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonello_d%27Este,_Marquis_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara">Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara</a>, Italian noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1407" title="1407">1407</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paola_Colonna" title="Paola Colonna">Paola Colonna</a>, Lady of Piombino (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1378" title="1378">1378</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_IV,_Count_of_Armagnac" title="John IV, Count of Armagnac">John IV, Count of Armagnac</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1396" title="1396">1396</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1451</b> </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:II._Murat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/II._Murat.jpg/100px-II._Murat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/II._Murat.jpg/150px-II._Murat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/II._Murat.jpg/200px-II._Murat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Felix_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipope Felix V">Antipope Felix V</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1383" title="1383">1383</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen">Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen</a>, Co-ruler of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1451) (b. <a href="/wiki/1414" title="1414">1414</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1404" title="1404">1404</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%98Abdullah_(Timurid)" class="mw-redirect" title="‘Abdullah (Timurid)">‘Abdullah</a>, Timurid Empire ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Cilli" title="Barbara of Cilli">Barbara of Cilli</a>, Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia (b. <a href="/wiki/1392" title="1392">1392</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_II_of_Moldavia" title="Bogdan II of Moldavia">Bogdan II of Moldavia</a>, assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Petru_Aron" class="mw-redirect" title="Petru Aron">Petru Aron</a></li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lochner" title="Stefan Lochner">Stefan Lochner</a>, German painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1400" title="1400">1400</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lydgate" title="John Lydgate">John Lydgate</a>, English monk and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1370" title="1370">1370</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_II" title="Al-Mustakfi II">al-Mustakfi II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1452</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style></p><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_%C5%A0vitrigaila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_%C5%A0vitrigaila.jpg/110px-Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_%C5%A0vitrigaila.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_%C5%A0vitrigaila.jpg/165px-Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_%C5%A0vitrigaila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_%C5%A0vitrigaila.jpg/220px-Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_%C5%A0vitrigaila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13,_p._289_-_Michael_Zygimantaitis.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p._289_-_Michael_Zygimantaitis.gif/110px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p._289_-_Michael_Zygimantaitis.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p._289_-_Michael_Zygimantaitis.gif/165px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p._289_-_Michael_Zygimantaitis.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p._289_-_Michael_Zygimantaitis.gif/220px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.13%2C_p._289_-_Michael_Zygimantaitis.gif 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="1529" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila" title="Švitrigaila">Švitrigaila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_%C5%BDygimantaitis" title="Michael Žygimantaitis">Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz (Michael Žygimantaitis)</a> died on <a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a>, 1452</div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conrad_IV_arrests_his_brother_Conrad_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Conrad_IV_arrests_his_brother_Conrad_VII.jpg/110px-Conrad_IV_arrests_his_brother_Conrad_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Conrad_IV_arrests_his_brother_Conrad_VII.jpg/165px-Conrad_IV_arrests_his_brother_Conrad_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Conrad_IV_arrests_his_brother_Conrad_VII.jpg/220px-Conrad_IV_arrests_his_brother_Conrad_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konrad_VII_the_White" title="Konrad VII the White">Konrad VII the White</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinhard_III._von_Hanau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Reinhard_III._von_Hanau.jpg/110px-Reinhard_III._von_Hanau.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Reinhard_III._von_Hanau.jpg/165px-Reinhard_III._von_Hanau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Reinhard_III._von_Hanau.jpg/220px-Reinhard_III._von_Hanau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_III,_Count_of_Hanau" title="Reinhard III, Count of Hanau">Reinhard III, Count of Hanau</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila" title="Švitrigaila">Švitrigaila</a>, Grand Prince of Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_%C5%BDygimantaitis" title="Michael Žygimantaitis">Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz (Michael Žygimantaitis)</a>, Prince of Black Ruthenia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konrad_VII_the_White" title="Konrad VII the White">Konrad VII the White</a>, Duke of Oleśnica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Douglas,_8th_Earl_of_Douglas" title="William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas">William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1425" title="1425">1425</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_III,_Count_of_Hanau" title="Reinhard III, Count of Hanau">Reinhard III, Count of Hanau</a> (1451–1452) (b. <a href="/wiki/1412" title="1412">1412</a>)</li> <li>May – <a href="/wiki/John_Stafford_(bishop)" title="John Stafford (bishop)">John Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Close" title="Nicholas Close">Nicholas Close</a>, English bishop</li> <li><i>probable</i> – <a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Gemistus Pletho</a>, Greek philosopher</li></ul> <p><b>1453</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Duchess_of_Lorraine" title="Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine">Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1400" title="1400">1400</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a>, last <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1405" title="1405">1405</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius II of Constantinople">Athanasius II of Constantinople</a>, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Palaiologos" title="Theophilos Palaiologos">Theophilos Palaiologos</a>, Byzantine grammarian, humanist and mathematician. Cousin of Constantine XI.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos_Metochites" title="Demetrios Palaiologos Metochites">Demetrios Palaiologos Metochites</a>, last governor of Constantinople</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi" title="Orhan Çelebi">Orhan Çelebi</a>, Ottoman prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1412" title="1412">1412</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giustiniani" title="Giovanni Giustiniani">Giovanni Giustiniani</a>, Italian captain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Luna,_Duke_of_Trujillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo">Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo</a>, Constable of Castille</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Loukas_Notaras" title="Loukas Notaras">Loukas Notaras</a>, last <i><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">megas doux</a></i> of the Byzantine Empire (b. <a href="/wiki/1402" title="1402">1402</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Palaiologos_Kantakouzenos" title="Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos">Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos</a>, last <a href="/wiki/Grand_Domestic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Domestic">Grand Domestic</a> of the Byzantine Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Halil_Pasha_the_Younger" title="Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger">Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire">grand vizier</a> from <a href="/wiki/1439" title="1439">1439</a> to 1 June 1453</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Shemyaka" title="Dmitry Shemyaka">Dmitry Shemyaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Grand Prince of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury</a>, English military leader<sup id="cite_ref-Lodge1910_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodge1910-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet" title="Enguerrand de Monstrelet">Enguerrand de Monstrelet</a>, French chronicler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> (1431–1453) (b. <a href="/wiki/1407" title="1407">1407</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yi_Jing-ok" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Jing-ok">Yi Jing-ok</a>, Korean military General (b. <a href="/wiki/1399" title="1399">1399</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a>, English composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1390" title="1390">1390</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius III of Georgia">Demetrius III</a>, former co-king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1413" title="1413">1413</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orban" title="Orban">Orban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">iron founder</a> and engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_de_Aiello" title="Francesco de Aiello">Francesco de Aiello</a><b>,</b> Catholic bishop and <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Bari-Canosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Bari-Canosa">Archbishop of Bari-Canosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Marcuzzi" title="Angelo Marcuzzi">Angelo Marcuzzi</a>, Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beaumont_(1427%E2%80%931453)" title="William Beaumont (1427–1453)">William Beaumont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> of Shirwell (b. <a href="/wiki/1427" title="1427">1427</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1454</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Kemp" title="John Kemp">John Kemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II of Castile</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1405" title="1405">1405</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Behnam_Hadloyo" title="Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo">Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo</a>, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Zorzi" title="Chiara Zorzi">Chiara Zorzi</a>, regent of Athens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turnbull_(bishop)" title="William Turnbull (bishop)">William Turnbull</a>, Bishop of Glasgow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wingfield" title="Robert Wingfield">Robert Wingfield</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1403" title="1403">1403</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1455</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1397" title="1397">1397</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Ole%C5%9Bnicki_(cardinal)" title="Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal)">Zbigniew Oleśnicki</a>, Polish Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1389" title="1389">1389</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_Earl_of_Moray" title="Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray">Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray</a> (in battle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> (killed at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_2nd_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland</a>, Lancastrian commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1393" title="1393">1393</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beaufort,_2nd_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset">Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset</a>, Lancastrian commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1406" title="1406">1406</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_8th_Baron_de_Clifford" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford">Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford</a>, Lancastrian commander (b. <a href="/wiki/1414" title="1414">1414</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Tostado" title="Alonso Tostado">Alonso Tostado</a>, Spanish Catholic bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brassart" title="Johannes Brassart">Johannes Brassart</a>, Flemish composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Hugues_d%27Estaing" title="Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing">Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing</a>, French Catholic cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, Italian sculptor and metal smith (b. <a href="/wiki/1378" title="1378">1378</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">December 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Coimbra" title="Isabel of Coimbra">Isabel of Coimbra</a>, queen of Portugal (b. <a href="/wiki/1432" title="1432">1432</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1456</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Lorraine-Vaud%C3%A9mont" title="Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont">Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont</a>, French translator (b. <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, Hungarian statesman and military leader (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1406" title="1406">1406</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grenon" title="Nicolas Grenon">Nicolas Grenon</a>, French composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1375" title="1375">1375</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Capistrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni da Capistrano">Giovanni da Capistrano</a>, Italian saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1386" title="1386">1386</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond</a>, father of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1431" title="1431">1431</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_II,_Count_of_Celje" title="Ulrich II, Count of Celje">Ulrich II, Count of Celje</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1406" title="1406">1406</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_C%C5%93ur" title="Jacques Cœur">Jacques Cœur</a>, French merchant (b. <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Charles I, Duke of Bourbon">Charles I, Duke of Bourbon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1401" title="1401">1401</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a>, Despot of Serbia (b. <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mena" title="Juan de Mena">Juan de Mena</a>, Spanish poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1411" title="1411">1411</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1457</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jingtai_Emperor" title="Jingtai Emperor">Jingtai Emperor</a> of China (b. <a href="/wiki/1428" title="1428">1428</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Hunyadi" class="mw-redirect" title="László Hunyadi">László Hunyadi</a>, Hungarian statesman and warrior (b. <a href="/wiki/1433" title="1433">1433</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Rita_of_Cascia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Rita of Cascia">Saint Rita of Cascia</a>, Italian saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1381" title="1381">1381</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a>, Italian humanist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Castagno" title="Andrea del Castagno">Andrea del Castagno</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1421" title="1421">1421</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Sforza" title="Gabriele Sforza">Gabriele Sforza</a>, Archbishop of Milan (b. <a href="/wiki/1423" title="1423">1423</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">September 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Margaret_of_Mosbach" title="Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach">Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach</a>, countess consort of Hanau (b. <a href="/wiki/1432" title="1432">1432</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter II, Duke of Brittany">Peter II, Duke of Brittany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1418" title="1418">1418</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">November 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II,_Count_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Urach" title="Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach">Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach</a>, German noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1439" title="1439">1439</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_Posthumus_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary">Ladislaus Posthumus of Bohemia and Hungary</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1440" title="1440">1440</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Danjong_of_Joseon" title="Danjong of Joseon">Danjong of Joseon</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1441" title="1441">1441</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Qasim_Babur_Mirza" title="Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza">Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza</a>, ruler of Khurasan (b. <a href="/wiki/1422" title="1422">1422</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Perestrello" title="Bartolomeu Perestrello">Bartolomeu Perestrello</a>, Portuguese navigator and explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1458</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse">Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse</a>, Landgrave of Hesse (1413–1458) (b. <a href="/wiki/1402" title="1402">1402</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Lazar Branković">Lazar Branković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Mendoza,_1st_Marquis_of_Santillana" title="Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana">Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana</a>, Spanish poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1398" title="1398">1398</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Helena_Palaiologina" title="Helena Palaiologina">Helena Palaiologina</a>, Queen of Cyprus (b. <a href="/wiki/1428" title="1428">1428</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1396" title="1396">1396</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Cyprus" title="John II of Cyprus">John II of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1378" title="1378">1378</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon">Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon</a>, Queen consort of Aragon and Naples (b. <a href="/wiki/1401" title="1401">1401</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur III, Duke of Brittany">Arthur III, Duke of Brittany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1393" title="1393">1393</a>)</li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Rom%C3%A9e" title="Isabelle Romée">Isabelle Romée</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li></ul> <p><b>1459</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_Count_Palatine_of_Simmern-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken">Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1385" title="1385">1385</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ausi%C3%A0s_March" title="Ausiàs March">Ausiàs March</a>, Catalan poet from Valencia (b. <a href="/wiki/1397" title="1397">1397</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_of_Florence" title="Antoninus of Florence">Antoninus of Florence</a>, Italian archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1389" title="1389">1389</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_of_Portugal" title="James of Portugal">James of Portugal</a>, Portuguese cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1433" title="1433">1433</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Katharina_of_Nassau-Beilstein" title="Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein">Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein</a>, German regent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Urgell,_Duchess_of_Coimbra" title="Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra">Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra</a>, Portuguese Duchess (b. <a href="/wiki/1409" title="1409">1409</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> (killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath" title="Battle of Blore Heath">Battle of Blore Heath</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Tuchet,_5th_Baron_Audley" title="James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley">James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1400" title="1400">1400</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dutton" title="Thomas Dutton">Thomas Dutton</a>, English knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1421" title="1421">1421</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric of Pomerania</a>, King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (b. <a href="/wiki/1382" title="1382">1382</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Poggio_Bracciolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini">Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini</a>, Italian humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Fastolf" title="John Fastolf">John Fastolf</a>, English soldier<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_VIII,_Count_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphus VIII, Count of Holstein">Adolf VIII</a>, Duke of Southern Jutland (b. <a href="/wiki/1401" title="1401">1401</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1450s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1450s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1450s">1450s</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=384MAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Camden Miscellany</i></a>. Camden Society. 1972. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780901050069" title="Special:BookSources/9780901050069"><bdi>9780901050069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camden+Miscellany&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Camden+Society&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780901050069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D384MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=274">"Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu — UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Sanctuary+of+Machu+Picchu+%E2%80%94+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fpg.cfm%3Fcid%3D31%26id_site%3D274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleur2019" class="citation news cs1">Fleur, Nicholas St (2019-03-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/science/peru-child-sacrifice.html">"Massacre of Children in Peru Might Have Been a Sacrifice to Stop Bad Weather"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Massacre+of+Children+in+Peru+Might+Have+Been+a+Sacrifice+to+Stop+Bad+Weather&rft.date=2019-03-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Fleur&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F06%2Fscience%2Fperu-child-sacrifice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115175620/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/02/chimu-people-sacrificed-children-llamas-peru-mystery/">"What made this ancient society sacrifice its own children?"</a>. <i>Magazine</i>. 2019-01-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/02/chimu-people-sacrificed-children-llamas-peru-mystery/">the original</a> on January 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magazine&rft.atitle=What+made+this+ancient+society+sacrifice+its+own+children%3F&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2F2019%2F02%2Fchimu-people-sacrificed-children-llamas-peru-mystery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlooster2009" class="citation book cs1">Klooster, John W. (2009). <i>Icons of invention: the makers of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34745-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34745-0"><bdi>978-0-313-34745-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+invention%3A+the+makers+of+the+modern+world+from+Gutenberg+to+Gates&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34745-0&rft.aulast=Klooster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/papal-bull/">"University of Glasgow :: Story :: The Papal Bull"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Glasgow+%3A%3A+Story+%3A%3A+The+Papal+Bull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitystory.gla.ac.uk%2Fpapal-bull%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Devaney2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Devaney (3 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzbKBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158"><i>Enemies in the Plaza: Urban Spectacle and the End of Spanish Frontier Culture, 1460-1492</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9134-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9134-6"><bdi>978-0-8122-9134-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemies+in+the+Plaza%3A+Urban+Spectacle+and+the+End+of+Spanish+Frontier+Culture%2C+1460-1492&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9134-6&rft.au=Thomas+Devaney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzbKBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1452">"Historical Events in 1452"</a>. <i>OnThisDay.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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DIANE Publishing. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2"><bdi>0-87169-127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+volume+II%3A+The+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87169-127-2&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edinburghtourist.co.uk/questions/why-edinburgh-capital-scotland/">"Why is Edinburgh the capital of Scotland?"</a>. <i>Edinburgh Tourist</i>. June 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+Tourist&rft.atitle=Why+is+Edinburgh+the+capital+of+Scotland%3F&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedinburghtourist.co.uk%2Fquestions%2Fwhy-edinburgh-capital-scotland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hisdates.com/years/1453-historical-events.html">"What Happened In 1453"</a>. <i>Hisdates</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hisdates&rft.atitle=What+Happened+In+1453&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hisdates.com%2Fyears%2F1453-historical-events.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2006" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2006). <i>Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453</i>. Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-22185-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-22185-8"><bdi>0-571-22185-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople%3A+The+Last+Great+Siege%2C+1453&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-571-22185-8&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span> (reviewed by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2006" class="citation web cs1">Foster, Charles (September 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070327061447/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-155920054.html">"The Conquest of Constantinople and the end of empire"</a>. <i>Contemporary Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-155920054.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2007. <q>It is the end of the Middle Ages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Constantinople+and+the+end+of+empire&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-155920054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span>) (Archived Link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lodge1910-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lodge1910_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lodge1910_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Richard_Lodge1910" class="citation book cs1">Sir Richard Lodge (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u87RAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Close of the Middle Ages, 1272-1494</i></a>. Rivingtons. p. 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Close+of+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1272-1494&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Sir+Richard+Lodge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du87RAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_J._Moose2005" class="citation book cs1">Christina J. Moose (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oKXxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Great Events from History: The Renaissance & early modern era, 1454-1600</i></a>. Salem Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-215-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58765-215-8"><bdi>978-1-58765-215-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Events+from+History%3A+The+Renaissance+%26+early+modern+era%2C+1454-1600&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58765-215-8&rft.au=Christina+J.+Moose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoKXxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishjews.com/history/letter.asp">"Letter of Rabbi Isaac Zarfati"</a>. <i>Turkishjews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkishjews.com&rft.atitle=Letter+of+Rabbi+Isaac+Zarfati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishjews.com%2Fhistory%2Fletter.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHhiYgEACAAJ"><i>This Facsimile Page of Gutenberg's 42-line Bible (1453-1455) was Printed on the Gutenberg Press Loaned by the Gutenberg Museum of Mainz for "A Century of Progress International Exposition", Chicago, 1933, and Exhibited by the Cuneo Press, Inc</i></a>. Gutenberg Press. 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Facsimile+Page+of+Gutenberg%27s+42-line+Bible+%281453-1455%29+was+Printed+on+the+Gutenberg+Press+Loaned+by+the+Gutenberg+Museum+of+Mainz+for+%22A+Century+of+Progress+International+Exposition%22%2C+Chicago%2C+1933%2C+and+Exhibited+by+the+Cuneo+Press%2C+Inc&rft.pub=Gutenberg+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHhiYgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sadler-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sadler_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sadler_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sadler_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sadler_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Sadler2014" class="citation book cs1">John Sadler (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HgWtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR16"><i>The Red Rose and the White: The Wars of the Roses, 1453-1487</i></a>. Routledge. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90518-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90518-9"><bdi>978-1-317-90518-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Rose+and+the+White%3A+The+Wars+of+the+Roses%2C+1453-1487&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90518-9&rft.au=John+Sadler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgWtAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogalski1846" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rogalski, Leon (1846). <i>Dzieje Krzyżaków oraz ich stosunki z Polską, Litwą i Prusami</i> (in Polish). Vol. II. Warsaw: S. Orgelbrand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Krzy%C5%BCak%C3%B3w+oraz+ich+stosunki+z+Polsk%C4%85%2C+Litw%C4%85+i+Prusami&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=S.+Orgelbrand&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Rogalski&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunziata-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nunziata_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._NunziataM._R._Costanzo2020" class="citation journal cs1">C. Nunziata; M. R. Costanzo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00024-020-02426-y">"Ground Shaking Scenario at the Historical Center of Napoli (Southern Italy) for the 1456 and 1688 Earthquakes"</a>. <i>Pure and Applied Geophysics</i>. <b>177</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>: 3175–3190. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PApGe.177.3175N">2020PApGe.177.3175N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00024-020-02426-y">10.1007/s00024-020-02426-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210975336">210975336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Geophysics&rft.atitle=Ground+Shaking+Scenario+at+the+Historical+Center+of+Napoli+%28Southern+Italy%29+for+the+1456+and+1688+Earthquakes&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3175-3190&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210975336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00024-020-02426-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PApGe.177.3175N&rft.au=C.+Nunziata&rft.au=M.+R.+Costanzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00024-020-02426-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grotekerkdordrecht.com/en/stories/building/">"Building"</a>. <i>Vrienden van de Grote Kerk Dordrecht</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vrienden+van+de+Grote+Kerk+Dordrecht&rft.atitle=Building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrotekerkdordrecht.com%2Fen%2Fstories%2Fbuilding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_P._C._Matthews2007" class="citation book cs1">John P. C. Matthews (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCyh3zIlkbsC&pg=PA74"><i>Explosion: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956</i></a>. Hippocrene Books. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1174-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1174-3"><bdi>978-0-7818-1174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explosion%3A+The+Hungarian+Revolution+of+1956&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1174-3&rft.au=John+P.+C.+Matthews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCyh3zIlkbsC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Grummitt2015" class="citation book cs1">David Grummitt (8 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOcjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA190"><i>Henry VI</i></a>. Routledge. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-48260-4"><bdi>978-1-317-48260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VI&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-05-08&rft.isbn=978-1-317-48260-4&rft.au=David+Grummitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaOcjCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_L._de_Jong2013" class="citation book cs1">Jan L. de Jong (April 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAJywP5rVK8C&pg=PA4"><i>The Power and the Glorification: Papal Pretensions and the Art of Propaganda in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-06237-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-06237-2"><bdi>978-0-271-06237-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+and+the+Glorification%3A+Papal+Pretensions+and+the+Art+of+Propaganda+in+the+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Centuries&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-271-06237-2&rft.au=Jan+L.+de+Jong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAJywP5rVK8C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasconcelos_e_Sousa" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vasconcelos e Sousa, Bernardo. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+History&rft.pub=magd.ox.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magd.ox.ac.uk%2Fdiscover-magdalen%2Fhistory-of-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5A6b1NlZXwC&pg=PA261"><i>Choice: Publication of the Association of College and Research Libraries, a Division of the American Library Association</i></a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/the-history-of-the-planets-biggest-volcanic-explosions--deep-in-the-ice-of-antarctica-9587991.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase's_EditorsContemporary_Books2002" class="citation book cs1">Chase's Editors; Contemporary Books (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NnUNBh6jIAC"><i>Chase's Calendar of Events 2003</i></a>. 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Liverpool University Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-838-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-838-6"><bdi>978-0-85323-838-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+the+Bold+and+Italy+%281467-1477%29%3A+Politics+and+Personnel&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-838-6&rft.au=Richard+J.+Walsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4Wvl-xRpAoC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrolier_Incorporated1997" class="citation book cs1">Grolier Incorporated (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmANAQAAMAAJ"><i>Academic American encyclopedia</i></a>. Grolier. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717220687" title="Special:BookSources/9780717220687"><bdi>9780717220687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Academic+American+encyclopedia&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780717220687&rft.au=Grolier+Incorporated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmANAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandro_BotticelliMusée_national_du_Luxembourg_(France)Palazzo_Strozzi_(Florence,_Italie).2003" class="citation book cs1">Sandro Botticelli; Musée national du Luxembourg (France); Palazzo Strozzi (Florence, Italie). (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=usrqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Botticelli: From Lorenzo the Magnificent to Savonarola</i></a>. Skira. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8491-565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8491-565-8"><bdi>978-88-8491-565-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botticelli%3A+From+Lorenzo+the+Magnificent+to+Savonarola&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Skira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-88-8491-565-8&rft.au=Sandro+Botticelli&rft.au=Mus%C3%A9e+national+du+Luxembourg+%28France%29&rft.au=Palazzo+Strozzi+%28Florence%2C+Italie%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DusrqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-III-king-of-England">"Richard III | Biography & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30400-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30400-7"><bdi>978-0-387-30400-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007-09-18&rft.isbn=978-0-387-30400-7&rft.aulast=Trimble&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft.au=Williams%2C+Thomas+R.&rft.au=Bracher%2C+Katherine&rft.au=Jarrell%2C+Richard&rft.au=March%C3%A9%2C+Jordan+D.&rft.au=Ragep%2C+F.+Jamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-BF1CHkc50C%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_KiddChristine_Shaw2008" class="citation book cs1">Charles Kidd; Christine Shaw (24 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BDIZAQAAIAAJ"><i>Debrett's Peerage & Baronetage 2008</i></a>. Debrett's. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870520-80-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870520-80-5"><bdi>978-1-870520-80-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debrett%27s+Peerage+%26+Baronetage+2008&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Debrett%27s&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-870520-80-5&rft.au=Charles+Kidd&rft.au=Christine+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDIZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_bkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1964. p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+New+Survey+of+Universal+Knowledge&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_bkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, Colum (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195395365" title="Special:BookSources/9780195395365"><bdi>9780195395365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195395365&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDI-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BDI_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenzoni2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benzoni, Gino (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/andrea-gritti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/">"GRITTI, Andrea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a>, Volume 59: Graziano–Grossi Gondi</i> (in Italian). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"><bdi>978-8-81200032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GRITTI%2C+Andrea&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani%2C+Volume+59%3A+Graziano%E2%80%93Grossi+Gondi&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Istituto+dell%27Enciclopedia+Italiana&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-81200032-6&rft.aulast=Benzoni&rft.aufirst=Gino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fandrea-gritti_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonHargreaves2009" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John; Hargreaves, Anne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FKhB1kiXq7YC&pg=PA246"><i>The Kings and Queens of Britain</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191580284" title="Special:BookSources/9780191580284"><bdi>9780191580284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+and+Queens+of+Britain&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191580284&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hargreaves%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFKhB1kiXq7YC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/m/margaretofdenmark.html">"Margaret of Denmark: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland"</a>. <i>www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk&rft.atitle=Margaret+of+Denmark%3A+Biography+on+Undiscovered+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk%2Fusbiography%2Fm%2Fmargaretofdenmark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_LockyerAndrew_Thrush2014" class="citation book cs1">Roger Lockyer; Andrew Thrush (19 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1yPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Henry VII</i></a>. Routledge. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89432-2"><bdi>978-1-317-89432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VII&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89432-2&rft.au=Roger+Lockyer&rft.au=Andrew+Thrush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1yPBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton_J._Drees2001" class="citation book cs1">Clayton J. Drees (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jDfydG6ReAC&pg=PA68"><i>The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30588-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30588-7"><bdi>978-0-313-30588-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Age+of+Crisis+and+Renewal%2C+1300-1500%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30588-7&rft.au=Clayton+J.+Drees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jDfydG6ReAC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucia_Corrain2008" class="citation book cs1">Lucia Corrain (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pupv8gNWvIC&pg=PA17"><i>The Art of the Renaissance</i></a>. The Oliver Press, Inc. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934545-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934545-04-1"><bdi>978-1-934545-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+Oliver+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-934545-04-1&rft.au=Lucia+Corrain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Pupv8gNWvIC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Camilla_Battista_da_Varano1986" class="citation book cs1">Saint Camilla Battista da Varano (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejlxAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Mental Sorrows of Jesus in His Passion</i></a>. Peregrina. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920669-05-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920669-05-1"><bdi>978-0-920669-05-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mental+Sorrows+of+Jesus+in+His+Passion&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Peregrina&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-920669-05-1&rft.au=Saint+Camilla+Battista+da+Varano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejlxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarleß1881" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harleß, Woldemar (November 21, 1881). <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Johann_II._(Herzog_von_Kleve-Mark">"Johann II. (Herzog von Kleve-Mark)"</a>. <i>Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</i>. p. 210<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Yorkin Publications. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4064-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-4064-4"><bdi>978-0-7876-4064-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Yorkin+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-4064-4&rft.au=Anne+Commire&rft.au=Deborah+Klezmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Burns2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul Burns (July 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGKtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103"><i>Butler's Saint for the Day</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-434-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-434-4"><bdi>978-0-86012-434-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Butler%27s+Saint+for+the+Day&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-86012-434-4&rft.au=Paul+Burns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGKtAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_John_KennedyGene_Z._Hanrahan1983" class="citation book cs1">William John Kennedy; Gene Z. 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University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-268-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-268-7"><bdi>978-0-87451-268-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacopo+Sannazaro+and+the+Uses+of+Pastoral&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-268-7&rft.au=William+John+Kennedy&rft.au=Gene+Z.+Hanrahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEJdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adrian-VI">"Adrian VI | pope"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Maximilian+I+%7C+Holy+Roman+emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMaximilian-I-Holy-Roman-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_Guizot1885" class="citation book cs1">François Guizot (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIE_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA299"><i>The History of France from the Earliest Times to 1848</i></a>. J.B. 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Oranje-Nassau Museum Jaarboek 1992</i> (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6011-812-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-6011-812-X"><bdi>90-6011-812-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Een+Nassau%E2%80%99s+graf+in+Itali%C3%AB&rft.btitle=Militaire+entourage+rondom+Oranje+en+andere+bijdragen+over+het+Huis+van+Oranje.+Oranje-Nassau+Museum+Jaarboek+1992&rft.place=Zutphen&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-6011-812-X&rft.aulast=Van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=F.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryde,_E._B.Greenway,_D._E.Porter,_S.Roy,_I.1996" class="citation book cs1">Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). <i>Handbook of British Chronology</i> (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X"><bdi>0-521-56350-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Chronology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=233&rft.edition=Third+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56350-X&rft.au=Fryde%2C+E.+B.&rft.au=Greenway%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.&rft.au=Roy%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iclee.or.kr/htmls/2_1/leejing.htm">충강공 이징옥 장군</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsoum2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I_Barsoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum">Barsoum, Ephrem</a> (2003). <i>The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences</i>. 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Germany. 1998. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-0246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8290-0246-2"><bdi>978-3-8290-0246-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guido+Di+Piero%2C+Known+as+Fra+Angelico%2C+Ca.+1395-1455&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Germany&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-8290-0246-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0c3AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-V-pope">"Nicholas V | Vatican Library & Dum Diversas"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Nicholas+V+%7C+Vatican+Library+%26+Dum+Diversas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNicholas-V-pope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Meyer_Setton1976" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Meyer Setton (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC&pg=PA183"><i>The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-127-9"><bdi>978-0-87169-127-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204-1571&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-127-9&rft.au=Kenneth+Meyer+Setton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Jane_Aldhouse-GreenRalph_Alan_GriffithsRaymond_HowellTony_Hopkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Miranda Jane Aldhouse-Green; Ralph Alan Griffiths; Raymond Howell; Tony Hopkins (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXVnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Gwent County History: The age of the Marcher Lords, c.1070-1536</i></a>. University of Wales Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2072-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2072-3"><bdi>978-0-7083-2072-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gwent+County+History%3A+The+age+of+the+Marcher+Lords%2C+c.1070-1536&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-2072-3&rft.au=Miranda+Jane+Aldhouse-Green&rft.au=Ralph+Alan+Griffiths&rft.au=Raymond+Howell&rft.au=Tony+Hopkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXVnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZsigmond_M¢ricz1995" class="citation book cs1">Zsigmond M¢ricz (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DfAs3DBiTQcC&pg=PA305"><i>Be Faithful Unto Death</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85866-060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85866-060-8"><bdi>978-1-85866-060-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Be+Faithful+Unto+Death&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85866-060-8&rft.au=Zsigmond+M%C2%A2ricz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDfAs3DBiTQcC%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._J._SchnaubeltJoseph_C._SchnaubeltFrederick_Van_Fleteren1999" class="citation book cs1">O. 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Lang. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2291-6"><bdi>978-0-8204-2291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine+in+Iconography%3A+History+and+Legend&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-2291-6&rft.au=O.+J.+Schnaubelt&rft.au=Joseph+C.+Schnaubelt&rft.au=Frederick+Van+Fleteren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhTqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_John_Wright1988" class="citation book cs1">William John Wright (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M48cAAAAMAAJ"><i>Capitalism, the State, and the Lutheran Reformation: Sixteenth-century Hesse</i></a>. Ohio University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0863-6"><bdi>978-0-8214-0863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+the+State%2C+and+the+Lutheran+Reformation%3A+Sixteenth-century+Hesse&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-0863-6&rft.au=William+John+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM48cAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThéoharis_Stavrides2001" class="citation book cs1">Théoharis Stavrides (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ptXG0uA70lAC&pg=PA94"><i>The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelović (1453-1474)</i></a>. BRILL. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12106-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12106-4"><bdi>90-04-12106-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan+of+Vezirs%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+the+Ottoman+Grand+Vezir+Mahmud+Pasha+Angelovi%C4%87+%281453-1474%29&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-12106-4&rft.au=Th%C3%A9oharis+Stavrides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DptXG0uA70lAC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Michael_Gerli2003" class="citation book cs1">E. Michael Gerli (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC&pg=PA57"><i>Medieval Iberia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93918-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93918-8"><bdi>978-0-415-93918-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Iberia&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93918-8&rft.au=E.+Michael+Gerli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra9BtjLRNMsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnie_E._McKilliam1912" class="citation book cs1">Annie E. McKilliam (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzTZAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Chronicle of the Popes from St. Peter to Pius X</i></a>. G. Bell and sons, Limited. p. 388.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronicle+of+the+Popes+from+St.+Peter+to+Pius+X&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=G.+Bell+and+sons%2C+Limited&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Annie+E.+McKilliam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmzTZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Gairdner1895" class="citation book cs1">James Gairdner (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lnRnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA444"><i>The Paston letters, 1422-1509 A.D.: A new ed. containing upwards of four hundred letters, etc., hitherto unpublished</i></a>. A. Constable. p. 444.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paston+letters%2C+1422-1509+A.D.%3A+A+new+ed.+containing+upwards+of+four+hundred+letters%2C+etc.%2C+hitherto+unpublished&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=A.+Constable&rft.date=1895&rft.au=James+Gairdner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlnRnAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1450s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Artists <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83023#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/44f0d2bb-8b9e-42f2-8400-ed546676b49a">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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